Liberal bias

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Liberal bias is partisan selection or distortion of information to support liberal policies. This bias can be expressed by professors and public school teachers, College Board exams, reporters and other journalists in mainstream media, and any other information source. Typically purveyors of liberal bias falsely present themselves as being objective. Liberal bias includes techniques such as distorted selection of information, placement bias, photo bias and liberal style. There is a difference between being liberal, having a liberal perspective, and having a liberal bias.

The essence of liberal bias is to dismiss or even to censor all opposing views. For liberals, to allow the airing or publishing of an opposing view creates the risk that people might discover errors in the liberal viewpoint. On the other hand, Conservatives typically uphold freedom of ideological expression, with many expressing that although they may oppose a liberal view with every fiber of their being, they will defend to the death their right to say it, because they believe that in the marketplace of ideas the true will always win over the false. (At Conservapedia we are not afraid to mention and even to summarize anti-conservative arguments.)

Conservative Opposition to Liberal Bias

Ann Coulter wrote:

  • To obscure the overwhelming liberal dominance of the media, the few designated media "conservatives" are cited tirelessly in testimonies to the ideological diversity in the nation's newsrooms. Democrats in the media are editors, national correspondents, news anchors, and reporters. Republicans in the media are "from the right" polemicists grudgingly tolerated within the liberal behemoth. Republican views must be accompanied by a conspicuous warning: "Partisan Conservative Opinion Coming!" Neutral news slots are reserved for Democrats exclusively. "Balance" is created by having a liberal host a debate between a liberal and a moderate Republican. [1]

In June 2009, Republicans in the House of Representatives have created the Media Caucus to fight the Democrat-aligned media propaganda.

Left-wing defense of Liberal Bias

The managing editor of Time Magazine dismissed the need for objectivity altogether, saying:

I have felt that we have to actually say, ‘We have a point of view about something and we feel strongly about it, we just have to be assertive about it and say it positively.'"[2]

A Boston Globe editor, Peter Accardi, adamantly proclaimed that he would not publish reader's replies in the Globe's Letters to the Editor critical of homosexuality, erroneously equating such with racism:

"I won't run any letter that promotes bigotry against any group. You'd be surprised how many anti-Semitic letters we get, but not one will see the light of day on a letters page I handle. Same with anti-black, anti-Italian, etc."[3]

Note the convoluted logic which assumes that any criticism of the behavior of members of a group must be due to "bigotry", which is itself a bigoted attack on the critics designed to prevent any consideration of the principles or facts supporting their arguments.

Left-wing denial of Liberal bias

New York Times publisher Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr. has denied that the New York Times has a liberal viewpoint and has stated the New York Times has an "urban" viewpoint.[4] However, in the summer of 2004, the newspaper's then public editor (ombudsman), Daniel Okrent, published a piece on the Times' liberal bias and cited the example of their coverage of homosexual marriage.[5][6] Although the New York Times has a particularly heavy bias when it comes to the homosexuality issue, the New York Times is not unusual in regards to the media having a liberal bias when it comes to the subject of homosexuality; see Homosexuality in the Media. John Stossel is an author, consumer reporter, and a co-anchor for the ABC News show 20/20. Cybercast News Service states the following regarding regarding the influence of the New York Times and Washington Post:

“ While the newspapers reach only a fraction of people compared to the television networks, he said radio and television producers rely heavily on their contents.

"The reason the Times, and to a lesser extent the Post, are so important, and they are, is because the TV and radio - all of the media - copy it sycophantically," he [John Stossel] said. "That's how bias at the Times becomes bias in other media."[7]

”


Liberal Bias.png

The following persons, organizations, television programs or media outlets have well known liberal bias:

Media

LA Times

The mainstream media including the LA Times had been guilty of being silent regarding the John Edwards affair that the National Enquirer had broke in October 2007. The Enquirer followed up with a publication in December of 2007. Then in July 2008, the Enquirer had confronted Edwards at the Beverly Hilton hotel after he spent the entire day with his mistress. After Edwards admitted the affair on Friday August 8th, the mainsteam media finally reported the scandal, including the LA Times. In an article titled "Mainstream media finally pounce on Edwards' affair", the LA Times declared that they had been pursuing the story prior to Friday. [11] But they gave no excuse for hiding this from the American public. They have showed their true liberal bias by not reporting the story earlier. Then making an attempt to further fool the public by saying they were pursuing the story, when in fact 10 months had lapsed. Plus, nowhere in the article does it mention the Edwards is a Democrat. To the credit of the LA Times, they do mention that Democratic party strategists say Edwards needs to address the story, at the very bottom of the article. Protection of fellow liberal Democrats by the LA Times is more important than being a honest news organization.

