Difference between revisions of "Immigration"

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ACLU Urges Congress to Create Real Immigration Reform, Not Reliance on Unworkable Real ID Poison Pill (06/28/2007)
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'''Immigration''' is the entry of a person of a certain nationality to another nation. The reasons for [[immigrants]] to leave their homeland can vary from abandonment of their family there to an attempt to benefit from entitlements or opportunities in a new country.  
Washington, DC - The American Civil Liberties Union Washington Legislative Office today responded to the defeat of the Senate immigration bill by saying the legislation was unworkable and reduced every U.S. resident’s due process, judicial review and privacy rights. The bill was stalled last night when an amendment on Real ID passed, shooting down the so-called “clay pigeon” package of amendments and throwing a wrench in the entire bill. Senators voted against advancing the legislation this morning, which effectively killed the bill.
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ACLU to Senate: The Nation Opposes Real ID, It’s Time To Scrap It (06/07/2007)
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==US Immigration history==
WASHINGTON, DC - The American Civil Liberties Union today called on Senators to support legislation stripping Real ID provisions from the Senate immigration bill. A flurry of recent activity in the state legislatures in the past week has made it clearer than ever that Americans oppose the act, and Congress needs to respond by repealing, not expanding Real ID. The ACLU also reported that a systematic review of 10,000 citizen comments on Real ID filed with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) revealed that they were almost uniformly negative.
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===Colonial America===
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There is a longstanding belief that the United States of America is a country of immigrants, often used as an argument in favor of [[illegal immigration]] by [[liberals]]. The truth, however, is that most of the migration to the U.S. in the colonial era came from Britain, with English, Scots and (Protestant) Irish.  They moved inside the Empire and did not leave their native country for a foreign land, so they are not considered "immigrants" any more than a person who moves from Florida to Alaska today.
  
English-Only Amendment Would Endanger Lives, Discriminate and Create ‘Second-Class’ Citizens, ACLU says (06/07/2007)
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A large number of [[German American|German immigrants]] came to Pennsylvania and New York. To this day they are called "Pennsylvania Dutch" but they were Germans, and came for religious freedom and economic opportunity.  Dutch did come and settle in New Amsterdam (now New York), which was part of the Dutch Empire so they were not "immigrants" either.  [[Black history|Black slaves]] were involuntary immigrants to all the colonies, especially the tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland, and the rice plantations of South Carolina. The [[American Revolution]] cut off movement from 1775 to 1783. When it resumed about 80,000 American Loyalists left the U.S. to immigrate to Canada, or return to Britain.  Migration was light before 1815, because of wars in Europe. The import or  export of slaves was made illegal in 1809.
WASHINGTON, DC -The ACLU today voiced its strong opposition to an amendment passed late last night to the Senate immigration bill that would declare English the national language and severely restrict the government’s ability to communicate with citizens, residents and visitors. The ACLU praised the passage of a competing amendment that would recognize English as the "common and unifying" language of the United States without restricting access to crucial federal information or declaring it the official language.
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ACLU Urges Senate to Oppose Voter ID Amendment to Immigration Reform Bill (06/05/2007)
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===Early Nation: 1776-1860===
Washington, DC - The American Civil Liberties Union today urged the Senate to oppose Senator Mitch McConnell’s amendment to S. 1348, the immigration reform bill, which is expected to receive a floor vote as soon as this evening. Senator McConnell’s amendment would require voters to present a government-issued photo ID in order to vote in federal elections. This requirement imposes an unnecessary and undue burden on the exercise of the fundamental right to vote for millions of Americans who are eligible, registered, and qualified to vote.
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Historians have shown that in the nineteenth-century, the U.S. was a place where immigrants could stake their claims for a new life.  After arrival, German and Irish immigrants settled regionally by nativity within the U.S.  The Irish accounted for 68% of all immigrants to the Northeast; Germans accounted for 47% of all immigrants to the Midwest; British immigrants accounted for 19% of immigrants to the Northeast and 20% of immigrants to the Midwest. After arrival, the British, German, and Irish achieved success in U.S. labor markets, and the British and German immigrants found opportunity in skilled occupations.  Irish Catholic immigrants did not fare as well as the other two groups in terms of jobs and economic status, but still fared better than had they remained in Ireland.  Moreover, all groups sharply improved their average skills in the U.S. after arrival.  Wages were much higher in the U.S. than in Europe, and it was much easier to own a farm. However, Americans worked much harder than their European cousins and took fewer holidays.
  
