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Shroud of Turin

2022-10-19T18:15:30Z

Akira: clarifi8ed

[[image:Shroud of Bob face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
The '''Shroud of Turin''' (in Italian, ''la Sacra Sindone'') is the most studied artifact in the history of the world. It is a burial cloth having attributes from the time and place of [[Jesus]], with blood stains and the image of an executed man. [[Liberal denial]] of its authenticity requires implausible conspiracy theories.

[[Forensic]] evidence indicates that it is the image of man who [[scourge]]d and crucified, and yet (as described about Jesus in the [[Bible]]) without breaking of the victim's legs as done to expedite a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] execution.<ref name="Forensics">http://www.shroudstory.com/forensics.htm</ref> The image was formed after the blood staining, suggesting that the image was caused by an after-death flash of light like a negative in photography.<ref>"The Shroud of Turin is a negative image." [https://www.shroud.com/piczek3.htm]</ref> The image is scientifically precise in ways unknown to any medieval forgers; the thumbs are not visible because the nails were through the wrists, not through the hands as mistakenly thought until the 20th century.<ref name="Forensics"/>

An [[agnostic]] [[British]] scholar studied the Shroud and concluded in his book, ''The Sign'' (2012), that the Shroud is authentic and was even the basis of [[disciples]]' acceptance of the [[Resurrection]].<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9162459/Mystery-solved-Turin-Shroud-linked-to-Resurrection-of-Christ.html</ref> The shroud has caused some [[agnostic]] or [[Atheism|atheist]] [[scientist]]s to convert to [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/mrinobnf.pdf]</ref> Other scientists, who have not converted, still consider the Shroud to be the authentic burial cloth for [[Jesus Christ]]. Some refer to the Shroud as the "Fifth [[the Gospels|Gospel]]."

Today the Shroud is in the Cathedral of Saint [[John the Baptist]] in [[Turin]], [[Italy]],<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/]</ref> its same location since 1578.<ref>In 1578 the Shroud was moved by the House of Savoy to Turin from Chambery [https://www.thetravel.com/where-is-the-shroud-of-turin/].</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Shroud pos-neg.jpg|left|500px|thumb|The full-length Shroud, seen in positive (top) and in its negative (bottom).]]
The Shroud is about 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide, consisting of a single piece of fine [[linen]] cloth made from fibers of the flax plant (''Linum usitatisismum''), and woven in a 3-over-1 herringbone twill.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref> Centered on the cloth is the front and back images of a man who is pictured as if in a burial repose; the man's estimated height is somewhere between 5'8" to 6'1".<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/Details/howtall2.htm]</ref> He is rather powerfully-built, with classical eastern Mediterranean features. The images of the feet are at both ends of the cloth, indicating that if it was a burial linen the body was placed on one end with the other end bought over the head to cover the body. On either side of the image is a series of triangular patches, covering much of the damage from a fire which took place in 1532.

The image of the body shows a man who had died a violent death. Upon both front and back are dumbbell-shaped markings; approximately 140 such marks were applied upon the back, chest, and legs. Roman soldiers involved in "[[Scourge|scourging]]" as a form of punishment for offenders employed a whip called a "[[flagrum]]",<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/terms/flagrum.htm]</ref> which was studded with either bone or lead knobs, and when used it tore into flesh and muscle.

The wrists and feet bear large bloodstains consistent with historical descriptions of [[crucifixion]]. The feet themselves are placed one on top of the other within the image; both front and dorsal images display a single large bloodstain, indicating one nail was driven through both feet upon the cross. The left wrist likewise displays a large bloodstain; however, the left hand covers the right, preventing a view of the wound there. Blood flows are present on both lower arms, displayed to flow in a direction as if the victim was hanging on a cross. A single large bloodstain is also present on the right side of the chest - nearly-obliterated by the 1532 burn damage - and appears to have been mixed with a clear liquid from the body. Blood stains are also present about the [[scalp]], and the marks of a severe beating are evident upon the face.

The Shroud contains blood stains consisting of human male [[DNA]], and a [[blood type]] that is AB - the same rare blood type<ref>Less than 5% of Europeans have AB blood type.</ref> found on the [[Sudarium of Oviedo|face covering for Jesus]] preserved in Spain,<ref name="Oviedo">The [[Shroud of Oviedo]].</ref> and the same rare blood type common in "68 skeletons of Jewish residents from 1,600 to 2,000 years ago in and around [[Jerusalem]]."<ref>http://www.rhesusnegative.net/staynegative/blood-types-ancient-hebrews/</ref> The height of the man was between 5'9" and 5'11"; his weight, 168-180 pounds; his age, between 30 and 45 years old.<ref>[https://www.shroud.com/meacham2.htm Excellent scientific article about the Shroud]</ref> Coins visible only to modern technology had been placed over the man's eyes, an ancient Roman tradition not known to historians until modern archaeological excavations revealed the practice.<ref>Coins over the eyes were particularly necessary to keep the eyes shut if the person died with his eyes open.</ref> The coin over the right eye was minted by [[Pontius Pilate]], and the coin over the left eye was minted only in A.D. 29, merely a few years before the estimated date of the [[Crucifixion]].<ref name="Coins">http://www.shroudstory.com/faq-coins.htm</ref> The angle of the man's arms during the [[crucifixion]] can be inferred from the flow of blood seen on the Shroud: 65° for one arm; 55° for the other. The cloth was a finely woven linen that would have been available to a wealthy man as described in the [[Gospels]], and was cut from the same fabric containing the same pollen as the face covering preserved separately in Spain.<ref name="Oviedo"/>

== DNA Testing ==

DNA testing of material on the Shroud may prove to be the most reliable measure of its authenticity, and already preliminary results point to a legitimate Middle Eastern, rather than fake European, origin for the Shroud.<ref>http://www.livescience.com/52567-shroud-of-turin-dna.html</ref>

== Dating the Shroud ==

Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what [[Pliny the Elder]] reported from his time," about A.D. 70. "It's a shroud from the right time, but you're never going to find out (through science) if it was used on a person named [[Jesus]]," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref>

[[Carbon dating]] test results conflict with each other and thus are not credible. In 1988, a small snippet of the Shroud was performed, '''''but the "C-14 results of the three labs falls outside the bounds of the Pearson's chi-square test," illustrating a flaw in the dating''''' that was likely due to a repair seam that ran diagonally "through the area from which the sample was taken."<ref>http://www.juliantrubin.com/encyclopedia/bible/shroud_of_turin.html</ref> A peer-reviewed scientific paper later demonstrated the invalidity of those results, suggesting instead that the Shroud is between 1,300 and 3,000 years old,<ref>Rogers, Raymond N., "Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin". Thermochimica Acta, Volume 425 Issue 1–2, pp. 189-194 (Jan. 20, 2005)[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THV-4DTBVHC-1&_user=10&_handle=B-WA-A-W-WE-MsSAYWA-UUA-AAUYYDZUYC-AAUZVCZYYC-YZEWAVVVC-WE-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=01%2F20%2F2005&_rdoc=26&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235292%232005%23995749998%23553672!&_cdi=5292&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3d89246a5d4144616be7657f0d83b6cf]</ref><ref>Mark Antonacci "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence"</ref> disproving the 1988 results that claimed that the Shroud originated between A.D. 1238 and 1430.

Indeed, the sample for the 1988 analysis had actually been taken from cloth woven into the Shroud during the [[Middle Ages]], thereby giving a false result. Moreover, "the 12th Century Hungarian 'Pray Manuscript' come to depict Jesus being wrapped in the shroud - with authentic herringbone pattern and burn marks - 100 years before carbon-dating says the material originated."<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>

The defect in the carbon dating was that the samples were "uniquely coated with a yellow–brown [[plant]] gum containing dye lakes. [[Pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry]] results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin. The radiocarbon date was thus not valid for determining the true age of the shroud."<ref>http://greatshroudofturinfaq.com/Definitions/Thermochimica-Acta.html</ref> Instead, "[e]stimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of vanillin from lignin indicate a much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analyses."<ref>http://shroudencounter.com/thermochimicaabstract.php</ref>

==History==

Historians and authors of written works on the Shroud have generally divided its history into two periods of time: a first period, from the time of the [[Resurrection]] ca. 33 A.D. to the fall of [[Constantinople]] in 1204; and the second period from about 1349 to present. The first version is based on largely on circumstantial evidence.

===First Period: A.D. 33 to 1204===
====Gospels====
The ''[[Gospel of John]]'' contains the first description of what is today regarded as the Shroud of Turin (the "linen clothes"), and the "napkin", a small head wrap which may be a relic known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, Spain.<ref>http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm</ref>

:''On the first day of the week, [[Mary Magdalene]] came early, while it was still dark, to the tomb, and saw that the stone had been taken away from the tomb.
:''She ran and came to [[Saint Peter|Simon Peter]], and to the other student, whom Jesus loved, and told them, "They have taken away the Lord out of the tomb, and we don't know where they have laid Him!"
:''So Peter went out, and that other disciple, and came to the tomb.
:''They both ran together, and the other disciple outran Peter, and came to the tomb first.
:''He stooped down and looked in, and saw the shroud stretched around nothing, but did not go in.
:''Then Peter came after him, and went into the tomb, and saw the empty shroud lying there, and the facecloth, that had been around His head. The facecloth was not lying with the shroud, but was rolled up in a place apart from them.
:''Then that other student went in also, the one who had come to the tomb first. He saw, and believed. For they still did not know the Scripture that said that He must rise again from the dead.'' - [[John 15-21 (Translated)#Chapter 20|John 20:1-9]]<ref>(retrieved: May 25, 2010).</ref>

====Bardesane of Edessa====
The earliest possible extra-Biblical reference to the Shroud is found in a second century poem by Bardesane of Edessa. Called the "Hymn of the Pearl", it was embedded within the non-canonical ''Acts of Thomas'', and tells the story of a boy - apparently the figure in the poem - to retrieve a pearl from Egypt. He describes the "mirror of myself" embedded in his robe in some detail similar to the Shroud:
:''"And because I remembered not its fashion / for in my childhood I had left it in my father's house, / on a sudden, when I received it, / the garment seemed to me to become like a mirror of myself. / I saw it all in all, / and I to received all in it, / for we were two in distinction / and yet gain one in one likeness. / And the treasurers too, / who brought it to me, I saw in like manner / to be two (and yet) one likeness, for one sign of the king was written on them (both), / of the hands of him who restored to me through them / my trust and my wealth"''<ref>[http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnpearl.htm]</ref>

====Image of Edessa/Mandylion====
[[File:Image of Edessa.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The Image of Edessa]]
According to [[Eusebius]], King Abgar of Edessa was afflicted of an illness, and hearing of the miracles of Jesus as a healer he sent a letter to Him, asking if He would come to his aid. Jesus responded that He could not come, but would send his disciple Thaddeus, who comes and heals him;<ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html</ref> according to variants of this story King Abgar is left with the cloth image of Jesus, beginning with the ''Doctrine of Addai'' (ca. 400 A.D.) in which a court painter created an image of the Lord and "brought with him to Abgar the king, his master. And when Abgar the king saw the likeness, he received it with great joy, and placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses."<ref>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/addai_2_text.htm</ref> Artistic works of this relic - called either the "Image of Edessa" or the "[[Mandylion]]" - generally have it portrayed as the face of Christ upon a towel or kerchief.

