Difference between revisions of "Guardian (NY)"

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<br>''Click here for the concept of legal guardian, [[legal guardian]].''
 
<br>''Click here for the concept of legal guardian, [[legal guardian]].''
  
Launched as the '''''National Guardian''''' in October 1948 by [[James Aronson]], [[Cedric Belfrage]] <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster055.pdf Vol. 55, pgs. 35 - 39], Cedric Belfrage, James Aronson, and [http://www.geocities.com/avflf/RedTerror_1.htm Ilya Ehrenberg].</ref> John McManus, its contributors included pro-Communist writers such as [[Agnes Smedley]] and [[Anna Louise Strong]]. [[Wilfred Burchett]] was also a significant influence in the ''National Guardian's'' editorial policies.  Testimony by [[Elizabeth Bentley]] and confirmed by the [[Venona]] intercepts, revealed that Belfrage made contact with Soviet espionage agents during [[World War II]].  In 1947 the [[FBI]] questioned Belfrage, who admitted to having provided confidential information to the Soviets.
+
Launched as the '''''National Guardian''''' in October 1948 by [[James Aronson]], [[Cedric Belfrage]] <ref>FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster055.pdf Vol. 55, pgs. 35 - 39], Cedric Belfrage, James Aronson, and [http://www.geocities.com/avflf/RedTerror_1.htm Ilya Ehrenberg].</ref> John McManus, its contributors included pro-Communist writers such as [[Agnes Smedley]] and [[Anna L. Strong]]. [[Wilfred Burchett]] was also a significant influence in the ''National Guardian's'' editorial policies.  Testimony by [[Elizabeth Bentley]] and confirmed by the [[Venona]] intercepts, revealed that Belfrage made contact with Soviet espionage agents during [[World War II]].  In 1947 the [[FBI]] questioned Belfrage, who admitted to having provided confidential information to the Soviets.
  
[[Progressives for Obama]] webmaster<ref>[http://www.linkedin.com/in/carldavidson Carl Davidson,] LinkedIn.com, retrieved March 13, 2010.</ref> [[Carl Davidson]] was a regular pro-[[Maoist]] contributor in the 1970s<ref>[http://www.wengewang.org/read.php?tid=10925 ''Left in Form, Right in Essence: A Critique of Contemporary Trotskyism,''] Carl Davidson, (1973). This pamphlet was originally published as a series of 12 articles in early 1973 in the ''Guardian'' newsweekly. Second printing Spring 1974. Retrieved from 对当代托洛茨基主义的批判:英文论集百花齐放 - 中国文革研究网, March 15, 2010.</ref> as was [[Wikipedia]] "expert" [[Chip Berlet]] in the 1980s. The publication has been regularly cited as an [[extremist]] publication in John George and Laird Wilcox's ''Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America.''<ref>''Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America,'']John George and Laird Wilcox, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1992,  Chapter 9, ''[[Guardian]]'', pgs. 125-131. (ISBN 0-87975-680-2)</ref>
+
[[Progressives for Obama]] webmaster<ref>[http://www.linkedin.com/in/carldavidson Carl Davidson,] LinkedIn.com, retrieved March 13, 2010.</ref> [[Carl Davidson]] was a regular pro-[[Maoist]] contributor in the 1970s<ref>[http://www.wengewang.org/read.php?tid=10925 ''Left in Form, Right in Essence: A Critique of Contemporary Trotskyism,''] Carl Davidson, (1973). This pamphlet was originally published as a series of 12 articles in early 1973 in the ''Guardian'' newsweekly. Second printing Spring 1974. Retrieved from 对当代托洛茨基主义的批判:英文论集百花齐放 - 中国文革研究网, March 15, 2010.</ref> as was [[Wikipedia®]] "expert" [[Chip Berlet]] in the 1980s. The publication has been regularly cited as an [[extremist]] publication in John George and Laird Wilcox's ''Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America.''<ref>''Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America,'' John George and Laird Wilcox, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1992,  Chapter 9, ''[[Guardian]]'', pgs. 125-131. (ISBN 0-87975-680-2)</ref>
  
