Incorporation doctrine

From Conservapedia

Incorporation doctrine consists of the U.S. Supreme Court applying nearly all of the Bill of Rights against the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment. This was initiated by the Warren Court in the 1950s and 1960s, and has addressed each right in a piecemeal manner as presented to the Court. The doctrine was explained in detail in Gideon v. Wainwright. As of 2009 it remains undecided whether the Second Amendment right to bear arms is also incorporated against the states.

For the first 150 years of constitutional interpretation, the Bill of Rights applied against only the federal government, and not against state or local government.

Justice Hugo Black of the Warren Court was a leading proponent of incorporation doctrine; Justice Potter Stewart was a critic of it.