Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Greenhouse effect

2007-08-29T15:28:20Z

111ProudConservative:

{{merge|greenhouse gas}}
:''This page is over '''Greenhouse effect'''. The Greenhouse effect is built off of reality and the [[atom|Atomic theory]]. Atoms are theory, '''not a fact'''. Information presented in this article should be critically interpreted and taken with an open mind. There are true challenges to this debated theory including the [[intelligent matter]] theory''.

The '''greenhouse effect''' refers to the retention of heat at the [[Earth]]'s surface and in the [[atmosphere]] which results when gas molecules reduce the escape of [[infrared radiation]] into [[outer space]]. The greenhouse effect was discovered in 1824 by [[Joseph Fourier]].

These [[greenhouse gas]] molecules (principally [[water]], [[carbon dioxide]], and [[methane]])
absorb and re-emit longwave [[infrared rays]] emitted from the earth's surface into the atmosphere (see [[radiational cooling]]).

Sunlight falling on the surface of a planet is primarily in the visible part of the spectrum. The surface absorbs some of the incident sunlight, and some is reflected, depending on the reflectivity of the surface (see [[albedo]]). The reflected light mostly passes through the atmosphere back to space. The absorbed light warms the surface.

Any body with a temperature radiates according to [[Planck's law]], <ref> Thermodynamics says that any body with a temperature above absolute zero will radiate its energy away. [http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/BlackHoleThermo/BlackHoleThermo.html] </ref>
and the Earth is no exception. Due to its relatively low temperature, the emission from the ground is in the infrared (IR) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Greenhouse gases, by definition, are good absorbers at these wavelengths. The gas absorbs the IR radiation, and emits IR radiation, both up and down. Because these gases are above the surface, they are at a lower temperature than the surface, so they emit at a different frequency. The net effect is that energy is retained by the Earth system, warming it.<ref>D. Hartmann, Global Physical Climatology</ref> This is the natural greenhouse effect, which allows the Earth to be habitable. When the atmospheric composition is changed by human activity resulting in increases in greenhouse gases, the warming associated is called the anthropogenic greenhouse effect.

[[Richard Lindzen]] wrote:
:The main absorbers of infrared in the atmosphere are water vapor and clouds. Even if all other greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane) were to disappear, we would still be left with over 98 percent of the current greenhouse effect. [http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html]

This insulating effect has been compared to a blanket or to the glass walls and roof of a [[greenhouse]], but the process is not the same.

==See also==
*[[Runaway greenhouse effect]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Ecology]]

Space Shuttle Challenger

2007-08-29T15:22:05Z

111ProudConservative:

The '''Space Shuttle Challenger''' exploded 73 seconds after lift-off on January 28, 1986, killing all seven members on board. Those killed included the first private citizen to fly on a [[space shuttle]], who was a high school teacher.

President [[Ronald Reagan]] mourned the tragedy in an address to the [[United States of America|nation]]:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">

Today is a day for mourning ... a national loss .... There's a coincidence today. On this day 390 years ago, the great explorer Sir [[Francis Drake]] died aboard ship off the coast of [[Panama]]. ...

Well, today we can say of the Challenger crew: Their dedication was, like Drake's, complete. The crew of the space shuttle Challenger honored us by the manner in which they lived their lives.

We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved good-bye and 'slipped the surly bonds of [[earth]]' to 'touch the face of [[God]].'

God was unavailable for comment.
</blockquote>

[[Category:Space Exploration]]

Testimony

2007-08-29T15:21:30Z

111ProudConservative:

Testimony is the evidence given by a witness under oath. It does not include evidence from documents and other physical evidence. Testimony has been redefined under the Bush adminstration to include, and only include the statement "I can not recall". Officially US policy was going to be changed to reflect this, unfortunately, most of the Bush cabinet suffered amnesia and forgot it.
[[category:law]]

Iron

2007-08-29T15:18:59Z

111ProudConservative:

:''This page is over '''Iron'''. Iron is a described [[element]] by the [[atom|Atomic theory]]. Atoms are theory, '''not a fact'''. Information presented in this article should be critically interpreted and taken with an open mind. There are true challenges to this debated theory including the [[intelligent matter]] theory''.

'''Iron''' is a [[metal]].

It can be dug up straight out of the ground and used without much trouble. This allowed early man to discover it early, during the [[Iron Age]] in fact.
Iron [[weapon]]s were far better than ones made of softer metals, like [[bronze]]. A [[sword|swordsman]] with an iron sword could cut a bronze sword in half if his enemy tried to block him with it.
Iron was also used in [[construction]]. The [[Eiffel Tower]] and [[Golden Gate Bridge]] are both made of iron. The strength of iron meant that [[engineers]] could build much bigger structures with it than with stone.
When iron [[corrosion|corrodes]] it is called [[rust]]. Corrosion on other metals is not called rust.

Iron is also a component of [[red blood cell]]s in the form of [[hemoglobin]].

Mention of iron is found in numerous Bible quotes such as: ''Iron sharpens iron.'' --''Proverbs 27:17

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Elements]]

Catalyst

2007-08-29T15:17:57Z

111ProudConservative:

:''This page is over '''catalyst'''. '''Catalysts''' fall under the umbrella of the [[Atomic theory]]. Atoms are theory, '''not a fact'''. Information presented in this article should be critically interpreted and taken with an open mind. There are true challenges to this debated theory including the [[intelligent matter]] theory''.