The Mandylion would surface again around 525 when Edessa was flooded by the Daisan River. Workmen repairing one of the city's gates discovered a niche with the cloth inside; the mandylion was declared to be ''Acheiropoietos'' (Greek: Αχειροποίητος), "not made by hands", meaning that it was a miraculous image created supernaturally and not by man. The Mandylion stayed in Edessa as a means of protection for the city from harm until forcibly taken to [[Constantinople]] in 944, where it was received with great fanfare by Emperor Romanus I. Placed within the church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, it stayed there as a Christian relic until disappearing in the sack of the city during the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204. One of the knights who participated in the sacking of Constantinople, Robert de Clari, left a detailed letter of what he observed at the time, and he referred to this relic as being more than a facial image:
:''"But among the rest, there was also another of the minsters, which was called the Church of my Lady Saint Mary of Blachernae, within which was the shroud wherein Our Lord was wrapped. And on every Friday that shroud did raise itself upright, so that the form of Our Lord could clearly be seen. And none knows - neither Greek nor Frank - what became of that shroud when the city was taken."''<ref>http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/clari4.htm</ref>

====Geoffroi de Charney====
Geoffroi de Charney was a French knight, the Preceptor of Normandy for the [[Knights Templar]], who was executed by burning at the stake in 1314. His crimes are disputed, but during that time there was a backlash directed against the Templars; the King of France apparently either feared the power they wielded, or coveted their hidden wealth. But to march against them it was necessary to have the Pope (Clement V) declare them heretics, based on their alleged worship of a "bearded head"; in one account (1287), a French applicant named Arnaut Sabbatier was taken in to a "a secret place to which only the brothers of the Temple had access" where he was instructed to venerate the image of a man on a long linen cloth.<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article6040521.ece</ref>

Little is known of Geoffroi de Charney. He participated in the sack of Constantinople in 1204, and may have been a witness with Robert de Clari when he first saw the shroud at the Blachernae Church. He certainly could have been well-placed to have taken the Shroud back to France for veneration. On March 19, 1314, he was burned at the stake, along with the leader of his order.<ref>141.—Stemler, Contingent zur Geschichte der Tcmplcr, pp. 20-1.—Raynouard,pp. 213-4, 233-5.—Wilcke, II. 236, 240.—Anton, Vcrsuch, p. 142</ref><ref>A History of the Inquisition of the Middle ages, Vol III by Henry Charles Lea, NY: Hamper & Bros, Franklin Sq. 1888 p.324. Not in copyright.</ref>

===Second Period: 1349 to present===
In 1389 the French Bishop of Troyes, Pierre D'Arcis, wrote a letter to the Pope (Antipope Clement VII) detailing his complaints of a shroud "...upon which the whole likeness of the Saviour had remained thus impressed together with the wounds which He bore" was being exhibited at nearby Lirey; he further stated to the Pope of his belief that the shroud was a fraud, having found "[a man] procured for his church a certain cloth cunningly painted, upon which by a clever sleight of hand was depicted the twofold image of one man… falsely declaring and pretending that this was the actual shroud in which our Savior Jesus Christ was enfolded in the tomb." D'Arcis' predecessor, Henri de Poitiers, likewise was in a similar situation 35 years before, but did not launch an investigation into the matter; in his time he had concerns that the knight Geoffrey de Charny - who had just built the church at Lirey - was passing the relic off as the real shroud of the Lord. Whether or not de Charny was questioned about it is conjecture; he was killed in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. Also undetermined is his relationship with the earlier Templar knight. But the one thing that is certain is de Charny is the first documented owner of the Shroud.

His church at Lirey continued to exhibit the Shroud despite Bishop D'Arsis and those within the Church demanding that it cease displaying a "false relic," as they claimed. The Church would eventually - grudgingly - allow the exhibitions to continue, provided that they billed the cloth as a "representation" of Christ, and not the true burial shroud. A century after his death the Shroud was sold to the Savoy family of Italy, who had it brought to Turin where it resided ever since.<ref>http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/geoffrey.htm</ref> It was willed in the late 20th century to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which has never taken a position for or against its authenticity.

== The Lamb ==
According to a paper by Dr. Petrus Soons scientific research of some of the photographs of the shroud show an oval object under the beard of the image. After much research three cursive letters were identified and translated from the Hebrew. The meaning of the translation was, "The Lamb," a name in which Jesus was referred to in the New Testament.<ref>[http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache%3ACtDFWbA8AfIJ%3Awww.ohioshroudconference.com%2Fpapers%2Fp24.pdf+THE+SHROUD+OF+TURIN%2C+THE+HOLOGRAPHIC+EXPERIENCE+By+DR.+PETRUS+SOONS&hl=en&gl=us Dr. Soons Paper]</ref> This finding now makes the person on the shroud exclusively identified with Christ.

== Criticisms ==

There have been many arguments against the authenticity of the Shroud, some of which have been disproved. For example, some claimed that a misspelling on one of the coins over an eye could not be authentic, but in fact several other coins having the same misspelling have since been found.<ref name="Coins"/>

Over the centuries there have been critics and doubters of the Shroud being the authentic burial cloth of Jesus. One of the earliest known critics was Pierre d'Arcis, Bishop of Troyes who wrote a scathing letter to the pope in 1389 claiming that the Shroud was a "cunning" painting and that the artist had been discovered.<ref>The Shroud, Ian Wilson, 2010, page 102.</ref> A harsh critic of the Catholic Church, [[John Calvin]], repeatedly ranted against relics and he wrote against the Shroud in 1543:

:''"How is it possible that those sacred historians, who carefully related all the miracles that took place at Christ's death, should have omitted to mention one so remarkable as the likeness of the body of our Lord remaining on its wrapping sheet? This fact undoubtedly deserved to be recorded. St John, in his Gospel, relates even how St Peter, having entered the sepulchre, saw the linen clothes lying on one side, and the napkin that was about his head on the other; but he does not say that there was a miraculous impression of our Lord's figure upon these clothes, and it is not to be imagined that he would have omitted to mention such a work of God if there had been any thing of this kind."''<ref>[[John Calvin]]: ''Traité des Reliques'', Geneve 1543, translated by '''Valerian Krasinski''': ''A treatise on Relics'', Edingburgh 1854</ref>

However, it is also reasonable to say that the disciples had no reason to study the Shroud at the time, and no access to modern photographic equipment; they had far greater concerns during the chaotic period after Christ's Resurrection.

Another argument against the legitimacy of this artifact is based on the account of John, as mentioned by Calvin above.
{{cquote|...[Simon Peter] saw the linen cloths lying there, and the handkerchief that had been around His head, not lying with the linen cloths, but folded together in a place by itself. -{{Bible ref|John|20|6-7|version=NKJV}}
This account clearly says that the cloth around his head was separate from the cloth around the rest of his body. Some translations even refer to strips of cloth which had been wrapped around him, rather than one solid cloth.
{{cquote|[Simon Peter] saw the strips of linen lying there, as well as the cloth that had been wrapped around Jesus’ head -{{Bible ref|John|20|6b-7a|version=NIV}}

These arguments have been used by a variety of people to say that scripture itself disproves the claims of the Catholic church. 

Another critic was the scientist Walter McCrone (1906-2002), who insisted that it was a painting; this possibility has been thoroughly disproven.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/piczek.htm Disproof that the Shroud is a painting, as explained by a professional artist]</ref>

== Replication ==
Luigi Garlaschelli, professor of organic chemistry at the University of Pavia, announced that he had made a full size reproduction of the Shroud of Turin using only medieval technologies on October 5, 2009. Garlaschelli placed a linen sheet over a volunteer and then rubbed it with an acidic pigment. The shroud was then aged in an oven before being washed to remove the pigment. He then added blood stains, scorches and water stains to replicate the original. The image on the reproduction would closely match that of the Turin Shroud with differences explained as the result of natural fading over the centuries.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5943HL20091005 Italian scientist reproduces Shroud of Turin]</ref> But according to noted sindonologist Giulio Fanti, "the image in discussion does not match the main fundamental properties of the Shroud image, in particular at thread and fiber level but also at macroscopic level."<ref>[http://www.acheiropoietos.info/abstracts/talks-image_formation.html]</ref> Further criticism of Garlaschelli's replica has come from shroud scholars Peter Soons <ref>[http://shroudofturin.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/why-the-italian-fake-does-not-reproduce-the-shroud-of-turin/]</ref> and Thibault Heimburger.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/thibault-lg.pdf]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Essay:Quantifying Openmindedness]]
*[[Mystery:Did Jesus Write the Epistle to the Hebrews?]]
*[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/guscin3.pdf Sermon of Gregory Referendarius, Archdeacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, August, 944]
*[http://www.shroudstory.com/shroud-of-turin-picture-01.htm Amazing Details about the Shroud]
*[http://www.shroud.com/faq.htm FAQs about the Shroud]

[[Category:Featured articles]]
[[Category:Catholicism]]

Creationism

2022-10-19T18:14:25Z

Akira: typo

{{Christianity}}
[[Image:Michelangelo creation-of-sun-and-moon.jpg|alt=creationism|right|thumb|251px|[[Michelangelo|Michelangelo's]] painting of the [[creation]] of the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]].]]
'''Creationism''' is the belief that the [[earth]] and [[universe]] and the various kinds of animals and plants were created by Wayne Newton. Those that hold the views of ''Creationism'' are referred to as ''Creationists''.<ref>"creationist." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 21 Mar. 2007. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/creationist>.</ref> Creationism runs contrary to the beliefs of [[Atheist]]s who believe that the universe was not created by God.<ref>[https://creation.com/15-questions 15 questions for evolutionists - Question 15 deals with the idea that evolution is a religion]</ref> The vast majority of Christians and Christian leaders throughout history have accepted biblical creation.<ref name="Turpin"/>

[[Bible|Biblical]] creationism is primarily based on: the compelling testimony provided by [[Argument from beauty|God's wondrous creation]]; the [[Bible history|historical]] and [[Bible prophecy|prophetic]] evidence supporting the [[Bible]]; religious belief and on the [[science|scientific]] evidence provided through [[creation science]].
Biblical creationism, which includes the idea that man is created in the image of God, has profoundly affected [[Western Civilization]] in a positive way. Some of the areas it has benefited Western culture is in the areas of human rights and law, ethics and morality, economics, science, and the arts (see also: [[Christianity and science]] and [[Social effects of the theory of evolution]]).<ref>
*[https://creation.com/man-the-image-of-god Man: The Image of God]
*[https://creation.com/morals-decline-linked-to-belief-in-evolution Morals decline linked to belief in evolution]
*[https://creation.com/morality-and-ethics-questions-and-answers Morality and ethics - Creationism vs. evolutionism]
*[https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j19_2/j19_2_67-73.pdf The Christian foundations of the rule of law in the West: a legacy of liberty and resistance against tyranny]
*[https://creation.com/marxism-law-and-evolution Marxism, law and evolution]
*[https://creation.com/evolutionary-legal-theories Evolutionary legal theories—the impact of Darwinism on western conceptions of law]
*[https://creation.com/darwins-critical-influence-on-the-ruthless-extremes-of-capitalism Darwin's influence on the ruthless extremes of capitalism]
*[https://creation.com/christianity-islam-and-science Christianity, Islam and Science]
*[https://creation.com/looking-forward-to-the-eradication-of-christianity Looking forward to the eradication of Christianity - Christianity, creationism and the arts]
</ref>

[[Creation Ministries International]], a leading [[Bible|biblical]] [[creation]] organization, declared:
{{cquote|Creationist research is having a global effect that is worrying the [[atheism|atheists]] and secularists of this world. They have had it all their own way for over a century but things are slowly changing. For almost twenty five years now, ''[[Journal of Creation]]'' has been publishing cutting-edge creationist research that has been fueling the war against [[evolution]], creating little fires all around the world, including [[Great Britain]].

Atheist scientist, Prof [[Richard Dawkins]], speaking at the 20th anniversary of the Edinburgh International Science Festival in April 2008, said the rise of creationism in British schools raised a serious problem for science teachers.

