Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Mainstream media

2019-03-20T13:16:34Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>[[Image:N.jpg|350px|right]]
:'''''For a more in-depth analysis of the leftist bias ingrained in the mainstream media, see [[Media bias]] and [[Liberal bias]]'''''
The '''mainstream media''' ('''MSM'''), at times referred to as the '''lamestream media''' for satirical purposes, are print and broadcast news organizations that report on news events. The mainstream media dates back to the start of the nation where politicians and printers would prepare "broadside" news sheets. The format of the media has evolved to include multi-page newspapers printed on high-speed offset presses, radio, television and online websites. Traditionally, media has been supported by a combination of subscriptions, newsstand sales and advertising. These revenues pay the cost of distribution as well as the journalist who write the content.

Because news gathering is expensive, over time the mainstream media has found ways to share content and to distribute the cost of journalism over a wider set of customers. Radio and television stations formed networks to share content. Print media formed organizations like United Press International and the Associated Press to share coverage and photos. Some newspapers share printing operations, and other media organizations such as Copley and Gannett have purchased a large number of newspapers resulting in shared administrative costs. Although media started with a large number of competing news outlets operated locally, over time, media ownership and control has become more centralized in large organizations. The increasingly [[liberal]] media organs censor the dissemination of honest news and repeatedly apply liberal [[double standard]]s.

The common denominator of the "mainstream media" is their [[censorship|censoring]] or downplaying stories that would lead viewers to [[conservative]] conclusions, and their use of [[photo bias]], [[placement bias]] and other forms of deception to mislead viewers into drawing incorrect [[liberal]] conclusions. The term '''mainstream media''' usually refers to how the majority of commercial-based or taxpayer-funded news reporting and commentary consist of [[liberal media|liberal bias]], while falsely pretending to be objective providers of information. In addition to promoting forms of censorship, the mainstream media has increasingly promoted or condoned (or in some cases, even ignored or denied) the violence of the [[Antifa]] and other left-wingers.<ref>Nolte, John (September 1, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2017/09/01/as-its-influence-wanes-increasingly-militant-msm-promotes-violence-and-censorship/ As Its Influence Wanes, Increasingly Militant MSM Promotes Violence and Censorship]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 2, 2017.</ref>

{{cquote|''They [the media] are not becoming irrelevant, but they are getting to the point where they are worse than irrelevant,” and “They’re the scourge of the American people.''|||[[Andrew Breitbart]]<ref>[https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/75274 Tea Party Must Stand Up to Liberal Smear Tactics, Conservative Activist Says, CNSNews, September 14, 2010]</ref>}}

{{cquote|''The Greens and ‘progressives’ more or less own the mainstream media.''|||[[Frank Davis]]<ref>[https://cfrankdavis.wordpress.com/2014/07/17/political-correctness-was-invented-in-nazi-germany/ Political Correctness Was Invented In Nazi Germany]</ref>}}

{{cquote|''The FAKE NEWS media (failing @nytimes, @NBCNews, @ABC, @CBS, @CNN) is not my enemy, it is the enemy of the American People!''|||[[Donald Trump]]<ref>[https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/832708293516632065 Donald Trump official Twitter page]</ref>}}

Examples include:

*Without any evidence of church attendance or Bible-reading by the [[Anders Behring Breivik|defendant]] accused of murdering 92 people in Norway, the headline of the leading Australian newspaper declared, "Norway suspect 'fundamentalist Christian.'"<ref>[http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/norway-suspect-fundamentalist-christian-20110724-1huqg.html Norway suspect 'fundamentalist Christian']</ref> The headline appears to be based in part on a [[Facebook]] page that was likely not even authentic.

It is clear that the mainstream media is extremely biased towards the left-wing, and this was the case since at least the 1960s, with a strong leftist monopoly on the news which promotes false conclusions.<ref name="NationalReview">Hanson, Victor Davis (December 22, 2016). [http://www.nationalreview.com/article/443263/ The Trump Nail in the Media Coffin]. ''National Review''. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref> The [[2016 U.S. presidential election|2016 election]] of Republican businessman [[Donald Trump]] prominently displayed the blatant leftist bias of the media.<ref name="NationalReview"/><ref>Brown, Michael (October 19, 2016). [http://townhall.com/columnists/michaelbrown/2016/10/19/the-undeniable-glaring-bias-of-the-mainstream-media-n2234678 The Undeniable, Glaring Bias of the Mainstream Media]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Riddell, Kelly (November 8, 2016). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/8/mainstream-media-maligned-10-examples-blatant-bias/ Mainstream Media Maligned: 10 Examples of Blatant Bias]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Goodwin, Michael (November 14, 2016). [http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016/11/14/trumps-victory-is-about-change-and-our-biased-mainstream-media-must-change-too.html Trump's victory is about change. And our biased mainstream media must change, too]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref> Trump found a way to get his message out to the public without needing to go through the lens of the leftist media, and some liberals suggested ways in how to force Trump to have to deal with the corrupt media.<ref>[https://www.rt.com/usa/372026-donald-trump-twitter-cnn/ MSM shouldn’t cover Trump's tweets, forcing him to rely on media to communicate – CNN anchor]. ''RT''. December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref> When President Trump accused the Obama administration of surveilling him, the leftist media hideously mocked him as "paranoid", "delusional", and "demented" and as evidence he should be removed from office for mental health reasons.
<ref>https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/388436-after-year-of-investigation-trump-can-rightly-claim-some-vindication </ref> One year later when the ''New York Times'' admitted the facts based on leaks from [[Obama administration]] [[intelligence community]] leaders anxious to keep themselves out of jail, no apologies or retractions were forthcoming, effectively refusing to admit that Trump was right.

