Difference between revisions of "Female genital mutilation"

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'''Female Genital Mutilation''' (FGM), sometimes referred to euphemistically as "female circumcision", refers to various forms of permanent and harmful operations performed on girls or women in some parts of the non-Christian world.
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'''Female genital mutilation''' (FGM), sometimes referred to euphemistically as "female circumcision", refers to various forms of permanent and harmful operations performed on the private parts of girls or women. Although not exclusively [[Islam]]ic — some Christians, Jews, and animists have also been known to practice it — FGM is primarily an Islamic practice.<ref>Munro, Neil (April 13, 2017). [http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/13/feds-promise-protect-half-million-genital-mutilation/ Feds Promise to Protect Half a Million American Girls from Genital Mutilation]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 14, 2017.</ref><ref>Roys, Julie (May 8, 2017). [http://thefederalist.com/2017/05/08/fear-islam-not-enable-female-genital-mutilation-inside-united-states/ Fear Of Islam Should Not Enable Female Genital Mutilation Inside The United States]. ''The Federalist''. Retrieved June 14, 2017.</ref><ref>Khan, Aysha (April 27, 2017). [http://religionnews.com/2017/04/27/the-splainer-what-is-female-genital-mutilation-and-what-does-it-have-to-do-with-islam/ The ’Splainer: What is female genital mutilation, and what does it have to do with Islam?]. ''Religion News Service''. Retrieved June 14, 2017.</ref>
  
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Female genital mutilation is extremely rare in the West, but is widely practised in parts of [[Asia]], the [[Middle East]], and East [[Africa]], especially where traditionalist religion predominates.   
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Female genital mutilation is extremely rare in the West but is widely practiced in parts of [[Asia]], the [[Middle East]], and East [[Africa]], especially but not exclusively where Islam predominates.   
  
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* ...  practitioners look on it as an integral part of their cultural and ethnic identity, and some perceive it as a religious obligation [http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2313097.html Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage Or Violation of Rights?] - Guttmacher Institute
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<blockquote>...  practitioners look on it as an integral part of their cultural and ethnic identity, and some perceive it as a religious obligation [http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2313097.html Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage Or Violation of Rights?] - Guttmacher Institute</blockquote>
  
 
The mutilation is usually carried out when the girl is prepubescent,<ref>[http://www.path.org/files/FGM-The-Facts.htm Female Genital Mutilation – The Wallace Global Fund]</ref> often forcibly and against her wishes.  It can cause many potential genito-urinary complications, including infection, urinary incontinence, and increased risk of problems during future childbirth.
 
The mutilation is usually carried out when the girl is prepubescent,<ref>[http://www.path.org/files/FGM-The-Facts.htm Female Genital Mutilation – The Wallace Global Fund]</ref> often forcibly and against her wishes.  It can cause many potential genito-urinary complications, including infection, urinary incontinence, and increased risk of problems during future childbirth.
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Worldwide, an estimated 3 million mutilations are performed each year,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nofgmukbook.com/2015/01/29/introduction/|title=Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation: Introduction|accessdate=June 15, 2017}}</ref> and 200 million girls and women are living with FGM.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nofgmukbook.com/2015/10/01/intro-index/|title=Welcome To The Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation Website|accessdate=June 15, 2017}}</ref>
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==Legislation==
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===United States===
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In the [[United States of America|United States]], [[United States Congress|Congress]] outlawed the practice in 1996 and further tightened the law in 2013.  Both performing the operation in the US and transporting a child to a foreign country to get the operation are felonies subject to 5 years imprisonment.<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/116 18 U.S.C. §116]</ref>  However, no federal cases were brought against doctors until 2017.<ref>Multiple references:
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*[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/116 18 U.S.C. §116]
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*{{cite news|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/24/press-briefing-press-secretary-sean-spicer-4242017-40|title=Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, 4/24/2017, #40|date=April 24, 2014|accessdate=June 14, 2017}}
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*Cohen, Kelly (April 13, 2017). [http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/doj-to-charge-first-person-under-law-criminalizing-female-genital-mutilation/article/2620214 DOJ to charge first person under law criminalizing female genital mutilation]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
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*Ali, Safia Samee (April 13, 2017). [http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/michigan-doctor-charged-performing-female-genital-mutilations-n746401 Michigan Doctor Charged With Performing Female Genital Mutilations]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
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*{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edmi/pr/three-indicted-female-genital-mutilation|title=Three Indicted for Female Genital Mutilation|date= April 26, 2017|accessdate=June 14, 2017}}
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*{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/06/08/michigan-house-passes-female-genital-mutilation-legislation/382356001/|title=Michigan House passes female genital mutilation legislation|date=June 8, 2017 |accessdate=June 14, 2017|work=Detroit Free Press}}
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*{{cite news|url=https://townhall.com/tipsheet/katiepavlich/2017/04/24/white-house-wont-comment-on-first-female-genital-mutilation-case-in-us-n2317523|title=White House Has No Comment on First Female Genital Mutilation Case in U.S. |date=April 24, 2017|accessdate=June 14, 2017}}
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*Munro, Neil (April 19, 2017). [http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/04/18/media-ignores-imported-female-genital-mutilation/ Establishment Media Hides Trump’s New Policy to Stop ‘Genital Mutilation’ of American Girls]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 19, 2017.</ref> However, many states have failed to also adopt laws to cover situations where the child does not cross a state line to get the operation.
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====U.S. states====
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On June 9, 2017, [[Texas]] Governor [[Greg Abbott]] signed a bill into law expanding Texas's ban on FGM.<ref>Hope, Merrill (June 14, 2017). [http://www.breitbart.com/texas/2017/06/14/texas-expands-ban-female-genital-mutilation/ Texas Expands Ban on Female Genital Mutilation]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 15, 2017.</ref> On July 11, 2017, [[Michigan]] Governor [[Rick Snyder]] signed a bill into law making FGM a felony.<ref>Rodriguez, Katherine (July 12, 2017). [http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/07/12/michigan-gov-rick-snyder-signs-law-making-female-genital-mutilation-felony/ Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder Signs Law Making Female Genital Mutilation a Felony]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 13, 2017.</ref>
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===Other countries===
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[[Indonesia]] was one of the first countries to ban FGM in 2006, prohibited health officials to perform FGM as a “useless” practice that “could potentially harm women’s health”. In November 2010, the government gave in to Islamic pressure and legalize FGM but with regulations allowing health care professionals to scratch the girl's area with a sterile needle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/countries/indonesia/|title=Indonesia|accessdate=June 14, 2015}}</ref>
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==See also==
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*[[Chelsea Clinton]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
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==Other external links==
 