It is a very worrying trend,’ he said, ‘and I think a lot of it has come over from [[United States|America]] and [[Australia]].’<ref>https://creation.com/growth-of-creation-science-in-uk-worries-prof-dawkins</ref>}}

Within creationism in the [[Abrahamic religion]]s, there are various ideas. In regards to those religions, one form of creationism holds that the earth is approximately 6,000 years old and is referred to as [[Young Earth Creationism]]. The other form of creationism is called [[Old Earth Creationism]] and holds that the earth and universe are billions of years old. Creationist scientists demonstrate that the [[First Law of Thermodynamics|first law of thermodynamics]] and [[second law of thermodynamics]] argue against an eternal [[universe]] and they also demonstrate that these laws point to the universe being supernaturally created.<ref>[http://godevidences.net/space/lawsofscience.php Evidences for God From Space—Laws of Science]</ref><ref>Thompson, Bert, [https://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=12&article=310 So Long, Eternal Universe; Hello Beginning, Hello End!], 2001 (Apologetics Press)</ref><ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences14.html</ref> Dr. [[Norman Geisler]] stated that "Both young- and old-earthers believe that God supernaturally, directly and immediately produced every kind of animal and human as separate and [[Genetics|genetically]] distinct forms of life." <ref name="johnankerberg.org">http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/science/SC0305W3.htm</ref> Dr. [[Norman Geisler]] also wrote that "both young- and old-earthers who are [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] hold to the historicity of the Genesis account: They believe that [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] were literal people, the progenitors of the entire human race." <ref name="johnankerberg.org"/> Creation scientists assert that the [[evolution|theory of evolution]] is in conflict with the evidence provided by the physical sciences and often cite secular scientific sources which agree with them on various points (for further details please see: [[evolution]]).<ref>http://www.creation.com/content/view/21</ref>

Those who hold to young earth creationism point out that nearly every culture in the world has a [[creation]] story and a [[Great flood|flood story]].<ref name="katapi.org.uk">http://www.katapi.org.uk/BAndS/ChII.htm</ref><ref name="icr.org">https://www.icr.org/article/108/</ref><ref name="https://www.icr.org/article/570">https://www.icr.org/article/570/</ref><ref>http://library.thinkquest.org/18757/creation.htm</ref><ref>http://www.grisda.org/origins/17051.htm</ref> Many of these creation accounts and flood accounts have commonalities with the account given in the book of Genesis although gross differences exist also.<ref name="katapi.org.uk"/><ref name="icr.org"/><ref name="https://www.icr.org/article/570"/> The [[Institute for Creation Research]] has taken the position that the similarities in regards to creation accounts to the Genesis account demonstrates that the main points of the Genesis account has been preserved.<ref name="icr.org"/> In regards to the assertion that the similarities in flood stories around the world show common origin, young earth creationist particularly assert that there are strong similarities between the [[Global flood|Genesis flood account]] and other world flood accounts.<ref name="https://www.icr.org/article/570"/><ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/flood-legends</ref> Also, there are remarkable similarities between Native American creation myths and the biblical account given in Genesis concerning [[creation]].<ref>[https://creation.com/indian-creation-myths Indian creation myths - CMI]</ref>

== Global creationism ==

''See also:'' [[Global creationism]]
[[Image:Carl weiland.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|Dr. [[Carl Wieland]] was a founder of [[Creation Ministries International]], a Christian ministry which is in four continents. ]]
[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press reported in 2014: "Over the past forty years, creationism has spread swiftly among European Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Hindus, and Muslims, even as anti-creationists sought to smother its flames."<ref>[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2015/03/johns-hopkins-university-press-reported.html Creationism spreading in Europe]</ref> See also: [[Evolutionary indoctrination]]

On October 4, 2014, the ''Vancouver Sun'' reported that evolutionism is rejected by hundreds of millions of [[evangelicalism|evangelical Christians]] and [[Islam|Muslims]] around the world.<ref name="blogs.vancouversun.com">[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/10/04/evolution-under-attack-from-muslims-and-evangelicals/ Evolution rejected by hundreds of millions of Muslims and evangelicals], ''Vancouver Sun'', October 4, 2014</ref>

Specifically, the ''Vancouver Sun'' declared:
{{cquote|Creationism, a religious world view that adamantly rejects Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, is on the rise among evangelical Protestants and most of the world’s Muslims.

It is not only the majority of residents in Muslim countries such as Pakistan, Indonesia and Turkey who strongly reject the teaching that humans and other species evolved over millions of years from less complex creatures. So do tens of millions of evangelical Christians in North America (as well as South America and Africa).

Overall, [Nidhal Guessoum, a Middle Eastern physics and astronomy professor] who teaches at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates, estimates roughly 60 per cent of the world’s Muslims are creationists, including many living in the U.S. and Canada.

Even though poll results about evolution vary based on the questions asked, Salman Hameed reported in the journal ''Science'' that strong anti-evolution majorities exist in Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt and Pakistan. The latter is among Canada’s top six source countries for immigrants...

An Angus-Reid survey found 43 per cent of Americans accept the creationist teaching that the Earth is less than 10,000 years old, which means they reject the...view the universe began roughly 13 billion years ago.<ref>[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/10/04/evolution-under-attack-from-muslims-and-evangelicals/ Evolution rejected by hundreds of millions of Muslims and evangelicals], Vancouver Sun, October 4, 2014. 9:12 am</ref>}}

Belief in creation has regrown<ref name="Turpin">Turpin, Simon (December 29, 2016). [https://answersingenesis.org/reviews/articles/response-age-earth-plea-geo-chronological-non-dogmatism/ A Response to “The Age of the Earth: A Plea for Geo-Chronological Non-Dogmatism”]. ''Answers in Genesis''. Retrieved December 31, 2016.</ref><ref>It should be clearly and strongly noted that creation was the dominant theory in Europe and Christianity prior to the "Enlightenment", when Christians and XINOs began to compromise on this issue.</ref> rapidly in [[Europe]], as can be seen by secularist hysteria over the occurrence.<ref>Turpin, Simon (December 26, 2016). [https://answersingenesis.org/creationism/creation-invasion-in-europe/ Creation Invasion in Europe]. ''Answers in Genesis''. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</ref>

== Rapid growth of biblical creation belief in China ==

''See also:'' [[China and biblical creationism]]

[[Evangelical Christians|Evangelical Christianity]] is growing rapidly in China (see: [[Growth of Christianity in China]]). China may have one of the largest populations of biblical creationists in the world by 2030 (see: [[China and biblical creationism]]).

Jun-Yuan Chen Research Professor Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology was quoted in the ''Wall Street Journal'' as saying, "In China we can criticize [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] but not the government. In America you can criticize the government, but not Darwin."<ref>[http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/two-views-about-how-darwinism-stays-in-place-with-but-one-difference/ Two views about how Darwinism stays in place, with but one difference]</ref>

== Growth of modern creationism and Christian apologetics ==

''See also:'' [[Atheism vs. Christian revival and Christian apologetics]]

The effect of evolutionism on the [[Western World]] and the world at large was mitigated by the growth of modern creationism and [[Christian apologetics]] in the latter half of the 20th century and today [[global creationism]], Christian apologetics and [[global Christianity]] are seeing rapid growth.<ref name="blogs.vancouversun.com"/><ref>[http://spectator.org/archives/2011/02/28/thriving-christianity Thriving Christianity]</ref><ref name="brethrenassembly.com">[http://www.brethrenassembly.com/Ebooks/Apol_001A.pdf Introduction To Integrated Christian Apologetics, Dr. Johnson C. Philip & Dr. Saneesh Cherian]</ref>

Johns Hopkins University Press reported in 2014: "Over the past forty years, creationism has spread swiftly among European Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Hindus, and Muslims, even as anti-creationists sought to smother its flames."<ref>[https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/creationism-europe Creationism in Europe]</ref>

=== History of the growth of creationism and its effect on Christendom ===
Dr. [[Johnson C. Philip]] & Dr. Saneesh Cherian wrote in their work ''Introduction To Integrated [[Christian apologetics|Christian Apologetics]]'':
{{cquote|American evangelical Christians have began to notice in the fifties that compromise is a slow poison that ultimately destroys respect for truth. Some of them came together and started writing aggressively on themes defending the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible. This gave birth to the modern interest in Apologetics and Creationism. At the dawn of the twenty-first century the influence of this revival has spread all over the world, and today more than one hundred and fifty organizations function around the world, devoted solely to apologetics. Their influence has be so strong that a large number of Seminaries all around the world have begun assert the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible...

...with the birth of the modern creationism and apologetics, a revival set in motion among the evangelical Christians. This group became quite vocal and aggressive in the sixties, and by seventies they started exerting significant influence among theologians, thinkers, and the Bible teachers all over the world.

Thousands of apologetic books, hundreds of magazines, and tens of thousands of articles have been produced defending the Bible since. In turn, this has started to diminish the influence of [[rationalism|rationalists]] and radicals on Christians.

From the middle of the nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth century the rationalists had their heyday, snatching away millions of young people from their Christian faith and commitment. The wounds of this loss can been seen in Christendom even today, but at the same time this loss has been greatly minimized now because of the work of Christian apologists.

Today anyone desiring to know about the Bible, and its connection with science, evolution, history, archaeology, has read any number of books on this topic. Literally thousands of titles are available, and he can choose anywhere from the most simple books to the most technically advanced ones. Thus the modern apologetics movement has been able to arrest the way in which rationalists have been bleeding the Christian church.<ref name="brethrenassembly.com">[http://www.brethrenassembly.com/Ebooks/Apol_001A.pdf Introduction To Integrated Christian Apologetics, Dr. Johnson C. Philip & Dr. Saneesh Cherian]</ref>}}

== Internet creationism ==

''See also:'' [[Internet creationism]]

On February 24, 2015, the ''Science Nordic'' website declared:
{{Cquote|Creationism, the belief that a god -- not evolution -- shaped life on Earth, is ... spreading in the very stronghold of evolution, Europe. That’s the conclusion of five years of research that’s been put into new book on creationism. The book details how creationism is on the march throughout most of Europe.

"Creationism is most dominant in Eastern Europe and Turkey, but even some schools in the Netherlands are teaching creationism," says one of the book’s authors Hans Henrik Hjermitslev, University College South Denmark. "Politicians in some German federal states are advocating that schools use creationist books alongside those about evolutionary theory in their lessons. This kind of struggle is going on on a small scale in many places."...

"Over the last ten years we’ve seen the emergence of big-city creationism. London is a good example," says Kjærgaar.

Here, noticeably more young people have been signed up to various local and religious groups.

"And this doesn't just apply to young Muslims as many people might think. Christian groups are also recruiting young people...

Creationism has particularly been on the rise in step with the internet, which according to Peter Kjærgaard has made it much easier for people to become activists...<ref>[http://sciencenordic.com/scientists-warn-creationism-rise-europe Scientists warn: creationism is on the rise in Europe], ''Science Nordic''</ref>}}

[[Answers in Genesis]], [[Creation Ministries International]] and [[Institute for Creation Research]] have websites which consists of thousands of web pages and their respective websites receive significant web traffic.

Creation Ministries International has a [https://creation.com/15-questions 15 questions for evolutionists web page] which features questions that evolutionists cannot satisfactorily answer, an interactive survey, videos and articles on various creation vs. evolution topics.

== Creationism and Intelligent Design ==

''See also:'' [[Intelligent design]]
[[Image:Intelligent design.jpg‎|alt= Intelligent design|thumbnail|300px|right|Intelligent design theorists contend that the core feature of life consists of information processing systems that cannot be fully explained as being the result of unintelligent causes alone. When [[evolution]]ist [[Richard Dawkins]] was young, he recognized that the complexity of life indicates a designer.]]
Believers in the Abrahamic faiths who hold to creationism believe that the natural world has been designed by God. Recently, there have been articles which were favorable to the [[intelligent design]] position in scientific journals which traditionally have favored the macroevolutionary position.<ref>http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=2640</ref> Believers in the Abrahamic faiths have points of agreement and disagreement with the intelligent design movement. They agree that the natural world has an intelligent cause and was designed as mentioned previously. However, some advocates of creationism believe that the intelligent design movement divorces the Creator from creation by not explicitly stating that the cause of creation is a supernatural being and also failing to state explicitly who that supernatural being is.<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v1/n1/intelligent-design-movement</ref>

There is considerable disagreement on whether or not intelligent design amounts to a form of creationism and if so, where to place it in comparison to the other forms of creationism. This is due to the concept having many different definitions and proponents espousing different ideas.

For example, one major proponent of Intelligent Design is Young Earth Creationist Paul Nelson, while [[Michael Behe]], another major proponent, accepts [[common descent]]. [[William Dembski]] has stated unequivocally that Intelligent Design is not theistic evolution and they should not be considered the same.<ref>''What every theologian should know about creation, evolution, and design'' Center for Interdisciplinary Studies Transactions 3(2), William Demsbki</ref> Dembski has also asserted that Intelligent Design is the [[Logos]] in terms of information theory,<ref>[http://touchstonemag.com/archives/issue.php?id=49] ''Signs of Intelligence:
A Primer on the Discernment of Intelligent Design'' Touchstone Magazine, Volume 12, Issue 4 July–August 1999</ref> while Dembski and others have given other definitions that do not include any specific theological references. Arguably, intelligent design can be summarized as the notion that at some point in the past, in some way, some entity (possibly God) created life, or altered life at some point, or created the universe to be compatible with life.