== Fairness Doctrine ==
In 1987, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] voted 4-0 to revoke the [[Fairness Doctrine]]. The Fairness Doctrine mandated that if any opinion considered "controversial" were ever discussed on the public airwaves, the station over which that opinion aired was required to give [[Censorship|equal time]] to any person wishing to reply. However, the FCC never set a standard about ''interpretations'' of current events that might be disputable, or even examined that issue.

With the revocation of the Fairness Doctrine, [[radio]] and [[television]] stations were now permitted to air any opinion or interpretation of the news, no matter how "controversial," without regard to the giving of "equal time."

In the wake of the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine, on August 1, 1988, a new radio commentator named [[Rush Limbaugh]] began [[broadcast]]ing in national [[syndication]].

== List of mainstream media organs ==
[[File:MSMbyTEA.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Protest sign expressing [[Tea Party Movement]]'s attitude toward MSM]]
Mainstream media outlets are based in New York, Washington and Los Angeles.<ref>[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/sep/1/liberal-media-distort-the-gun-debate-loaded-langua/ Liberal media distort the gun debate; loaded language misleads the public] - [[Emily Miller]], ''[[Washington Times]]''</ref>
Significant mainstream media outlets include:

'''Newspapers'''
* ''[[The New York Times]]''
* ''[[The Washington Post]]''
* ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
* ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''
* ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]''
* ''The [[Los Angeles Times]]''
* ''[[The San Francisco Chronicle]]''
* ''[[USA Today]]''
* ''The Rolling Stones'' (magazine)
* ''The [[Wall Street Journal]]''<ref>The inclusion of ''The Wall Street Journal'' might strike some media observers as strange, until one remembers that, though its editorial board is [[conservative]] on most issues (except for immigration), its [[city room]] is definitely [[liberal]] in orientation and coverage of the news.</ref>
* All major, standard-newspaper-format dailies that have existed since before the Fairness Doctrine repeal.

'''News Syndication Agencies'''
* [[Associated Press (AP)|Associated Press]]
* [[UPI|United Press International]]
* [[Reuters]]

'''Television'''
* [[CBS]]
* [[NBC]]
* [[ABC]]
* [[National Public Radio]]
* [[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]]
* The [[CNN|Cable News Network]]
* [[Fox News]] (see below).

Some media consumers do not consider [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] to be part of the "mainstream media" as Fox News frequently presents viewpoints that do not fall in line with other mainstream outlets. For example, in 2007, the [[Democrat Party|Democrat]] [[2008 Presidential Election#Declared Democratic Party Candidates|presidential candidates]] declared that they would not appear in debates hosted by Fox News, but they did appear on other MSM news outlets.

However, ratings indicate that because of its massive popularity, Fox News could be considered to be part of the mainstream media by definition. According to ratings organization [[Nielsen ratings|Nielsen]]:
:* Fox News has the 10 most viewed cable TV news shows (as of Dec 2009).
:* Fox News mean prime-time viewing figures are triple that of [[MSNBC]], and double that of CNN, and exceed the total ratings of CNN, MSNBC and [[CNBC]] combined.
:* "In 2006, more than half the people watching cable news were watching Fox News" <ref>Authors unknown. "[http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/2007/narrative_cabletv_audience.asp?cat=2&media=6 The State of the News Media 2007]." ''Project for Excellence in Journalism,'' 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref>
[[File:Leftist News.gif | right]]
===CNN===
In 2006 CNN.com ran an article by columnist R. Emmett Tyrell Jr. entitled "Tyrell: Goodbye MSM... and good riddance!" <ref>[[R. Emmett Tyrell|Tyrell, R. Emmet]]. "[https://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/02/tyrrell.msm/index.html?iref=newssearch Goodbye MSM... and good riddance!]" Creators' Syndicate, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007, from [https://www.cnn.com CNN].</ref> Examining the relationship between the [[alternative media|alternative press]] and the MSM, Tyrell writes:

<blockquote> So we hear this week that President George W. Bush is taking delight in the spread of the "alternative press" (read conservatives on the Internet, in talk radio, in print, and at Fox) and the gentle detumescence of "mainstream media" (read liberal media, or more precisely, Democratic media). Well I join him in his satisfaction. </blockquote>

=='Alternative Media'==
Differing opinions also exist over the definition of a similar term - '''Alternative Media'''. Although some consider, for example, [[Rush Limbaugh]]'s launch to be the birth of "alternative media", so too do the Left consider publications like [[The Nation]] to be "alternative media".<ref>Albert, Michael. "[http://www.zmag.org/whatmakesalti.htm Alternative Media: What Makes Alternative Media Alternative?]" ''[http://www.zmag.org/ Z]'' Magazine. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref> In fact, many would view the [[Village Voice]] group to be the most widely published "alternative media" outlet in the United States.

