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==Origins of left-wing anti-Semitism==
 
==Origins of left-wing anti-Semitism==
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There were “strong anti-Semitic currents on the European left in Marx’s time," writes Fine; "[T]here is a strong tradition of anti-Semitism on the Left.”<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006)</ref>
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There were “strong anti-Semitic currents on the European left in Marx’s time," writes Fine; "[T]here is a strong tradition of anti-Semitism on the Left.”<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006)</ref> One "need not venture far into the pre-1930 literature of anti-economics before encountering conspicuous anti-Semitic effusions," observes Coleman. "One may say that, before about 1930, anti-economics and anti-Semitism existed in striking conjunction." He adds that "the conjunction was not accidental... [A]nti-economics and modern anti-Semitism shared some leading ideological contentions."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref>
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In France, writes Göttingen historian Karlheinz Weissmann, many on the left saw the Jews "as the embodiment of capitalism."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> One "need not venture far into the pre-1930 literature of anti-economics before encountering conspicuous anti-Semitic effusions," observes Coleman. "One may say that, before about 1930, anti-economics and anti-Semitism existed in striking conjunction." He adds that "the conjunction was not accidental... [A]nti-economics and modern anti-Semitism shared some leading ideological contentions."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref>
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From the outset, according to French historian Marc Crapez, European racism and socialism were closely affiliated.<ref>Marc Crapez, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=l-dtAAAAMAAJ L'antisémitisme de gauche au XIXe siècle]'' (Paris: Berg international, 2002) ISBN 2-911289-43-9</ref> In addition, "anti-capitalism and anti-Semitism were deeply intertwined," writes George L. Mosse, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "[I]n fact, they had been connected since the middle-ages."<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> "For centuries, Jewish economic success led anti-Semites to condemn capitalism as a form of Jewish domination and exploitation," writes Columbia University history professor Jerry Z. Muller, "or to attribute Jewish success to unsavory qualities of the Jews themselves.<ref>Jerry Z. Muller, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nMZ_w0mFGIgC Capitalism and the Jews]'' (Princeton University Press, 2010) ISBN 0691144788, p. 2</ref>
 
From the outset, according to French historian Marc Crapez, European racism and socialism were closely affiliated.<ref>Marc Crapez, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=l-dtAAAAMAAJ L'antisémitisme de gauche au XIXe siècle]'' (Paris: Berg international, 2002) ISBN 2-911289-43-9</ref> In addition, "anti-capitalism and anti-Semitism were deeply intertwined," writes George L. Mosse, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "[I]n fact, they had been connected since the middle-ages."<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> "For centuries, Jewish economic success led anti-Semites to condemn capitalism as a form of Jewish domination and exploitation," writes Columbia University history professor Jerry Z. Muller, "or to attribute Jewish success to unsavory qualities of the Jews themselves.<ref>Jerry Z. Muller, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nMZ_w0mFGIgC Capitalism and the Jews]'' (Princeton University Press, 2010) ISBN 0691144788, p. 2</ref>
  