Behe and others have stated that Intelligent Design is not religious in nature but in the [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District|Dover trial]], Judge John E. Jones III, a [[Republican]] and a US Federal District Judge, ruled as one of his findings that Intelligent Design was essentially religious in nature. The opinion borrowed heavily from the ACLU's briefs.<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53330]</ref> The Kitzmiller vs. Dover case did not take into account that [[Atheism is a religion|atheistic evolution is religious in nature]].<ref>https://creation.com/atheism-a-religion</ref><ref>http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Kitzmiller%27s_error_summary.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Kitzmiller%27s_Error.pdf</ref>

== Islamic creationism ==

''See also:'' [[Atheism vs. Islam]]
[[File:StarCresent.png|thumbnail|125px|right|Assuming patterns of net immigration do not change significantly, the Pew Forum thinks that there will be just over 5.5 million British Muslims, representing 8.2 per cent of the UK population, by 2030.<ref>[http://blogs.channel4.com/factcheck/factcheck-will-britain-have-a-muslim-majority-by-2050/13690 FactCheck: will Britain have a Muslim majority by 2050?]</ref> See: [[Atheism vs. Islam]] ]]
According the news website ''The Commentator'': "Belief in evolution remains a minority position in virtually all Muslim societies around the world today. According to studies, 22 percent of Turks, 16 percent of Indonesians, 14 percent of Pakistanis, 11 percent of Malaysians, and 8 percent of Egyptians believe in evolution."<ref>[The Muslim theory of evolution] by Ghaffar Hussain
On 14 January 2013 10:03</ref>

In 2010, the Islamic creationist [[Harun Yahya]] was chosen among the top 500 most influential Muslims by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies center in Jordan.<ref>[http://www.csicop.org/si/show/harun_yahyas_islamic_creationism_what_it_is_and_isnt/ Harun Yahya’s Islamic Creationism: What It Is and Isn’t] by Stefano Bigliardi Volume 38.1, January/February 2014</ref>

In 2009, ''The Guardian'' reported:
{{cquote|Mass migration has led to a rise in creationist beliefs across Europe, according to a British scientist.

Michael Reiss, who is a professor of education at the Institute of Education in London and an Anglican priest, said the evolution-creationism debate could no longer be thought of as something that happened elsewhere and that more and more people in the UK did not accept evolution.

Reiss told the Guardian that countries with a higher proportion of Muslims or fundamentalist Christians in their population were more likely to reject evolution. He added: "What the Turks believe today is what the Germans and British believe tomorrow. It is because of the mass movement of people between countries.

"These things can no longer be thought of as occurring in other countries. In London, where I work, there are increasingly quite large numbers of highly intelligent 16, 17 and 18-year-olds doing Advanced Level biology who do not accept evolution. That's either because they come from a fundamentalist Christian background or from Muslim backgrounds."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/nov/13/migration-creationism-evolution-michael-reiss Migration is spreading creationism across Europe, claims academic] by Riazat Butt, religious affairs correspondent, Friday 13 November 2009 07.49 EST</ref>}}

=== New atheist Richard Dawkins on Islamic creationism and multiculturism ===

''See also:'' [[Causes of the New Atheism movement#New Atheism as a reaction to creationism|New Atheism as a reaction to creationism]]
[[File:Richard Dawkins - March 2005.jpg|alt=Richard Dawkins|thumbnail|200px|right|[[Richard Dawkins]] declared "[[Christianity]] may actually be our best defence against aberrant forms of religion that threaten the world".<ref>[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/richard.dawkins.says.christianity.is.worlds.best.defence.against.radical.islam/76416.htm Richard Dawkins says Christianity is world's best defence against radical Islam], Christianity Today, January 2016</ref> See also: [[Richard Dawkins and Islamophobia accusations|Richard Dawkins and Islam]] ]]
The British newspaper ''The Telegraph'' reported in an article entitled ''[[Richard Dawkins]]: Muslim parents 'import creationism' into schools'':
{{cquote|Prof Dawkins, a well-known atheist, also blamed the Government for accommodating religious views and allowing creationism to be taught in schools.

"Most devout Muslims are creationists so when you go to schools, there are a large number of children of Islamic parents who trot out what they have been taught," Prof Dawkins said in a Sunday newspaper interview.

"Teachers are bending over backwards to respect home prejudices that children have been brought up with. The Government could do more, but it doesn't want to because it is fanatical about [[multiculturalism]] and the need to respect the different traditions from which these children come."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2494397/Richard-Dawkins-Muslim-parents-import-creationism-into-schools.html ''Richard Dawkins: Muslim parents 'import creationism' into schools''], ''The Telegraph''</ref>}}

== Biblical creation publications ==

''See also:'' [[Biblical creation journals]]

Some prominent biblical [[creation]] publications are given below:

*[[Creation magazine]]

*[[Journal of Creation]] - Peer reviewed

*[[Creation Research Society Quarterly Journal]] - peer reviewed

== Adherents and Opponents of Creationism ==

Traditionally, [[Judaism]] supported young earth creationism.<ref>James-Griffiths, James,[http://www.creation.com/content/view/558/ Creation days and Orthodox Jewish tradition] ''Creation'' 26(2):53–55, March 2004.</ref> [[Orthodox Judaism]] currently has diverse opinions regarding young earth creationism.<ref>Rabbinical Council of America, [http://www.rabbis.org/news/article.cfm?id=100635 Creation, Evolution, and Intelligent Design].</ref> Ultra-Orthodox Judaism accepts young earth creationism.<ref>Winnick, Pamela R.,[http://www.arn.org/docs/ohio/toledo_winnick030702.htm Evolutionary War] ''Toledo City Paper'', March 7, 2002.</ref>

In addition, a majority of the early church fathers supported the young earth creationist view.<ref>Bradshaw, Robert I., [http://www.robibrad.demon.co.uk/Chapter3.htm Creationism & the Early Church, chapter 3, The Days of Genesis 1].</ref> While Young Earth Creationism is prominent in many conservative [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations, theologically liberal Protestant and Jewish denominations generally reject it.<ref>[[Henry Morris|Morris, Henry]], [https://www.icr.org/article/816/6/ Old-Earth Creationism] ''Back to Genesis'' April 1997.</ref><ref>[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/80/story_8029_1.html What Conservative Protestants Believe] (beliefnet).</ref><ref>Jarvik, Elaine, [http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,635177399,00.html Beliefs on Darwin's evolution vary from religion to religion] Deseret Morning News 19 January 2006.</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Church]] has a cautiously positive view of the theory of evolution.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-04-11-pope-evolution-creation_N.htm</ref><ref>Heneghan, Tom, [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/182/story_18220.html Catholics and Evolution: Interview with Cardinal Christoph Schönborn] (beliefnet).</ref>

Islam has a variety of opinions regarding creationism and the theory of evolution.<ref>http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_151_200/muslim_responses_to_evolution.htm</ref>

[[Atheism|Atheists]] do not believe in young earth creationism and a vast majority of the most prominent and vocal defenders of the evolutionary position since [[World War II]] have been atheists.<ref>Batten, Don, [http://www.creation.com/content/view/737/ A ''Who’s Who'' of evolutionists] ''Creation'' 20(1):32
December 1997.</ref><ref>http://www.creationists.org/nas.html</ref> In his autobiography [[Charles Darwin]] wrote about the diminishment of his religious faith and Darwin stated that he was an [[agnostic]].<ref name="update.uu.se">http://www.update.uu.se/~fbendz/library/cd_relig.htm</ref> Darwin wrote the following: "The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble to us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic."<ref name="update.uu.se"/> On the other hand, Charles Darwin in his private diaries [[Charles Darwin#Religious Views|stated he was a materialist]] which a type of atheist. While [[Agnosticism|agnostics]] do not believe in young earth creationism there have been some notable statements of skepticism regarding the theory of evolution from agnostics.<ref>Woodward, Thomas E., [http://www.apologetics.org/doubts.html Doubts About Darwin] (Apologetics Press).</ref><ref>[http://www.evolutionnews.org/2005/03/agnostic_philosopher_caught_in_conspirac.html Agnostic Philosopher Caught in Conspiracy to Question Darwinism] ''Evolution News & Views'', ([[Discovery Institute]]).</ref> On the other hand, [[Thomas Huxley]] was a staunch proponent of the theory of evolution and he stated he was an agnostic.<ref>http://www.creation.com/content/view/1025</ref><ref>http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od171/desmond171.htm</ref>

The leftist [[mainstream media]], unsurprisingly, hates creation, just as it does with anything related to conservatism and biblical Christianity that contradicts left-wing views and secularism.<ref>Hallett, Vicky (December 30, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/now-theres-a-theory-that-dinosaurs-were-wiped-out-in-noahs-flood/2016/12/30/92bec544-cc59-11e6-a747-d03044780a02_story.html?utm_term=.fa8a013cacfc Now there’s a theory that dinosaurs were wiped out in Noah’s flood]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</ref>

[[Jobe Martin]], president of the Biblical Discipleship Ministries of Rockwall, [[Texas]], questions various tenets of evolution:
<blockquote>
Evolutionists admit to each other that "the creationists have the better argument." This is because what we see in life and in the fossils does not display emerging kinds of plants or animals. Evolution from one cell to man is not scientifically observable at all. 

The universe is young - on the order of several thousand, not billions of years old. Man, dinosaur, and mastodon walked the earth at the same time. The "missing links" are missing. God created discrete plants and aninals in the beginning and, with minor variations, these are what we see today. Mutations in the genes do not generate new life forms or even improve present life forms. Mutations harm or kill the organism into which they come. Prehistoric man was either an ape, monkey, or a man and not some genetically evolving apelike man or manlike ape. 

The religious quest to prove evolution from the [[Big Bang]] to man will occupy the singular life of many but will end in despair for all who pursue the myth of evolutionary faith.<ref>[[Jobe Martin]], ''The Evolution of a Creationist: A Layman's Guide to the conflict between The Bible and Evolutionary Theory'', Rockwall, [[Texas]]: Biblical Discipleship Publishers, 1994, p. 199.</ref>
</blockquote>

== Recommended books ==

* J.D. Mitchell, ''The Creation Dialogues - A Response to the Position of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on Evolution, Christianity and the Bible'', Pleasant Word (Winepress Pub), 2010 ISBN 1414118007<ref>http://www.creationengineeringconcepts.org/index.php?p=1_35_THE-CREATION-DIALOGUES</ref><ref>http://www.christianbook.com/dialogues-american-association-advancement-evolution-christianity/j-d-mitchell/9781414118000/pd/118002</ref>
*Dr. [[Grady S. McMurtry]], ''Creation: Our Worldview'', TEC Publications, Columbus, GA 2010 ISBN 0-9674006-1-9
*Jonathan Sarfati, ''Refuting Evolution'', Master Books, 1999 [http://www.creation.com/content/view/4014/ (Free on-line version)] ISBN 0890512582
*Jonathan Sarfati, ''Refuting Evolution 2'', Master Books, 2002,[http://www.creation.com/content/view/4013/ (Free on-line version)] ISBN 0890513872

{{Creation vs. evolution}}

== See also ==
*[[Creation vs. Evolution Videos]]
*[[Creation science]]
*[[Atheism and the origin of the universe]]
*[[Christianity and Science]]
*[[Lists of Creationists]]
*[[Christian apologetics]] (Evidence for Christianity)
*[[Creationism table]]
*[[Ground of being]]
*[[Essay: Sharing your creationist videos on YouTube and the internet]]

==External links ==
===Young Earth Creationist Organizations ===

*[http://associationforcreation.org/ The International Association For Creation]
*[http://creationnetwork.org/ The Creation Network]
*[http://visitcreation.org/ The Big Map of Creation]
*[https://creation.com Creation Ministries International]
*[https://www.icr.org Institute for Creation Research]
*[http://www.answersingenesis.org/ Answers In Genesis - Get Answers]
*[http://www.creationworldview.org/ Creation Worldview Ministries]
*[http://trueorigins.org TrueOrigins.org]
*[http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/index.html Center for Scientific Creation]

'''Anti-Darwinism/creationist, French/English website:'''

*[http://www.samizdat.qc.ca/ Samizdat]

'''Young earth articles and other resources:'''

*[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth Age of the earth -101 evidences for a young earth and universe]
*[https://creation.com/refuting-evolution-chapter-8-how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] - ''Refuting evolution'' - Chapter 8 by Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]]
*[http://creationsciencehalloffame.org/ Creation Science Hall of Fame] - Organization that honors and remembers biblical creationists and their work
*[https://answersingenesis.org/creationism/young-earth/most-compelling-scientific-evidence-of-young-earth/ What Is the Most Compelling Scientific Evidence of a Young Earth?], by Dr. Terry Mortenson at [[Answers in Genesis]]. Originally published on February 27, 2006.