By whatever definition, most media watchers would classify as "alternative media" any media organ that is primarily hosted on the [[Internet]] rather than printed and delivered or mailed to subscribers. The alternative media ''is not'' exclusively conservative. It includes [[liberal]] organs as well. Some writers on these organs have suggested that the mainstream media has a ''conservative'' bias—by which they actually mean that mainstream-media organs are not as revolutionary, or as radical, in their thinking as are the writers themselves.<ref>[[Peter Dreier|Dreier, Peter]]. "[http://alternet.org/workplace/58108/ For a Brief Moment, The Media Rediscover Poverty]." [http://alternet.org AlterNet.org], July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref><ref>[[Rory O'Connor|O'Connor, Rory]]. "[http://alternet.org/mediaculture/55915/ The Future of Citizen Journalism]. [http://alternet.org AlterNet.org], July 3, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref><ref>[[Sheldon Rampton|Rampton, Sheldon]]. "[http://alternet.org/story/54339/ Has the Internet Changed the Propaganda Model?]" [http://alternet.org AlterNet.org], June 22, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref>

At least one MSM organ, [[CBS]] News, attempted in 2006<ref>Pogue, David. "[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/09/sunday/main1786520.shtml?source=search_story Brave New Blogging World: David Pogue Ventures Into The Blogosphere]." [https://www.cbsnews.com/ CBSNews.com], July 9, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref> to describe what a particular alternative-media segment (i.e., [[blog]]s) thinks of the MSM:
{{Cquote|They don't believe that you are unbiased, objective, fair a lot of times. And so what they want is they want to read a lot of different sources themselves. because they don't trust the mainstream media..that would be [you].}}

It is worth noting that liberal blog activity on the internet declined after the election of [[Barack Hussein Obama]],<ref>http://bloggasm.com/blog-traffic-for-liberal-blogs-down-58-in-three-months-following-election-conservative-blogs-down-36</ref> and continued to decline after his reelection. This shows that the distaste for bias in the liberal MSM is spreading to the alternative media.

==See also==
*[[Liberal media]]
*[[Advocacy journalism]]
*[[Journalistic malpractice]]
*[[Deaths directly attributed to the liberal media]]
*[[Alternative media]]
*[[Biased journalists of the Obama administration]]
*[[Left-wing smear machine]]
*[[Media-intelligence complex]]
*[[Government by Journalism]]
*[[Media hypocrisy]]
*[[Mainstream media and Donald Trump]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediaresearch.org/biasbasics/biasbasics1.asp Media Bias Basics.]
*[http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Media-Bias-Is-Real-Finds-UCLA-6664.aspx Media Bias Is Real-Finds UCLA Political Scientist.]
*[http://www.mrc.org/biasalert/archive.aspx Bias Alert.]
*[http://www.nowfoundation.org/issues/communications/tv/mediacontrol.html Who Controls the Media?]
*[http://www.freepress.net/ownership/chart/main Ownership Chart: The Big Six.]
*[http://www.mathaba.net/news/?x=626979 Media Lies on Libya Ongoing.]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

{{Liberalism}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Political Terms]]
[[Category:Newspapers]]
[[Category:United States Newspapers]]
[[Category:Television]]
[[Category:Broadcasters]]
[[Category:Liberal Organizations]]
[[Category:Liberal Media]]
[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Trump-Russia Collusion Hoax]]

Brian V. McDonnell

2019-03-20T13:16:04Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>[[Image:Brianvmcdonnellodmp.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Sgt. Brian V. McDonnell, from the Officer Down Memorial Page.]]
'''Sgt. Brian V. McDonnell''' of the San Francisco Police Department was killed in the line of duty February 16, 1970. A bomb was set on a window ledge in the Golden Gate Park Police Station of [[San Fransisco]]. Sergeant Brian McDonnell succumbed to wounds two days later after the explosion.

Although Sergeant McDonnell's murder was never solved, the [[FBI]] determined the bomb was set by the [[Weather Underground]] [[terrorist]] organization. Members of the same group shot and killed Sergeant [[Edward O'Grady]] and Officer [[Waverly Brown]], of the Nyack, New York, Police Department on October 20, 1981.

Sergeant McDonnell had served with the San Francisco Police Department for 20 years. Sergeant McDonnell came from a family of police officers, including his father and uncle. He was 44 years old at the time of his death.

