List of Japanese emperors
From Conservapedia
This entry makes use of Japanese characters and will require Japanese language support to be installed on your computer in order to avoid the characters being replaced by question marks, or blanked out.
Set out below is the List of Japanese Emperors as per the traditional count of order of succession. Although now considered to be mythical, Emperor Jimmu, the first Emperor of Japan, was supposedly the child of the deity Hiko-nagisa ta u-gaya-fuki-ahezu no Mikoto and Tama-yori-hime, the daughter of the Sea God, Owatatsumi.
Contents |
Background
It was from this belief that the idea arose that the Emperor was a true living god, who was divinely ordained to rule. As recently as the early days of Emperor Shōwa's reign, expressing doubt in the Emperor's divinity was a criminal offence, especially under the nationalist military regime of Hideki Tōjō. It was not until after World War 2 that Emperor Shōwa formally renounced the imperial claim to divine status, as part of the peace negotiations with the victorious Allied forces.
Most of the early emperors are considered to be mythical in nature, given the scarcity of available information and the improbable length of some reigns. The dates applied to these early rulers are derived from information within the Nihon Shoki and it is also unlikely that prior to the reign of Emperor Kimmei, there was even a country or grouping in existence that could be called "Japan." If fact, concrete records only exist from the time of the 29th Emperor, Kimmei tennō, who reigned from 539 to 571 AD and he is considered the first of the "non-legendary" emperors.
The Traditional Count of Japanese Emperors
The full list of acknowledged emperors, in chronological order according to the traditional count, is set out below.[1] [2][3][4]
Note on the Emperor's name
The last two kanji of the Emperor's name stand for "emperor" (天皇 tennō). Also the name shown, in keeping with Japanese custom, is the posthumous name assigned to the Emperor, as they are never referred to by their given name during their reign, but only as "His Majesty the Emperor" (天皇陛下 Tennō Heika), which may be shortened to Heika (陛下 "Your Majesty"). In writing, the Emperor is formally referred to as Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇 "The Reigning Emperor").
The trend of posthumously naming the Emperor after the era in which he reigned is fairly recent, being introduced during the time of Emperor Meiji. In fact, the idea of "one reign, one era" (一世一元 issei-ichigen) was only formalised in 1979, when the Era Name Law was passed.
Before this, many eras only lasted three or four years long and the names had nothing to do with the Emperor of the time. A change of era could be bought about by the "sexagenary cycle" (十干十二支 jikkan jūnishi), based on the Chinese system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles, the ten calendar signs and the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac, the ascension of a new Emperor to the throne, an auspicious event, or a natural disaster.
The Legendary Emperors
| Number | Name | Kanji | Date of Reign |
| 1 | Emperor Jimmu | 神武天皇 | 660 - 585 B.C. |
| 2 | Emperor Suizei | 綏靖天皇 | 581 - 549 B.C. |
| 3 | Emperor Annei | 安寧天皇 | 549 - 511 B.C. |
| 4 | Emperor Itoku | 懿徳天皇 | 510 - 477 B.C. |
| 5 | Emperor Kōshō | 孝昭天皇 | 475 - 393 B.C. |
| 6 | Emperor Kōan | 孝安天皇 | 392 - 291 B.C. |
| 7 | Emperor Kōrei | 孝霊天皇 | 290 - 215 B.C. |
| 8 | Emperor Kōgen | 孝元天皇 | 214 - 158 B.C. |
| 9 | Emperor Kaika | 開化天皇 | 158 - 98 B.C. |
| 10 | Emperor Sujin | 崇神天皇 | 97 - 30 B.C. |
| 11 | Emperor Suinin | 垂仁天皇 | 29 B.C. - 70 A.D. |
| 12 | Emperor Keikō | 景行天皇 | 71 - 130 A.D. |
| 13 | Emperor Seimu | 成務天皇 | 131 - 190 A.D. |
| 14 | Emperor Chūai | 仲哀天皇 | 192 - 200 A.D. |
| 15* | Empress Jingū | 神功天皇 | 201 - 269 A.D. |
Empress Jingū was the consort of Emperor Chūai and served as Regent (摂政 sesshō) from the time of her husband's death, until her son, the Emperor Ōjin ascended to the throne in 269 A.D. She was considered to be the 15th Emperor of Japan, until the list was re-evaluated during the Meiji era and her name was removed, with her son now considered to be the 15th Emperor. [5] However, Chinese historians recorded that Empress Jingū only reigned until 246 A.D. and was succeeded by the Princess Ichiyo (壹與姫), who reigned from 246 to 269 A.D. Although the official Japanese records make no mention of this mysterious Princess, it does make some sense, if one assumes that Emperor Ōjin were her child, and not that of Empress Jingū. [6] However, no other mention of the Princess has come to light yet and she remains an enigma.