ACLU Calls for State Department and DHS to Stop Deportation to Torture of Coptic Christian to Egypt (06/04/2007)
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Cohn (2009) asks, "Did immigration help or hurt native labor and did migration lead to long run economic growth?"  Immigration increased the long-run rate of economic growth.  During the nineteenth century, immigration extended the U.S. product market and allowed labor in manufacturing and agriculture to specialize.  Larger pools of unskilled labor after 1845 put downward pressure on wages.  However, over time, labor markets adjusted, migrants assimilated, and the economy moved forward.
NEW YORK -- The American Civil Liberties Union today condemned the government’s announcement that that it intends to deport Pennsylvania resident Sameh Khouzam to Egypt, a country the State Department reports engages in torture. The United States government claims it has received “diplomatic assurances” from Egypt and moved to deport Khouzam last week, despite a ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit that he would likely be tortured upon his return.
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Immigrants Rights : General : Publications
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The Rights of Immigrants -ACLU Position Paper (09/08/2000)
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===Gilded Age: 1860-1900===
Immigrants Rights : General : Legal Documents view all
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[[File:Welcome1880.jpg|thumb|left|560px]]
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During the Gilded Age, 1865-1900, approximately 10 million European immigrants came to the United States, most in search of religious freedom and greater prosperity. They filled up the rich farmlands of the Middle West, as German and Scandinavian immigrants were especially eager to own land.  They avoided the poverty stricken South. The population surge in major U.S. cities as a result of immigration gave cities an even stronger impact on government, attracting power-hungry politicians and entrepreneurs. Pressuring voters or falsifying ballots was commonplace for politicians, who often sought power only to exploit their constituents. To accommodate the influx of people into the U.S., the federal government built [[Ellis Island]] in 1892 near the [[Statue of Liberty]]. After 1892, a short physical examination was given; those with contagious diseases were not admitted. Few immigrants went to the poverty-stricken South.
  
Khouzam v Hogan Stay (05/31/2007)
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''During the mass emigration from [[Italy]] during the century between 1876 to 1976, the U.S. was the largest single recipient of Italian immigrants in the world... In 1850, less than 4,000 Italians were reportedly in the U.S. However in 1880, merely four years after the influx of Italian immigrants migrated, the population skyrocketed to 44,000, and by 1900, 484,027.'' <ref> [http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Italian.html The Italians] </ref>
Khouzam v Hogan Stay
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Khouzam v Hogan Emergency Petition (05/30/2007)
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=== Chinese immigrants ===
Khouzam v Hogan Emergency Petition
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Buck v. Stankovic - Complaint (04/18/2007)
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The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad in [[California]] and [[Nevada]] was handled largely by American engineers and Chinese laborers. In the 1870 census there were 58,000 Chinese men and 4,000 women in the entire country; these numbers grew to 100,000 men and 4,000 women in the 1880 census. <ref> [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/twps0029.html Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850-1990]
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</ref>
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Labor unions such as the [[American Federation of Labor]] strongly opposed the presence of Chinese labor, by reason of both economic competition and race. Immigrants from China were not allowed to become citizens until 1950; however, their children born in the U.S. were full citizens.
  
Zhang v. Gonzales Complaint (02/08/2007)
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Congress banned further Chinese immigration through the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] in 1882; act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States, but some students and businessmen were allowed in.
Zhang v. Gonzales Complaint
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Subsequent to the act, the Chinese population declined to only 37,000 in 1940. Many returned to China (a greater proportion than most other immigrant groups) yet most of them stayed in the United States. Chinese people were unwelcome in many areas, so they resettled in the "[[Chinatown]]" districts of large cities.
  
Lozano v. Hazleton Temporary Restraining Order (10/31/2006)
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==US Immigration Reform==
Lozano v. Hazleton Temporary Restraining Order
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Most Americans envisage and advocate for a coherent set of national interest principles for immigration policy and the enforcement our Constitutionally derived laws. Some so-called ''open border advocates'' try to cloak themselves in the mantle of "immigration reform," but they fail to address the concerns of the American populace and detriments to foreign countries that lose people. Due to lack of enforcement, illegal immigration occurs widely in the U.S., especially along the Mexican border.
Immigrants Rights : General : Legislative Documents view all
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ACLU Letter Opposing McConnell Voter ID Amendment to Immigration Bill (06/04/2007)
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To some people the value of American citizenship has increased greatly since the founding of the Republic. There are 12 million illegal citizens living here in USA and it would be very costly to deport all these people. It becomes more complicated as they marry and have children which are then legal US citizens.  There is a discussion of allowing these 12 million people to follow certain steps to become citizens that can pay taxes and become more contributing members of society.  Some people view this as granting amnesty to criminals but do not offer an actual solution to the immigration problem.
The ACLU urges senators to vote against Mitch McConnell's amendment to the Senate immigration bill that would require voters to produce a government-issued ID to vote in federal elections.
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Congressman Pitts (R-PA) Letter to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (06/01/2007)
 
Congressman Pitts (R-PA) Letter to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
 
  
Liberty & Justice For All Coalition's Statement on Restoring Due Process to Immigrants (05/25/2007)
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==See Also==
The undersigned groups are committed to ensuring that the immigration system be reformed to ensure respect for fundamental due process rights. Ensuring due process in the overall system is essential to making comprehensive reform workable, effective and fair.
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* [[Chinese Exclusion Act]]
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* [[German Americans]]
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* [[Illegal immigration]]
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* [[Latinos]]
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* [[Refugee]]
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* [[Swedish Americans]]
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* [[Racism]] and [[Xenophobia]]
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* [[287(g)]]
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* [[Essay:Free States Movement|Free States Movement]]: "[[Free state]]" versus [[Unfree state]]
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** [[Vote with your feet]] - [[Strategic relocation]]: [[American Redoubt]], [[Free State Wyoming]], [[Free State Project]]
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** ''[[Strategic Relocation - North American Guide to Safe Places]]'' by [[Joel Skousen]]
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** ''[[Rawles on Retreats and Relocation]]'' by [[James Wesley Rawles]]
  