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“The Marxist, postmodern and post-Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment, in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient,” writes Shlomo Sharan of Tel Aviv University.<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> At that time, "the Jews symbolised the distressing symptoms of modernity ushered in by capitalism and political liberalism," writes Christian Wiese, professor of Jewish history at the University of Sussex.<ref>Christian Wiese, "Modern Antisemitism and Jewish Responses in Germany and France," in Michael Brenner, Vicki Caron and Uri R. Kaufmann, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=b2DN7yDuCyoC Jewish emancipation reconsidered: the French and German models]'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2003) ISBN 316148018X, p. 136</ref> “[T]he sudden prominence of a few Jews who benefited from economic liberalisation provoked a backlash from the Left.”<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 3 (PDF p.9)</ref> Voltaire denounced the Jews as "the greatest scoundrels who have ever sullied the face of the globe".<ref>Arthur Hertzberg and Aron Hirt-Manheimer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hiWBs5HM_E0C Jews: the essence and character of a people]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060638354, p. 164</ref> The Jews, he wrote, "deserve to be punished," for it is their "destiny."<ref>Avner Falk, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zL_0WOiZj0oC Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred]'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) ISBN 0313353840, p. 9</ref> "The Jewish nation dares to display an irreconcilable hatred toward all nations, and revolts against all masters," wrote Voltaire, "always superstitious, always greedy for the well-being enjoyed by others, always barbarous&mdash;cringing in misfortune and insolent in prosperity."<ref>Voltaire, ''Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations'', Introduction, [http://www.voltaire-integral.com/Html/11/07INTFIN.html#i42 XLII: Des Juifs depuis Saül], 1753</ref>  
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“The Marxist, postmodern and post-Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment, in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient,” writes Shlomo Sharan of Tel Aviv University.<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> At that time, "the Jews symbolised the distressing symptoms of modernity ushered in by capitalism and political liberalism," writes Christian Wiese, professor of Jewish history at the University of Sussex.<ref>Christian Wiese, "Modern Antisemitism and Jewish Responses in Germany and France," in Michael Brenner, Vicki Caron and Uri R. Kaufmann, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=b2DN7yDuCyoC Jewish emancipation reconsidered: the French and German models]'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2003) ISBN 316148018X, p. 136</ref> “[T]he sudden prominence of a few Jews who benefited from economic liberalisation provoked a backlash from the Left.”<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 3 (PDF p.9)</ref> In France, writes Göttingen historian Karlheinz Weissmann, many on the left saw the Jews "as the embodiment of capitalism."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> Voltaire denounced the Jews as "the greatest scoundrels who have ever sullied the face of the globe".<ref>Arthur Hertzberg and Aron Hirt-Manheimer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hiWBs5HM_E0C Jews: the essence and character of a people]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060638354, p. 164</ref> The Jews, he wrote, "deserve to be punished," for it is their "destiny."<ref>Avner Falk, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zL_0WOiZj0oC Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred]'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) ISBN 0313353840, p. 9</ref> "The Jewish nation dares to display an irreconcilable hatred toward all nations, and revolts against all masters," wrote Voltaire, "always superstitious, always greedy for the well-being enjoyed by others, always barbarous&mdash;cringing in misfortune and insolent in prosperity."<ref>Voltaire, ''Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations'', Introduction, [http://www.voltaire-integral.com/Html/11/07INTFIN.html#i42 XLII: Des Juifs depuis Saül], 1753</ref>  
  
 
"It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Eric Pace, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/22/us/the-rev-edward-flannery-86-priest-who-fought-anti-semitism.html The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism]," ''The New York Times'', October 22, 1998</ref> "It was shaped for the most part by socialist  writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Among the French Left, observes Weissmann, were "numerous individuals and groups who considered class struggle and race struggle as one and the same thing&mdash;especially with reference to the Jews...."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> "[T]hrough almost all countries of Europe there is spreading a powerful, hostile state, which is perpetually at war with all other States, and which in some of them oppresses the citizens with the utmost severity: it is Jewry."<ref>Moshe Leshem, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NGSAAAAAIAAJ Balaam's curse: how Israel lost its way, and how it can find it again]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1989) ISBN 067167918X, p. 53</ref> wrote the early socialist Johann Gottlieb Fichte. "I see no other means of protecting ourselves against them, than by conquering their Promised Land and sending them all there."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Elsewhere, he suggested a more radical solution, in which Gentiles "chop off all their [Jews'] heads and replace them with new ones, in which there would not be a single Jewish idea."<ref>Jon Stratton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Blh7RLQVIUcC Jewish identity in Western pop culture: the Holocaust and trauma through modernity]'' (Macmillan, 2008), ISBN 0230604749, p. 24</ref> In Fichte's text "we see the beginnings of the 'anticapitalist' impulse in modern antisemitism, which became central to revolutionist agendas for the redemption of humanity through the regeneration of Jewry," observes [http://www.gf.org/fellows/8291-anthony-j-la-vopa Guggenheim Fellow] Anthony J. LaVopa.<ref>Anthony J. LaVopa, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vQx0_69P4z4C Fichte: the self and the calling of philosophy, 1762-1799]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ISBN 052179145, p. 135</ref> Duquesne University professor Tom Rockmore comments that "available evidence points strongly to an early and perhaps enduring Marxian interest in Fichte's position."<ref>Tom Rockmore, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qrS4AAAAIAAJ Fichte, Marx, and the German philosophical tradition]'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 1980), ISBN 0809309556, p. 126</ref>
 