The Yamato Period
The Yamato period (大和時代 Yamato-jidai) refers to that part of Japanese history when the Imperial Court was based first at Asuka (until 694 A.D.) and thereafter at Fujiwara until 710 A.D., both within the Yamato Province, which is known today as the Nara Prefecture. It covered the years 250 to 710 A.D., although the actual commencement date of Yamato period of rule is still disputed.
The period itself is divided into two epochs, the "Kofun period" (古墳時代 Kofun-jidai), which lasted from 250 to 538 A.D. and is named for the type of burial mounds dating from this era. This was followed by the "Asuka period" (飛鳥時代 Asuka-jidai), which lasted from 538 to 710 A.D. and is signified by the arrival of Buddhism in Japan and its influence on society.[7]
| Number | Name | Kanji | Date of Reign |
| 15 | Emperor Ōjin | 応神天皇 | 270 - 310 A.D. |
| 16 | Emperor Nintoku | 仁徳天皇 | 313 - 399 A.D. |
| 17 | Emperor Richū | 履中天皇 | 400 - 405 A.D. |
| 18 | Emperor Hanzei | 反正天皇 | 406 - 410 A.D. |
| 19 | Emperor Ingyō | 允恭天皇 | 412 - 453 A.D. |
| 20 | Emperor Ankō | 安康天皇 | 453 - 456 A.D. |
| 21 | Emperor Yūryaku | 雄略天皇 | 456 - 479 A.D. |
| 22 | Emperor Seinei | 清寧天皇 | 480 - 484 A.D. |
| 23 | Emperor Kenzō | 顕宗天皇 | 485 - 487 A.D. |
| 24 | Emperor Ninken | 仁賢天皇 | 488 - 498 A.D. |
| 25 | Emperor Buretsu | 武烈天皇 | 498 - 506 A.D. |
| 26 | Emperor Keitai | 継体天皇 | 507 - 531 A.D. |
| 27 | Emperor Ankan | 安閑天皇 | 531 - 535 A.D. |
| 28 | Emperor Senka | 宜化天皇 | 535 - 539 A.D. |
| 29 | Emperor Kimmei (the first of the Asuka Emperors) | 欽明天皇 | 539 - 571 A.D. |
| 30 | Emperor Bidatsu | 敏達天皇 | 572 - 585 A.D. |
| 31 | Emperor Yōmei | 用明天皇 | 585 - 587 A.D. |
| 32 | Emperor Sushun | 崇峻天皇 | 587 - 592 A.D. |
| 33 | Empress Suiko (The first of 8 recognised Empresses) | 推古天皇 | 592 - 828 A.D. |
| 34 | Emperor Jomei | 舒明天皇 | 629 - 641 A.D. |
| 35 | Empress Kōgyoku [8] | 皇極天皇 | 642 - 645 A.D. |
| 36 | Emperor Kōtoku | 孝徳天皇 | 645 - 654 A.D. |
| 37 | Empress Saimei [9] | 斉明天皇 | 655 - 661 A.D. |
| 38 | Emperor Tenji | 天智天皇 | 662 - 671 A.D. |
| 39 | Emperor Kōbun | 弘文天皇 | 671 - 672 A.D. |
| 40 | Emperor Temmu | 天武天皇 | 673 - 686 A.D. |
| 41 | Empress Jitō | 持統天皇 | 690 - 697 A.D. |
| 42 | Emperor Mommu | 文武天皇 | 697 - 707 A.D. |
| 43 | Empress Gemmei | 元明天皇 | 707 - 715 A.D. |
The Nara Period
The Nara period (奈良時代 Nara-jidai), which lasted from 710 - 794 A.D., came about when the Empress Gemmei (see above) establshed a new capital at Heijō-kyō (平城京), which served as the Imperial capital until the Emperor Kammu established and moved to Heian-kyō (平安京), or what we know today as Kyoto (京都), which would become the Imperial Capital, until the time of the Meiji Restoration.