MSNBC

While it is well known that MSNBC's Keith Olbermann is the most viciously liberal voice to host a news program within the mainstream media, he usually tones down his anti-conservative, anti-Republican vitriol when anchoring special events like election results. But during MSNBC’s coverage of the Massachusetts special Senate election, Olbermann's presentation was more rabidly partisan than if the Democratic National Committee itself were producing the show. [12]

CBS News

Bernard Goldberg

CBS insider Bernard Goldberg wrote the definitive book on liberal bias in the media, simply entitled Bias.

  • He asserts that an "inability to see liberal views as liberal views ... is at the heart of the entire problem."
  • He wrote: "Pauline Kael, for years the brilliant film critic at the New Yorker, was completely baffled about how Richard Nixon could have beaten George McGovern in 1972: 'Nobody I know voted for Nixon.' Never mind that Nixon carried 49 states. She wasn't kidding." [13]

Goldberg also suggested liberals don't even see their liberal values as "liberal":

  • "Their views on all the big social issues ... aren't liberal views at all. They're simply reasonable views, shared by all the reasonable people the media elites mingle with ..." [14]

During the Vietnam War, the Soviet Union was the principal ally of Communist North Vietnam, providing weapons and training in what was a major conflict of the Cold War that took 58,000 American lives. CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite regularly carried news reports from its Moscow Bureau Chief, Bernard Redmont. When peace negotiations commenced with North Vietnam in Paris, Redmont became CBS News Paris Bureau Chief. What Redmont never reported during the ten year conflict was, Redmont had been a KGB operative since the 1930s, and member of the notorious Silvermaster group. [15] Redmont was the only journalist to whom his fellow Comintern party member, and North Vietnamese chief negotiator, Mai Van Bo, granted an interview to bring the Communist point of view into American living rooms in what has been called, "the living room war."

The selective and editorial reporting of the Vietnam war is often cited as a manifest example of liberal bias in the mainstream media, with Hanoi reportedly affirming that it could not have won "without the Western press."[16]

New York Times

File:Arthursulzbergerjr.jpg
New York Times publisher Arthur Sulzberger Jr.

Peter D. Feaver of the Boston Globe noted on the sixth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks that MoveOn.org ran a full-page advertisement in the New York Times accusing General David Petraeus of activities befitting a traitor. The advertisement alleges, without evidence, that Petraeus would not give an honest, professional assessment of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Feaver noted, "The MoveOn.org ad is vicious ... a deliberate attack on the senior Army commander, in a major daily newspaper, with the intention of destroying as much of his credibility as possible...part of an elaborate effort to undermine public support for the Iraq war, and was foreshadowed by an unnamed Democratic senator who told a reporter, "No one wants to call [Petraeus] a liar on national TV . . . The expectation is that the outside groups will do this for us." The effort is funded by powerful special interests, and has all the trappings of a major political campaign.[17] Within a day it was discovered the New York Times gave MoveOn.org a “hefty discount” for its ad questioning Petraeus’ integrity. According to the director of public relations for the New York Times, “the open rate for an ad of that size and type is $181,692.” A spokesman for MoveOn.org confirmed that the liberal activist group paid only $65,000 for the ad - a reduction of more than $116,000 from the stated rate.[18] In July, 2008, the New York Times rejected an opinion piece written by John McCain, which was responding to earlier piece written by Barack Obama.[19] This came after the New York Times had previously published at least seven op-ed pieces by McCain since 1996, and endorsed him in the 2008 Republican Presidential primaries. The reason the New York Times cited for the July 2008 rejection was that they were asking the McCain campaign to provide a more substantive piece which would contrast his positions with the details of the Obama piece on a point-by-point basis.[20]