 
==Korean War disinformation==
 
==Korean War disinformation==
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A report by [[Lavrenti Beria]], head of [[Soviet intelligence]], outlined the deception:  
 
A report by [[Lavrenti Beria]], head of [[Soviet intelligence]], outlined the deception:  
  
:''"False plague regions were created, burials...were organized" measures were taken to receive the plague and cholerabacillus.''<ref>Bruce B. Auster, [http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/981116/archive_005192.htm ''Unmasking An Old Lie: A Korean War Charge Is Exposed As a Hoax''], U. S. News & World Report (16 November 1998), p. 52. </ref>
+
:''"False plague regions were created, burials...were organized" measures were taken to receive the plague and cholerabacillus.''<ref>Bruce B. Auster, [http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/981116/archive_005192.htm ''Unmasking An Old Lie: A Korean War Charge Is Exposed As a Hoax''], U. S. News & World Report (16 November 1998), p. 52.</ref>
  
 
==Hiss, the Rosenbergs, and McCarthy==
 
==Hiss, the Rosenbergs, and McCarthy==
The ''National Guardian'' drew its readership largely from the [[Progressive Party]]. The first issue featured an article by [[Progressivism|progressive]] [[Henry Wallace]], whom the ''National Guardian'' endorsed as a presidential candidate on the independent ballot that year. The paper also found support in the [[American Labor Party]]. Congressman [[Vito Marcantonio]] was especially enthusiastic about the paper. It reported on such issues and events as the trial and execution of Ethel and [[Julius Rosenberg]], charged with atomic espionage for the Soviet Union.  The ''National Guardian'' also was took up the causes of [[Alger Hiss]], [[Corliss Lamont]], and Ann and Carl Braden. <ref>Tamiment Library/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Guide to the Cedric Belfrage Papers 1922-1990. </ref>
+
The ''National Guardian'' drew its readership largely from the [[Progressive Party]]. The first issue featured an article by [[Progressivism|progressive]] [[Henry Wallace]], whom the ''National Guardian'' endorsed as a presidential candidate on the independent ballot that year. The paper also found support in the [[American Labor Party]]. Congressman [[Vito Marcantonio]] was especially enthusiastic about the paper. It reported on such issues and events as the trial and execution of Ethel and [[Julius Rosenberg]], charged with atomic espionage for the Soviet Union.  The ''National Guardian'' also was took up the causes of [[Alger Hiss]], [[Corliss Lamont]], and Ann and Carl Braden.<ref>Tamiment Library/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Guide to the Cedric Belfrage Papers 1922-1990.</ref>
  
 
In 1953 Aronson and Belfrage were subpoenaed to testify before the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] chaired by [[Sen. Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin.  The ''National Guardian'' declared the investigation  
 
In 1953 Aronson and Belfrage were subpoenaed to testify before the [[Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations]] chaired by [[Sen. Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin.  The ''National Guardian'' declared the investigation  
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Aronson later asserted "we were not Communists, but...we felt it was our right--our duty--to remain silent before a committee of Congress which we felt had no authority to inquire into our beliefs and associations."  Aronson described the ''National Guardian'' as "an independent and independently-owned newsweekly which took strong issue with basic governmental policy, foreign and domestic," and he denied that it adhered to an "international Communist conspiracy." Aronson and Belfrage explained that they invoked their Fifth rather than First Amendment rights at the advice of their attorney. "Our lawyer had reasoned in a four-hour argument that if we invoked the First we would almost surely be cited for contempt, be convicted, and, in the existing climate, go to prison. He said the ''National Guardian'' would suffer and perhaps even be forced to suspend publication if its two chief editors were jailed." <ref>James Aronson, ''The Press and the Cold War'' (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970).</ref>
 
Aronson later asserted "we were not Communists, but...we felt it was our right--our duty--to remain silent before a committee of Congress which we felt had no authority to inquire into our beliefs and associations."  Aronson described the ''National Guardian'' as "an independent and independently-owned newsweekly which took strong issue with basic governmental policy, foreign and domestic," and he denied that it adhered to an "international Communist conspiracy." Aronson and Belfrage explained that they invoked their Fifth rather than First Amendment rights at the advice of their attorney. "Our lawyer had reasoned in a four-hour argument that if we invoked the First we would almost surely be cited for contempt, be convicted, and, in the existing climate, go to prison. He said the ''National Guardian'' would suffer and perhaps even be forced to suspend publication if its two chief editors were jailed." <ref>James Aronson, ''The Press and the Cold War'' (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970).</ref>
  