Sergeant McDonnell's uncle, Sergeant Joseph Lacey, was shot and killed in the line of duty on December 30, 1956, while serving with the San Francisco Police Department.

==References==
*[http://www.officerrollcall.com/RegistryView/DepartmentsServed.aspx?AcctID=41476 National Law Enforecement Officers Memorial].
*[http://www.odmp.org/officer/8924-sergeant-brian-v.-mcdonnell Officer Down Memeorial Page].
*[http://www.sfpoa.org/journal/journals/20070201.pdf Memorial Scheduled for Sergeant Brian V. McDonnell], By Irene Michaud, Journal of the San Fransisco Police Officers Association, Vol 39 No. 2, February 2007.

[[Category:Terrorism Victims]]

Heidi Heitkamp

2019-03-20T13:16:00Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>'''Mary Kathryn "Heidi" Heitkamp''' (born October 30, 1955) is the junior [[United States]] [[Senator]] from [[North Dakota]]. She was elected on November 6, 2012, to replace retiring Senator [[Kent Conrad]].

Prior to her election to the Senate, Heitkamp was [[Attorney General]] of North Dakota. It was reported in October 2018 that when she was the attorney general, Heitkamp ignored physical and sexual abuse allegations at an [[American Indian]] school, despite campaigning in 2018 as a defender against such abuse.<ref>Mikelionis, Lukas (October 9, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/heidi-heitkamp-didnt-push-to-prosecute-sexual-physical-abuse-at-native-american-school-in-1990s Heidi Heitkamp didn't push to prosecute sexual, physical abuse at Native American school in 1990s]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved October 9, 2018.</ref>

Heitkamp has exploited [[sexual assault]] survivors for [[political]] purposes; in 2018 Heitkamp ran a television political ad naming a sexual abuse victim by name without the victim's consent. The survivor who was victimized twice now and forced to relive the nightmare, had to complain.<ref>https://dailycaller.com/2018/10/16/heitkamp-ad-sexual-assault-survivors-permission/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heitkamp, Heidi}}
[[Category:United States Senators]]
[[Category:North Dakota]]
[[Category:Democrats]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Abortion Advocates]]

Mazda Miata

2019-03-20T13:15:57Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>The '''Mazda Miata''' or '''MX-5''' is a small convertible sports car made in Japan. It was first released in the late 1980s. It has a very small engine and isn't any faster than your average econobox. It is really a copy of the British [[Lotus Elan]] from the 60s. The car is known as a "gay car" because of the fact that it tends to be driven by homosexuals.[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/12/fashion/12cars.html], particularly the lower power models of the 1990s. Despite this, it remains a popular car in automobile racing.
[[Category:Cars]]

Orange-billed lorikeet

2019-03-20T13:15:53Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>{{Taxonomy
|name=Orange-billed Lorikeet
|image=
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=Psittacimorphae
|order=Psittaciformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Psittacidae
|subfamily=Loriinae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Neopsittacus
|subgenus=
|species=N. pullicauda
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=
}}

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Parrots]][[Category:Lories and Lorikeets]]

Daily Mirror

2019-03-20T13:15:49Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>'''''The Daily Mirror''''' is a [[Great Britain|British]] left-wing, working-class daily [[tabloid]] [[newspaper]].

[[Category:United Kingdom Newspapers]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Liberal News Organizations]]
[[Category:Liberal Newspapers]]

Mac OS X

2019-03-20T13:15:46Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>[[Image:Tiger.png|thumb|right|Mac OS X's Aqua graphical user interface on version 10.4 "Tiger"|300px]]

'''Mac OS X''' is an operating system developed by [[Apple Inc.]] It is based on [[BSD|FreeBSD]], an [[Unix]]-like operating system with a hybrid-kernel based on technologies NeXT Software, Inc. developed for its NEXTSTEP operating system, and code from the FreeBSD project. It currently ships with all new Macintosh computers. The current major version is 10.14 "Mojave". <ref>https://www.techradar.com/news/macos-1014</ref>

The graphical user interface in Mac OS X is called Aqua, which includes a Dashboard that allows for mini programs called Widgets to be placed on the desktop. All applications included in OS X follow a well defined set of Human Interface Guidelines giving them an intuitive, consistent user interface. Aqua also comes with a dock that allows users to quickly launch applications, and displays an icon or thumbnail for running software applications.

==See also==
* [[Tails (operating system)]] ([[Linux]]-based) and [[Tor (anonymity network)]] [[Firefox]] [[browser]] [[encryption]] for [[Internet]] [[anonymity]] to protect [[unalienable rights]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Apple Inc.]]
[[Category:Operating Systems]]

Cesar Franck

2019-03-20T13:15:30Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>'''César Franck''' (1822-1890), [[Belgium|Belgian]] born [[France|French]] [[composer]], organist and teacher, is a much more influential figure in French music than his few works still performed today would indicate.