A '''catalyst''' is a substance that alters the activation energy of a [[chemical reaction]], thus facilitating its occurrence, but does not get consumed in the process.<ref>Wile, Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998.</ref> A [[protein]] that acts as a catalyst is called an [[enzyme]]. The strength of a catalyst is directly related to its activation energy and the environment under which the reaction occurs.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]

Gravitation

2007-08-29T15:14:25Z

111ProudConservative:

:''This page is over '''gravity'''. Gravity is a theory, '''not a fact'''. Information presented in this article should be critically interpreted and taken with an open mind. There are true challenges to this debated theory including the [[intelligent falling]] theory''.

'''Gravitation''' is a [[phenomenon]] which attracts all objects within the [[universe]] to each other <ref>New Oxford American Dictionary, 2nd Edition</ref>. In modern [[physics]], it is explained by the [[Theory of relativity|General Theory of relativity]]. Before general relativity, gravitation was described by [[Sir Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton's]] law of universal gravitation, which is still useful in most situations.

Everything in the universe that has mass attracts every other thing that has mass. How much depends on the size of the masses and the distance between them. For normal objects, this pull is minute, but you can measure the pull between a very large object like the [[Earth]] and another object like you by standing on the scales. Your weight is the measure of the pull of gravity between you and the planet you are standing on. This force depends on your mass and the mass of that planet, but it also depends on your distance from the center of the planet. The further you are from the planet's center, the weaker the pull between it and your body. If you double your distance, the force is one quarter. At ten times the distance, the force is one hundredth. It drops off with the square of the distance. This is called the [[Inverse Square Law.]] <ref>http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/isq.html</ref>The force never becomes zero, no matter how far you travel.

The law itself is stated as

:<math>F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}</math>

Where the force due to gravity equals the mass of the first object, ''m''1, is multiplied by the mass of the second object, ''m''2, which is then divided by the distace between the center of mass of both objects, r, squared. This is then multipled by the [[gravitational constant]]: 6.67428x10-11 N m2 Kg -2

Gravitation is responsible for making objects accelerate towards each other as well as for the formation of the [[Earth]] and [[Sun]], the [[stars]] and the [[planets]].

==Gravity and Modern Physics==

Newton's [[Theory of Gravity]] was one of the earliest triumphs of modern [[physics]]. It now stands as both one of the most successful and most mysterious areas of that field. On one hand, the [[Theory_of_Relativity|General theory of Relativity]] is one of the most successful [[Scientific_Theory|scientific theories]] to date. On the other hand, how General Relativity can be reconciled with [[Quantum_mechanics|quantum physics]] remains an open question, and is one of the hotly contested areas of modern physics. Since the late 1970s [[string theory]] and its [[supersymmetry|supersymmetric]] relative [[superstring theory]] are the theories which many physicists see as the most likely paths to unifying gravity with the other fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear forces).

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
[[category:physics]]

Atom

2007-08-29T15:13:39Z

111ProudConservative: Apparently some users do not understand that science can never prove anything, please check other "science" articles for confirmation. It is a "theory", NOT fact.

:''This page is over '''atoms'''. Atoms are theory, '''not a fact'''. Information presented in this article should be critically interpreted and taken with an open mind. There are true challenges to this debated theory including the [[intelligent matter]] theory''.

[[Image:Atoms1.jpg|thumb|right|Subatomic resolution of atoms by AFM]]
An '''atom''' is the smallest unit of chemical element that still retains the element's properties. The word atom comes from the Greek term for indivisible, ''átomos''.

===Structure===
Atoms are comprised of three subatomic particles: positively charged [[proton]]s, electrically neutral [[neutron]]s and negatively charged [[electron]]s. Protons and neutrons are comprised of quarks and are contained in close proximity in the center of an atom, forming the [[nucleus]]. Electrons inhabit the space around the nucleus, and are arranged around it in a series of layers, known as [[electron shell|shells]] or energy levels.
Currently quarks and electrons are considered truly elementary particles, though neither are capable of being seen.

Those who understand electrical theory might notice that positively charged particles packed closely together would repel one another. The nucleus stays together because of what is known as the ''strong nuclear force''. The quantization of this force is a tiny particle called a "gluon".
===Atomic Number===

Chemical elements are made up of atoms with certain properties. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (known as the [[atomic number]]) determine the properties of the atom, and the element it constitutes. For example, [[Hydrogen]] has one proton, and therefore an atomic number of 1. [[Oxygen]] has 8 protons in its nucleus and has an atomic number of 8. Under normal conditions, atoms contain an equal number of protons and electrons.

===Ions===

Atoms are normally electrically neutral; they have no charge. However, electrons in the [[valence shell]] can be gained or lost (depending on the element and the conditions) to form an [[ion]]. An atom that loses electrons becomes positively charged and is known as a cation. An atom that gains electrons electrons becomes negatively charged and is known as an anion.

Many common substances are made up of ions. For example, [[sodium chloride]] (NaCl), otherwise known as table salt, is made up of [[sodium cations]] (Na+) and [[chlorine]] anions (Cl-) in equal proportions. The negatively charged chlorine ions are attracted to the positively charged sodium ions, forming an [[ionic bond]]. This results in a lattice structure, which is responsible for sodium chloride being crystalline in its solid state.

===Isotopes===

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes. Some isotopes are more stable than others, and occur more often in nature, but there is no "standard" number of neutrons in a given element. The atomic weight of an element is a weighted average of the number of neutrons and protons (number of protons remains constant in a given element) in all naturally occurring isotopes.
[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Physics]]