Letter Opposing Senator Mitch McConnell's Photo ID for Voting Amendment to the Immigration Bill (05/25/2007)
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==Bibliography==
Dear Senator: Senator Mitch McConnell (R-KY) has proposed Amendment No. 1170 to S. 1348, which may be voted on by the full Senate after recess. On behalf of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and its hundreds of thousands of members, activists, and fifty-three affiliates nationwide, we write to urge you to oppose this amendment. Amendment 1170 would require voters to present a government-issued photo ID in order to vote in federal elections. This requirement imposes an unnecessary and undue burden on the exercise of the fundamental right to vote for millions of Americans who are eligible, registered, and qualified to vote.
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===Basic further reading===
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* Archdeacon, Thomas J. ''Becoming American: An Ethnic History'' (1984), by leading conservative historian
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* Barkan, Elliott Robert. ''And Still They Come: Immigrants and American Society, 1920 to the 1990s'' (1996), by leading historian
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* Barkan, Elliott Robert, ed. ''A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage'' (1999), 600pp; essays by scholars on 27 groups
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* Barone, Michael. ''The New Americans: How the Melting Pot Can Work Again'' (2006), by a conservative expert [http://www.amazon.com/New-Americans-Melting-Work-Again/dp/1596980265/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1242105562&sr=8-1 excerpts and text search]
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* Bodnar, John. ''The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America'' (1985), liberal historian
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* Daniels, Roger. ''Coming to America'' 2nd ed. (2005), liberal historian
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* Dassanowsky, Robert, and Jeffrey Lehman, eds. ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America'' (2nd ed. 3 vol 2000), home school audience; covers 150 culture groups; 1974pp
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* Gjerde, Jon, ed.  ''Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History'' (1998) primary sources and excerpts from scholars.
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* Glazier, Michael, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America'' (1999), articles by over 200 experts, covering both Catholics and Protestants.
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* Levinson, David and Melvin Ember, eds. ''American Immigrant Cultures'' 2 vol (1997) covers all major and minor groups
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* Meier, Matt S. and Gutierrez, Margo, eds. ''The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia'' (2003) (ISBN 0-313-31643-0)
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* Magocsi, Paul Robert. ''Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples'' (1999), 1350 pp; major compilation
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* Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups'' (1980) (ISBN 0-674-37512-2), the standard reference, covering all major groups and most minor groups; Thernstrom is a leading conservative historian [http://www.amazon.com/Harvard-Encyclopedia-American-Ethnic-Groups/dp/0674375122 excerpt and text search
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* Wittke, carl. ''We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant'' (1939), 552pp good older history cover major groups [http://www.questia.com/library/book/we-who-built-america-the-saga-of-the-immigrant-by-carl-wittke.jsp online edition]
  
ACLU Letter to the House of Representatives Urging Opposition to H.R. 6094 and H.R. 6095 (09/21/2006)
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===Recent migrations===
Immigrants Rights : General : Resources view all
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* Adler, Leonore Loeb , and Uwe P.Gielen, eds. ''Migration: Immigration and Emigration in International Perspective.'' 2003 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=106964953&oplinknum=16# online edition]
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* Borjas, George J. "Does Immigration Grease the Wheels of the Labor Market?" ''Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2001'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001037127 online edition]
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*  Castles, Stephen, and Mark J. Miller. ''The Age of Migration, Third Edition: International Population Movements in the Modern World'' (2003)
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* Glazier, Ira A. and Luigi De Rosa. ''Migration across Time and Nations: Population Mobility in Historical Contexts''  1986  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99436087 online edition]
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* Hernández, Kelly Lytle. “The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration: A Cross-Border Examination of Operation Wetback, 1943 to 1954,” ''Western Historical Quarterly'', 37 (Winter 2006), 421–44.
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* Kemp, Paul. ''Goodbye Canada?'' (2003), from Canada to U.S.
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* Khadria, Binod. ''The Migration of Knowledge Workers: Second-Generation Effects of India's Brain Drain,'' (2000)
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* Massey, Douglas S.  and J. Edward Taylor; ''International Migration: Prospects and Policies in a Global Market,'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109858153 online edition]
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* Mullan, Fitzhugh. "The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain." ''New England Journal of Medicine,'' Volume 353:1810-1818  October 27, 2005  Number 17 [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/17/1810 online version]
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* Ozden, Caglar,  and Maurice Schiff. ''International Migration, Remittances, and Brain Drain.'' (2005)
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* Palmer, Ransford W. ''In Search of a Better Life: Perspectives on Migration from the Caribbean'' Praeger Publishers, 1990 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27964376 online edition]
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* Skeldon, Ronald,  and Wang Gungwu; ''Reluctant Exiles? Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese'' 1994 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=87319971 online edition]
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* Smith, Michael Peter,  and Adrian Favell. ''The Human Face of Global Mobility: International Highly Skilled Migration in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific,'' (2006)
  