"It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Eric Pace, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/22/us/the-rev-edward-flannery-86-priest-who-fought-anti-semitism.html The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism]," ''The New York Times'', October 22, 1998</ref> "It was shaped for the most part by socialist  writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Among the French Left, observes Weissmann, were "numerous individuals and groups who considered class struggle and race struggle as one and the same thing&mdash;especially with reference to the Jews...."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> "[T]hrough almost all countries of Europe there is spreading a powerful, hostile state, which is perpetually at war with all other States, and which in some of them oppresses the citizens with the utmost severity: it is Jewry."<ref>Moshe Leshem, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NGSAAAAAIAAJ Balaam's curse: how Israel lost its way, and how it can find it again]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1989) ISBN 067167918X, p. 53</ref> wrote the early socialist Johann Gottlieb Fichte. "I see no other means of protecting ourselves against them, than by conquering their Promised Land and sending them all there."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Elsewhere, he suggested a more radical solution, in which Gentiles "chop off all their [Jews'] heads and replace them with new ones, in which there would not be a single Jewish idea."<ref>Jon Stratton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Blh7RLQVIUcC Jewish identity in Western pop culture: the Holocaust and trauma through modernity]'' (Macmillan, 2008), ISBN 0230604749, p. 24</ref> In Fichte's text "we see the beginnings of the 'anticapitalist' impulse in modern antisemitism, which became central to revolutionist agendas for the redemption of humanity through the regeneration of Jewry," observes [http://www.gf.org/fellows/8291-anthony-j-la-vopa Guggenheim Fellow] Anthony J. LaVopa.<ref>Anthony J. LaVopa, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vQx0_69P4z4C Fichte: the self and the calling of philosophy, 1762-1799]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ISBN 052179145, p. 135</ref> Duquesne University professor Tom Rockmore comments that "available evidence points strongly to an early and perhaps enduring Marxian interest in Fichte's position."<ref>Tom Rockmore, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qrS4AAAAIAAJ Fichte, Marx, and the German philosophical tradition]'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 1980), ISBN 0809309556, p. 126</ref>

Revision as of 04:51, April 1, 2012

Left-wing anti-Semitism

Although many leftists try to deny it, “modern, political anti-Semitism is a creature of the left as well as the right,” admits Warwick University Sociology Professor Robert Fine, a member of the Conference of Socialist Economists.[1] "[A]nti-Semitism that we might call populist or democratic.... is linked equally to the left and right," agrees historian George L. Mosse, "to the new nationalism, but also to certain tendencies in socialism."[2] Omer Bartov, John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History and Professor of History and Professor of German Studies at Brown University, explains:

“ [O]ne of the most frightening aspects of Hitler's book is not that he said what he said at the time, but that much of what he said can be found today in innumerable places ... As long as it does not have Hitler's name attached to it, this deranged discourse will be ignored or allowed to pass. The voices that express these opinions do not belong to a single political or ideological current ... They belong to the right and the left, to the religious and the secular, to the West and the East, to the rabble and the leaders, to terrorists and intellectuals, students and peasants, pacifists and militants, expansionists and anti-globalization activists.[3] ”

Twenty-five years ago in the heart of the Cold War debate, anti-Americanism, anti-Israeli sentiment, and anti-Semitism "were fringe phenomena while now they are more fashionable and mainstream ... [T]hese sentiments are no longer the monopoly of any particular part of the political spectrum. They are there on the European Left, Right, and in the center," agrees Jeffrey Gedman, president of London's Legatum Institute, which researches and promotes the principles that drive the creation of global prosperity and the expansion of human liberty.[4]

Origins of left-wing anti-Semitism

There were “strong anti-Semitic currents on the European left in Marx’s time," writes Fine; "[T]here is a strong tradition of anti-Semitism on the Left.”[5] One "need not venture far into the pre-1930 literature of anti-economics before encountering conspicuous anti-Semitic effusions," observes Coleman. "One may say that, before about 1930, anti-economics and anti-Semitism existed in striking conjunction." He adds that "the conjunction was not accidental... [A]nti-economics and modern anti-Semitism shared some leading ideological contentions."[6]

From the outset, according to French historian Marc Crapez, European racism and socialism were closely affiliated.[7] In addition, "anti-capitalism and anti-Semitism were deeply intertwined," writes George L. Mosse, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "[I]n fact, they had been connected since the middle-ages."[8] "For centuries, Jewish economic success led anti-Semites to condemn capitalism as a form of Jewish domination and exploitation," writes Columbia University history professor Jerry Z. Muller, "or to attribute Jewish success to unsavory qualities of the Jews themselves.[9]

