Difference between revisions of "Petroleum"
(API linked to the wrong kind of API, and I don't know what the right kind is, so I removed the link. Add the link back in if you know what it should go to) |
(+Interesting link, -some TAR) |
||
(5 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface. | '''Petroleum''', named for "rock oil", is a [[fossil fuel]] usually found deep within the [[earth]], although some deposits are very close to the surface. | ||
− | It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Wells are drilled deep in to the ground, and the crude oil is extracted and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Recent advances in drilling technology have enabled deeper and more difficult wells to be | + | It is a heavy dark [[liquid]], consisting of many different [[hydrocarbon]] [[chemical compound|compound]]s. Wells are drilled deep in to the ground, and the crude oil is extracted and [[distillation|fractionated]] into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Recent advances in drilling technology have enabled deeper and more difficult wells to be successfully drilled, allowing previously inaccessible reserves to be tapped. |
Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are: | Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are: | ||
Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
Creationary geologists believe that petroleum was formed from organic material buried during the [[Great flood|Noachian flood]]. | Creationary geologists believe that petroleum was formed from organic material buried during the [[Great flood|Noachian flood]]. | ||
− | Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly<ref>O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.</ref> | + | Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly,<ref>O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.</ref> and that some is still being formed. |
− | This gives support to the creationary view. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing.{{fact}} It has also been posulated that oil and natural gas are formed continuously by an abiotic process, deep inside the earth<ref>Gold, Thomas (1999). The deep, hot biosphere. Copernicus Books</ref> | + | This gives support to the creationary view. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing.{{fact}} It has also been posulated that oil and natural gas are formed continuously by an abiotic process, deep inside the earth.<ref>Gold, Thomas (1999). The deep, hot biosphere. Copernicus Books</ref> These petroleum products constantly migrate from deep in the earth to the earth's crust where they can be effectively mined.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59991</ref> If this hypothesis is supported by further evidence, the notion of petroleum as a limited resource would be refuted. |
+ | |||
+ | The idea of abiogenic petroleum generation is, however, not supported by science and applications of this theory have yet to yield petroleum in any significant quantities. | ||
==Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports to the U.S.== | ==Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports to the U.S.== | ||
Line 49: | Line 51: | ||
The top five exporting countries accounted for 64% of United States crude oil imports in February 2009 while the top ten sources accounted for 84% of all U.S. crude oil imports. The top sources of US crude oil imports for February 2009 were Canada (1.913 million barrels per day), Mexico (1.219 million barrels per day), Saudi Arabia (1.099 million barrels per day), Venezuela (0.960 million barrels per day), and Angola (0.671 million barrels per day). | The top five exporting countries accounted for 64% of United States crude oil imports in February 2009 while the top ten sources accounted for 84% of all U.S. crude oil imports. The top sources of US crude oil imports for February 2009 were Canada (1.913 million barrels per day), Mexico (1.219 million barrels per day), Saudi Arabia (1.099 million barrels per day), Venezuela (0.960 million barrels per day), and Angola (0.671 million barrels per day). | ||
− | Canada remained the largest exporter of total petroleum in February, exporting 2.512 million barrels per day to the United States. The second largest exporter of total petroleum to the United States was Mexico with 1.364 million barrels per day. <ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports Top 15 Countries], Energy Information Administration, April 30, 2009</ref> | + | Canada remained the largest exporter of total petroleum in February, exporting 2.512 million barrels per day to the United States. The second largest exporter of total petroleum to the United States was Mexico with 1.364 million barrels per day.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports Top 15 Countries], Energy Information Administration, April 30, 2009</ref> |
<center>'''Crude Oil Imports for the United States (Top 15 Countries)'''</center> | <center>'''Crude Oil Imports for the United States (Top 15 Countries)'''</center> | ||
Line 156: | Line 158: | ||
| align=center | 241 | | align=center | 241 | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
− | [[ | + | ==External links== |
+ | [http://elsegundo.chevron.com/abouttherefinery/whatwedo/whatisinabarrelofoil.aspx "What is in a Barrel of Oil?"] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Category:Geology]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Energy]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Fuels]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Investments in Tangibles]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Economics]] |
Revision as of 20:49, February 10, 2017
Petroleum, named for "rock oil", is a fossil fuel usually found deep within the earth, although some deposits are very close to the surface.