El Experto Independiente en Derechos de los Migrantes de la ONU Empieza su Misión de Indagación de hechos en Estados Unidos (04/30/2007)
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===Historical studies: world===
SAN DIEGO – La Unión Americana de Libertades Civiles hoy le da la bienvenida a los Estados Unidos al Relator Especial de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Derechos Humanos de los Migrantes en su visita oficial de indagación de hechos. La Unión Americana de Libertades Civiles está dentro de los grupos escogidos que se reunirán con el Relator Especial en las siguientes dos semanas para proporcionar datos sobre las condiciones de los inmigrantes y migrantes que viven en los Estados Unidos.
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* Baines, D. ''Migration in a Mature Economy: Emigration and Internal Migration in England and Wales 1861–1900,'' (1985), 
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* Clark, P. and D. Souden. ''Migration and Society in Early Modern England'' (1987),
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*  Eltis, David, ed. ''Coerced and Free Migration: Global Perspectives'' 2002 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102986282 online edition] 447pp
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* Gungwu, Wang, ed. ''Global History and Migrations'' 1997 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99440360# online edition] 309pp
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* Langton, J. and G. Hoppe. ''Flows of Labour in the Early Phase of Capitalist Development: The Time Geography of Longitudinal Migration Paths in Nineteenth Century Sweden''  (1992),
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* Lawton, R.  "Mobility and Nineteenth Century British Cities", ''The Geographical Journal'', 145, (1979) 206–24.
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* Luconi, Stefano. “Italians’ Global Migration: A Diaspora?,” ''Studi Emigrazione/Migration Studies'' (Rome), 43 (March 2006), 467–82. In English.
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* Siddle, David J. ed ''Migration, Mobility, and Modernization'' 2000 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102335100 online edition] scholarly articles on European history
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*Tilly, Charles. "Migration in Modern European History", in ''Time, Space and Man: Essays on Micro-Demography'', Stockholm. (1979)
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* Wrigley, G. A. (1967), ‘The Simple Model of London's Importance in Changing English Society and Economy 1650–1750’, past and Present, 37, 44–70.
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====Historical Studies: North America====
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* Archdeacon, Thomas J. ''Becoming American: An Ethnic History'' (1984)
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* Bankston, Carl L. III and Danielle Antoinette Hidalgo, eds. ''Immigration in U.S. History'' (2006)
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* Bodnar, John. ''The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America'' (1985)
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* Canada, ''Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration.'' (1885) primary documents for Canada (with reports on Chinatowns in U.S.) [http://books.google.com/books?id=w3gkAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA288&dq=inauthor:Immigration+inauthor:Commission&num=30#PPA7,M1 online edition]
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* Cohn, Raymond L. ''Mass Migration under Sail: European Immigration to the Antebellum United States'' (2009) 254 pp.; emphasis on economic issues
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* Daniels, Roger.  ''Coming to America'' 2nd ed. (2005)
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* Daniels, Roger.  ''Guarding the Golden Door : American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882'' (2005)
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* Eltis, David; ''Coerced and Free Migration: Global Perspectives'' (2002) emphasis on migration to Americas before 1800
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* Gjerde, Jon, ed.  ''Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History'' (1998) primary sources and excerpts from scholars.
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* Glazier, Michael, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America'' (1999), articles by over 200 experts, covering both Catholics and Protestants.
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* Green, Alan G.  and Gree David. "The Goals of Canada's Immigration Policy: A Historical Perspective" ''Canadian Journal of Urban Research,'' Vol. 13, 2004 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5006533123 online version]
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*  Hoerder, Dirk  and Horst Rössler, eds. ''Distant Magnets: Expectations and Realities in the Immigrant Experience, 1840-1930'' 1993 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78762133 online edition] 312pp
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* Hourwich, Isaac. ''Immigration and Labor: The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States'' (1912) [http://books.google.com/books/pdf/Immigration_and_Labor.pdf?vid=OCLC00593905&id=PLQJAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ieLK3Ab3sc9gGdFaxXxOKQle3B8  full text online], argues immigrants were beneficial to natives by pushing them upward
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* Jenks, Jeremiah W.  and W. Jett Lauck, ''The Immigrant Problem'' (1912; 6th ed. 1926) [http://books.google.com/books?id=XbCHyzEa_O8C&pg=PR3&dq=inauthor:Jenks+inauthor:Lauck&num=30 online edition of Jenkc and Lauck]  based on 1911 Immigration Commission report, with additional data
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* Kulikoff, Allan; ''From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers'' (2000), details on colonial immigration
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* LeMay, Michael, and Elliott Robert Barkan. ''U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History'' (1999) 340 pgs. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6846180&oplinknum=2 online edition]
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* Miller, Kerby M. ''Emigrants and Exiles'' (1985), influential scholarly interpretation of Irish immigration
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* Motomura, Hiroshi. ''Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States'' (2006), legal history
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* Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups'' (1980) (ISBN 0-674-37512-2), the standard reference, covering all major groups and most minor groups
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* U.S. Immigration Commission, ''Abstracts of Reports,'' 2 vols. (1911); the full 42-volume report is summarized (with additional information) in vol 1-2; see also Jencks and Lauck
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** ''Reports of the Immigration Commission: Statements'' (1911) text of statements pro and con [http://books.google.com/books?id=DSISAAAAIAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=inauthor:Immigration+inauthor:Commission&num=30 online edition]
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** ''Part 8: Leather Industry'' (1911) [http://books.google.com/books?id=ao0SAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:Immigration+inauthor:Commission&num=30#PPP7,M1 online edition]
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* Wittke, Carl. ''We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant'' (1939), covers all major groups [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10024497 online edition]
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* Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia ed. ''Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics'' (1990)
  