He was a devout man who spent most of his life playing the organ in various churches and where his skills as an improviser were legendary. Much of his musical output is sacred or is organ music designed to be played within a sacred context. He wrote [[oratorio]]s, [[motet]]s, [[mass (music)|mass]]es and various other sacred pieces. Even the secular works using large symphonic forces that are popular today - ''“[[Cesar Franck: Symphony in D minor|Symphony in D Minor]]”'', ''“Symphonic Variations”'', the symphonic poem, ''“Psyche”'', have a frequent sense of personal spirituality in them, and are at times [[rhapsody|rhapsodic]].

His most popular works are the extremely well-known [[motet]], ''“Panis Angelicus”'' - originally for soprano and choir [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1a11YheB2zM], but which has now been appropriated and adapted for various groups and individuals - and the Violin Sonata that is amongst the great showcases for this form.

Whilst not particularly pleasing to the musical establishment, he gained a small but ultimately influential band of devoted students – among them [[Henri Duparc]], [[Ernest Chausson]] and [[Vincent D'Indy]]. His innovative use of what is called a “cyclical” style, where a theme is constantly developed and appears within later movements, was to affect future generations of French composers.

References:

“Oxford Companion to Music”

“The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music”

[[Category:Composers]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Franck, Cesar}}

Naval Special Warfare

2019-03-20T13:15:27Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>[[Image:USN SEAL trident.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Insignia of the Naval Special Warfare (SEALS)]]
'''Naval Special Warfare''' consists of personnel of the [[United States Navy]] specially trained to conduct covert strike operations against military targets and other sites or groups deemed threats to the interests of the United States. The men within the NSW are known as '''SEALS''', an acronym based on the words '''SE'''a, '''A'''ir, and '''L'''and, referring to the fighters' multi-mission arena of operations as well as its maritime origins.

==Commands==
Naval Special Warfare Command was commissioned April 16, 1987, at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado in San Diego, CA. As the Naval component to the United States Special Operations Command headquartered in Tampa, Fla., Commander, Naval Special Warfare Command provides vision, leadership, doctrinal guidance, resources and oversight to ensure component maritime special operations forces are ready to meet the operational requirements of combatant commanders. NSW provides a versatile, responsive and offensively focused force with continuous overseas presence. The major operational components of Naval Special Warfare Command include Naval Special Warfare Groups ONE and THREE in San Diego, CA, and Naval Special Warfare Groups TWO and FOUR in Norfolk, VA. These components deploy SEAL Teams, SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams, and Special Boat Teams worldwide to meet the training, exercise, contingency and wartime requirements of theater commanders. With approximately 5,400 total active-duty personnel—including 2,450 SEALs and 600 Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC)--NSW forces are busier than ever answering "911 calls" from around the globe. NSW also calls upon a 1,200-person reserve of approximately 325 SEALs, 125 SWCC and 775 support personnel.

==Mission==
A tactical force with strategic impact, NSW mission areas include special reconnaissance (SR), direct action (DA), unconventional warfare, combating terrorism, foreign internal defense, information warfare, security assistance, counter-drug operations, personnel recovery and hydrographic reconnaissance. NSW core training is focused on SR and DA - critical skills needed to combat current and future terrorist's threats.

Although NSW personnel comprise less than one percent of U.S. Navy personnel, they offer big dividends on a small investment. SEALs' proven ability to operate across the spectrum of conflict and in operations other than war in a controlled manner, and their ability to provide real time intelligence and eyes on target, offer decision makers immediate and virtually unlimited options in the face of rapidly changing crises around the world.

The most important trait that distinguishes Navy SEALs from all other military forces is that SEALs are maritime Special Forces, as they strike from and return to the sea. SEALs (Sea, Air, Land) take their name from the elements in and from which they operate. Their stealth and clandestine methods of operation allow them to conduct multiple missions against targets that larger forces cannot approach undetected.

==Training==
From 1962 when the first SEAL teams were commissioned, to present day, Navy SEALs have distinguished themselves as an individually reliable, collectively disciplined and highly skilled maritime force. Because of the dangers inherent in NSW, prospective SEALs go through what is considered by many military experts to be the toughest training in the world. The intense physical and mental conditioning it takes to become a SEAL begins at Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training which is conducted at the Naval Special Warfare Center in San Diego, CA. Candidates must complete a mentally and physically demanding 6-month basic training course, 3 weeks of parachute training and a 15-week advanced training period prior to becoming a SEAL and earning the Trident—the warfare pin insignia of all SEAL operators. BUD/s training is extremely difficult. It includes one week called Hellweek, in which candidates go 5 days with 4 hours of sleep, and go into the cold water constantly. The dropout rate is usually between 75%-80%.

Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen (SWCC) operate and maintain the inventory of state-of-the-art, high-performance boats and ships used to support SEALs and special operations missions. Individually, SEALs and SWCC go through separate, but similar, specialized training programs that emphasize special operations in the maritime environment. SWCC are trained extensively in craft and weapons tactics, techniques and procedures. Focusing on clandestine infiltration and exfiltration of SEALs and other special operations forces, SWCC provide dedicated, rapid mobility in shallow water areas where larger ships cannot operate. Like SEALs, SWCC must be physically fit, highly motivated, combat-focused and responsive in high stress situations.