Newsweek

Perhaps the most liberal weekly news magazine, Newsweek, is seen going out of its way to impugn evangelical Christianity. As far back as April 8, 1996, a Newsweek article promoted skepticism concerning the resurrection of Christ, presenting various theories countering the Biblical record,[21] and the transformational results of faith in such,[1] while failing to provide scholarly evangelical responses which refute their theories.[22][23][24]

Insidious attempts to marginalize evangelical Christianity continue to be replicated, most recently with the article by editor Jon Meacham (who recently compared President Obama to being like God) writing "The End of Christian America" (Apr 4, 2009), in which he opined that it was "a good thing" that America was "less influenced by movements and arguments of an explicitly Christian character than they were even five years ago."

In addition, on Nov. 13, 2006 Newsweek featured an article by atheist Sam Harris, who sees Christianity as "incompatible with genuine morality",[25] based upon his own objectively baseless and mutable moral authority.[26]

As noted by Don Feder[27] in response to a Newsweek article titled, “America’s God Complex – Like George W. Bush, The Religious Right Is At The Crossroads”[28] Newsweek advocates a faith that does not take moral stands or become involved in changing moral policy.

Consistent with this ethos, Newsweek proactively attacked historical Biblical morality in regards to homosexuality and biblical interpretation,[29] which attempts have resulted in extensive refutation by evangelical scholars and writers.[30][31][32]

PBS

The taxpayer-funded Public Broadcasting System has become a left-leaning channel for the liberal viewpoint. This despite the 1985 rule that all PBS shows must be "noncommercial, nonpartisan and nonsectarian." Their tax-subsidized programming includes celebrating lesbian-feminist choirs, “transgender” riots, and a liberal teenager fighting against abstinence education. As part of its wave of secular fundamentalism, PBS celebrates even late-term abortionists with a fanaticism. The PBS show NOW was devoted to smearing the pro-life movement as terrorists [33] In a fake display of following the rules, 300-plus PBS stations have been instructed to avoid any kind of religious programming.

AP

Of all unanswered questions needing journalist investigation; where the stimulus money went, Pelosi's health care takeover costs, Hasan's terror associations-- the Associated Press assigned 11 people to fact check all 432 pages of Sarah Palin's new book Going Rogue. The core of good journalism is holding public figures accountable. Yet, the AP did no such fact checking of Joe Biden's book or Braack Obama's or the late Sen. Ted Kennedy nor Hillary or Bill Clinton's autobiography. [34]

Media Bias

A 2005 report[35] by Tim Groseclose and Jeffrey Milyo political scientists at UCLA concluded that, based on estimated ideological scores, all of the news outlets they examined, except Fox News’ Special Report and the Washington Times, showed a strong liberal bias (scores to the left of the average member of Congress). Of the 20 major media outlets studied, 18 scored left of center, with CBS' "Evening News," The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times ranking second, third and fourth most liberal behind the news pages of The Wall Street Journal. Only Fox News' "Special Report With Brit Hume" and The Washington Times scored right of the average U.S. voter.

"I suspected that many media outlets would tilt to the left because surveys have shown that reporters tend to vote more Democrat than Republican," said Tim Groseclose, a UCLA political scientist and the study's lead author. "But I was surprised at just how pronounced the distinctions are." [36]

ABC, CBS, and NBC together have unloaded more than a thousand stories on Obama’s presidential campaign but not a single story devoted to examining Obama’s abysmal abortion record. [37]


Vision of the anointed

Thomas Sowell

Economist Thomas Sowell in his book published in 1996, The Vision of the Anointed, discusses the anointed vision of liberals and liberalism to promote their agenda.