Itinerary of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants, Dr. Jorge Bustamante (04/29/2007)
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==Recent immigration to North America==
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* Borjas, George J. ed. ''Issues in the Economics of Immigration'' (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report) (2000) 9 statistical essays by scholars;
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* Borjas, George J. "Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs" ''International Migration Review'' 2002 36(4): 1093-1123. ISSN 0197-9183; finds very steep decline of immigrant welfare participation in California.
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* Briggs, Vernon M., Jr. ''Immigration Policy and the America Labor Force'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.
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* Briggs, Vernon M., Jr. ''Mass Immigration and the National Interest'' (1992)
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* Fawcett, James T., and Benjamin V. Carino. ''Pacific Bridges: The New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands'' . New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1987.
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* Foner, Nancy. ''In A New Land: A Comparative View Of Immigration'' (2005)
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* Levinson, David and Melvin Ember, eds. ''American Immigrant Cultures'' 2 vol (1997) covers all major and minor groups
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* Meier, Matt S. and Gutierrez, Margo, eds. ''The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia'' (2003) (ISBN 0-313-31643-0)
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* Portes, Alejandro, and Robert L. Bach. ''Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States.'' University of California Press, 1985.
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* Portes, Alejandro, and Jozsef Borocz. "Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation." ''International Migration Review'' 23 (1989): 606-30.
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* Portes, Alejandro, and Ruben Rumbaut. ''Immigrant America''. University of California Press, 1990.
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* Reimers, David. ''Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America'' Columbia University Press, (1985).
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* Smith, James P, and  Barry Edmonston, eds. ''The Immigration Debate: Studies on the Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration'' (1998), [http://www.nap.edu online version]
  
FAQs: United Nations Special Rapporteurs (04/29/2007)
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===Current data===
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* Arthur Haupt and Thomas T. Kane. ''Population Handbook,'' (Population Reference Bureau: 5th ed 2004) [http://www.prb.org/Reports/2004/PopulationHandbook5thedition.aspx online edition]
  
FAQs: The ACLU Immigrants' Rights Project and Why the ACLU Advocates on Behalf of Immigrants (03/12/2007)
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===Advanced theoretical models===
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* Grigg, D. "E. G. Ravenstein and the Laws of Migration" ''Journal of Historical Geography,'' vol 3, (1977), 41–54.
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* Lee, E. S. (1966), ‘A Theory of Migration’, Demography, 3, 47–54.
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* Massey, Douglas S. "Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal." ''Population and Development Review,'' (1994).  19, 431-466. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0098-7921(199309)19:3%3C431:TOIMAR%3E2.0.CO;2-P in JSTOR]
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* Ravenstein, E. G. "The Laws of Migration", ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,'' vol 48 (1885) pp 167–227.
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* Ravenstein, E. G. "The Laws of Migration", ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,'' vol 52 (1889) pp 214–301. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0952-8385(188906)52%3A2%3C241%3ATLOM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B online at JSTOR]
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* Stouffer, S. A.  ‘Intervening Opportunities: a Theory Relating Mobility and Distance’, American Sociological Review, (1940) vol 5, 845–67.
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* Wolpert, J. (1965), ‘Behavioural Aspects of the Decision to Migrate’, Papers of the Regional Science Association, 15, 159–73.
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* Zelinsky, Wilbur. "The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition", ''Geographical Review'', 61, (1971) 219–49.
  
Biography of Alice Clapman (10/24/2006)
 
Immigrants Rights : General : Supreme Court Cases
 
  
Lopez v. Gonzales and Toledo-Flores v. United States (09/14/2006)
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== External links ==
Whether a state conviction for drug possession that would be a misdemeanor under federal law can nonetheless be treated as an "aggravated felony" for immigration purposes, which leads to serious adverse consequences, including ineligibilitiy for political asylum and cancellation of removal. DECIDED
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*[http://www.crfforum.org/topics/?topicid=35&catid=8&view=document&id=73 History of Immigration From the 1850s to the Present]
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*[http://www.crfforum.org/topics/?topicid=35&catid=8&view=document&id=75 Issues of Illegal Immigration]
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*[http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Chinese.html The Chinese]
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*[http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Jewish.html The Jewish]
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*[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.de/2013/03/then-from-egypt-to-israel-now-from.html Then, from Egypt to Israel: Now, from Russia and the U.S.]
  