Following their testimony at a public hearings on May 14, 1953 <ref>[http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/06amay20030700/www.gpo.gov/congress/senate/mccarthy/83870.html Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations], Vol. 2, Eighty-third Congress, 14 May 1953, pgs. 1135-1164.</ref>, Cedric Belfrage was arrested on a deportation warrant and held on Ellis Island until he was released on bond on June 10.  He was ordered deported on December 9, 1954. After losing his appeal, he was again arrested in May 1955 and deported to Great Britain in August 1955.  
+
Following their testimony at a public hearings on May 14, 1953,<ref>[http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/06amay20030700/www.gpo.gov/congress/senate/mccarthy/83870.html Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations], Vol. 2, Eighty-third Congress, 14 May 1953, pgs. 1135-1164.</ref> Cedric Belfrage was arrested on a deportation warrant and held on Ellis Island until he was released on bond on June 10.  He was ordered deported on December 9, 1954. After losing his appeal, he was again arrested in May 1955 and deported to Great Britain in August 1955.  
  
 
Aronson continued to publish the ''National Guardian'' until 1967, when he resigned.  The papers masthead was changed from "progressive" to "[[radical]]" newsweekly and later the name was changed to simply ''Guardian''.
 
Aronson continued to publish the ''National Guardian'' until 1967, when he resigned.  The papers masthead was changed from "progressive" to "[[radical]]" newsweekly and later the name was changed to simply ''Guardian''.
  
 
==An appreciation of [[Ho Chi Minh]]==
 
==An appreciation of [[Ho Chi Minh]]==
The ''National Guardian'' was one of the first American based newspapers that supported Soviet foreign policy oppossition to the [[Vietnam War]] and carried on-scene reports from Wilfred Burchett. <ref>[http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:45uLGC93fs0J:www.pipeline.com/~rgibson/HoChiMinh.htm+HO+CHI+MINH+an+appreciation+by+Wilfred+Burchett&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us HO CHI MINH an appreciation by Wilfred Burchett]</ref> In a secret White House meeting with President Johnson in 1967 Burchett is referred to as "often a reliable spokesman for North Vietnam". <ref>U.S. Department of State, [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/v/13160.htm Foreign Relations, 1964-1968, Volume V, Vietnam 1967], Released by the Office of the Historian, Document 364.</ref>
+
The ''National Guardian'' was one of the first American based newspapers that supported Soviet foreign policy oppossition to the [[Vietnam War]] and carried on-scene reports from Wilfred Burchett.<ref>[http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:45uLGC93fs0J:www.pipeline.com/~rgibson/HoChiMinh.htm+HO+CHI+MINH+an+appreciation+by+Wilfred+Burchett&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us HO CHI MINH an appreciation by Wilfred Burchett]</ref> In a secret White House meeting with President Johnson in 1967 Burchett is referred to as "often a reliable spokesman for North Vietnam".<ref>U.S. Department of State, [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/v/13160.htm Foreign Relations, 1964-1968, Volume V, Vietnam 1967], Released by the Office of the Historian, Document 364.</ref>
  
In the late 1960s the ''Guardian'' develops stronger links with [[Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) and the [[Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC) and other [[leftist]] radicals.  By the end of 1969 its paid readership was 24,000, the highest since the aftermath of the Wallace campaign in 1948. <ref>Chronology of Political Events, [http://www.revolutionintheair.com/chron/chron2.html Part Two, 1967-1970,] Revolution In The Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che, Max Elbaum.</ref>
+
In the late 1960s the ''Guardian'' develops stronger links with [[Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) and the [[Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC) and other [[leftist]] radicals.  By the end of 1969 its paid readership was 24,000, the highest since the aftermath of the Wallace campaign in 1948.<ref>Chronology of Political Events, [http://www.revolutionintheair.com/chron/chron2.html Part Two, 1967-1970,] Revolution In The Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che, Max Elbaum.</ref>
  