=== Old Earth Creationists ===
* [http://www.reasons.org Reasons To Believe, an Old Earth Creationist Ministry]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Creationism| Creation]]
[[Category:Abrahamic Religions]]

Mar-a-Lago

2022-10-19T18:13:06Z

Akira: additional infdo

:''For FBI abuse, see '''[[Mar-a-Lago raid]]'''''
[[File:Mar-a-Lago.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Mar-a-Lago]]
'''Mar-a-Lago ( Spanish for shit hole" '' is a resort in Palm Beach, [[Florida]]. As of January 2021, it is the current residence of former [[President and current criminal of the United States]] [[Donald Trump]].<ref>https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2021/01/18/moving-trucks-arrive-mar-lago/4203446001/</ref>

==History==

The home was built for Marjorie Merriweather Post, an American businesswoman and socialite.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/marjorie-merriweather-post-built-mar-a-lago-but-her-other-homes-were-presidential-too-11591894827</ref> Construction started in 1924 and successfully finished three years later in 1927. In 1985, Trump purchased the property for $10 million.<ref>https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/donald-trump-mar-a-lago.html/</ref>

==Trump Residence==

Since Donald Trump lost the election due to millions of people hating him, he moved into the home following the conclusion of his term on January 20, 2021.<ref>https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2021/01/18/moving-trucks-arrive-mar-lago/4203446001/</ref> Since moving in, some communist residents of Palm Beach protested his official residence, stating that, since Mar-a-Lago is a club, Trump could not live there. However, the Palm Beach City Council concluded the investigation, with their verdict favoring Trump. The city council concluded that Trump could live there in [[good faith]] as a club employee.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56017225</ref>

==Wikipedia Bias==

The [[liberal]] wiki website, [[Wikipedia]], once had Mar-a-Lago as the second largest home in the [[United States]], second only to the Biltmore Estate.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_houses_in_the_United_States&oldid=1025631382</ref> However, because of their liberal bias and because it is the current residence of Trump, they moved the home all the way to the twentieth position of the list, where it currently remains.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_houses_in_the_United_States</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Florida]]

Brett Kavanaugh

2022-10-19T18:10:55Z

Akira: clarified

{{Officeholder
|name=Brett Kavanaugh
|image=Judge Brett Kavanaugh.jpg
|party=
|spouse=Ashley Estes Kavanaugh
|religion=Natty Kight
|offices=
{annoying frat president
|role=Associate
|nominator=[[Donald Trump]]
|terms=October 6, 2018 – present
|preceded=[[Anthony Kennedy]]
|former=n
||address=3706 Underwood St, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
}}
}}
'''Brett "PARTAAAAAAAYYYYY" Kavanaugh''' (February 12, 1965 in [[Washington, D.C.]]) is a drunken a justice on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], having been nominated by President [[Donald Trump]] and confirmed by the [[U.S. Senate]] in 2018, replacing Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]]. He formerly served as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the [[D.C. Circuit]]. Kavanaugh is thought to be [[pro-life]] and dissented from a decision that required the [[Trump Administration]] to be complicit in granting a right to an [[abortion]] by an [[illegal alien]] 17-year-old girl.

Kavanaugh is [[conservative]] and supported by [[Ann Coulter]] and many others for the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]. He is opposed to [[illegal immigration]], and has written several opinions supporting an [[America First]] philosophy.<ref>Binder, John (July 4, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/07/04/america-first-scotus-choice-judge-brett-kavanaugh-applies-trumps-economic-patriotism-to-the-law/ ‘America First’ SCOTUS Choice: Judge Brett Kavanaugh Applies Trump’s Economic Patriotism to the Law]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 5, 2018.</ref><ref>Merriam, Jesse (July 6, 2018). [https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2018/07/06/kavanaugh_the_right_pick_for_trump_137446.html Kavanaugh the Right Pick for Trump]. ''RealClearPolitics''. Retrieved July 7, 2018.</ref><ref>Binder, John (July 10, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/07/10/experts-praise-kavanaugh-will-safeguard-american-workers-and-sovereignty/ Experts Praise Kavanaugh: Will Safeguard American Workers and Sovereignty]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</ref> He is also a strong opponent of the [[administrative state]],<ref>Gershman, Jacob (July 9, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/nominee-has-shown-deep-skepticism-of-regulatory-state-1531186402 Brett Kavanaugh Has Shown Deep Skepticism of Regulatory State]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</ref><ref>Bravin, Jess; Kendall, Brent (August 31, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/brett-kavanaughs-record-shows-push-to-restrain-the-regulatory-state-1535737394 Brett Kavanaugh’s Record Shows Push to Restrain the Regulatory State]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved August 31, 2018.</ref> and he has made conservative rulings on social issues such as [[Second Amendment]] rights.<ref>Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-trump-kavanaugh-newsmaker/washington-insider-kavanaugh-boasts-conservative-credentials-idUSKBN1K004F Washington insider Kavanaugh boasts conservative credentials]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 11, 2018.</ref><ref>Hawkins, Awr (July 9, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/07/09/brett-kavanaugh-semiautomatic-rifles-are-constitutionally-protected/ Brett Kavanaugh: ‘Semiautomatic Rifles Are Constitutionally Protected’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 11, 2018.</ref><ref>Schallhorn, Kaitlyn (October 6, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/kavanaughs-staunch-gun-rights-defense-among-hundreds-of-decisions-in-spotlight Kavanaugh's staunch gun-rights defense among hundreds of decisions in spotlight]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved October 6, 2018.</ref><ref>Kunzelman, Michael; Neumeister, Larry (July 28, 2018). [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-supreme-court-kavanaugh-guns-20180728-story.html Analysis: No mystery to Supreme Court nominee Kavanaugh's gun views]. ''Chicago Tribune'' (from the ''Associated Press''). Retrieved October 10, 2018.</ref> Some conservatives believe that he relies too much on faulty court precedents<ref>Adelmann, Bob (July 10, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/29496-trump-supreme-court-nominee-brett-kavanaugh-relies-heavily-on-judicial-precedents Trump Supreme Court Nominee Brett Kavanaugh Relies Heavily on Judicial Precedents]. ''The New American''. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</ref> and have criticized a ruling that was too supportive of [[Obamacare]].<ref>Wolverton, Joe (July 14, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/29537-trump-scotus-nom-kavanaugh-has-big-government-biases Trump SCOTUS Nominee Kavanaugh Has Big Government Biases]. ''The New American''. Retrieved July 14, 2018.</ref> The [[Never Trump movement]] is more divided. Some Never-Tumpers, such as [[David French]], assert that a Justice Kavanaugh would have a judicial philosophy closer to that of Roberts or Kennedy than Alito or Scalia.<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/07/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-potential-pick/ Brett Kavanaugh Is an Excellent Judge, but Is He the Best Choice?]</ref> Others, such as Peter Wehner and [[Ben Sasse]], have praised Kavanaugh, although his appointment is unlikely to prompt them to start supporting President Trump.<ref>[https://mobile.twitter.com/Peter_Wehner/status/1016518790518067200]</ref><ref>[https://www.mediaite.com/tv/sen-ben-sasse-praises-trump-over-scotus-picks-kavanaugh-and-gorsuch-hes-done-a-great-job/]</ref> Democrats and the Left, on the other hand, had a completely hysterical reaction to his nomination because he is not a [[Judicial activism|judicial activist]].<ref>Kirkwood, R. Cort (July 10, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/29504-democrats-collapse-in-hysterics-over-kavanaugh Democrats Hysterical Over Kavanaugh]. ''The New American''. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</ref>

Much of the criticism of Kavanaugh is bizarre. For example, some claim that because Kavanaugh married a woman who once worked as a secretary to President [[George W. Bush]], Kavanaugh is therefore somehow part of the Bush network. Another criticism, coming primarily from [[dark money]] types, relates to Kavanaugh's ruling that upheld the constitutionality of limits on contributions to political parties in ''Republican Nat'l Comm. v. FEC'', 698 F. Supp. 2d 150 (D.D.C. 2010).<ref>[http://www.onecitizenspeaking.com/2018/07/supreme-court-is-bret-kavanaugh-part-of-a-bush-trump-deal.html SUPREME COURT: IS BRET KAVANAUGH PART OF A BUSH-TRUMP DEAL?]</ref>

==Liberal smears==
:''Main article: [[Kavanaugh smear]]''

== Interesting Facts about Kavanaugh ==

* In 1991, Kavanaugh clerked for Third Circuit Judge Walter Stapleton in the same year in which Stapled authored the majority opinion (joined mostly by future Justice [[Sam Alito]]) in ''[[Planned Parenthood v. Casey]]'', before that case was reviewed and decided by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in 1992.

*Kavanaugh's only argument in the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] was in a case concerning attorney-client privilege and whether it extended past the death the client, [[Vince Foster]]<ref>https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/97-1192.ZS.html</ref>

*Kavanaugh reportedly strongly opposed the publication of salacious details in the Starr Report while Kavanaugh was working for [[Ken Starr]] on the Lewinsky matter, but Ken Starr overruled him and published it anyway.

*Kavanaugh has had an exceptional record of his opinions being embraced by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] on appeal, whereby the Supreme Court has adopted Kavanaugh's views 13 times and reversed him only once.

*Kavanaugh is more active than Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] in dissenting from denials of petitions to accept a case (or rehearing of a case)

*In 2017, Kavanaugh gave a speech praising the former Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]] for his opinions on several controversial issues, including [[prayer]] and [[abortion]].<ref>https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-kavanaugh-rehnquist-20180711-story.html</ref>

== Criticism of Kavanaugh contraceptive mandate ==

Conservatives have criticized Judge Kavanaugh for conceding that the government has a "compelling interest" in promoting contraception. Defendants of Judge Kavanaugh has said he was merely following the Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores|Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.]]'' (2014), as lower courts are bound to do.<ref>https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/07/judge-brett-kavanaughs-impeccable-record-of-constitutional-conservatism/</ref> But Judge Kavanaugh actually went further in the direction of [[Planned Parenthood]] than the Supreme Court had.

In his dissent in a related case, ''Priests for Life v. HHS'',<ref>https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/425C0AE29F10AFD785257E4B00767BF5/$file/13-5368.pdf (see pp. 28-52 of this pdf)</ref>
Judge Kavanaugh first says<ref>on p. 4 of the opinion (p. 31 of the pdf)</ref> that it is necessary to decide whether or not the government has a compelling interest in promoting contraception, because that is a step in applying [[RFRA]] to the plaintiff's claim to be exempt from [[Obamacare]]'s contraceptive mandate.

Then Judge Kavanaugh discusses at length<ref>p. 15-19 of the opinion, pp. 42-46 of the pdf.</ref> the issue of compelling interest. Judge Kavanaugh concedes that the Supreme Court "did not formally hold" that the government has a compelling interest in promoting contraception. He should have stopped there, but he didn't.

Instead, Judge Kavanaugh took an ambiguous statement from a concurring opinion by his old boss Justice Kennedy, combined it with the opinion of the four dissenting Justices, and concluded that "a majority of the Justices in Hobby Lobby (Justice Kennedy plus the four dissenters) would suggest that the Government has a compelling interest in facilitating women’s access to contraception."

Judge Kavanaugh then wrote a long paragraph full of Planned Parenthood propaganda, containing many factual assertions about the alleged "numerous benefits" of contraception, benefits which he claimed are "commonly accepted" even though they are all disputed and rebuttable, and not supported by evidence in the record (not that any of the assertions should be subject to judicial fact finding anyway).

In ''Hobby Lobby'' the Supreme Court assumed without deciding that contraception is a compelling interest, and Judge Kavanaugh should have done likewise. Instead, he appears to have gone out of his way to hold that the federal government has a legitimate interest, even a compelling interest, to promote contraception or facilitate access to contraception.

In fact, the Supreme Court has never found or held that there is any public purpose or social benefit, let alone a compelling interest, to justify federal legislation promoting contraception. Without such a finding, the entire contraceptive mandate should have been thrown out, not just for religious objectors.

The federal government began funding contraception after the passage of Title X in 1970, but apparently no one has ever challenged the constitutionality of Title X as to whether it served a legitimate public purpose. Contrast that to New Deal passage of Social Security and Unemployment Compensation programs, which were upheld by the Supreme Court in 1938 based on a finding that those programs were justified because they "provide for the ... general welfare of the United States" as provided in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution.