Lopez v. Gonzales and Toledo-Flores v. United States (06/21/2006)
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* [[Essay:Free States Movement|Free States Movement]]: "[[Free state]]" versus [[Unfree state]]
Whether a state conviction for drug possession that would be a misdemeanor under federal law can nonetheless be treated as an "aggravated felony" for immigration purposes, which leads to serious adverse consequences, including ineligibilitiy for political asylum and cancellation of removal. DECIDED
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** [[Vote with your feet]] - [[Strategic relocation]]: [[American Redoubt]], [[Free State Wyoming]], [[Free State Project]]
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** ''[[Strategic Relocation - North American Guide to Safe Places]]'' by [[Joel Skousen]]
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** ''[[Rawles on Retreats and Relocation]]'' by [[James Wesley Rawles]]
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==References==
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[[Category : Immigration]]
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[[Category : United States History]]
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[[Category : Gilded Age]]
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[[Category : Strategic Relocation]]
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[[Category : American Redoubt]]

Revision as of 16:25, November 21, 2015

Immigration is the entry of a person of a certain nationality to another nation. The reasons for immigrants to leave their homeland can vary from abandonment of their family there to an attempt to benefit from entitlements or opportunities in a new country.

US Immigration history

Colonial America

There is a longstanding belief that the United States of America is a country of immigrants, often used as an argument in favor of illegal immigration by liberals. The truth, however, is that most of the migration to the U.S. in the colonial era came from Britain, with English, Scots and (Protestant) Irish. They moved inside the Empire and did not leave their native country for a foreign land, so they are not considered "immigrants" any more than a person who moves from Florida to Alaska today.

A large number of German immigrants came to Pennsylvania and New York. To this day they are called "Pennsylvania Dutch" but they were Germans, and came for religious freedom and economic opportunity. Dutch did come and settle in New Amsterdam (now New York), which was part of the Dutch Empire so they were not "immigrants" either. Black slaves were involuntary immigrants to all the colonies, especially the tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland, and the rice plantations of South Carolina. The American Revolution cut off movement from 1775 to 1783. When it resumed about 80,000 American Loyalists left the U.S. to immigrate to Canada, or return to Britain. Migration was light before 1815, because of wars in Europe. The import or export of slaves was made illegal in 1809.

Early Nation: 1776-1860

Historians have shown that in the nineteenth-century, the U.S. was a place where immigrants could stake their claims for a new life. After arrival, German and Irish immigrants settled regionally by nativity within the U.S. The Irish accounted for 68% of all immigrants to the Northeast; Germans accounted for 47% of all immigrants to the Midwest; British immigrants accounted for 19% of immigrants to the Northeast and 20% of immigrants to the Midwest. After arrival, the British, German, and Irish achieved success in U.S. labor markets, and the British and German immigrants found opportunity in skilled occupations. Irish Catholic immigrants did not fare as well as the other two groups in terms of jobs and economic status, but still fared better than had they remained in Ireland. Moreover, all groups sharply improved their average skills in the U.S. after arrival. Wages were much higher in the U.S. than in Europe, and it was much easier to own a farm. However, Americans worked much harder than their European cousins and took fewer holidays.

Cohn (2009) asks, "Did immigration help or hurt native labor and did migration lead to long run economic growth?" Immigration increased the long-run rate of economic growth. During the nineteenth century, immigration extended the U.S. product market and allowed labor in manufacturing and agriculture to specialize. Larger pools of unskilled labor after 1845 put downward pressure on wages. However, over time, labor markets adjusted, migrants assimilated, and the economy moved forward.

Gilded Age: 1860-1900

Welcome1880.jpg

During the Gilded Age, 1865-1900, approximately 10 million European immigrants came to the United States, most in search of religious freedom and greater prosperity. They filled up the rich farmlands of the Middle West, as German and Scandinavian immigrants were especially eager to own land. They avoided the poverty stricken South. The population surge in major U.S. cities as a result of immigration gave cities an even stronger impact on government, attracting power-hungry politicians and entrepreneurs. Pressuring voters or falsifying ballots was commonplace for politicians, who often sought power only to exploit their constituents. To accommodate the influx of people into the U.S., the federal government built Ellis Island in 1892 near the Statue of Liberty. After 1892, a short physical examination was given; those with contagious diseases were not admitted. Few immigrants went to the poverty-stricken South.

During the mass emigration from Italy during the century between 1876 to 1976, the U.S. was the largest single recipient of Italian immigrants in the world... In 1850, less than 4,000 Italians were reportedly in the U.S. However in 1880, merely four years after the influx of Italian immigrants migrated, the population skyrocketed to 44,000, and by 1900, 484,027. [1]

Chinese immigrants

The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad in California and Nevada was handled largely by American engineers and Chinese laborers. In the 1870 census there were 58,000 Chinese men and 4,000 women in the entire country; these numbers grew to 100,000 men and 4,000 women in the 1880 census. [2] Labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor strongly opposed the presence of Chinese labor, by reason of both economic competition and race. Immigrants from China were not allowed to become citizens until 1950; however, their children born in the U.S. were full citizens.

Congress banned further Chinese immigration through the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882; act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States, but some students and businessmen were allowed in. Subsequent to the act, the Chinese population declined to only 37,000 in 1940. Many returned to China (a greater proportion than most other immigrant groups) yet most of them stayed in the United States. Chinese people were unwelcome in many areas, so they resettled in the "Chinatown" districts of large cities.

US Immigration Reform

Most Americans envisage and advocate for a coherent set of national interest principles for immigration policy and the enforcement our Constitutionally derived laws. Some so-called open border advocates try to cloak themselves in the mantle of "immigration reform," but they fail to address the concerns of the American populace and detriments to foreign countries that lose people. Due to lack of enforcement, illegal immigration occurs widely in the U.S., especially along the Mexican border.

