Difference between revisions of "William Shakespeare"

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Engraving of William Shakespeare on the cover of the First Folio (1623), the first collected edition of his plays

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is a playwright who is generally regarded as the greatest English language writer. Many of his plays are required reading in schools throughout the English-speaking world. Those taught include Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, A Midsummer Night's Dream and Hamlet.

Like nearly every Englishman of his time, evidently he was a devout Christian, because he wrote in his will: "I commend my soul into the hands of God, my Creator, hoping and assuredly believing, through the only merits of Jesus Christ, my Saviour, to be made partaker of life everlasting."^[1] Yet his work is also loved by people who are not religious, who consider it "the secular canon, or even the secular scripture."^[2]

Shakespeare wrote 17 comedies, 10 tragedies, 10 historical plays, 154 love sonnets, and several other works of non-dramatic poetry. All his plays are freely available on the internet.^[3]

Shakespeare spent his early years in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, and is also known as "the Bard of Avon." Because of sharing the name "Stratford," the towns of Stratford, Ontario, in Canada and Stratford, Connecticut, have become the homes of Shakespeare festivals where his plays are performed on a regular basis.

Shakespeare did not become famous until late in his life and few details are known about his early life. Although no attendance records remain, it is believed that he attended Stratford-Upon-Avon Grammar School, where he would have received a sound education in the Latin and Greek classics, reflected in many of his plays. The social class from which he came could be described as wealthy tradesmen. His father, John Shakespeare, was a glove-maker who became mayor of Stratford-upon-Avon despite almost certainly being a Roman Catholic (in the early part of the reign of Elizabeth I, penalties against Catholics were light and often not imposed). His mother, Mary Arden, the daughter of a farmer, was certainly Catholic. William Shakepeare himself knew many of the Warwickshire Catholic gentry who later led the Gunpowder Plot to overthrow King James VI. Shakespeare himself did not adhere publicly to the Roman religion and it is not known if, like many Catholics, he practised it in private.^[4] There are few pictures of him but his near-contemporary as a playwright, Ben Jonson, stated that the famous engraving by Martin Droeshout, shown on this page, was a good likeness.

The idea of an ill-educated (to his contemporaries) person coming among them and making a success was upsetting to the University-educated playwrights of the time. It is believed that the poet, Philip Green, was referring to Shakespeare when he wrote

The 'tiger's heart wrapped in a player's hide' is a reference to one of Shakespeare's plays, The Third Part of King Henry VI,^[5] while 'shake-scene' is a pun or play on words on Shakespeare's name.

His plays seem to show so much education and erudition that many theories have arisen that those works were written by someone else. Famous candidates include Christopher Marlowe, the Earl of Oxford and Sir Francis Bacon. Most scholars reject these theories, but there are enough questions that new theories of Shakespearean authorship continue to arise.

A long-standing theatrical superstition holds that it is bad luck to refer to Macbeth directly by its name while inside a theatre, and accordingly, actors traditionally refer to it obliquely as "the Scottish play." It is considered acceptable to voice the play's name only while rehearsing or performing the production itself.

Because Shakespeare's plays are so familiar, there are innumerable references to them in English literature. Sometimes his stories are recast into a different form. The musical West Side Story is a retelling of Romeo and Juliet, and the classic science-fiction movie Forbidden Planet is a transformed version of The Tempest.

The reverence in which Shakespeare is held, and the archaic language of his plays (from the same era as the King James translation of the Bible) should not obscure the fact that his plays were (and still are) fabulously successful.

He is also famous for his 154 sonnets, short poems written in a very strict rhyme scheme. The sonnets fall into series or sequences. Most of them are usually read as expressions of romantic or platonic love; some appear to be written to a married woman known in the sonnets as the "Dark Lady," some to a young man known as the "Fair Lord."

Considering his major themes, Shakespeare is undoubtedly a conservative figure by today's standards. Major conservative themes in his works include the sacred nature of the familial structure in King Lear, the recognition of God in his plays and personal life, the existence of necessary war in The Famous Life of King Henry V, and the exposed injustice of taxation in Coriolanus. Not surprisingly, modern liberal literary critics often ignore these themes because of their place on the modern political spectrum.

His tomb in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-on-Avon, England, reads as follows:^[6]

Posthumous reputation and authorship controversy

Several writers who knew Shakespeare, including Ben Jonson, attest to his authorship in the First Folio, a collection of his plays published in 1623. There is no indication that this claim was controversial, either at the time or for another 200 years.^[7] Shakespeare and the other Elizabethan writers were gradually eclipsed by a new generation of playwrights led by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher. After Samuel Johnson reissued Shakespeare's plays in 1765, there was renewed interest in the bard, a phenomenon called "bardology."

Although researchers discovered Shakespeare's will and several other personal documents, popular biographies published in the early 19th century stressed the contrast between Shakespeare's fame and how little biographical information was known.^[8] Alternative theories of authorship concerning Homer and the Gospels also emerged at around this time. In 1857, American author Delia Bacon wrote a book arguing that Shakespeare was a fraud and the real author of his work was Sir Francis Bacon (no relation). This book kicked off the "Shakespeare authorship controversy," which continues to this day. Various late 19th century figures took up Bacon's cause, including Ignatius Donnelly, Mark Twain, Sigmund Freud, and Helen Keller.