Throughout the 1950s, 60s, 70s, and 80s, the paper supported so-called "[[national liberation struggle]]s", Africa in the 1950's, Southeast Asia in the 1960's and early 1970's, and Latin America in the 1980's.
+
Throughout the 1950s, 60s, 70s, and 80s, the paper supported so-called "[[national liberation struggle]]s", Africa in the 1950s, Southeast Asia in the 1960s and early 1970s, and Latin America in the 1980s.
  
 
==Break with Maoists==
 
==Break with Maoists==
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==Post-60s radicalism==
 
==Post-60s radicalism==
By the 1980s as it became more and more obvious even to Marxists that Marxism-Leninism was failing, and Marxist [[class struggle]] was a hard sell, the ''Guardian'' reinvented itself along with other elements of the American left and shifted to issues of ethnicity and gender and a kind of Marxism-Leninism of race and sex emerged, complete with a special vocabulary of clichés', buzzwords and slogans.  Epitomized by a new knee-jerk rhapsodizing about the radical [[feminist]], [[gay agenda|gay rights]] and anti-racist movement.  In the 1980s they took on a new intensity and significance. Radical antiracist, gay, and feminist cadres with Marxist-Leninist tendencies found a congenial home in the new ''Guardian''. <ref>John George and Laird Wilcox, [http://www.questia.com/library/book/nazis-communists-klansmen-and-others-on-the-fringe-political-extremism-in-america-by-john-george-laird-wilcox.jsp''Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America''], Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1992, (ISBN 0-87975-680-2), pgs. 125-131. </ref>
+
By the 1980s as it became more and more obvious even to Marxists that Marxism-Leninism was failing, and Marxist [[class struggle]] was a hard sell, the ''Guardian'' reinvented itself along with other elements of the American left and shifted to issues of ethnicity and gender and a kind of Marxism-Leninism of race and sex emerged, complete with a special vocabulary of clichés', buzzwords and slogans.  Epitomized by a new knee-jerk rhapsodizing about the radical [[feminist]], [[gay agenda|gay rights]] and anti-racist movement.  In the 1980s they took on a new intensity and significance. Radical antiracist, gay, and feminist cadres with Marxist-Leninist tendencies found a congenial home in the new ''Guardian''.<ref>John George and Laird Wilcox, [http://www.questia.com/library/book/nazis-communists-klansmen-and-others-on-the-fringe-political-extremism-in-america-by-john-george-laird-wilcox.jsp''Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America''], Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1992, (ISBN 0-87975-680-2), pgs. 125-131.</ref>
  
 
==Further reading==
 
==Further reading==
 
* [[Chip Berlet]] and Jean Hardisty, ''An Anatomy of the New Right,'' Guardian Special Report (Fall, 1981).
 
* [[Chip Berlet]] and Jean Hardisty, ''An Anatomy of the New Right,'' Guardian Special Report (Fall, 1981).
*Chip Berlet ''Right-wing conspiracists make inroads into left'', The Guardian, September 11, 1991, page 3.<ref>http://www.publiceye.org/berlet/berlet_articles.html </ref>
+
*Chip Berlet ''Right-wing conspiracists make inroads into left'', The Guardian, September 11, 1991, page 3.<ref>http://www.publiceye.org/berlet/berlet_articles.html</ref>
*Ken Lawrence, ''Fulani: Heir to an Ugly Party History'', The Guardian, October 26, 1988. <ref>http://www.ex-iwp.org/docs/1988/guardian_B_88.htm</ref>
+
*Ken Lawrence, ''Fulani: Heir to an Ugly Party History'', The Guardian, October 26, 1988.<ref>http://www.ex-iwp.org/docs/1988/guardian_B_88.htm</ref>
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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[[Category:Communism]]
 
[[Category:Communism]]
[[Category:Media]]
 
 
[[Category:Propaganda]]
 
[[Category:Propaganda]]
 
[[Category:Liberalism]]
 
[[Category:Liberalism]]
 
[[Category:Espionage]]
 
[[Category:Espionage]]
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[[Category:Media]]
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[[Category:Liberal News Organizations]]
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[[Category:Liberal Newspapers]]
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[[Category:Newspapers]]
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[[Category:Liberal Media]]
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[[Category:New York]]
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[[Category:New York City]]

Revision as of 21:03, February 16, 2017

Click here for the London daily newspaper, The Guardian.
Click here for the concept of legal guardian, legal guardian.