“The Marxist, postmodern and post-Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment, in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient,” writes Shlomo Sharan of Tel Aviv University.[10] At that time, "the Jews symbolised the distressing symptoms of modernity ushered in by capitalism and political liberalism," writes Christian Wiese, professor of Jewish history at the University of Sussex.[11] “[T]he sudden prominence of a few Jews who benefited from economic liberalisation provoked a backlash from the Left.”[12] In France, writes Göttingen historian Karlheinz Weissmann, many on the left saw the Jews "as the embodiment of capitalism."[13] Voltaire denounced the Jews as "the greatest scoundrels who have ever sullied the face of the globe".[14] The Jews, he wrote, "deserve to be punished," for it is their "destiny."[15] "The Jewish nation dares to display an irreconcilable hatred toward all nations, and revolts against all masters," wrote Voltaire, "always superstitious, always greedy for the well-being enjoyed by others, always barbarous—cringing in misfortune and insolent in prosperity."[16]

"It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.[17] "It was shaped for the most part by socialist writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."[18] Among the French Left, observes Weissmann, were "numerous individuals and groups who considered class struggle and race struggle as one and the same thing—especially with reference to the Jews...."[19] "[T]hrough almost all countries of Europe there is spreading a powerful, hostile state, which is perpetually at war with all other States, and which in some of them oppresses the citizens with the utmost severity: it is Jewry."[20] wrote the early socialist Johann Gottlieb Fichte. "I see no other means of protecting ourselves against them, than by conquering their Promised Land and sending them all there."[21] Elsewhere, he suggested a more radical solution, in which Gentiles "chop off all their [Jews'] heads and replace them with new ones, in which there would not be a single Jewish idea."[22] In Fichte's text "we see the beginnings of the 'anticapitalist' impulse in modern antisemitism, which became central to revolutionist agendas for the redemption of humanity through the regeneration of Jewry," observes Guggenheim Fellow Anthony J. LaVopa.[23] Duquesne University professor Tom Rockmore comments that "available evidence points strongly to an early and perhaps enduring Marxian interest in Fichte's position."[24]

“Socialist anti-Semitism is indeed almost as old as modern Socialism,” writes historian Edmund Silberner of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[25] In his comprehensive survey of French socialist literature from 1820 to 1920, historian Zosa Szajkowski found not a single word on behalf of Jews.[26] Early socialism was inseparable from anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.[27] Pierre Leroux, who coined the word "socialism", “identified the Jews with the despised capitalism, and regarded them as the incarnation of mammon, who lived by exploiting others.”[28] He condemned what he called "the Jewish spirit, the spirit of profit, of lucre, of gain, the spirit of commerce, of speculation, in a word, the banker spirit."[29] When the bourgeois[30] Victor Hugo, a cultural Catholic,[31] defended Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer scapegoated by the French army, the French socialist press published a manifesto denouncing Hugo's crusade on the grounds that Jewish capitalists would use the rehabilitation of a single Jew to wash out "all the sins of Israel."[32] Early socialist Charles Fourier called Jews “parasites, merchants, and usurers;”[33] Fourier's disciple, Alphonse Toussenel, wrote that "Europe is entailed to the domination of Israel";[34] "[I]ndustrial feudalism"—as he called capitalism—"is personified in the cosmopolitan Jew."[35] Pierre-Joseph Proudon called Jews “the race which poisons everything” and “the enemy of the human race”;[36] He wrote, "This race must be sent back to Asia, or exterminated."[37] Mikhail Bakunin called Jews “an exploiting sect, a bloodsucking people, a unique devouring parasite,”[38] while Beatrice Webb wrote that “the strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race” was “the love of profit as distinct from other forms of money-earning.” (Italics in original.)[39] "Jew moneylenders," complained H.M. Hyndman's Justice, Organ of the Social Democracy (the first Marxist periodical in England), "now control nearly every Foreign Office in Europe."[40]

During the 19th century, the center of left-wing anti-Semitism gradually shifted from Paris to Vienna, where the "radical-democratic and nationalist left wing" was headed by German Liberal Party leader Georg von Schönerer,[41] one of a group of "left-wing German liberals" who demanded "the exclusion of Jews from the new movement and as far as possible from public life";[42] Hitler would later ascribe to Schönerer "the wisdom of a prophet."[43] In late 19th century Germany, a popular critical view held that capitalism was a product of Jewish culture.[44] Adolf Stöcker, leader of the left-wing Christian Social Party, wrote, "I see in unrestrained capitalism the evil of our epoch and am naturally also an opponent of modern Judaism on account of my socio-political views."[45] Meanwhile, Adam Müller, leader of the anti-capitalist right, said, “The Jewish messiah, the Antichrist, has come to earth in the guise of the steam engine, and this in order to speed up the end of the world.”[46] According to Tyler Cowen, professor of economics at George Mason University:

“ German writers picked up on earlier anti-Enlightenment theories of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy to rule the world. During the French Revolution, the Jews, along with the Masons, were identified as forces for liberalism, secularism, and capitalism. German writers quickly found the Jews to be a more popular target than the Masons, perhaps because they were more visible or more different. The originally Judeo-Masonic theories eventually discarded the other conspirators, such as the Templars and the Illuminati, and focused on the Jews.[47] ”

Modern left-wing anti-Semitism

According to Henry L. Feingold, director of the Jewish Resource Center at Baruch College, "socialism contained the seeds to become the anti-Semitism of the intellectuals of the Left."[48] In the 20th century, those seeds took root and grew into a forest bearing poisonous fruit: Stalinist Russia,[49] East Germany,[50] the Tupamoros-West Berlin,[51] the Red Brigade Faction,[52] the Revolutionary Cells (Revolutionäre Zellen)[53] and the Sandinistas.[54] In the 21st century it has festered into full flower, with the embrace of Islamist anti-Semitism by the Left.[55]

"[T]he left's anti-Semitism—which, of course, it never acknowledges and fervently denies—rather than the right's conventional version of this hatred comprises the key ingredient of anti-Semitism's current European existence."[56] "[T]he locus of anti-Semitism has moved from the right side of the political spectrum to the left ... These days, the hatemongers targeting Jews’ right to live peacefully spout the mantras of 'social justice' and 'peace studies,' not racial purity."[57]

“ The resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe "hails much more from the left than the right. The latter—mainly because of the continued illegitimacy and unacceptability of Nazism and fascism in European public opinion—has had a much more circumspect influence on how Jews and Israel are depicted than the left has had. Because classical anti-Semitism—certainly in its praxis—was mostly associated with the European right, the left enjoyed a certain bonus when it came to discussing all matters relating to Jews and Israel. The left could take liberties with being anti-Israeli and anti-Semitic that the right could never have. This legitimacy bonus enabled the left to employ anti-Israeli discourse that—in the meantime—has become completely common and acceptable parlance in Europe. Because of this general acceptability and overall legitimacy, left-wing anti-Semitism is much more relevant and disturbing than right-wing anti-Semitism.[58] ”

Antisemitism may be found within much contemporary "antihegemonic, radical, liberal and socialist" discourse, admits David Hirsh of the University of London, who concedes that "antisemitism is a live and virulent threat ..."[59]