NSW forces can operate independently or integrate with other U.S. special operations forces or within U.S. Navy carrier battle groups and amphibious ready groups. With half of the world¹s industry and population located within one mile of an ocean or navigable river, NSW forces have a proud history of mastering these vital littoral regions.

==History==
Today's Naval Special Warfare operators can trace their origins to the Scouts and Raiders, Naval Combat Demolition Units, Office of Strategic Services Operational Swimmers, Underwater Demolition Teams, and Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons of World War II. While none of those early organizations have survived to present, their pioneering efforts in unconventional warfare are mirrored in the missions and professionalism of the present Naval Special Warfare warriors.

To meet the need for a beach reconnaissance force, selected Army and Navy personnel assembled at Amphibious Training Base, Little Creek, on 15 August 1942 to begin Amphibious Scouts and Raiders (Joint) training. The Scouts and Raiders mission was to identify and reconnoiter the objective beach, maintain a position on the designated beach prior to a landing and guide the assault waves to the landing beach.

The first group included Phil H. Bucklew, the "Father of Naval Special Warfare," after whom the Naval Special Warfare Center building is named. Commissioned in October 1942, this group saw combat in November 1942 during OPERATION TORCH, the first allied landings in Europe, on the North African coast. Scouts and Raiders also supported landings in Sicily, Salerno, Anzio, Normandy, and southern France.

A second group of Scouts and Raiders, code-named Special Service Unit #1, was established on July 7, 1943, as a joint and combined operations force. The first mission, in September 1943, was at Finschafen on New Guinea. Later ops were at Gasmata, Arawe, Cape Gloucester, and the East and South coast of New Britain, all without any loss of personnel. Conflicts arose over operational matters, and all non-Navy personnel were reassigned. The unit, renamed 7th Amphibious Scouts, received a new mission, to go ashore with the assault boats, buoy channels, erect markers for the incoming craft, handle casualties, take offshore soundings, blow up beach obstacles and maintain voice communications linking the troops ashore, incoming boats and nearby ships. The 7th Amphibious Scouts conducted operations in the Pacific for the duration of the conflict, participating in more than 40 landings.

The third Scout and Raiders organization operated in China. Scouts and Raiders were deployed to fight with the Sino-American Cooperation Organization, or SACO. To help bolster the work of SACO, Admiral Ernest J. King ordered that 120 officers and 900 men be trained for "Amphibious Roger" at the Scout and Ranger school at Ft. Pierce, FL. They formed the core of what was envisioned as a "guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters, lakes and rivers employing small steamers and sampans." While most Amphibious Roger forces remained at Camp Knox in Calcutta, three of the groups saw active service. They conducted a survey of the Upper Yangtze River in the spring of 1945 and, disguised as coolies, conducted a detailed three-month survey of the Chinese coast from Shanghai to Kitchioh Wan, near Hong Kong

In September 1942, 17 Navy salvage personnel arrived at ATB Little Creek, VA for a one-week concentrated course on demolitions, explosive cable cutting and commando raiding techniques. On 10 November 1942, this first combat demolition unit succeeded in cutting a cable and net barrier across the Wadi Sebou River during Operation TORCH in North Africa. Their actions enabled the USS DALLAS (DD 199) to traverse the river and insert U.S. Rangers who captured the Port Lyautey airdrome.

Plans for a massive cross-channel invasion of Europe had begun and intelligence indicated that the Germans were placing extensive underwater obstacles on the beaches at Normandy. On 7 May 1943, LCDR Draper L. Kauffman, "The Father of Naval Combat Demolition," was directed to set up a school and train people to eliminate obstacles on an enemy-held beach prior to an invasion.

On 6 June 1943, LCDR Kaufmann established Naval Combat Demolition Unit training at Ft. Pierce. By April 1944, a total of 34 NCDUs were deployed to England in preparation for Operation OVERLORD, the amphibious landing at Normandy.

On 6 June 1944, in the face of great adversity, the NCDUs at Omaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses. The NCDUs suffered 31 killed and 60 wounded, a casualty rate of 52%. Meanwhile, the NCDUs at Utah Beach met less intense enemy fire. They cleared 700 yards of beach in two hours, another 900 yards by the afternoon. Casualties at Utah Beach were significantly lighter with 6 killed and 11 wounded. During Operation OVERLORD, not a single demolitioneer was lost to improper handling of explosives.

In August 1944, NCDUs from Utah Beach participated in the landings in southern France, the last amphibious operation in the European Theater of Operations.

NCDUs also operated in the Pacific theater. NCDU 2, under LTjg Frank Kaine, after whom the Naval Special Warfare Command building is named, and NCDU 3 under LTjg Lloyd Anderson, formed the nucleus of six NCDUs that served with the Seventh Amphibious Force tasked with clearing boat channels after the landings from Biak to Borneo.