Launched as the National Guardian in October 1948 by James Aronson, Cedric Belfrage [1] John McManus, its contributors included pro-Communist writers such as Agnes Smedley and Anna L. Strong. Wilfred Burchett was also a significant influence in the National Guardian's editorial policies. Testimony by Elizabeth Bentley and confirmed by the Venona intercepts, revealed that Belfrage made contact with Soviet espionage agents during World War II. In 1947 the FBI questioned Belfrage, who admitted to having provided confidential information to the Soviets.

Progressives for Obama webmaster[2] Carl Davidson was a regular pro-Maoist contributor in the 1970s[3] as was Wikipedia® "expert" Chip Berlet in the 1980s. The publication has been regularly cited as an extremist publication in John George and Laird Wilcox's Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America.[4]

Korean War disinformation

Burchett is most famous for his false reports on American use of germ warfare in the Korean War and his collaboration in the brainwashing of American POWs. In June 1952 over Beijing radio Burchett accused the Americans of perpetrating "the most monstrous crimes against humanity." He said that in germ warfare the Americans had launched upon mankind a weapon more frightful than the atomic bomb. In order to support these allegations, Burchett assisted in the extraction of "confessions" from American pilot POWs.

The hoax of American use of germ warfare in Korea has persisted among Marxist-Leninist writers. In 1998, however, news reports noted:

"...documents from Russia's Presidential Archive finally prove, more than four decades after the fact, that the United States was the victim of a disinformation campaign scripted by North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union.

A report by Lavrenti Beria, head of Soviet intelligence, outlined the deception:

"False plague regions were created, burials...were organized" measures were taken to receive the plague and cholerabacillus.[5]

Hiss, the Rosenbergs, and McCarthy

The National Guardian drew its readership largely from the Progressive Party. The first issue featured an article by progressive Henry Wallace, whom the National Guardian endorsed as a presidential candidate on the independent ballot that year. The paper also found support in the American Labor Party. Congressman Vito Marcantonio was especially enthusiastic about the paper. It reported on such issues and events as the trial and execution of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with atomic espionage for the Soviet Union. The National Guardian also was took up the causes of Alger Hiss, Corliss Lamont, and Ann and Carl Braden.[6]

In 1953 Aronson and Belfrage were subpoenaed to testify before the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations chaired by Sen. Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin. The National Guardian declared the investigation

"a move to persecute and if possible intimidate the editors of an independent news-weekly, which has opposed the policies of war, repression and plunder of the Eisenhower Administration and the previous bi-partisan administration of President Truman.

Aronson later asserted "we were not Communists, but...we felt it was our right--our duty--to remain silent before a committee of Congress which we felt had no authority to inquire into our beliefs and associations." Aronson described the National Guardian as "an independent and independently-owned newsweekly which took strong issue with basic governmental policy, foreign and domestic," and he denied that it adhered to an "international Communist conspiracy." Aronson and Belfrage explained that they invoked their Fifth rather than First Amendment rights at the advice of their attorney. "Our lawyer had reasoned in a four-hour argument that if we invoked the First we would almost surely be cited for contempt, be convicted, and, in the existing climate, go to prison. He said the National Guardian would suffer and perhaps even be forced to suspend publication if its two chief editors were jailed." [7]

Following their testimony at a public hearings on May 14, 1953,[8] Cedric Belfrage was arrested on a deportation warrant and held on Ellis Island until he was released on bond on June 10. He was ordered deported on December 9, 1954. After losing his appeal, he was again arrested in May 1955 and deported to Great Britain in August 1955.