Japan, at this point in its history, was still largely agricultural in nature, with society clustered around villages. Shintoism was still the predominant religion, and was centered around the worship of natural and ancestral kami (神 "spirits").
However, the Nara court aggressively imported Chinese culture and civilization, via diplomatic envoys, known as Kentō-shi (遣唐使), which were dispatched to the Tang (唐) court every twenty years. This influence became immediately apparent, as the capital at Nara was modelled after Chang'an (長安, present-day Xi'an, 西安), the capital city of Tang China. The aristocracy began to adopt more and more Chinese customs, which included the introduction of kanji and Buddhism. [10]
| Number | Name | Kanji | Date of Reign |
| 44 | Empress Genshō | 元正天皇 | 715 - 724 A.D. |
| 45 | Emperor Shōmu | 聖武天皇 | 724 - 749 A.D. |
| 46 | Empress Kōken [11] | 孝謙天皇 | 749 - 758 A.D. |
| 47 | Emperor Junnin | 淳仁天皇 | 758 - 764 A.D. |
| 48 | Empress Shōtoku [12] | 称徳天皇 | 764 - 770 A.D. |
| 49 | Emperor Kōnin | 光仁天皇 | 770 - 781 A.D. |
The Heian Period
The Heian period (平安時代 Heian-jidai), which lasted from 794 to 1185 A.D., commenced when the 50th Emperor, Kammu tennō, moved the capital to Heian-kyō (平安京), modern day Kyoto (京都). The Emperor undertook this move in an effort to halt the frequent struggles for control of the throne. Indeed, the name Heian translates as "peace and tranquillity."
It was around this time that the absorption of Chinese culture was at its peak, and began to develop its own Japanese flair. Literature flourished, especially with the development of hiragana and katakana from kanji. The use of hiragana was originally restricted to ladies of the court, as it was felt at the time they should not use kanji, but were required to have a higher education. Highlights of the literature from this period include what is considered to be the greatest classic of Japanese literature, the Genji monogatari (Tales of the Genji), written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu, as well as the development of tanka poetry.
The government hierarchy beneath the Emperor still followed the Chinese system. The Emperor was both Confucian and Shinto. He ruled by virtue of the Mandate of Heaven and by legitimate descent from the Shinto Sun Goddess, Amaterasu, ensuring an unbroken imperial line of descent from the Yamato period. However, as Japan outside of the capital was still fairly undeveloped and consisted of a loose confederation of some 5 million people, most of the actual court government concerned the court alone and was not overly involved in the day to day governing of outlying provinces.[13]
| Number | Name | Kanji | Date of Reign |
| 50 | Emperor Kammu | 桓武天皇 | 781 - 806 A.D. |
| 51 | Emperor Heizei | 平城天皇 | 806 - 809 A.D. |
| 52 | Emperor Saga | 嵯峨天皇 | 809 - 823 A.D. |
| 53 | Emperor Junna | 淳和天皇 | 823 - 833 A.D. |
| 54 | Emperor Jimmyō | 仁明天皇 | 833 - 850 A.D. |
| 55 | Emperor Montoku | 文徳天皇 | 850 - 858 A.D. |
| 56 | Emperor Seiwa | 清和天皇 | 858 - 876 A.D. |
| 57 | Emperor Yōzei | 陽成天皇 | 876 - 884 A.D. |
| 58 | Emperor Kōkō | 光孝天皇 | 884 - 887 A.D. |