In 1895, a book by Wilbur G. Zeigler argued that English playwright Christopher Marlowe was the author of Shakespeare's plays.^[9] While Marlowe's style is closer to Shakespeare's than that of almost all other suggested candidates,^[10] he suffers the disadvantage of having died in 1593 when Shakespeare's writing career was just beginning.^[11] In 1920, English author J. Thomas Looney suggested that the Earl of Oxford wrote the plays. Looney argued that Oxford's travels in Europe and aristocratic life at the English court made him a more plausible author than an untitled glover's son. Since the 1920s, Looney's theory has been dominate among Shakespeare skeptics.^[12]

In 1996, computer style analysis at the Shakespeare Clinic at Claremont College in California compared Shakespeare's writing to that of a corpus of twenty-six Elizabethan authors, including Bacon, Marlowe and Oxford. Ten style criteria were used to test the corpus, including use of relative clauses and the use of hyphenated compound words. Shakespeare's writing was found have a style distinct from that of every other author in the study. The authors were ranked according to how similar their styles were to that of Shakespeare. Oxford scored 22nd of the 26 claimants.^[13]

Shakespeare's The Tempest (1610) is believed to have been inspired by the experience of George Somers, who was shipwrecked in Bermuda in 1610. Oxford died in 1604, making him an implausible author, at least for this play. Despite these style and chronological difficulties, Oxford's claim continues to receive enormous attention.^[14] It was the subject of a 2011 movie by Roland Emmerich called Anonymous.

List of plays^[15]

Comedies

• Two Gentlemen of Verona (1589)
• The Comedy of Errors (1589)
• The Taming of the Shrew (1593)
• Love's Labour's Lost (1594)
• A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595)
• The Merchant of Venice (1596)
• The Merry Wives of Windsor (1597)
• Much Ado About Nothing (1598)
• As You Like It (1599)
• Twelfth Night (1601)
• All's Well That Ends Well (1602)
• Measure for Measure (1603)
• Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1607)
• Cymbeline (1609)
• The Winter's Tale (1609)
• The Tempest (1610)
• The Two Noble Kinsmen (1613)

Histories

• The Life and Death of King John (1590)
• The First Part of King Henry VI (1590)
• The Second Part of King Henry VI (1592)
• The Third Part of King Henry VI (1593)
• The Tragedy of King Richard III (1593)
• The Tragedy of King Richard II (1595)
• The First Part of King Henry IV (1596)
• The Second Part of King Henry IV (1597)
• The Famous Life of King Henry V (1599)
• The Famous Life of King Henry VIII (1613)

Tragedies

• Titus Andronicus (1591)
• Romeo and Juliet (1594)
• Julius Caesar (1599)
• Troilus and Cressida (1600)
• Hamlet (1600)
• Othello (1603)
• Timon of Athens (1604)
• King Lear (1605)
• Macbeth (1606)
• Coriolanus (1608)
• Antony and Cleopatra (1608)

Trivia

• "Shakespeare" was spelled many ways before English spelling was standardized. Some of the more unexpected forms are "Shaxper," "Shaxberd," "Shaksper," and "Shake-Speare". The hyphenated version adding fuel to the ongoing Shakespeare authorship question.^[16]

See also

• Leo Tolstoy
• Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra

External links

• Works by William Shakespeare - text and free audio - LibriVox
• An Index to Online Great Books

References

1. ↑ Shakespeare's Last and Testament
2. ↑ Hurrah for Dead White Males! - TIME
3. ↑ Shakespeare
4. ↑ In Search of Shakespeare, by Michael Wood. BBC Books, 2003.
5. ↑ Great Books, Shakespeare: I, Edited by Mortimer J. Adler, 1952.
6. ↑ American minute for April 23
7. ↑ Shapiro, James, Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare? (2011)
8. ↑ McCarter, Jeremy, "A Question of Authorship", New York Times, May 2, 2010
9. ↑ Zeigler, Wilbur G., It Was Marlowe (1895)
10. ↑ Shakespeare's Henry VI is written in a style similar to that of Marlowe's, so the two authors may have collaborated. See "Tamburlaine Stalks Henry VI" by Thomas Merriam.
11. ↑ Marlowe worked as an intelligence agent for Thomas Walsingham, Queen Elizabeth's spymaster. Walsingham may have had Marlowe murdered for fear that his involvement with atheism would make both of them notorious.[1] The murderer was later pardoned by the queen. See the The Marlowe-Shakespeare Connection for various wildly implausible faked death theories.
12. ↑ The Oxford Authorship Site
13. ↑ Ward Elliott and Robert Valenza, "Was the Earl of Oxford the true Shakespeare? A Computer-aided analysis" (1991)
    Elliott and Valenza, "And Then There Were None: Winnowing the Shakespeare Claimants", Computers and the Humanities, v30 n3 p191-245 1996. For a summary, see here.
    Elliott and Valenza, "Oxford by the Numbers: What Are the Odds That the Earl of Oxford Could Have Written Shakespeare's Poems and Plays?. (2004) "The odds that either could have written the other’s work are much lower than the odds of getting hit by lightning."
14. ↑ The Shakespeare Authorship Coalition
15. ↑ Bibliography
16. ↑ Shakespeare authorship