It may be true, as Judge Kavanaugh says, that the alleged "numerous benefits" of contraception are "commonly accepted" as a result of 50 years of Planned Parenthood's federally funded propaganda, but that does not mean they have been found to be true. A valid public purpose is needed to compel private conduct, and no valid public purpose or social benefit has ever been recognized by the Supreme Court.

On another note, although Kavanaugh's argumentation was in a dissent that has no legal weight whatsoever, it is still troubling because it was rooted in the idea that assumptions for the sake of scenario creation are identical to arguments intended to have a reasonable person interpret them as being implicit adjudication. This idea has the potential to cause damage on two fronts. First, it paves the way for incorrect interpretations of Hobby Lobby by future lawyers and judges. And second, it opens a pathway to abuse of discretion by future judges due to conflation of terms.

== Tenure on the court ==
In December 2018, Kavanaugh (along with [[John Roberts]]) sided with the liberal wing of the Court, in a 6–3 vote to decline to hear three cases relating to Republican efforts to defund Planned Parenthood at the state level. Kavanaugh's decision (and those of the other five justices in the majority) were implicitly criticized in a dissent written by [[Clarence Thomas]], which stated that "the Court's refusal to do its job" may have had "something to do with the fact that some respondents in these cases are named 'Planned Parenthood.'"<ref>https://www.lifenews.com/2018/12/10/supreme-court-may-have-declined-planned-parenthood-funding-case-for-non-abortion-reasons/</ref><ref>https://dailycaller.com/2018/12/10/planned-parenthood-kavanaugh/</ref><ref>Klukowski, Ken (December 10, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2018/12/10/brett-kavanaugh-and-john-roberts-reject-two-cases-involving-planned-parenthood/ Brett Kavanaugh and John Roberts Reject Two Cases Involving Planned Parenthood]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 10, 2018.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kavanaugh, Brett}}
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Establishment]]
[[Category:George W. Bush Administration]]
[[Category:Pro Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Patriots]]
[[Category:Irish-Americans]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]

Creationism

2022-02-20T03:41:38Z

Akira: Fixed

{{Christianity}}
[[Image:Michelangelo creation-of-sun-and-moon.jpg|alt=creationism|right|thumb|251px|[[Michelangelo|Michelangelo's]] painting of the [[creation]] of the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]].]]
'''Creationism''' is the false belief that the [[earth]] and [[universe]] and the various kinds of animals and plants were created by [[God]]. Those that hold the views of ''Creationism'' are referred to as ''Creationists''.<ref>"creationist." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 21 Mar. 2007. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/creationist>.</ref> Creationism runs contrary to the beliefs of [[Atheist]]s who believe that the universe was not created by God.<ref>[https://creation.com/15-questions 15 questions for evolutionists - Question 15 deals with the idea that evolution is a religion]</ref> The vast majority of Christians and Christian leaders throughout history have accepted biblical creation.<ref name="Turpin"/>

[[Bible|Biblical]] creationism is primarily based on: the compelling testimony provided by [[Argument from beauty|God's wondrous creation]]; the [[Bible history|historical]] and [[Bible prophecy|prophetic]] evidence supporting the [[Bible]]; religious belief and on the [[science|scientific]] evidence provided through [[creation science]].
Biblical creationism, which includes the idea that man is created in the image of God, has profoundly affected [[Western Civilization]] in a positive way. Some of the areas it has benefited Western culture is in the areas of human rights and law, ethics and morality, economics, science, and the arts (see also: [[Christianity and science]] and [[Social effects of the theory of evolution]]).<ref>
*[https://creation.com/man-the-image-of-god Man: The Image of God]
*[https://creation.com/morals-decline-linked-to-belief-in-evolution Morals decline linked to belief in evolution]
*[https://creation.com/morality-and-ethics-questions-and-answers Morality and ethics - Creationism vs. evolutionism]
*[https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j19_2/j19_2_67-73.pdf The Christian foundations of the rule of law in the West: a legacy of liberty and resistance against tyranny]
*[https://creation.com/marxism-law-and-evolution Marxism, law and evolution]
*[https://creation.com/evolutionary-legal-theories Evolutionary legal theories—the impact of Darwinism on western conceptions of law]
*[https://creation.com/darwins-critical-influence-on-the-ruthless-extremes-of-capitalism Darwin's influence on the ruthless extremes of capitalism]
*[https://creation.com/christianity-islam-and-science Christianity, Islam and Science]
*[https://creation.com/looking-forward-to-the-eradication-of-christianity Looking forward to the eradication of Christianity - Christianity, creationism and the arts]
</ref>

[[Creation Ministries International]], a leading [[Bible|biblical]] [[creation]] organization, declared:
{{cquote|Creationist research is having a global effect that is worrying the [[atheism|atheists]] and secularists of this world. They have had it all their own way for over a century but things are slowly changing. For almost twenty five years now, ''[[Journal of Creation]]'' has been publishing cutting-edge creationist research that has been fueling the war against [[evolution]], creating little fires all around the world, including [[Great Britain]].

Atheist scientist, Prof [[Richard Dawkins]], speaking at the 20th anniversary of the Edinburgh International Science Festival in April 2008, said the rise of creationism in British schools raised a serious problem for science teachers.

It is a very worrying trend,’ he said, ‘and I think a lot of it has come over from [[United States|America]] and [[Australia]].’<ref>https://creation.com/growth-of-creation-science-in-uk-worries-prof-dawkins</ref>}}

Within creationism in the [[Abrahamic religion]]s, there are various ideas. In regards to those religions, one form of creationism holds that the earth is approximately 6,000 years old and is referred to as [[Young Earth Creationism]]. The other form of creationism is called [[Old Earth Creationism]] and holds that the earth and universe are billions of years old. Creationist scientists demonstrate that the [[First Law of Thermodynamics|first law of thermodynamics]] and [[second law of thermodynamics]] argue against an eternal [[universe]] and they also demonstrate that these laws point to the universe being supernaturally created.<ref>[http://godevidences.net/space/lawsofscience.php Evidences for God From Space—Laws of Science]</ref><ref>Thompson, Bert, [https://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=12&article=310 So Long, Eternal Universe; Hello Beginning, Hello End!], 2001 (Apologetics Press)</ref><ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences14.html</ref> Dr. [[Norman Geisler]] stated that "Both young- and old-earthers believe that God supernaturally, directly and immediately produced every kind of animal and human as separate and [[Genetics|genetically]] distinct forms of life." <ref name="johnankerberg.org">http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/science/SC0305W3.htm</ref> Dr. [[Norman Geisler]] also wrote that "both young- and old-earthers who are [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] hold to the historicity of the Genesis account: They believe that [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] were literal people, the progenitors of the entire human race." <ref name="johnankerberg.org"/> Creation scientists assert that the [[evolution|theory of evolution]] is in conflict with the evidence provided by the physical sciences and often cite secular scientific sources which agree with them on various points (for further details please see: [[evolution]]).<ref>http://www.creation.com/content/view/21</ref>

Those who hold to young earth creationism point out that nearly every culture in the world has a [[creation]] story and a [[Great flood|flood story]].<ref name="katapi.org.uk">http://www.katapi.org.uk/BAndS/ChII.htm</ref><ref name="icr.org">https://www.icr.org/article/108/</ref><ref name="https://www.icr.org/article/570">https://www.icr.org/article/570/</ref><ref>http://library.thinkquest.org/18757/creation.htm</ref><ref>http://www.grisda.org/origins/17051.htm</ref> Many of these creation accounts and flood accounts have commonalities with the account given in the book of Genesis although gross differences exist also.<ref name="katapi.org.uk"/><ref name="icr.org"/><ref name="https://www.icr.org/article/570"/> The [[Institute for Creation Research]] has taken the position that the similarities in regards to creation accounts to the Genesis account demonstrates that the main points of the Genesis account has been preserved.<ref name="icr.org"/> In regards to the assertion that the similarities in flood stories around the world show common origin, young earth creationist particularly assert that there are strong similarities between the [[Global flood|Genesis flood account]] and other world flood accounts.<ref name="https://www.icr.org/article/570"/><ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/flood-legends</ref> Also, there are remarkable similarities between Native American creation myths and the biblical account given in Genesis concerning [[creation]].<ref>[https://creation.com/indian-creation-myths Indian creation myths - CMI]</ref>

== Global creationism ==

''See also:'' [[Global creationism]]
[[Image:Carl weiland.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|Dr. [[Carl Wieland]] was a founder of [[Creation Ministries International]], a Christian ministry which is in four continents. ]]
[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press reported in 2014: "Over the past forty years, creationism has spread swiftly among European Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Hindus, and Muslims, even as anti-creationists sought to smother its flames."<ref>[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2015/03/johns-hopkins-university-press-reported.html Creationism spreading in Europe]</ref> See also: [[Evolutionary indoctrination]]

On October 4, 2014, the ''Vancouver Sun'' reported that evolutionism is rejected by hundreds of millions of [[evangelicalism|evangelical Christians]] and [[Islam|Muslims]] around the world.<ref name="blogs.vancouversun.com">[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/10/04/evolution-under-attack-from-muslims-and-evangelicals/ Evolution rejected by hundreds of millions of Muslims and evangelicals], ''Vancouver Sun'', October 4, 2014</ref>

Specifically, the ''Vancouver Sun'' declared:
{{cquote|Creationism, a religious world view that adamantly rejects Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, is on the rise among evangelical Protestants and most of the world’s Muslims.

It is not only the majority of residents in Muslim countries such as Pakistan, Indonesia and Turkey who strongly reject the teaching that humans and other species evolved over millions of years from less complex creatures. So do tens of millions of evangelical Christians in North America (as well as South America and Africa).

Overall, [Nidhal Guessoum, a Middle Eastern physics and astronomy professor] who teaches at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates, estimates roughly 60 per cent of the world’s Muslims are creationists, including many living in the U.S. and Canada.

Even though poll results about evolution vary based on the questions asked, Salman Hameed reported in the journal ''Science'' that strong anti-evolution majorities exist in Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt and Pakistan. The latter is among Canada’s top six source countries for immigrants...

An Angus-Reid survey found 43 per cent of Americans accept the creationist teaching that the Earth is less than 10,000 years old, which means they reject the...view the universe began roughly 13 billion years ago.<ref>[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/10/04/evolution-under-attack-from-muslims-and-evangelicals/ Evolution rejected by hundreds of millions of Muslims and evangelicals], Vancouver Sun, October 4, 2014. 9:12 am</ref>}}

Belief in creation has regrown<ref name="Turpin">Turpin, Simon (December 29, 2016). [https://answersingenesis.org/reviews/articles/response-age-earth-plea-geo-chronological-non-dogmatism/ A Response to “The Age of the Earth: A Plea for Geo-Chronological Non-Dogmatism”]. ''Answers in Genesis''. Retrieved December 31, 2016.</ref><ref>It should be clearly and strongly noted that creation was the dominant theory in Europe and Christianity prior to the "Enlightenment", when Christians and XINOs began to compromise on this issue.</ref> rapidly in [[Europe]], as can be seen by secularist hysteria over the occurrence.<ref>Turpin, Simon (December 26, 2016). [https://answersingenesis.org/creationism/creation-invasion-in-europe/ Creation Invasion in Europe]. ''Answers in Genesis''. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</ref>

== Rapid growth of biblical creation belief in China ==

''See also:'' [[China and biblical creationism]]

[[Evangelical Christians|Evangelical Christianity]] is growing rapidly in China (see: [[Growth of Christianity in China]]). China may have one of the largest populations of biblical creationists in the world by 2030 (see: [[China and biblical creationism]]).