Notes

  1. ↑ Robert Fine, “Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism,” Engage, No. 2 (May 2006).
  2. ↑ George L. Mosse, Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7, March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison
  3. ↑ Omer Bartov, "He Meant What He Said," The New Republic, February 2, 2004
  4. ↑ Jeffrey Gedmin, "Experiencing European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Israelism," Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism, No. 27 (December 2004), Institute for Global Jewish Affairs
  5. ↑ Robert Fine, “Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism,” Engage, No. 2 (May 2006)
  6. ↑ William Coleman, "Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics," History of Political Economy, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777
  7. ↑ Marc Crapez, L'antisémitisme de gauche au XIXe siècle (Paris: Berg international, 2002) ISBN 2-911289-43-9
  8. ↑ George L. Mosse, Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7, March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison
  9. ↑ Jerry Z. Muller, Capitalism and the Jews (Princeton University Press, 2010) ISBN 0691144788, p. 2
  10. ↑ Shlomo Sharan, Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125
  11. ↑ Christian Wiese, "Modern Antisemitism and Jewish Responses in Germany and France," in Michael Brenner, Vicki Caron and Uri R. Kaufmann, eds., Jewish emancipation reconsidered: the French and German models (Mohr Siebeck, 2003) ISBN 316148018X, p. 136
  12. ↑ David Cesarani, The Jews and the Left (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 3 (PDF p.9)
  13. ↑ Karlheinz Weissmann, "The Epoch of National Socialism," The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914 (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82
  14. ↑ Arthur Hertzberg and Aron Hirt-Manheimer, Jews: the essence and character of a people (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060638354, p. 164
  15. ↑ Avner Falk, Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred (ABC-CLIO, 2008) ISBN 0313353840, p. 9
  16. ↑ Voltaire, Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations, Introduction, XLII: Des Juifs depuis Saül, 1753
  17. ↑ Eric Pace, "The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism," The New York Times, October 22, 1998
  18. ↑ Edward H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168
  19. ↑ Karlheinz Weissmann, "The Epoch of National Socialism," The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914 (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82
  20. ↑ Moshe Leshem, Balaam's curse: how Israel lost its way, and how it can find it again (Simon and Schuster, 1989) ISBN 067167918X, p. 53
  21. ↑ Bernard Lewis, Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112
  22. ↑ Jon Stratton, Jewish identity in Western pop culture: the Holocaust and trauma through modernity (Macmillan, 2008), ISBN 0230604749, p. 24
  23. ↑ Anthony J. LaVopa, Fichte: the self and the calling of philosophy, 1762-1799 (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ISBN 052179145, p. 135
  24. ↑ Tom Rockmore, Fichte, Marx, and the German philosophical tradition (Southern Illinois University Press, 1980), ISBN 0809309556, p. 126
  25. ↑ Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379
  26. ↑ Zosa Szajkowski, The Jewish Saint-Simonians and Socialist Antisemites in France, Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1 (January, 1947), pp. 33-60
  27. ↑ Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379
  28. ↑ Dennis Prager and Joseph Telushkin, Why the Jews?: the reason for antisemitism (Simon and Schuster, 2003) ISBN 0743246209, p. 127
  29. ↑ Lewis S. Feuer and Irving Horowitz, Ideology and the Ideologists (Transaction Publishers, 2010) ISBN 1412814421, p. 141
  30. ↑ "M. Doumic on Victor Hugo as a Bourgeois," Boston Transcript (reprinted in Theodore Stanton, "M. René Doumic," New York Evening Post, March 24, 1898, as cited in Public Opinion, Vol. XXIV, No. 12 (January-June, 1898), p. 374
  31. ↑ John Andrew Frey, A Victor Hugo encyclopedia (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999) ISBN 0313298963, p. 222
  32. ↑ Joseph Telushkin, Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History (HarperCollins, 2008) ISBN 0061374989, p. 275
  33. ↑ Julia Franklin, trans., Selections from the works of Fourier [S. Sonnenschein & co., lim., 1901], p. 96, n. 1. Cf. Bernard Lewis, Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice [W. W. Norton & Company, 1999] ISBN 0393318397, p. 111
  34. ↑ William Oliver Coleman, "Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics," History of Political Economy, Vol. 35, No. 4 [Winter 2003], pp. 759-777
  35. ↑ Jacob Katz, From prejudice to destruction: anti-Semitism, 1700-1933 (Harvard University Press, 1980) ISBN 0674325079, p. 125
  36. ↑ Norman Podhoretz, Why are Jews Liberals? (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 0385529198, p. 62
  37. ↑ Daniel Halévy and Pierre Haubtmann, eds., Carnets de P.J. Proudhon (Paris: Marcel Rivière, 1961), Vol. II, p. 337; Vol. VI, p. 178
  38. ↑ Robert S. Wistrich, “Socialism and Judeophobia: Antisemitism in Europe before 1914,” Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, Vol. 37, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 111-145
  39. ↑ Beatrice Webb, “East London Labour,” The Nineteenth Century, Vol. XXIV (July-December 1888), p. 176.
  40. ↑ Guido Kisch, Historia judaica: a journal of studies in Jewish history, especially in legal and economic history of the Jews, Volumes 13-14 (Historia Judaica, 1951), p. 44. (On Justice generally, see Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland [Academia Press, 2009] ISBN 9038213409, p. 328)