Desperate evasions of discordant evidence, and the denigration and even demonizing of those presenting such evidence, are indicative of the high stakes in contemporary culture wars, which are not about alternative policies but alternative worlds and of alternative roles of liberals in these worlds. Opponents must be shown to be not merely mistaken but morally lacking, in Sowell's view. This approach replaces the intellectual discussion of arguments by the moral extermination of persons. This denigration or demonizing of those opposed to their views not only has the desired effect of discrediting the opposition but also has the unintended effect of cutting off the path of retreat from positions which become progressively less tenable with the passage of time and the accumulation of discordant evidence. The very thought that those dismissed as simplistic or maligned might have been right–even if only on a single issue–is at best galling and potentially devastating. Their last refuge in this situation are their good intentions.[38]

Presidential coverage

Many conservative and a few liberal commentators have remarked on the seeming extraordinary favor shown toward Barack Obama during his candidacy, and presidency.[39] A 2008 comprehensive analysis conducted by the Media Research Center[2] of every evening news report by the NBC, ABC and CBS television networks, showed that positive stories about Obama since he came to national prominence outnumbered negative stories 7 to 1.[40] During the Presidents candidacy, MSNBC Hardball host Chris Matthews stated, "Yeah, well, you know what? I want to do everything I can to make this thing work, this new presidency work,..."

In November 2008, Mark Halperin of Time and ABC News criticized the media coverage of the 2008 presidential race, stating, "It's the most disgusting failure of people in our business since the Iraq war." "It was extreme bias, extreme pro-Obama coverage."[41]

Newsweek editor Evan Thomas is seen by some to confirm the lack of objectivity and tendency to give undue exaltation they see the main stream media often displaying toward the new leader of the United states. Referring to his perception of the President after his recent speeches overseas, Thomas stated,

"I mean, in a way Obama's standing above the country, above the world. He's sort of God."[3][42]

Statistical data

In 2008, John Perazzo, writing in FrontPageMagazine.com, presented major research findings [43][44] regarding the underlying beliefs of news media professionals.

  • Between 90 and 97 percent of news media professionals have consistently affirmed themselves to be pro-choice on the matter of abortion, with more than half of the respondents agreeing that abortion should be legal under any and all circumstances.[45]
  • Between 6 and 8 percent attended religious services regularly, a tiny fraction of the corresponding rate for the public at large.[46]
  • Fully 81 percent of news media professionals favor affirmative action in business and academia.[47]
  • More than half of respondents said that adultery could be acceptable under certain circumstances; only 15 percent said it was always wrong.[48]
  • Between 67 and 76 percent were opposed to prayer being permitted in public schools.[49]
  • In 1964, 94 percent of media professionals voted for Democrat Lyndon Johnson over Republican Barry Goldwater.[50]
  • In 1968, 86 percent voted for Democrat Hubert Humphrey over Republican Richard Nixon.[51]
  • In 1972, 81 percent voted for Democrat George McGovern over the incumbent Nixon.[52]
  • In 1976, 81 percent voted for Democrat Jimmy Carter over Republican Gerald Ford.[53]