| 59 | Emperor Uda | 宇多天皇 | 887 - 897 A.D. |
| 60 | Emperor Daigo | 醍醐天皇 | 897 - 930 A.D. |
| 61 | Emperor Suzaku | 朱雀天皇 | 930 - 946 A.D. |
| 62 | Emperor Murakami | 村上天皇 | 946 - 967 A.D. |
| 63 | Emperor Reizei | 冷泉天皇 | 967 - 969 A.D. |
| 64 | Emperor En'yū | 円融天皇 | 969 - 984 A.D. |
| 65 | Emperor Kazan | 花山天皇 | 984 - 986 A.D. |
| 66 | Emperor Ichijō | 一条天皇 | 986 - 1011 A.D. |
| 67 | Emperor Sanjō | 三条天皇 | 1011 - 1016 A.D. |
| 68 | Emperor Go-Ichijō [14] | 後一条天皇 | 1016 - 1036 A.D. |
| 69 | Emperor Go-Suzaku [15] | 後朱雀天皇 | 1036 - 1045 A.D. |
| 70 | Emperor Go-Reizei [16] | 後冷泉天皇 | 1045 - 1068 A.D. |
| 71 | Emperor Go-Sanjō [17] | 後三条天皇 | 1068 - 1072 A.D. |
| 72 | Emperor Shirakawa | 白河天皇 | 1072 - 1086 A.D. |
| 73 | Emperor Horikawa | 堀河天皇 | 1086 - 1107 A.D. |
| 74 | Emperor Toba | 鳥羽天皇 | 1107 - 1123 A.D. |
| 75 | Emperor Sutoku | 崇徳天皇 | 1123 - 1141 A.D. |
| 76 | Emperor Konoe | 近衛天皇 | 1141 - 1155 A.D. |
| 77 | Emperor Go-Shirakawa [18] | 後白河天皇 | 1155 - 1158 A.D. |
| 78 | Emperor Nijō | 二条天皇 | 1158 - 1165 A.D. |
| 79 | Emperor Rokujō | 六条天皇 | 1165 - 1168 A.D. |
| 80 | Emperor Takakura | 高倉天皇 | 1168 - 1180 A.D. |
| 81 | Emperor Antoku | 安徳天皇 | 1180 - 1183 A.D. |
| 82 | Emperor Go-Toba [19] | 後鳥羽天皇 | 1183 - 1198 A.D. |
The Kamakura Period
The Kamakura period (鎌倉時代 Kamakura-jidai), which lasted from 1192 to 1333, marked the rise of the samurai (武士 bushi) class, who controlled civil, military, and judicial matters, under the de facto national ruler, the shōgun (将軍). The Emperor, his court, and government were left intact but their roles within society were relegated to ceremonial functions.
The period marks Japan's transition to the "medieval" era, with economies becoming land-based, and power, in the form of military strength and technology, being centralised around a specialised fighting class. In addition, Buddhism's influence spread still further, with the two new sects of Zen and Jōdo shū dominating.
| Number | Name | Kanji | Date of Reign |
| 83 | Emperor Tsuchimikado | 土御門天皇 | 1198 - 1210 A.D. |
| 84 | Emperor Juntoku | 順徳天皇 | 1210 - 1221 A.D. |
| 85 | Emperor Chūkyō | 仲恭天皇 | 1221 A.D. |
| 86 | Emperor Go-Horikawa [20] | 後堀河天皇 | 1221 - 1232 A.D. |
| 87 | Emperor Shijō | 四条天皇 | 1232 - 1242 A.D. |
| 88 | Emperor Go-Saga [21] | 後嵯峨天皇 | 1242 - 1246 A.D. |
| 89 | Emperor Go-Fukakusa [22] | 後深草天皇 | 1246 - 1249 A.D. |
| 90 | Emperor Kameyama | 亀山天皇 | 1259 - 1274 A.D. |
| 91 | Emperor Go-Uda [23] | 後宇多天皇 | 1274 - 1287 A.D. |
| 92 | Emperor Fushimi | 伏見天皇 | 1288 - 1298 A.D. |
| 93 | Emperor Go-Fushimi [24] | 後伏見天皇 | 1298 - 1301 A.D. |
| 94 | Emperor Go-Nijō [25] | 後二条天皇 | 1301 - 1308 A.D. |
| 95 | Emperor Hanazono | 花園天皇 | 1308 - 1318 A.D. |
| 96 | Emperor Go-Daigo [26] | 後醍醐天皇 | 1318 - 1339 A.D. |
The Muromachi Period
The Muromachi period (室町時代 Muromachi-jidai) which lasted from 1336 to 1573, was a period marked both by civil war (which led to the country being governed by a Southern and Northern Emperor for a time - although only the Southern Emperor is included in the traditional count) and significant cultural and social changes, including the introduction of Christianity, by Saint Francis Xavier, in 1549.