Aronson continued to publish the National Guardian until 1967, when he resigned. The papers masthead was changed from "progressive" to "radical" newsweekly and later the name was changed to simply Guardian.

An appreciation of Ho Chi Minh

The National Guardian was one of the first American based newspapers that supported Soviet foreign policy oppossition to the Vietnam War and carried on-scene reports from Wilfred Burchett.[9] In a secret White House meeting with President Johnson in 1967 Burchett is referred to as "often a reliable spokesman for North Vietnam".[10]

In the late 1960s the Guardian develops stronger links with Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and other leftist radicals. By the end of 1969 its paid readership was 24,000, the highest since the aftermath of the Wallace campaign in 1948.[11]

Throughout the 1950s, 60s, 70s, and 80s, the paper supported so-called "national liberation struggles", Africa in the 1950s, Southeast Asia in the 1960s and early 1970s, and Latin America in the 1980s.

Break with Maoists

In 1975 a break between the Maoist October League (OL) and the Guardian led to bitter private meetings and internal staff struggles. An exchange of public polemics on foreign policy and the International Women’s Day actions/”no united action with revisionists” line finally prompted the OL to pulls its cadre out of the staff. Renee Blakkan, Martin Nicolaus, Nancy Nikcevich and Rod Such resigned; Carl Davidson was also associated with the OL position but did not resign at this time.[12]

Post-60s radicalism

By the 1980s as it became more and more obvious even to Marxists that Marxism-Leninism was failing, and Marxist class struggle was a hard sell, the Guardian reinvented itself along with other elements of the American left and shifted to issues of ethnicity and gender and a kind of Marxism-Leninism of race and sex emerged, complete with a special vocabulary of clichés', buzzwords and slogans. Epitomized by a new knee-jerk rhapsodizing about the radical feminist, gay rights and anti-racist movement. In the 1980s they took on a new intensity and significance. Radical antiracist, gay, and feminist cadres with Marxist-Leninist tendencies found a congenial home in the new Guardian.[13]

Further reading

  • Chip Berlet and Jean Hardisty, An Anatomy of the New Right, Guardian Special Report (Fall, 1981).
  • Chip Berlet Right-wing conspiracists make inroads into left, The Guardian, September 11, 1991, page 3.[14]
  • Ken Lawrence, Fulani: Heir to an Ugly Party History, The Guardian, October 26, 1988.[15]

See also

References

  1. FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 55, pgs. 35 - 39, Cedric Belfrage, James Aronson, and Ilya Ehrenberg.
  2. Carl Davidson, LinkedIn.com, retrieved March 13, 2010.
  3. Left in Form, Right in Essence: A Critique of Contemporary Trotskyism, Carl Davidson, (1973). This pamphlet was originally published as a series of 12 articles in early 1973 in the Guardian newsweekly. Second printing Spring 1974. Retrieved from 对当代托洛茨基主义的批判:英文论集百花齐放 - 中国文革研究网, March 15, 2010.
  4. Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America, John George and Laird Wilcox, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1992, Chapter 9, Guardian, pgs. 125-131. (ISBN 0-87975-680-2)
  5. Bruce B. Auster, Unmasking An Old Lie: A Korean War Charge Is Exposed As a Hoax, U. S. News & World Report (16 November 1998), p. 52.
  6. Tamiment Library/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Guide to the Cedric Belfrage Papers 1922-1990.
  7. James Aronson, The Press and the Cold War (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970).
  8. Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Vol. 2, Eighty-third Congress, 14 May 1953, pgs. 1135-1164.
  9. HO CHI MINH an appreciation by Wilfred Burchett
  10. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1964-1968, Volume V, Vietnam 1967, Released by the Office of the Historian, Document 364.
  11. Chronology of Political Events, Part Two, 1967-1970, Revolution In The Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che, Max Elbaum.
  12. Chronology of Political Events, Part Four 1975-1980, Max Elbaum. Retrieved from March 18, 2010.
  13. John George and Laird Wilcox, Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1992, (ISBN 0-87975-680-2), pgs. 125-131.
  14. http://www.publiceye.org/berlet/berlet_articles.html
  15. http://www.ex-iwp.org/docs/1988/guardian_B_88.htm