  • In 1980, twice as many cast their ballots for Carter rather than Republican Ronald Reagan.[54]
  • In 1984, 58 percent supported Democrat Walter Mondale, whom Reagan defeated in the biggest landslide in presidential election history.[55]
  • In 1988, White House correspondents from various major newspapers, television networks, magazines, and news services supported Democrat Michael Dukakis over Republican George H.W. Bush by a ratio of 12-to-1.[56]
  • In the 1992 Presidential election, among Washington bureau chiefs and congressional correspondents, the disparity was 89 percent vs. 7 percent, in Clinton’s favor over the incumbent Bush.[57]
  • All told, White House correspondents during the late ’80s and early ’90s voted for Democrats at 7 times the rate at which they voted for Republicans.[58]
  • In a 2004, poll of campaign journalists, those based outside of Washington, D.C., supported Democrat John Kerry over Republican George W. Bush by a ratio of 3-to-1. Those based inside the Beltway favored Kerry by a 12-to-1 ratio[59]
  • In a 2004 nationwide poll of 300 newspaper and television journalists, 52 percent supported Kerry, while 19 percent supported Bush.[60]
  • In a 2008 survey of 144 journalists nationwide, journalists were 8 times likelier to make campaign contributions to Democrats than to Republicans.[61]
  • A 2008 Investors Business Daily study put the campaign donation ratio at 11.5-to-1, in favor of Democrats. In terms of total dollars given, the ratio was 15-to-1.[62]
  • In a 1988 survey of business reporters, 54 percent of respondents identified themselves as Democrats, 9 percent as Republicans.[63]
  • In a 1992 poll of journalists working for newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, 44 percent called themselves Democrats, 16 percent Republicans.[64]
  • In a 1996 poll of 1,037 reporters at 61 newspapers, 61 percent identified themselves as Democrats, 15 percent as Republicans.[65]
  • In a 2001 Kaiser Family Foundation poll, media professionals were nearly 7 times likelier to call themselves Democrats rather than Republicans[66]
  • In a 1981 study of 240 journalists nationwide, 65 percent identified themselves as liberals, 17 percent as conservatives.[67]
  • In a 1983 study of news reporters, executives, and staffers, 32 percent identified themselves as liberals, 11 percent as conservatives.[68]
  • In a 1992 study of more than 1,400 journalists, 44 percent identified themselves as liberals, 22 percent as conservatives.[69]
  • In a 1996 study of Washington bureau chiefs and congressional correspondents, 61 percent identified themselves as liberals, 9 percent as conservatives.[70]
  • In a 1996 study of 1,037 journalists, the respondents identified themselves as liberals 4 times more frequently than as conservatives. Among journalists working for newspapers with circulations exceeding 50,000, the ratio of liberals to conservatives was 5.4 to 1.[71]
  • In a 2001 Kaiser Family Foundation study of media professionals, the ratio of self-identified liberals to conservatives was 4.2 to 1.[72]
  • In a 2004 Pew Research Center study of journalists and media executives, the ratio of self-identified liberals to conservatives was 4.9 to 1.[73]
  • In a 2005 University of Connecticut study of 300 journalists, the liberal-to-conservative ratio was 2.8 to 1.[74]
  • In a 2005 Annenberg Public Policy Center poll of nearly 700 journalists, the liberal-to-conservative ratio was 3.4 to 1.[75]
  • In a 2007 Pew Research Center study of journalists and news executives, the ratio was 4 liberals for each conservative.[76]

