'''Warning: may contain material considered sensitive by some.Sexually transmitted diseases'''(STDs), or '''sexually tansmitted infections''' (STIs), are [[illness]]es transmitted by sexual contact. STDs comprise a large and diverse set of disease entities which include [[virus]]es, bacteria, protozoa, and arthropods. Many of these diseases can cause great harm before symptoms are detected.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are illnesses transmitted by sexual contact. STDs comprise In 2018, there was a large and diverse set record all-time high in prevalence of disease entities which include viruses, bacteria, protozoasyphilis, gonorrhea and arthropods. Many of these diseases can cause great harm before symptoms are detectedchlamydia.
== List of STDs and their Signs and Symptoms==This list is not complete, and many of these disease agents can be transmitted by non-sexual means. Because there are so many different infections, symptoms can vary greatly. Your doctor can give you a great deal of information and should be consulted early to prevent permanent health problems.
===Viruses===
====Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)====
In the early stages, [[HIV]] can cause fevers, rashes, joint pains, and other non-specific symptoms. These usually occur within weeks after exposure. If untreated, HIV infection usually leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) within eight to ten years. The symptoms of AIDS can be anything, but common presentations include weight loss, night sweats, unusual skin lesions, and diarrhea. There are 41,400 new cases each year in the U.S.<ref name="piyl"></ref>
=====Symptoms=====
*<u>Primary HIV infection</u> (two weeks after infection): Flulike symptoms occur as the virus attacks the immune system.
*<u>Asymptomatic HIV infection</u> (several years): Infected people can go years with no symptoms.
*<u>Symptomatic HIV infection</u> (several years): As the immune system weakens, the person experiences fatigue, persistent headaches, loss of appetite and body weight, diarrhea, fever, and repeated symptoms that seem like colds and flus.
*<u>AIDS</u>: Once the immune system is so damaged, the infected person becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections such as pneumonia, plus a decline in mental abilities.
=====Treatment=====
*There is no cure for the virus.
*Long-term treatment with highly active retroviral therapy uses a combination of drugs to combat the virus, allowing for a longer, healthier life.
*Without treatment, about half of infected individuals will reach the life-threatening stage of the disease, AIDS, within two years.
*Without medicine, the lifespan of a person with AIDS is about one year.
'''Human Immunodeficiency ====Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV 1 and 2)====[[HIVHSV]]can appear on either the lips or the genitalia. It usually presents as a painful, bumpy rash, sometimes with fever. There are approximately 14,100,000 new cases of HSV-2 each year in the U.S.<ref name="piyl"></ref>=====Symptoms=====*<u>Stage 1</u>: Tingling, burning, itching, or numbness at the site of infection.*<u>Stage 2</u>: Painful blisters appear at that location, break open, and run; in the first experience of a herpes outbreak, a person will usually have a fever and flulike symptoms.*<u>Stage 3</u>: Blisters crust over and finally heal.*<u>Recurrent outbreaks</u>: Herpes stays in the body, and outbreaks repeat when a person is physically or emotionally stressed.=====Treatment=====*There is no cure for herpes, and an infected person is infectious even when no sores are visible.*Long-term treatment with antiviral drugs relieves symptoms, speeds healing, reduces frequency of outbreaks, and reduces the likelihood of transmission when a person does not have visible sores.*Excellent hygiene is critical to avoid transmitting virus to the eyes (E.g., when putting contact lenses in)'''.*Treatment is critical to reduce the likelihood of the virus attacking the brain, which is usually fatal.
In the early stages====Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)====HPV often presents as anogenital warts, HIV or as an abnormality on a pap smear. These lesions can be precancerous.=====Symptoms=====*Most people have no symptoms of the type of HPV that cause fevers, rashesgenital, joint painsanal, or mouth/throat cancer.*Another type of HPV causes itchy or uncomfortable warts on the genitals and other non-specific symptomsanus. These usually occur within weeks after exposure. If untreated=====Treatment=====*Once acquired, HIV infection usually leads the virus often stays in the body with no long-term effects, but 10% of infections lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) withing eight serious disease, including cancer.*Vaccinations against HPV may protect females and males from the types most commonly linked to ten yearscancer. The symptoms *Women should have annual pelvic exams and PAP tests of AIDS can be anything, but common presentations include weight loss, night sweats, unusual skin lesions, the cervix to detect HPV and diarrheastart treatment early.*Genital warts are removed through minor surgery. <ref name="piyl"></ref>
'''[[Herpes Simplex Virus]] (HSV 1 and 2)''' HSV can appear on either the lips or the genitalia. It usually presents as a painful, bumpy rash, sometimes with fever. '''Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)''' HPV often presents as anogenital warts, or as an abnormality on a pap smear. These lesions can be pre-cancerous. '''====Hepatitis B and C Viruses (HBV, HCV)'''====These are often asymptomatic, but over time can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. If any symptoms are present, the illness can look like any hepatitis, that is, jaudicejaundice, change in urine or stool color, abdominal swelling, and fatigue.