To some people the value of American citizenship has increased greatly since the founding of the Republic. There are 12 million illegal citizens living here in USA and it would be very costly to deport all these people. It becomes more complicated as they marry and have children which are then legal US citizens. There is a discussion of allowing these 12 million people to follow certain steps to become citizens that can pay taxes and become more contributing members of society. Some people view this as granting amnesty to criminals but do not offer an actual solution to the immigration problem.


See Also

Bibliography

Basic further reading

  • Archdeacon, Thomas J. Becoming American: An Ethnic History (1984), by leading conservative historian
  • Barkan, Elliott Robert. And Still They Come: Immigrants and American Society, 1920 to the 1990s (1996), by leading historian
  • Barkan, Elliott Robert, ed. A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage (1999), 600pp; essays by scholars on 27 groups
  • Barone, Michael. The New Americans: How the Melting Pot Can Work Again (2006), by a conservative expert excerpts and text search
  • Bodnar, John. The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (1985), liberal historian
  • Daniels, Roger. Coming to America 2nd ed. (2005), liberal historian
  • Dassanowsky, Robert, and Jeffrey Lehman, eds. Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America (2nd ed. 3 vol 2000), home school audience; covers 150 culture groups; 1974pp
  • Gjerde, Jon, ed. Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History (1998) primary sources and excerpts from scholars.
  • Glazier, Michael, ed. The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America (1999), articles by over 200 experts, covering both Catholics and Protestants.
  • Levinson, David and Melvin Ember, eds. American Immigrant Cultures 2 vol (1997) covers all major and minor groups
  • Meier, Matt S. and Gutierrez, Margo, eds. The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia (2003) (ISBN 0-313-31643-0)
  • Magocsi, Paul Robert. Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples (1999), 1350 pp; major compilation
  • Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) (ISBN 0-674-37512-2), the standard reference, covering all major groups and most minor groups; Thernstrom is a leading conservative historian [http://www.amazon.com/Harvard-Encyclopedia-American-Ethnic-Groups/dp/0674375122 excerpt and text search
  • Wittke, carl. We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant (1939), 552pp good older history cover major groups online edition

Recent migrations

  • Adler, Leonore Loeb , and Uwe P.Gielen, eds. Migration: Immigration and Emigration in International Perspective. 2003 online edition
  • Borjas, George J. "Does Immigration Grease the Wheels of the Labor Market?" Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2001 online edition
  • Castles, Stephen, and Mark J. Miller. The Age of Migration, Third Edition: International Population Movements in the Modern World (2003)
  • Glazier, Ira A. and Luigi De Rosa. Migration across Time and Nations: Population Mobility in Historical Contexts 1986 online edition
  • Hernández, Kelly Lytle. “The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration: A Cross-Border Examination of Operation Wetback, 1943 to 1954,” Western Historical Quarterly, 37 (Winter 2006), 421–44.
  • Kemp, Paul. Goodbye Canada? (2003), from Canada to U.S.
  • Khadria, Binod. The Migration of Knowledge Workers: Second-Generation Effects of India's Brain Drain, (2000)
  • Massey, Douglas S. and J. Edward Taylor; International Migration: Prospects and Policies in a Global Market, (2003) online edition
  • Mullan, Fitzhugh. "The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain." New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 353:1810-1818 October 27, 2005 Number 17 online version
  • Ozden, Caglar, and Maurice Schiff. International Migration, Remittances, and Brain Drain. (2005)
  • Palmer, Ransford W. In Search of a Better Life: Perspectives on Migration from the Caribbean Praeger Publishers, 1990 online edition
  • Skeldon, Ronald, and Wang Gungwu; Reluctant Exiles? Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese 1994 online edition
  • Smith, Michael Peter, and Adrian Favell. The Human Face of Global Mobility: International Highly Skilled Migration in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific, (2006)

Historical studies: world

  • Baines, D. Migration in a Mature Economy: Emigration and Internal Migration in England and Wales 1861–1900, (1985),
  • Clark, P. and D. Souden. Migration and Society in Early Modern England (1987),
  • Eltis, David, ed. Coerced and Free Migration: Global Perspectives 2002 online edition 447pp
  • Gungwu, Wang, ed. Global History and Migrations 1997 online edition 309pp
  • Langton, J. and G. Hoppe. Flows of Labour in the Early Phase of Capitalist Development: The Time Geography of Longitudinal Migration Paths in Nineteenth Century Sweden (1992),
  • Lawton, R. "Mobility and Nineteenth Century British Cities", The Geographical Journal, 145, (1979) 206–24.
  • Luconi, Stefano. “Italians’ Global Migration: A Diaspora?,” Studi Emigrazione/Migration Studies (Rome), 43 (March 2006), 467–82. In English.
  • Siddle, David J. ed Migration, Mobility, and Modernization 2000 online edition scholarly articles on European history
  • Tilly, Charles. "Migration in Modern European History", in Time, Space and Man: Essays on Micro-Demography, Stockholm. (1979)
  • Wrigley, G. A. (1967), ‘The Simple Model of London's Importance in Changing English Society and Economy 1650–1750’, past and Present, 37, 44–70.