| Number | Name | Kanji | Date of Reign |
| 97 | Emperor Go-Murakami [27] | 後村上天皇 | 1339 - 1368 A.D. |
| 98 | Emperor Chōkei | 長慶天皇 | 1368 - 1383 A.D. |
| 99 | Emperor Go-Kameyama [28] | 後亀山天皇 | 1383 - 1392 A.D. |
| 100 | Emperor Go-Komatsu [29] | 後小松天皇 | 1392 - 1412 A.D. |
| 101 | Emperor Shōkō | 称光天皇 | 1412 - 1428 A.D. |
| 102 | Emperor Go-Hanazono [30] | 後花園天皇 | 1428 - 1464 A.D. |
| 103 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado [31] | 後土御門天皇 | 1464 - 1500 A.D. |
| 104 | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara [32] | 後柏原天皇 | 1500 - 1526 A.D. |
| 105 | Emperor Go-Nara [33] | 後奈良天皇 | 1526 - 1557 A.D. |
| 106 | Emperor Ōgimachi | 正親町天皇 | 1557 - 1586 A.D. |
| 107 | Emperor Go-Yōzei [34] | 後陽成天皇 | 1586 - 1611 A.D. |
The Edo Period
The Edo period (江戸時代 Edo-jidai), which lasted from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, marks the beginning of Japan's modern history. It is also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai), due to the rule of the Tokugawa Shōgunate.
It was during this period that the ruling shōgun began to perceive Catholicism, which had been introduced in 1549, as a destabilizing factor, which led to the massacre of thousands of Christians in 1629 and the virtual eradication of Christianity within the country by 1650.
At the same time, the Spanish and Portuguese were expelled (with the entire Portuguese diplomatic corps being executed) and Japan began to seal itself off from the outside world, especially European contact. In 1635, the Closed Country Edict was proclaimed, which prohibited any Japanese citizen from travelling abroad, or if they did, from ever returning. By 1650, only China and the Dutch East India Company, had access to Japan, for commercial purposes only. Even that was restricted to the port of Dejima, in Nagasaki. Any other Europeans who landed on Japanese shores were summarily executed without trial.
| Number | Name | Kanji | Date of Reign |
| 108 | Emperor Go-Mizunoo [35] | 後水尾天皇 | 1611 - 1629 A.D. |
| 109 | Empress Meishō | 明正天皇 | 1630 - 1643 A.D. |
| 110 | Emperor Go-Kōmyō [36] | 後光明天皇 | 1643 - 1654 A.D. |
| 111 | Emperor Go-Sai [37] | 後西天皇 | 1655 - 1663 A.D. |
| 112 | Emperor Reigen | 霊元天皇 | 1663 - 1687 A.D. |
| 113 | Emperor Higashiyama | 東山天皇 | 1687 - 1709 A.D. |
| 114 | Emperor Nakamikado | 中御門天皇 | 1710 - 1735 A.D. |
| 115 | Emperor Sakuramachi | 桜町天皇 | 1735 - 1747 A.D. |
| 116 | Emperor Momozono | 桃園天皇 | 1747 - 1762 A.D. |
| 117 | Empress Go-Sakuramachi [38] | 後桜町天皇 | 1763 - 1770 A.D. |
| 118 | Emperor Go-Momozono [39] | 後桃園天皇 | 1771 - 1779 A.D. |
| 119 | Emperor Kōkaku | 光格天皇 | 1780 - 1817 A.D. |
| 120 | Emperor Ninkō | 仁孝天皇 | 1817 - 1846 A.D. |
| 121 | Emperor Kōmei | 孝明天皇 | 1847 - 1866 A.D. |
Modern Japan
| Number | Name | Kanji | Date of Reign |
| 122 | Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) | 明治天皇 | 1867 - 1912 A.D. |
| 123 | Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) | 大正天皇 | 1912 - 1926 A.D. |
| 124 | Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) | 昭和天皇 | 1926 - 1989 A.D. |
| 125 | His Majesty the Emperor (Akihito) [40] | 天皇陛下 | 1989 - Present |
Notes & References
- ↑ http://www.sho-shin.com/soverns.htm
- ↑ Alphabetical List of the Chinese and Japanese Emperors, JLJF Ezerman, BAJ van Wettum, Gustaaf Schlegel, 1893, EJ Brill
- ↑ http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=984569
- ↑ http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/後柏原天皇
- ↑ Conrad Totman, A History of Japan, 2000, Blackwell Publishing
- ↑ Alphabetical List of the Chinese and Japanese Emperors, JLJF Ezerman, BAJ van Wettum, Gustaaf Schlegel, 1893, EJ Brill
- ↑ Keiji Imamura, Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia, 1996, University of Hawaii Press.