It is a heavy dark liquid, consisting of many different hydrocarbon compounds. Wells are drilled deep in to the ground, and the crude oil is extracted and fractionated into its components by volatility in an oil refinery. Recent advances in drilling technology have enabled deeper and more difficult wells to be successfully drilled, allowing previously inaccessible reserves to be tapped.
Some of the main products distilled from crude oil are:
The following table[1] compares the qualities of various types of petroleum:
Fraction | API gravity | Viscosity (mp) |
Gasoline | 60 | 6 |
Kerosene | 50 | 20 |
Diesel | 45 | 100 |
Lubricating oil | 30 | 500 |
Residuum | 10 | >105 |
Contents
Origins
Oil deposits are often found in concurrence with natural gas in a variety of geological structural or stratigraphic traps.
Petroleum is possibly of organic origin, believed by some scientists to be formed from the remains of vegetable material. Secular geologists have contended that petroleum is the remains of huge amounts of algal material that was laid down millions of years ago, and altered in form under high temperatures and pressures. Layers of buried plant material tend to produce coal or lignite.
Creationary geologists believe that petroleum was formed from organic material buried during the Noachian flood.
Recently, researchers have shown that natural gas can form rapidly,[2] and that some is still being formed. This gives support to the creationary view. If this research is supported it would refute the idea that fossil fuels are diminishing.[Citation Needed] It has also been posulated that oil and natural gas are formed continuously by an abiotic process, deep inside the earth.[3] These petroleum products constantly migrate from deep in the earth to the earth's crust where they can be effectively mined.[4] If this hypothesis is supported by further evidence, the notion of petroleum as a limited resource would be refuted.
The idea of abiogenic petroleum generation is, however, not supported by science and applications of this theory have yet to yield petroleum in any significant quantities.
Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports to the U.S.
The top five exporting countries accounted for 64% of United States crude oil imports in February 2009 while the top ten sources accounted for 84% of all U.S. crude oil imports. The top sources of US crude oil imports for February 2009 were Canada (1.913 million barrels per day), Mexico (1.219 million barrels per day), Saudi Arabia (1.099 million barrels per day), Venezuela (0.960 million barrels per day), and Angola (0.671 million barrels per day).
Canada remained the largest exporter of total petroleum in February, exporting 2.512 million barrels per day to the United States. The second largest exporter of total petroleum to the United States was Mexico with 1.364 million barrels per day.[5]
Country of Origin | Feb-09 |
Canada | 1,913 |
Mexico | 1,219 |
Saudi Arabia | 1,099 |
Venezuela | 960 |
Angola | 671 |
Iraq | 554 |
Nigeria | 457 |
Brazil | 365 |
Kuwait | 251 |
Ecuador | 243 |
Columbia | 225 |
Equatorial Guinea | 167 |
Algeria | 142 |
Russia | 139 |
Chad | 101 |
Country of Origin | Feb-09 |
Canada | 2,515 |
Mexico | 1,364 |
Venezuela | 1,139 |
Saudi Arabia | 1,115 |
Angola | 671 |
Iraq | 554 |
Nigeria | 498 |
Russia | 478 |
Brazil | 381 |
Algeria | 372 |
Virgin Islands | 333 |
United Kingdom | 285 |
Kuwait | 251 |
Ecuador | 243 |
Colombia | 241 |
References
- ↑ Stainforth, J., Nourse, R. & Nosiara, M., 2007, Basin Oriented Geology - Petroleum Systems Module Course Manual.
- ↑ O’Donnell, E. 2005. “Rocks into Gas.” Harvard Magazine 107, no. 4.
- ↑ Gold, Thomas (1999). The deep, hot biosphere. Copernicus Books
- ↑ http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59991
- ↑ Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports Top 15 Countries, Energy Information Administration, April 30, 2009