  
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==External links==
 
*World Health Organisation on [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ Female Genital Mutilation]
 
*World Health Organisation on [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ Female Genital Mutilation]
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[[Category:Culture]][[Category:Barbaric Practices]]
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* [https://travel.state.gov/content/visas/en/general/fact-sheet-on-female-genital-mutilation-or-cutting.html State Dept. Fact Sheet]
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[[Category:Islam]]
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[[Category:Barbaric Practices]]

Revision as of 18:29, July 13, 2017

Female genital mutilation (FGM), sometimes referred to euphemistically as "female circumcision", refers to various forms of permanent and harmful operations performed on the private parts of girls or women. Although not exclusively Islamic — some Christians, Jews, and animists have also been known to practice it — FGM is primarily an Islamic practice.[1][2][3]

Female genital mutilation is extremely rare in the West but is widely practiced in parts of Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa, especially but not exclusively where Islam predominates.

... practitioners look on it as an integral part of their cultural and ethnic identity, and some perceive it as a religious obligation Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage Or Violation of Rights? - Guttmacher Institute

The mutilation is usually carried out when the girl is prepubescent,[4] often forcibly and against her wishes. It can cause many potential genito-urinary complications, including infection, urinary incontinence, and increased risk of problems during future childbirth.

Worldwide, an estimated 3 million mutilations are performed each year,[5] and 200 million girls and women are living with FGM.[6]

Legislation

United States

In the United States, Congress outlawed the practice in 1996 and further tightened the law in 2013. Both performing the operation in the US and transporting a child to a foreign country to get the operation are felonies subject to 5 years imprisonment.[7] However, no federal cases were brought against doctors until 2017.[8] However, many states have failed to also adopt laws to cover situations where the child does not cross a state line to get the operation.

U.S. states

On June 9, 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbott signed a bill into law expanding Texas's ban on FGM.[9] On July 11, 2017, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder signed a bill into law making FGM a felony.[10]

Other countries

Indonesia was one of the first countries to ban FGM in 2006, prohibited health officials to perform FGM as a “useless” practice that “could potentially harm women’s health”. In November 2010, the government gave in to Islamic pressure and legalize FGM but with regulations allowing health care professionals to scratch the girl's area with a sterile needle.[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Munro, Neil (April 13, 2017). Feds Promise to Protect Half a Million American Girls from Genital Mutilation. Breitbart News. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
  2. ↑ Roys, Julie (May 8, 2017). Fear Of Islam Should Not Enable Female Genital Mutilation Inside The United States. The Federalist. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
  3. ↑ Khan, Aysha (April 27, 2017). The ’Splainer: What is female genital mutilation, and what does it have to do with Islam?. Religion News Service. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
  4. ↑ Female Genital Mutilation – The Wallace Global Fund
  5. ↑ Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation: Introduction. Retrieved on June 15, 2017.
  6. ↑ Welcome To The Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation Website. Retrieved on June 15, 2017.
  7. ↑ 18 U.S.C. §116
  8. ↑ Multiple references:
  9. ↑ Hope, Merrill (June 14, 2017). Texas Expands Ban on Female Genital Mutilation. Breitbart News. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  10. ↑ Rodriguez, Katherine (July 12, 2017). Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder Signs Law Making Female Genital Mutilation a Felony. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
  11. ↑ Indonesia. Retrieved on June 14, 2015.

External links

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