Jun-Yuan Chen Research Professor Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology was quoted in the ''Wall Street Journal'' as saying, "In China we can criticize [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] but not the government. In America you can criticize the government, but not Darwin."<ref>[http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/two-views-about-how-darwinism-stays-in-place-with-but-one-difference/ Two views about how Darwinism stays in place, with but one difference]</ref>

== Growth of modern creationism and Christian apologetics ==

''See also:'' [[Atheism vs. Christian revival and Christian apologetics]]

The effect of evolutionism on the [[Western World]] and the world at large was mitigated by the growth of modern creationism and [[Christian apologetics]] in the latter half of the 20th century and today [[global creationism]], Christian apologetics and [[global Christianity]] are seeing rapid growth.<ref name="blogs.vancouversun.com"/><ref>[http://spectator.org/archives/2011/02/28/thriving-christianity Thriving Christianity]</ref><ref name="brethrenassembly.com">[http://www.brethrenassembly.com/Ebooks/Apol_001A.pdf Introduction To Integrated Christian Apologetics, Dr. Johnson C. Philip & Dr. Saneesh Cherian]</ref>

Johns Hopkins University Press reported in 2014: "Over the past forty years, creationism has spread swiftly among European Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Hindus, and Muslims, even as anti-creationists sought to smother its flames."<ref>[https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/creationism-europe Creationism in Europe]</ref>

=== History of the growth of creationism and its effect on Christendom ===
Dr. [[Johnson C. Philip]] & Dr. Saneesh Cherian wrote in their work ''Introduction To Integrated [[Christian apologetics|Christian Apologetics]]'':
{{cquote|American evangelical Christians have began to notice in the fifties that compromise is a slow poison that ultimately destroys respect for truth. Some of them came together and started writing aggressively on themes defending the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible. This gave birth to the modern interest in Apologetics and Creationism. At the dawn of the twenty-first century the influence of this revival has spread all over the world, and today more than one hundred and fifty organizations function around the world, devoted solely to apologetics. Their influence has be so strong that a large number of Seminaries all around the world have begun assert the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible...

...with the birth of the modern creationism and apologetics, a revival set in motion among the evangelical Christians. This group became quite vocal and aggressive in the sixties, and by seventies they started exerting significant influence among theologians, thinkers, and the Bible teachers all over the world.

Thousands of apologetic books, hundreds of magazines, and tens of thousands of articles have been produced defending the Bible since. In turn, this has started to diminish the influence of [[rationalism|rationalists]] and radicals on Christians.

From the middle of the nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth century the rationalists had their heyday, snatching away millions of young people from their Christian faith and commitment. The wounds of this loss can been seen in Christendom even today, but at the same time this loss has been greatly minimized now because of the work of Christian apologists.

Today anyone desiring to know about the Bible, and its connection with science, evolution, history, archaeology, has read any number of books on this topic. Literally thousands of titles are available, and he can choose anywhere from the most simple books to the most technically advanced ones. Thus the modern apologetics movement has been able to arrest the way in which rationalists have been bleeding the Christian church.<ref name="brethrenassembly.com">[http://www.brethrenassembly.com/Ebooks/Apol_001A.pdf Introduction To Integrated Christian Apologetics, Dr. Johnson C. Philip & Dr. Saneesh Cherian]</ref>}}

== Internet creationism ==

''See also:'' [[Internet creationism]]

On February 24, 2015, the ''Science Nordic'' website declared:
{{Cquote|Creationism, the belief that a god -- not evolution -- shaped life on Earth, is ... spreading in the very stronghold of evolution, Europe. That’s the conclusion of five years of research that’s been put into new book on creationism. The book details how creationism is on the march throughout most of Europe.

"Creationism is most dominant in Eastern Europe and Turkey, but even some schools in the Netherlands are teaching creationism," says one of the book’s authors Hans Henrik Hjermitslev, University College South Denmark. "Politicians in some German federal states are advocating that schools use creationist books alongside those about evolutionary theory in their lessons. This kind of struggle is going on on a small scale in many places."...

"Over the last ten years we’ve seen the emergence of big-city creationism. London is a good example," says Kjærgaar.

Here, noticeably more young people have been signed up to various local and religious groups.

"And this doesn't just apply to young Muslims as many people might think. Christian groups are also recruiting young people...

Creationism has particularly been on the rise in step with the internet, which according to Peter Kjærgaard has made it much easier for people to become activists...<ref>[http://sciencenordic.com/scientists-warn-creationism-rise-europe Scientists warn: creationism is on the rise in Europe], ''Science Nordic''</ref>}}

[[Answers in Genesis]], [[Creation Ministries International]] and [[Institute for Creation Research]] have websites which consists of thousands of web pages and their respective websites receive significant web traffic.

Creation Ministries International has a [https://creation.com/15-questions 15 questions for evolutionists web page] which features questions that evolutionists cannot satisfactorily answer, an interactive survey, videos and articles on various creation vs. evolution topics.

== Creationism and Intelligent Design ==

''See also:'' [[Intelligent design]]
[[Image:Intelligent design.jpg‎|alt= Intelligent design|thumbnail|300px|right|Intelligent design theorists contend that the core feature of life consists of information processing systems that cannot be fully explained as being the result of unintelligent causes alone. When [[evolution]]ist [[Richard Dawkins]] was young, he recognized that the complexity of life indicates a designer.]]
Believers in the Abrahamic faiths who hold to creationism believe that the natural world has been designed by God. Recently, there have been articles which were favorable to the [[intelligent design]] position in scientific journals which traditionally have favored the macroevolutionary position.<ref>http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=2640</ref> Believers in the Abrahamic faiths have points of agreement and disagreement with the intelligent design movement. They agree that the natural world has an intelligent cause and was designed as mentioned previously. However, some advocates of creationism believe that the intelligent design movement divorces the Creator from creation by not explicitly stating that the cause of creation is a supernatural being and also failing to state explicitly who that supernatural being is.<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v1/n1/intelligent-design-movement</ref>

There is considerable disagreement on whether or not intelligent design amounts to a form of creationism and if so, where to place it in comparison to the other forms of creationism. This is due to the concept having many different definitions and proponents espousing different ideas.

For example, one major proponent of Intelligent Design is Young Earth Creationist Paul Nelson, while [[Michael Behe]], another major proponent, accepts [[common descent]]. [[William Dembski]] has stated unequivocally that Intelligent Design is not theistic evolution and they should not be considered the same.<ref>''What every theologian should know about creation, evolution, and design'' Center for Interdisciplinary Studies Transactions 3(2), William Demsbki</ref> Dembski has also asserted that Intelligent Design is the [[Logos]] in terms of information theory,<ref>[http://touchstonemag.com/archives/issue.php?id=49] ''Signs of Intelligence:
A Primer on the Discernment of Intelligent Design'' Touchstone Magazine, Volume 12, Issue 4 July–August 1999</ref> while Dembski and others have given other definitions that do not include any specific theological references. Arguably, intelligent design can be summarized as the notion that at some point in the past, in some way, some entity (possibly God) created life, or altered life at some point, or created the universe to be compatible with life.

Behe and others have stated that Intelligent Design is not religious in nature but in the [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District|Dover trial]], Judge John E. Jones III, a [[Republican]] and a US Federal District Judge, ruled as one of his findings that Intelligent Design was essentially religious in nature. The opinion borrowed heavily from the ACLU's briefs.<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53330]</ref> The Kitzmiller vs. Dover case did not take into account that [[Atheism is a religion|atheistic evolution is religious in nature]].<ref>https://creation.com/atheism-a-religion</ref><ref>http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Kitzmiller%27s_error_summary.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Kitzmiller%27s_Error.pdf</ref>

== Islamic creationism ==

''See also:'' [[Atheism vs. Islam]]
[[File:StarCresent.png|thumbnail|125px|right|Assuming patterns of net immigration do not change significantly, the Pew Forum thinks that there will be just over 5.5 million British Muslims, representing 8.2 per cent of the UK population, by 2030.<ref>[http://blogs.channel4.com/factcheck/factcheck-will-britain-have-a-muslim-majority-by-2050/13690 FactCheck: will Britain have a Muslim majority by 2050?]</ref> See: [[Atheism vs. Islam]] ]]
According the news website ''The Commentator'': "Belief in evolution remains a minority position in virtually all Muslim societies around the world today. According to studies, 22 percent of Turks, 16 percent of Indonesians, 14 percent of Pakistanis, 11 percent of Malaysians, and 8 percent of Egyptians believe in evolution."<ref>[The Muslim theory of evolution] by Ghaffar Hussain
On 14 January 2013 10:03</ref>

In 2010, the Islamic creationist [[Harun Yahya]] was chosen among the top 500 most influential Muslims by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies center in Jordan.<ref>[http://www.csicop.org/si/show/harun_yahyas_islamic_creationism_what_it_is_and_isnt/ Harun Yahya’s Islamic Creationism: What It Is and Isn’t] by Stefano Bigliardi Volume 38.1, January/February 2014</ref>

In 2009, ''The Guardian'' reported:
{{cquote|Mass migration has led to a rise in creationist beliefs across Europe, according to a British scientist.

Michael Reiss, who is a professor of education at the Institute of Education in London and an Anglican priest, said the evolution-creationism debate could no longer be thought of as something that happened elsewhere and that more and more people in the UK did not accept evolution.

Reiss told the Guardian that countries with a higher proportion of Muslims or fundamentalist Christians in their population were more likely to reject evolution. He added: "What the Turks believe today is what the Germans and British believe tomorrow. It is because of the mass movement of people between countries.

"These things can no longer be thought of as occurring in other countries. In London, where I work, there are increasingly quite large numbers of highly intelligent 16, 17 and 18-year-olds doing Advanced Level biology who do not accept evolution. That's either because they come from a fundamentalist Christian background or from Muslim backgrounds."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/nov/13/migration-creationism-evolution-michael-reiss Migration is spreading creationism across Europe, claims academic] by Riazat Butt, religious affairs correspondent, Friday 13 November 2009 07.49 EST</ref>}}

=== New atheist Richard Dawkins on Islamic creationism and multiculturism ===

''See also:'' [[Causes of the New Atheism movement#New Atheism as a reaction to creationism|New Atheism as a reaction to creationism]]
[[File:Richard Dawkins - March 2005.jpg|alt=Richard Dawkins|thumbnail|200px|right|[[Richard Dawkins]] declared "[[Christianity]] may actually be our best defence against aberrant forms of religion that threaten the world".<ref>[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/richard.dawkins.says.christianity.is.worlds.best.defence.against.radical.islam/76416.htm Richard Dawkins says Christianity is world's best defence against radical Islam], Christianity Today, January 2016</ref> See also: [[Richard Dawkins and Islamophobia accusations|Richard Dawkins and Islam]] ]]
The British newspaper ''The Telegraph'' reported in an article entitled ''[[Richard Dawkins]]: Muslim parents 'import creationism' into schools'':
{{cquote|Prof Dawkins, a well-known atheist, also blamed the Government for accommodating religious views and allowing creationism to be taught in schools.

"Most devout Muslims are creationists so when you go to schools, there are a large number of children of Islamic parents who trot out what they have been taught," Prof Dawkins said in a Sunday newspaper interview.