===Bacteria===
====Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)====
[[Gonorrhea]], another very common STD, may also have this risk. A majority of US teenagers who admit to having sex are infected with an STD.<ref>4 out of 10 teenagers are sexually active; over half of this 40% (25% of all teenagers) have an STD.[http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/health_med_fit/article_96d0ee57-e3dc-59d7-a5ec-e5cbc5b71ffc.html]</ref> There are 820,000 new cases each year in the U.S.<ref name="piyl"></ref>
'''Neisseria gonorrhoeae (The incidence of gonorrheain the United States peaked during the [[Carter administration]], "but began dropping during the [[Reagan administration|Reagan years]]. However, the chlamydia rate overtook gonorrhea during the clap")'''[[Bill Clinton|Clinton years]].<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/tables/table1.htm</ref>=====Symptoms=====*Many people have no symptoms.*Abnormal discharge and burning during urination.=====Treatment=====*Get routine annual STI testing.*Fairly easily cured through early treatment with combination drug therapy.*Failure to treat in women can lead to PID and increased risk of fertility.
In males====Chlamydia trachomatis====[[Chlamydia]], this presents as a foul penile discharge. Women may the most common STD, can cause infertility in both men and women, making it impossible ever to have a vaginal dischargechildren. Over 2, or 860,000 new cases are reported each year in the U.S.<ref name="piyl">Grison, Sarah, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. ''Psychology in Your Life''. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2017.</ref>=====Symptoms=====*Up to 90% of people have no symptoms at all.*Mild symptoms include a thin, clear discharge from the sex organs and some irritation during urination.=====Treatment=====*Get routine annual STI testing.*Easily cured through early treatment by antibiotics*Failure to treat in women can lead to PID and increased risk of fertility.
'''This presents similarly to gonorrhea, but is often asymptomatic, and is commonly carried without the patient knowing they are ill. This makes it especially dangerous as these carriers tend to continue the behaviour that got them infected in the first place, spreading the disease to their other sexual partners. There are three different sub-types of the [[bacteria]] Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia)'''that cause [[Lymphogranuloma Venereum|lymphogranuloma venereum]].<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000634.htm</ref> Lymphogranuloma venereum is one of the maladies associated with [[gay bowel syndrome]].<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000634.htm</ref>
====Treponema pallidum (syphillis)====This presents similarly organism causes [[syphilis]], a multisystem disease. There are 55,400 new cases of syphillis each year.<ref name="piyl"></ref>=====Symptoms=====*<u>Primary stage</u> (two-four weeks after infection): Painless ulcer on genitals, lips, tongue, or anus disappears in about two weeks*<u>Secondary stage</u> (four weeks to gonorrheamonths later): Itchy, but is often asymptomaticpainless rash on body*<u>Latent stage</u> (several weeks to years later): Usually no symptoms, but bacteria are attacking organs*<u>Late stage</u> (years later): Larger ulcers on skin and is commonly without bones, plus serious organ damage=====Treatment=====*Many people are unaware of the patient knowing primage stage ulcer or ignore it, so they are ill.do not sek t
===Protozoa===
'''====Trichamonas vaginalis ("trich")'''==== In femalesThere are approximately 1, this usually presents as 090,000 new cases each year in the U.S.<ref name="piyl"></ref>=====Symptoms=====*Most people show no symptoms.*Women may show a frothy, foul -smelling whitish-green vaginal discharge, but males are usually asymptomatic. Even though males are asymptomatic, =====Treatment=====*Easily cured through early treatment with drug therapy*Both women and their partners of infected females must be treated*Failure to treat can lead to infertility.
===Arthropods===
====Pubic lice ("crabs")====
This presents as itching in the groin, and often small parasites are easily visible.
'''Pubic lice ("crabs")'''====Scabies====
This often presents as itching in the groin, with rash being more prominent between the fingers and often small parasites are easily visibletoes.
'''Scabies'''==Prevention==The only completely effective means of preventing the transmission of STDs is abstinence from sex until marriage and fidelity thereafter.
This often presents Of the other [[methods of contraception]], only condoms offer any protection against STDs (including HIV), but are be completely ineffective against STDs such as itchingpubic lice which are transmitted by simple body contact and do not require sex to occur. When improperly used, with rash being more prominent between the fingers or if damaged, they are completely ineffective both as contraception and toesas STD protection. Even with perfect use (which is rare) around 2% of condoms will be damaged during sex.
== Prevention ==Vaccines are not widely available for STDs. An [[HPV vaccine]] has recently been released for protection against certain, but not all, strains of HPV, though the long term efficacy of this controversial vaccine is disputed.
STDs are most easily prevented by abstinence, which is avoidance of People who have been sexually active before marriage can transmit their sexual contact. The second most-effective method of prevention is the proper use of latex condomsdiseases to their partner after marriage, which therefore failure to use proper protection with an unfaithful spouse can still lead to infection. Additionally many STDs can be subject transmitted to failureunborn children through the pregnant mother.
Vaccines ==Treatment==Some STDs are curable; many are not widely available for STDs. An [[HPV vaccine]] has recently been released for protection against certain, but not all''For further information, strains of HPVplease consult a physician.''
People who have been == Atheism and sexually active before marriage can transmit their sexual transmitted diseases to their partner after marriage, therefore failure to use proper protection =={{See also|Evolutionary belief and sexual immorality}}[[Atheist Population|Atheistic populations]] commonly have significant problems with a spouse can still lead to infectionsexually transmitted diseases (see: [[Atheism and sexually transmitted diseases]]).
== Treatment References==<references/>
Many STDs are curable; many are not. For further information, please consult a physician.[[Category:Sexually Transmitted Disease]][[Category:Diseases]][[Category:Medicine]][[Category:Social Problems]]