Some of the earliest World War II predecessors of the SEALs were the Operational Swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services, or OSS. Many current SEAL missions were first assigned to them.

British Combined Operations veteran LCDR Wooley, of the Royal Navy, was placed in charge of the OSS Maritime Unit in June 1943.

Their training started in November 1943 at Camp Pendleton, moved to Catalina Island in January 1944, and finally moved to the warmer waters in the Bahamas in March 1944. Within the U.S. military, they pioneered flexible swim fins and facemasks, closed-circuit diving equipment, the use of swimmer submersibles, and combat swimming and limpet mine attacks.

In May 1944, GEN Donovan, the head of the OSS, divided the unit into groups. He loaned Group 1, under LT Choate, to ADM Nimitz, as a way to introduce the OSS into the Pacific Theater. They became part of UDT-10 in July 1944. Five OSS men participated in the very first UDT submarine operation with the USS BURRFISH in the Caroline Islands in August 1944.

Admiral Chester Nimitz's "Granite Plan" for central Pacific operations required an efficient amphibious force. Many of the targeted islands were coral atolls with reefs that acted as natural obstacles to landings. During early November 1943, SeaBees engaged in experimental underwater blasting work were assembled at Waipio Amphibious Operating Base on Oahu to begin training in underwater demolition.

On 23 November 1943, the U. S. Marine landing on Tarawa Atoll emphasized the need for hydrographic reconnaissance and underwater demolition of obstacles prior to any amphibious landing.

After Tarawa, 30 officers and 150 enlisted men were moved to Waimanalo Amphibious Training Base to form the nucleus of a demolition training program. This group became Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT) ONE and TWO.

The UDTs saw their first combat on 31 January 1944, during Operation FLINTLOCK in the Marshall Islands. FLINTLOCK became the real catalyst for the UDT training program in the Pacific Theater. In February 1944, the Naval Combat Demolition Training and Experimental Base was established at Kihei, Maui, next to the Amphibious Base at Kamaole.

Eventually, 34 UDT teams were established. Wearing swim suits, fins, and facemasks on combat operations, these "Naked Warriors" saw action across the Pacific in every major amphibious landing including: Eniwetok, Saipan, Guam, Tinian, Angaur, Ulithi, Pelilui, Leyte, Lingayen Gulf, Zambales, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Labuan, Brunei Bay, and on 4 July 1945 at Balikpapan on Borneo which was the last UDT demolition operation of the war.

The rapid demobilization at the conclusion of the war reduced the number of active duty UDTs to two on each coast with a complement of 7 officers and 45 enlisted men each.

The Korean War began on 25 June 1950, when the North Korean army invaded South Korea. Beginning with a detachment of 11 personnel from UDT 3, UDT participation expanded to three teams with a combined strength of 300 men.

As part of the Special Operations Group, or SOG, UDTs successfully conducted demolition raids on railroad tunnels and bridges along the Korean coast.

On 15 September 1950, UDTs supported Operation CHROMITE, the amphibious landing at Inchon. UDT 1 and 3 provided personnel who went in ahead of the landing craft, scouting mud flats, marking low points in the channel, clearing fouled propellers, and searching for mines. Four UDT personnel acted as wave-guides for the Marine landing.

In October 1950, UDTs supported mine-clearing operations in Wonsan Harbor where frogmen would locate and mark mines for minesweepers. On 12 October 1950, two U.S. minesweepers hit mines and sank. UDTs rescued 25 sailors. The next day, William Giannotti conducted the first U.S. combat operation using an "aqualung" when he dove on the USS PLEDGE.

For the remainder of the war, UDTs conducted beach and river reconnaissance, infiltrated guerrillas behind the lines from sea, continued mine sweeping operations, and participated in Operation FISHNET, which severely damaged the North Korean's fishing capability.

Responding to President Kennedy's desire for the Services to develop an Unconventional Warfare (UW) capability, the U.S. Navy established SEAL Teams ONE and TWO in January 1962. Formed entirely with personnel from Underwater Demolition Teams, the SEALs mission was to conduct counter guerilla warfare and clandestine operations in maritime and riverine environments.

SEAL involvement in Vietnam began immediately and was advisory in nature. SEAL advisors instructed the Vietnamese in clandestine maritime operations. SEALs also began a UDT style training course for the Biet Hai Commandos, the Junk Force Commando platoons, in Danang.

In February 1966, a small SEAL Team ONE detachment arrived in Vietnam to conduct direct-action missions. Operating out of Nha Be, in the Rung Sat Special Zone, this detachment signaled the beginning of a SEAL presence that would eventually include 8 SEAL platoons in country on a continuing basis. Additionally, SEALs served as advisors for Provincial Reconnaissance Units and the Lien Doc Nguoi Nhia, or LDNN, the Vietnamese SEALs. The last SEAL platoon departed Vietnam on 7 December 1971. The last SEAL advisor left Vietnam in March 1973.