  41. ↑ Viktor Karády, The Jews of Europe in the modern era: a socio-historical outline (Central European University Press, 2004) ISBN 9639241520, p. 360
  42. ↑ Robert A. Kann, A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918 (University of California Press, 1980) ISBN 0520042069, p. 433
  43. ↑ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band, Vol. 1, 40th ed., (Bottom of the Hill, 1938) ISBN 1935785079, p. 93
  44. ↑ Cristobal Young, "Christianity, Judaism, and the Spirit of Capitalism: The Weber-Sombart Debates," Department of Sociology, Princeton University, p. 1
  45. ↑ Peter G. J. Pulzer, The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 95. "The anti-Semitic worldview," according to one "Berlin-based antifascist, anti-capitalist group," "draws upon the picture of the ‘Jewish capitalist’ that is deeply embedded in Western culture, which for centuries associated Jews with money. It can be displayed in talk of ‘the capitalists’ who ‘pull the strings’ from ‘the US East Coast’, ‘dominate the world’ and just can’t get enough with their ‘greed’." TOP Berlin, Make a foreshortened critique of capitalism history!: Without a radical critique every action becomes mere activism - reflections on the anti-G8 mobilisation 2007, shiftmag.co.uk, No. 1
  46. ↑ George L. Mosse, Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7, March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison
  47. ↑ Tyler Cowen, "The Socialist Roots of Modern Anti-Semitism," The Freeman (Foundation for Economic Education), January 1997
  48. ↑ Henry L. Feingold, Lest memory cease: finding meaning in the American Jewish past (Syracuse University Press, 1996) ISBN 0815604009, p. 81
  49. ↑ See Konstantin Azadovskii and Boris Egorov, "From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism," Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter 2002), pp. 66-80. Cf. Louis Rapoport, Stalin's war against the Jews: the doctors' plot and the Soviet solution (Free Press, 1990) ISBN 0029258219. Even after Stalin's death, Soviet anti-Semitism persisted:
    "Since World War II Jews and Judaism have been liberated in every country and territory where capitalism has been restored to vigorous growth—and this includes Germany. By contrast, wherever anticapitalism or precapitalism has prevailed the status of Jews and Judaism has either undergone deterioration or is highly precarious. Thus at this very moment the country where developing global capitalism is most advanced, the United States, accords Jews and Judaism a freedom that is known nowhere else in the world and that was never known in the past. It is a freedom that is not matched even in Israel.... By contrast, in the Soviet Union, the citadel of anticapitalism, the Jews are cowed by anti-Semitism, threatened by extinction, and barred from access to their God." Ellis Rivkin, The shaping of Jewish history: A radical new interpretation, (C. Scribner's Sons, 1971) ISBN 0684132362, p. 240
  50. ↑ According to Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal, during the Six Day War on Israel in 1967, the East German Communist regime used former Nazi propagandists to write anti-Israeli propaganda, with the substitution of a few words such as “Israeli” for “Jew” and “progressive forces” for “National Socialism.” Simon Wiesenthal, The Same Language: First for Hitler—Now for Ulbricht (Bonn: Rolf Vogel, Deutschland Berichte, 1968), as cited in Jeffrey Herf, Divided memory: the Nazi past in the two Germanys (Harvard University Press, 1997) ISBN 0674213033, p. 189
  51. ↑ This Communist revolutionary terrorist group, headed by Dieter Kunzelmann, attempted to bomb Berlin's Jewish Community Center during a commemoration of the anniversary of Kristallnacht in 1969. Walter Laqueur, The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day (Oxford University Press US, 2006) ISBN 0195304292, p. 147. Kunzelmann later became a leader of the Green Party. Aribert Reimann, Dieter Kunzelmann: Avantgardist, Protestler, Radikaler, (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009), ISBN 3525370105, pp. 274-286
  52. ↑ Ulrike Meinhof, a leader of this terrorist revolutionary Communist group, stated: "Auschwitz means that six million Jews were murdered and carted on to the rubbish dumps of Europe for being that which was maintained of them—Money-Jews." ("Auschwitz heisst, das sechs Millionen Juden ermordet und auf die Müllkippen Europas gekarrt wurden als das, als was man sie ausgab — als Geldjuden.") Robert S. Wistrich, Hitler's apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi legacy (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985) ISBN 0297787195, p. 230. Another founder of this revolutionary group, Horst Mahler, was later revealed to have been an informant for the Stasi, the secret police of Communist East Germany.
  53. ↑ This German Communist terrorist group joined with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (a hard-line Marxist terrorist group) to hijack an Air France flight to Entebbe, Uganda, where they singled out the Jewish passengers in a plot to murder them. Stephen E. Atkins, Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) ISBN 0313324859, p. 277