- ↑ She reigned twice as Emperor, abdicating in 645 in favour of her son, Emperor Kōtoku, then assuming the throne again as Empress Saimei upon his death in 655. She is thus counted as the 35th and 37th Tennō of Japan. In addition, the Emperor's posthumous, or in this case, post-reign name is based on the name of the era over which he ruled, so it is quite possible for the Empress to have a different name for each time she sat upon the throne.
- ↑ As per the above.
- ↑ Conrad Totman, A History of Japan, 2000, Blackwell Publishing
- ↑ Another Empress who sat upon the throne on two different occasions, abdicating in 758 A.D. in favour of her second cousin, the Emperor Junnin. However, she seized power again in 764, ruling until her death in 770, whereupon the posthumous name of Shōtoku Tennō was bestowed on her. Thus, she is regarded as both the 46th and the 48th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
- ↑ As per the above.
- ↑ http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/HEIAN.HTM
- ↑ His name translates as "The Later Ichijō" and he is sometimes referred to as "Ichijō the Second"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Suzaku (930-946) and thus called "The Later Suzaku"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Reizei (967-969) and thus called "The Later Reizei"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Sanjō (1011-1016) and thus called "The Later Sanjō"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Shirakawa (1072-1086) and thus called "The Later Shirakawa"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Toba (1107-1123) and thus called "The Later Shirakawa"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Horikawa (1086-1107) and thus called "The Later Horikawa"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Saga (809-823) and thus called "The Later Saga"
- ↑ Although named after the Emperor Nimmyō, hence title "The Latter" added to his name, his is known as Fukakusa
- ↑ Named after Emperor Uda (887-897) and thus called "The Later Uda"
- ↑ Took the name of his father, Emperor Fushimi (1288-1298) and thus called "The Later Fushimi"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Nijō (1158-1165) and thus called "The Later Nijō"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Daigo (897-930) and thus called "The Later Daigo"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Murakami (946 - 967) and is thus referred to as "The Later Murakami"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Kameyama (1259 - 1274) and is thus referred to as "The Later Kameyama"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Kōkō (884 - 887), who was called "The Emperor of Komatsu" and is thus referred to as "The Later Komatsu"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Hanazono (1308 - 1318) and is thus referred to as "The Later Hanazono"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Tsuchimikado (1198 - 1210) and is thus referred to as "The Later Tsuchimikado"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Kammu (781 - 806), who was also referred to as "The Kashiwabara Emperor", and is thus referred to as "The Later Kashiwabara"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Heizei (806 - 809), who was known as the "Nara Emperor" and is thus referred to as "The Later Nara"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Yōzei (876 - 884), and is thus referred to as "The Later Yōzei"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Seiwa (946 - 967), although he is referred to as "The Later Mizunoo"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Kōmyō of the Northern Court (1337 - 1348) and is thus referred to as "The Later Kōmyō"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Junna (823 - 833), who was also known as Emperor Sai, and is thus referred to as "The Later Sai"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Sakuramachi (1735 - 1747), and is thus referred to as "The Later Sakuramachi"
- ↑ Named after Emperor Momozono (1747 - 1762), and is thus referred to as "The Later Momozono"
- ↑ Will, in all likelihood, receive the posthumous name "Emperor Heisei" (平成天皇)