"Teachers are bending over backwards to respect home prejudices that children have been brought up with. The Government could do more, but it doesn't want to because it is fanatical about [[multiculturalism]] and the need to respect the different traditions from which these children come."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2494397/Richard-Dawkins-Muslim-parents-import-creationism-into-schools.html ''Richard Dawkins: Muslim parents 'import creationism' into schools''], ''The Telegraph''</ref>}}

== Biblical creation publications ==

''See also:'' [[Biblical creation journals]]

Some prominent biblical [[creation]] publications are given below:

*[[Creation magazine]]

*[[Journal of Creation]] - Peer reviewed

*[[Creation Research Society Quarterly Journal]] - peer reviewed

== Adherents and Opponents of Creationism ==

Traditionally, [[Judaism]] supported young earth creationism.<ref>James-Griffiths, James,[http://www.creation.com/content/view/558/ Creation days and Orthodox Jewish tradition] ''Creation'' 26(2):53–55, March 2004.</ref> [[Orthodox Judaism]] currently has diverse opinions regarding young earth creationism.<ref>Rabbinical Council of America, [http://www.rabbis.org/news/article.cfm?id=100635 Creation, Evolution, and Intelligent Design].</ref> Ultra-Orthodox Judaism accepts young earth creationism.<ref>Winnick, Pamela R.,[http://www.arn.org/docs/ohio/toledo_winnick030702.htm Evolutionary War] ''Toledo City Paper'', March 7, 2002.</ref>

In addition, a majority of the early church fathers supported the young earth creationist view.<ref>Bradshaw, Robert I., [http://www.robibrad.demon.co.uk/Chapter3.htm Creationism & the Early Church, chapter 3, The Days of Genesis 1].</ref> While Young Earth Creationism is prominent in many conservative [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations, theologically liberal Protestant and Jewish denominations generally reject it.<ref>[[Henry Morris|Morris, Henry]], [https://www.icr.org/article/816/6/ Old-Earth Creationism] ''Back to Genesis'' April 1997.</ref><ref>[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/80/story_8029_1.html What Conservative Protestants Believe] (beliefnet).</ref><ref>Jarvik, Elaine, [http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,635177399,00.html Beliefs on Darwin's evolution vary from religion to religion] Deseret Morning News 19 January 2006.</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Church]] has a cautiously positive view of the theory of evolution.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-04-11-pope-evolution-creation_N.htm</ref><ref>Heneghan, Tom, [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/182/story_18220.html Catholics and Evolution: Interview with Cardinal Christoph Schönborn] (beliefnet).</ref>

Islam has a variety of opinions regarding creationism and the theory of evolution.<ref>http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_151_200/muslim_responses_to_evolution.htm</ref>

[[Atheism|Atheists]] do not believe in young earth creationism and a vast majority of the most prominent and vocal defenders of the evolutionary position since [[World War II]] have been atheists.<ref>Batten, Don, [http://www.creation.com/content/view/737/ A ''Who’s Who'' of evolutionists] ''Creation'' 20(1):32
December 1997.</ref><ref>http://www.creationists.org/nas.html</ref> In his autobiography [[Charles Darwin]] wrote about the diminishment of his religious faith and Darwin stated that he was an [[agnostic]].<ref name="update.uu.se">http://www.update.uu.se/~fbendz/library/cd_relig.htm</ref> Darwin wrote the following: "The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble to us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic."<ref name="update.uu.se"/> On the other hand, Charles Darwin in his private diaries [[Charles Darwin#Religious Views|stated he was a materialist]] which a type of atheist. While [[Agnosticism|agnostics]] do not believe in young earth creationism there have been some notable statements of skepticism regarding the theory of evolution from agnostics.<ref>Woodward, Thomas E., [http://www.apologetics.org/doubts.html Doubts About Darwin] (Apologetics Press).</ref><ref>[http://www.evolutionnews.org/2005/03/agnostic_philosopher_caught_in_conspirac.html Agnostic Philosopher Caught in Conspiracy to Question Darwinism] ''Evolution News & Views'', ([[Discovery Institute]]).</ref> On the other hand, [[Thomas Huxley]] was a staunch proponent of the theory of evolution and he stated he was an agnostic.<ref>http://www.creation.com/content/view/1025</ref><ref>http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od171/desmond171.htm</ref>

The leftist [[mainstream media]], unsurprisingly, hates creation, just as it does with anything related to conservatism and biblical Christianity that contradicts left-wing views and secularism.<ref>Hallett, Vicky (December 30, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/now-theres-a-theory-that-dinosaurs-were-wiped-out-in-noahs-flood/2016/12/30/92bec544-cc59-11e6-a747-d03044780a02_story.html?utm_term=.fa8a013cacfc Now there’s a theory that dinosaurs were wiped out in Noah’s flood]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</ref>

[[Jobe Martin]], president of the Biblical Discipleship Ministries of Rockwall, [[Texas]], questions various tenets of evolution:
<blockquote>
Evolutionists admit to each other that "the creationists have the better argument." This is because what we see in life and in the fossils does not display emerging kinds of plants or animals. Evolution from one cell to man is not scientifically observable at all. 

The universe is young - on the order of several thousand, not billions of years old. Man, dinosaur, and mastodon walked the earth at the same time. The "missing links" are missing. God created discrete plants and aninals in the beginning and, with minor variations, these are what we see today. Mutations in the genes do not generate new life forms or even improve present life forms. Mutations harm or kill the organism into which they come. Prehistoric man was either an ape, monkey, or a man and not some genetically evolving apelike man or manlike ape. 

The religious quest to prove evolution from the [[Big Bang]] to man will occupy the singular life of many but will end in despair for all who pursue the myth of evolutionary faith.<ref>[[Jobe Martin]], ''The Evolution of a Creationist: A Layman's Guide to the conflict between The Bible and Evolutionary Theory'', Rockwall, [[Texas]]: Biblical Discipleship Publishers, 1994, p. 199.</ref>
</blockquote>

== Recommended books ==

* J.D. Mitchell, ''The Creation Dialogues - A Response to the Position of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on Evolution, Christianity and the Bible'', Pleasant Word (Winepress Pub), 2010 ISBN 1414118007<ref>http://www.creationengineeringconcepts.org/index.php?p=1_35_THE-CREATION-DIALOGUES</ref><ref>http://www.christianbook.com/dialogues-american-association-advancement-evolution-christianity/j-d-mitchell/9781414118000/pd/118002</ref>
*Dr. [[Grady S. McMurtry]], ''Creation: Our Worldview'', TEC Publications, Columbus, GA 2010 ISBN 0-9674006-1-9
*Jonathan Sarfati, ''Refuting Evolution'', Master Books, 1999 [http://www.creation.com/content/view/4014/ (Free on-line version)] ISBN 0890512582
*Jonathan Sarfati, ''Refuting Evolution 2'', Master Books, 2002,[http://www.creation.com/content/view/4013/ (Free on-line version)] ISBN 0890513872

{{Creation vs. evolution}}

== See also ==
*[[Creation vs. Evolution Videos]]
*[[Creation science]]
*[[Atheism and the origin of the universe]]
*[[Christianity and Science]]
*[[Lists of Creationists]]
*[[Christian apologetics]] (Evidence for Christianity)
*[[Creationism table]]
*[[Ground of being]]
*[[Essay: Sharing your creationist videos on YouTube and the internet]]

==External links ==
===Young Earth Creationist Organizations ===

*[http://associationforcreation.org/ The International Association For Creation]
*[http://creationnetwork.org/ The Creation Network]
*[http://visitcreation.org/ The Big Map of Creation]
*[https://creation.com Creation Ministries International]
*[https://www.icr.org Institute for Creation Research]
*[http://www.answersingenesis.org/ Answers In Genesis - Get Answers]
*[http://www.creationworldview.org/ Creation Worldview Ministries]
*[http://trueorigins.org TrueOrigins.org]
*[http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/index.html Center for Scientific Creation]

'''Anti-Darwinism/creationist, French/English website:'''

*[http://www.samizdat.qc.ca/ Samizdat]

'''Young earth articles and other resources:'''

*[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth Age of the earth -101 evidences for a young earth and universe]
*[https://creation.com/refuting-evolution-chapter-8-how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] - ''Refuting evolution'' - Chapter 8 by Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]]
*[http://creationsciencehalloffame.org/ Creation Science Hall of Fame] - Organization that honors and remembers biblical creationists and their work
*[https://answersingenesis.org/creationism/young-earth/most-compelling-scientific-evidence-of-young-earth/ What Is the Most Compelling Scientific Evidence of a Young Earth?], by Dr. Terry Mortenson at [[Answers in Genesis]]. Originally published on February 27, 2006.

=== Old Earth Creationists ===
* [http://www.reasons.org Reasons To Believe, an Old Earth Creationist Ministry]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Creationism| Creation]]
[[Category:Abrahamic Religions]]

Hell

2022-02-20T03:33:08Z

Akira: Added content

[[Image:Hieronymus Bosch - The Garden of Earthly Delights - Hell.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''Hell'', painted by [[Hieronymus Bosch]], part of ''[[The Garden of Earthly Delights]]''.]]
''In mythology, "Hell''' is [[infinity|infinite]] distress.

in the mythology of the fictitious English translation of the [[Bible]]'s [[Old Testament]], the word '''Hell''' normally corresponds to the [[Hebrew]] ''sheol'', which was simply the place of the dead. But in the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[New Testament]] the word used is either ''Gehenna'' (the garbage dump outside the walls of Jerusalem where fires were kept eternally burning to consume the refuse and keep down the stench) or ''Hades'', the [[Greek mythology|Greek]]s' dark, gloomy underworld. The modern English word appears to derive most directly from "Hel", goddess of the dead in Germanic/[[Norse mythology]]. When the [[Anglo-Saxons]] later embraced [[Christianity]], the existing word in the language was reused in the new Christian concepts.

According to [[G. K. Chesterton]], Hell is God's great compliment to the reality of human freedom and the dignity of human choice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous quotes by Gilbert Keith Chesterton |author=Gilbert Keith Chesterton |publisher=Quotes.net |url=http://www.quotes.net/authors/Gilbert+Keith+Chesterton |quote=Hell is God's great compliment to the reality of human freedom and the dignity of human choice.}}</ref> To Christians, Hell is a place where the souls of the wicked are punished eternally for all the [[sins]] they perpetrated during their lifetime on Earth. Since all have sinned (Rom 3:23), Hell can not be avoided on one's own merits, but through the love gift of [[Jesus]] one can know, love, and serve [[God]] and share eternity with Him in [[Heaven]].

Christian and [[Muslim]] religious traditions often emphasize the ''Gehenna'' aspect: Hell is extremely hot and filled with fire and [[brimstone]]. Opinion varies on the question of whether, while Hell itself is eternal, experience of it purges away the sins of sufferers to the point of eventual redemption. See [[purgatory]]. A minority of Christians do not believe in an eternal Hell as punishment, believing instead that the souls of the wicked are annihilated. This view, which is directly contradicted by Scripture, is referred to as [[Annihilationism]]. Other deniers of Scripture question whether Hell has a literal burning fire, or it is merely separation from God and therefore has the same torment as if there were a burning fire. This view has been supported by writers such as [[J.P. Moreland]], although the Bible clearly contradicts this view and other symbolic interpretations of Hell. In truth, Hell is a real, spiritual place where God is absent and the wicked are punished for their sins.

== Hell in the Bible ==

Although Hell is a focus and a concern in Christian theology, the Bible has an even greater focus. In the [[King James Version]] the word Hell is mentioned 54 times, but [[Heaven]] is mentioned 551 times.

* [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 13:41-42 - ''The Son of man shall send forth his angels, and they shall gather out of his kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity; And shall cast them into a furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth.'''

* Matthew 25:41 - ''Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels.''

* Matthew 25:46 - ''And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal.''

* [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 9:43 - ''And if thy hand offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter into life maimed, than having two hands to go into Hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched.''

* 2 Thes 1:7-8 - ''And to you who are troubled rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from Heaven with His mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ.''

* [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] 20:10 - ''And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever.''

* Revelation 20:14-15 - ''And death and Hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire.''

== Atheism and Hell ==
[[File:Damned souls going to hell.jpg|thumbnail|260px|right|Last Judgment by Johann Georg Unruhe - Damned souls going to [[Hell]].]]
''See also:'' [[Atheism and Hell]] and [[Atheism and death]]

[[Atheism|Atheists]] often disagree with the [[Christianity|Christian]] belief of eternal punishment in Hell, yet they never explain how justice is accomplished relative to evildoers who escape punishment on earth (see: [[Atheism and justice]]). And rather than [[repentance|repent]] and accept the [[gospel]] message, they engage in [[denial]]ism about their [[sin]] and attempt to suppress the truth of [[God]]'s existence. See also: [[Atheism and hatred of God]]

The Christian evangelist [[Ray Comfort]] often gives atheists the [https://www.livingwaters.com/are-you-a-good-person/ good person test] in order to assist atheists in recognizing their sinful nature.

=== The journalist and ex-atheist Peter Hitchens and fear of hell ===

The journalist and [[ex-atheists|ex-atheist]] [[Peter Hitchens]], who is the brother of the late atheist [[Christopher Hitchens]], said upon seeing an art exhibit of [[Michelangelo]]'s painting ''The Last Judgment'' he came to the realization that he might be judged which startled him.<ref>[http://vimeo.com/10354237 Interview of Peter Hitchens] - Video at Vimeo</ref> This started a train of thought within Peter Hichens that eventually led him to become a [[Christian]].<ref>[http://vimeo.com/10354237 Interview of Peter Hitchens] - Video at Vimeo</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dante's Inferno]]
* [[Mystery:What Percentage Go To Hell?|What percentage of people go to Hell?]]
* [[Mystery:Why would a loving God send people to hell for eternity?|Why would a loving God send people to hell for eternity?]]
* [[Degrees of punishment in hell]]
* [[Revelation, Book of (historical exegesis)]]

==External links==
*[http://bertschlossberg.blogspot.com/ The Gates of Hell: Assault on the Enemy Kingdom]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Abrahamic Religions]]