  54. ↑ A newspaper supported by the Marxist-Leninist Sandinista government of Nicaragua proclaimed that "the world's money, banking and finance are in the hands of descendants of Jews.... [C]ontrolling economic power, they control political power as now happens in the United States." (El Nuevo Diario, July 17, 1982, as cited in Porfirio R. Solórzano, The Nirex Collection: Nicaraguan Revolution Extracts, Twelve Years, 1978-1990, Vol VII: Of War and Peace [Litex, 1993] ISBN 1877970018) "In 1979 many of the country's approximately 250 Jews fled abroad in the face of persecution and imprisonment by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). The FSLN bombed and partially destroyed the country's only synagogue, then confiscated the property shortly afterward and converted it into a youth training camp." Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Nicaragua, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. Department of State, 2001). Cf. Elliott Abrams, "Persecution and Restrictions of Religion in Nicaragua," (Transcript), Department of State bulletin, October-December 1984, pp. 49-50
  55. ↑ "Although traditional Trotskyite ideology is in no way close to radical Islamic teachings and the shariah, since the radical Islamists also subscribed to anticapitalism, antiglobalism, and anti-Americanism, there seemed to be sufficient common ground for an alliance. Thus, the militants of the far left began to march side by side with the radical Islamists in demonstrations, denouncing American aggression and Israeli crimes. In Britain a new political party named Respect was established, uniting Trotskyites, Stalinists, Muslim Brotherhood militants, and similar groups." (Walter Laquer, The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day [Oxford University Press US, 2006] ISBN 0195304292, p. 186). The European Union's European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia decided not to publish its comprehensive study of the causes of anti-Semitism in Europe, a source familiar with the report told London's Financial Times, after the report uncovered "a trend towards Muslim anti-Semitism," and that "on the left there is also mobilization against Israel that is not always free of prejudice." (Reuters, "EU racism watchdog shelves anti-Semitism report," Haaretz, November 22, 2003). Michael Neumann, Professor of Philosophy at Canada's Trent University, writes that he wants to “help the Palestinians.... I am not interested in the truth, or justice, or understanding, or anything else, except so far as it serves that purpose. If an effective strategy means that some truths about the Jews don’t come to light, I don’t care. If an effective strategy means encouraging reasonable anti-Semitism, or reasonable hostility to Jews, I also don’t care. If it means encouraging vicious racist anti-Semitism, or the destruction of the State of Israel, I still don’t care.” (Yoni Petel, "Antisemitism on Campus: A Student's Perspective," League for Human Rights, B'nai B'rith of Canada, Submission to the Special Rapporteur on Racism, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, September 25, 2003) According to the progressive magazine Tikkun, "A.N.S.W.E.R. refuses to acknowledge or support the right of the Jewish people to national self-determination—though it supports that right for every other group with a history of oppression. When Jews are denied the rights of others, it is a tell-tale sign of anti-Semitism." ("Authoritarianism and Anti-Semitism in the Anti-War Movement?," Tikkun, May-June 2003). "[L]eftists who despise their own capitalist societies inevitably come to sympathize with militants—communists, Tier-mondistes, Islamists, it doesn't make any difference—who attack those societies from without. Right now, the only corner of the world putting up any sort of serious ideological fight against Western-style capitalism and liberalism is the Muslim Middle East. So, just as the left uncritically swallowed Stalin's propaganda in the 1930s, expect the left to increasingly swallow Arabist propaganda in our own era. And since one of the key elements of Arabist propaganda is a hatred of Israel and a suspicion of Jews, these building blocks of anti-Semitism will become more and more a part of mainstream leftist discourse." (Johnathan Kay, quoted in Jamie Glazov, Symposium: "Anti-Semitism - the New Call of the Left," FrontPageMagazine.com, March 14, 2003) Thus by 2009, the "progressive" webzine Counterpunch.org (edited by Alexander Cockburn, son of Soviet agent [Chapman Pincher, Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage against America and Great Britain (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 140006807X, pp. 43-47] Claud Cockburn) could publish a revival of the "Blood Libel," alleging that Israeli Jews were killing Palestinian Muslims to harvest their organs. (Alison Weir, "Israeli Organ Harvesting," Counterpunch.org, August 28-30, 2009) Cf. David Horowitz, Unholy alliance: radical Islam and the American left (Regnery Publishing, 2004) ISBN 089526076X, p. 148
  56. ↑ Andrei S. Markovits, "'Twin Brothers': European Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism," Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism, No. 6 [January 2006] Institute for Global Jewish Affairs
  57. ↑ Jonathan Kay, "The lesson from Israel Apartheid Week: Anti-Semitism is now a creature of the left," National Post, March 2, 2009
  58. ↑ Andrei S. Markovits, "European Anti-Americanism (and Anti-Semitism): Ever Present Though Always Denied," Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism, No. 2 [August 2005], Institute for Global Jewish Affairs
  59. ↑ David Hirsh, Book Review: "Perry and Schweitzer, Antisemitic myths: a historical and contemporary anthology," Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4 (May 2009), pp. 749-750
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