A similar landmark study was conducted in 1990, examining the political leanings of the individuals, rather than the organizations, who were most often cited or quoted as experts on various topics in the news. The examination showed that on the subject of welfare and related issues, liberal experts were quoted 75 percent of the time, conservatives 22 percent. On consumer issues, the liberal-conservative ratio was 63 percent to 22 percent. On environmental issues, the ratio was 79 percent to 18 percent. And regarding nuclear energy, the ratio was 77 percent to 20 percent.[77]

The decidedly liberal majority in news media is similar to that seen in American colleges and faculty, which most journalists were influenced by. A major study showed that 50% of American college faculty identified themselves as Democrats and 11% as Republicans (with 33% being Independent, and 5% identifying themselves with another party). 72% described themselves as "to the left of center," including 18% who were strongly left. Only 15% described themselves as right of center, including only 3% who were "strongly right."[78][79]

See Also

Template:Examples of liberal bias

External links

v • d • e
Liberal Characteristics and Traits
Ideology
Policy
Tools
Traits
Other
  1. ↑ [[Slander (book)|]], P. 60
  2. ↑ Time Editor: Objective Journalism a 'Fantasy'
  3. ↑ http://www.cultureandfamily.org/articledisplay.asp?id=4324&department=CFI&categoryid=cfreport
  4. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/25/weekinreview/25bott.html?ei=5088&en=452926dcb11511a3&ex=1248667200&pagewanted=all&position=
  5. ↑ http://www.cnsnews.com/facts/2007/facts2007914.asp
  6. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/25/weekinreview/25bott.html?ei=5088&en=452926dcb11511a3&ex=1248667200&pagewanted=all&position=
  7. ↑ http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewCulture.asp?Page=/Culture/archive/200401/CUL20040128a.html
  8. ↑ Reporters and editors today are overwhelmingly liberal politically, as studies of the attitudes of key members of the press have repeatedly shown. Should you doubt these findings, recall the statement of Daniel Okrent, then the public editor at the New York Times. Under the headline, "Is the New York times a Liberal Newspaper?," Mr. Okrent's first sentence was, "Of course it is." [4]
  9. ↑ Townhall.com, Enabling media bias, Marvin Olasky, December 4, 2001.
  10. ↑ During a phone conversation, Bernard Goldberg asked him, "What do you consider the New York Times? Rather answered, "Middle of the road." (Bias, page 221)
  11. ↑ Mainstream media finally pounce on Edwards' affair LA Times, August 9, 2008
  12. ↑ Olbermann Renews 'Teabagging' Attack on Scott Brown, Cuts His Victory Speech
  13. ↑ (Bias (book), page 222-223)
  14. ↑ (Bias (book), page 222)
  15. ↑ KGB file 43173 vol. 2 (v) pp. 46-55, Alexander Vassiliev, Notes on A. Gorsky’s Report to Savchenko S.R., 23 December 1949. Original document from KGB Archives [5].
  16. ↑ Uwe Siemon-Netto in the International Herald Tribune, reprinted in Encounter, October 1979
  17. ↑ MoveOn's McCarthy moment, By Peter D. Feaver, Boston Globe, September 11, 2007.
  18. ↑ Time Gives Lefties a Hefty Discount for "Betray us" Ad, Charles Hurt, New York Post, September 13, 2007.
  19. ↑ http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/07/21/mccain-campaign-says-new-york-times-blocked-op-ed-response-to-obama/
  20. ↑ http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/21/the-times-and-the-mccain-op-ed/
  21. ↑ Rethinking The Resurrection, by Kenneth L. Woodward, Apr 8, 1996
  22. ↑ See under Jesus-Resurrection
  23. ↑ Alternate Theories of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ— Part Two
  24. ↑ The Bodily Resurrection of Jesus Dr. William Lane Craig
  25. ↑ A Case Against Faith, Newsweek, Nov. 13, 2006
  26. ↑ Atheism versus Christ
  27. ↑ In culture war, Newsweek tells evangelicals – bring the troops home, November 27, 2006
  28. ↑ November 13, 2006
  29. ↑ “Our Mutual Joy, Dec 15, 2008 by religion editor Lisa Miller
  30. ↑ More than “Mutual Joy”: Lisa Miller of Newsweek against Scripture and Jesus
  31. ↑ Homosexual relations and the Bible
  32. ↑ Turning the Bible on its Head -- Newsweek Goes for Gay Marriage
  33. ↑ Abortion Providers Under Siege PBS, June 12, 2009
  34. ↑ AP Turns Heads for Devoting 11 Reporters to Palin Book 'Fact Check', FoxNews, November 17, 2009
  35. ↑ A MEASURE OF MEDIA BIAS
  36. ↑ http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=6664
  37. ↑ Bozell Column: Who's 'Fierce' on Abortion? NewsBusters.org, October 14, 2008
  38. ↑ Thomas Sowell, The Vision of the Anointed, New York: Basic Books, 1996.
  39. ↑ Dan Gainor, ONE YEAR LATER: Journalists' Love for Obama Still Going Strong, FOXNews.com November 06, 2009
  40. ↑ Study: ABC, NBC, CBS strongly support Obama August 20, 2008
  41. ↑ Political Punch, November 24, 2008 8:06 AM