Historical Studies: North America

  • Archdeacon, Thomas J. Becoming American: An Ethnic History (1984)
  • Bankston, Carl L. III and Danielle Antoinette Hidalgo, eds. Immigration in U.S. History (2006)
  • Bodnar, John. The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (1985)
  • Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration. (1885) primary documents for Canada (with reports on Chinatowns in U.S.) online edition
  • Cohn, Raymond L. Mass Migration under Sail: European Immigration to the Antebellum United States (2009) 254 pp.; emphasis on economic issues
  • Daniels, Roger. Coming to America 2nd ed. (2005)
  • Daniels, Roger. Guarding the Golden Door : American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 (2005)
  • Eltis, David; Coerced and Free Migration: Global Perspectives (2002) emphasis on migration to Americas before 1800
  • Gjerde, Jon, ed. Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History (1998) primary sources and excerpts from scholars.
  • Glazier, Michael, ed. The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America (1999), articles by over 200 experts, covering both Catholics and Protestants.
  • Green, Alan G. and Gree David. "The Goals of Canada's Immigration Policy: A Historical Perspective" Canadian Journal of Urban Research, Vol. 13, 2004 online version
  • Hoerder, Dirk and Horst Rössler, eds. Distant Magnets: Expectations and Realities in the Immigrant Experience, 1840-1930 1993 online edition 312pp
  • Hourwich, Isaac. Immigration and Labor: The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States (1912) full text online, argues immigrants were beneficial to natives by pushing them upward
  • Jenks, Jeremiah W. and W. Jett Lauck, The Immigrant Problem (1912; 6th ed. 1926) online edition of Jenkc and Lauck based on 1911 Immigration Commission report, with additional data
  • Kulikoff, Allan; From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers (2000), details on colonial immigration
  • LeMay, Michael, and Elliott Robert Barkan. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History (1999) 340 pgs. online edition
  • Miller, Kerby M. Emigrants and Exiles (1985), influential scholarly interpretation of Irish immigration
  • Motomura, Hiroshi. Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States (2006), legal history
  • Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) (ISBN 0-674-37512-2), the standard reference, covering all major groups and most minor groups
  • U.S. Immigration Commission, Abstracts of Reports, 2 vols. (1911); the full 42-volume report is summarized (with additional information) in vol 1-2; see also Jencks and Lauck
    • Reports of the Immigration Commission: Statements (1911) text of statements pro and con online edition
    • Part 8: Leather Industry (1911) online edition
  • Wittke, Carl. We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant (1939), covers all major groups online edition
  • Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia ed. Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics (1990)

Recent immigration to North America

  • Borjas, George J. ed. Issues in the Economics of Immigration (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report) (2000) 9 statistical essays by scholars;
  • Borjas, George J. "Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs" International Migration Review 2002 36(4): 1093-1123. ISSN 0197-9183; finds very steep decline of immigrant welfare participation in California.
  • Briggs, Vernon M., Jr. Immigration Policy and the America Labor Force Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.
  • Briggs, Vernon M., Jr. Mass Immigration and the National Interest (1992)
  • Fawcett, James T., and Benjamin V. Carino. Pacific Bridges: The New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands . New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1987.
  • Foner, Nancy. In A New Land: A Comparative View Of Immigration (2005)
  • Levinson, David and Melvin Ember, eds. American Immigrant Cultures 2 vol (1997) covers all major and minor groups
  • Meier, Matt S. and Gutierrez, Margo, eds. The Mexican American Experience: An Encyclopedia (2003) (ISBN 0-313-31643-0)
  • Portes, Alejandro, and Robert L. Bach. Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States. University of California Press, 1985.
  • Portes, Alejandro, and Jozsef Borocz. "Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation." International Migration Review 23 (1989): 606-30.
  • Portes, Alejandro, and Ruben Rumbaut. Immigrant America. University of California Press, 1990.
  • Reimers, David. Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America Columbia University Press, (1985).
  • Smith, James P, and Barry Edmonston, eds. The Immigration Debate: Studies on the Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration (1998), online version

Current data

  • Arthur Haupt and Thomas T. Kane. Population Handbook, (Population Reference Bureau: 5th ed 2004) online edition

Advanced theoretical models

  • Grigg, D. "E. G. Ravenstein and the Laws of Migration" Journal of Historical Geography, vol 3, (1977), 41–54.
  • Lee, E. S. (1966), ‘A Theory of Migration’, Demography, 3, 47–54.
  • Massey, Douglas S. "Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal." Population and Development Review, (1994). 19, 431-466. in JSTOR
  • Ravenstein, E. G. "The Laws of Migration", Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, vol 48 (1885) pp 167–227.
  • Ravenstein, E. G. "The Laws of Migration", Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, vol 52 (1889) pp 214–301. online at JSTOR
  • Stouffer, S. A. ‘Intervening Opportunities: a Theory Relating Mobility and Distance’, American Sociological Review, (1940) vol 5, 845–67.
  • Wolpert, J. (1965), ‘Behavioural Aspects of the Decision to Migrate’, Papers of the Regional Science Association, 15, 159–73.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur. "The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition", Geographical Review, 61, (1971) 219–49.


External links

References