  42. ↑ june 5, 2009, MSNBC interview with Chris Matthews
  43. ↑ In the Tank: A Statistical Analysis of Media Bias By John Perazzo FrontPageMagazine.com | Friday, October 31, 2008
  44. ↑ Mostly from Media Research Center, The Liberal Media Exposed
  45. ↑ Robert Lichter and Stanley Rothman’s 1981 survey of 240 journalists at top media outlets; Los Angeles Times 1985 survey of 2,700 journalists at 621 American newspapers; Robert Lichter and Stanley Rothman’s 1986 study of the media’s attitudes and their influence on society, as published in the National Federation for Decency’s Journal; Indiana University journalism professors David Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit’s 1992 survey of 1,410 newspaper, magazine, television, and radio journalists; Stanley Rothman and Amy Black’s 1995 study of the media elite.
  46. ↑ Robert Lichter and Stanley Rothman’s 1986 study of the media’s attitudes and their influence on society, Op. cit.; David Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit’s 1992 survey of 1,410 journalists, Op. cit.; Annenberg Public Policy Center and Annenberg Foundation Trust’s 2005 survey of 673 journalists from newspapers, television, magazines, radio, and Internet; Pew Research Center’s 2008 survey of 222 journalists and news executives.
  47. ↑ Los Angeles Times 1985 survey of 2,700 journalists at 621 American newspapers, Op. cit.
  48. ↑ Robert Lichter and Stanley Rothman’s 1981 survey of 240 journalists at top media outlets, Op. cit.
  49. ↑ Los Angeles Times 1985 survey of 2,700 journalists at 621 American newspapers; Journalist and Financial Reporting’s 1988 poll of 151 business reporters from 30 major publications.
  50. ↑ Robert Lichter and Stanley Rothman’s 1981 survey of 240 journalists at top media outlets, Op. cit.
  51. ↑ Ibid.
  52. ↑ Ibid.
  53. ↑ Ibid.
  54. ↑ California State University survey of reporters from the 50 largest U.S. newspapers.
  55. ↑ Los Angeles Times 1985 survey of 2,700 journalists at 621 American newspapers, Op. cit.
  56. ↑ U.S. News & World Report writer Kenneth Walsh’s 1995 study of 28 White House correspondents.
  57. ↑ 1996 Freedom Forum survey of 139 Washington bureau chiefs and congressional correspondents, Op. cit.
  58. ↑ U.S. News & World Report writer Kenneth Walsh’s 1995 study of 28 White House correspondents, Op. cit.
  59. ↑ .New York Times columnist John Tierney’s 2004 survey of 153 campaign journalists covering the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.
  60. ↑ University of Connecticut Department of Public Policy’s 2005 survey of 300 television and newspaper journalists nationwide.
  61. ↑ MSNBC investigative reporter Bill Dedman’s study of the campaign contributions of 144 journalists.
  62. ↑ William Tate’s July 2008 report in Investor’s Business Daily.
  63. ↑ Journalist and Financial Reporting’s 1988 poll of 151 business reporters, Op. cit.
  64. ↑ David Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit’s 1992 survey of 1,410 journalists, Op. cit.
  65. ↑ American Society of Newspaper editors 1996 survey of 1,037 reporters at 61 newspapers of all sizes nationwide.
  66. ↑ .Kaiser Family Foundation 1996 poll of 301 “media professionals,” 300 “policymakers,” and 1,206 members of the general public.
  67. ↑ Robert Lichter and Stanley Rothman’s 1986 study of the media’s attitudes and their influence on society, Op. cit.
  68. ↑ David Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit’s 1982-83 study of more than 1,000 reporters, executives, and staffers nationwide.
  69. ↑ David Weaver and G. Cleveland Wilhoit’s 1992 survey of 1,410 journalists, Op. cit.
  70. ↑ 1996 Freedom Forum survey of 139 Washington bureau chiefs and congressional correspondents, Op. cit.
  71. ↑ American Society of Newspaper editors 1996 survey, Op. cit.
  72. ↑ Kaiser Family Foundation 1996 poll of 301 “media professionals,” 300 “policymakers,” and 1,206 members of the general public, Op. cit.
  73. ↑ Pew Research Center 2004 poll of 547 journalists and media executives, including 247 at national-level media outlets.
  74. ↑ University of Connecticut Department of Public Policy’s 2005 survey of 300 television and newspaper journalists nationwide, Op. cit.
  75. ↑ Annenberg Public Policy Center and Annenberg Foundation Trust’s 2005 survey of 673 journalists, Op. cit.
  76. ↑ Pew Research Center’s 2007 survey of 222 journalists and news executives at national outlets.
  77. ↑ Robert Lichter, Stanley Rothman, and Linda Lichter, The Media Elite: America’s New Power Brokers (New York: Hastings House, 1990).
  78. ↑ North American Academic Study Survey (NAASS) of students, faculty and administrators at colleges and universities in the United States and Canada 1999. The Berkeley Electronic Press
  79. ↑ Conservatives: Underrepresented in Academia?
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