The UDTs again saw combat in Vietnam while supporting the Amphibious Ready Groups. When attached to the riverine groups the UDTs conducted operations with river patrol boats and, in many cases, patrolled into the hinterland as well as along the riverbanks and beaches in order to destroy obstacles and bunkers. Additionally, UDT personnel acted as advisors.

On May 1, 1983, all UDTs were redesignated as SEAL Teams or Swimmer Delivery Vehicle Teams (SDVT). SDVTs have since been redesignated SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams.

Special Boat Units can also trace their history back to WWII. The Patrol Coastal and Patrol Boat Torpedo are the ancestors of today's PC and MKV. Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron THREE rescued General MacArthur (and later the Filipino President) from the Philippines after the Japanese invasion and then participated in guerrilla actions until American resistance ended with the fall of Corregidor. PT Boats subsequently participated in most of the campaigns in the Southwest Pacific by conducting and supporting joint/combined reconnaissance, blockade, sabotage, and raiding missions as well as attacking Japanese shore facilities, shipping, and combatants. PT Boats were used in the European Theater beginning in April 1944 to support the OSS in the insertions of espionage and French Resistance personnel and for amphibious landing deception. While there is no direct line between organizations, NSW embracement is predicated on the similarity in craft and mission.

The development of a robust riverine warfare capability during the Vietnam War produced the forerunner of the modern Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewman. Mobile Support Teams provided combat craft support for SEAL operations, as did Patrol Boat, Riverine (PBR) and Swift Boat sailors. In February 1964, Boat Support Unit ONE was established under Naval Operations Support Group, Pacific to operate the newly reinstated Patrol Torpedo Fast (PTF) program and to operate high-speed craft in support of NSW forces. In late 1964 the first PTFs arrived in Danang, Vietnam. In 1965, Boat Support Squadron ONE began training Patrol Craft Fast crews for Vietnamese coastal patrol and interdiction operations. As the Vietnam mission expanded into the riverine environment, additional craft, tactics, and training evolved for riverine patrol and SEAL support.

SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams historical roots began during WWII, however with Italian and British combat swimmers and wet submersibles. Naval Special Warfare entered the submersible field in the 1960s when the Coastal Systems Center developed the Mark 7, a free-flooding SDV of the type used today, and the first SDV to be used in the fleet. The Mark 8 and 9 followed in the late 1970s. Today's Mark 8 Mod 1 and the soon to be accepted for fleet use Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS), a dry submersible, provide NSW with an unprecedented capability that combines the attributes of clandestine underwater mobility and the combat swimmer.

Post-Vietnam War operations that NSW forces have participated in include URGENT FURY (Grenada 1983); EARNEST WILL (Persian Gulf 1987-1990); JUST CAUSE (Panama 1989-1990) and DESERT SHIELD/DESERT STORM (Middle East/Persian Gulf 1990-1991). Additionally, NSW conducted missions in Somalia, Bosnia, Haiti, Liberia.

In response to the attacks on America Sept. 11, 2001, Naval Special Warfare forces put operators on the ground in Afghanistan in October. The first military flag officer to set foot in Afghanistan was a Navy SEAL in charge of all special operations for Central Command. Additionally, a Navy SEAL captain commanded Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF) South. Commonly referred to as Task Force K-BAR, the task force included U.S. Navy, Army, Air Force and Coalition SOF forces. During Operation Enduring Freedom, NSW forces carried out more than 75 special reconnaissance and direct action missions, destroying more than 500,000 pounds of explosives and weapons; positively identifying enemy personnel and conducting Leadership Interdiction Operations in the search for terrorists trying to escape by sea-going vessels.

Naval Special Warfare has played a significant role in Operation Iraqi Freedom, employing the largest number of SEALs and SWCC in its history. NSW forces were instrumental in numerous special reconnaissance and direct action missions including the securing of the southern oil infrastructures of the Al Faw peninsula and the off-shore gas and oil terminals; the clearing of the Khawr Abd Allah and Khawr Az Zubayr waterways that enabled humanitarian aid to be delivered to the vital port city of Umm Qasr; reconnaissance of the Shat Al Arab waterway; capture of high value targets, raids on suspected chemical, biological and radiological sites; and the first POW rescue since WWII. Additionally, NSW is also fighting the war on terrorism in other global hot spots including the Philippines and the Horn of Africa.

NSW is committed to combating the global terrorist threats. In addition to being experts in special reconnaissance and direct action missions, the skill sets needed to combat terrorism; NSW is postured to fight a dispersed enemy on their turf. NSW forces can operate from forward-deployed Navy ships, submarines and aviation mobility platforms as well as overseas bases and its own overseas units.

==Famous SEALs==
Famous Navy Seals include [[Theodore Roosevelt IV]], the grandson of President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]; [[Gary Jackson]], the president of [[Blackwater]]; and [[Roy Boehm]], the inspiration for [[Marlon Brando]]'s character in ''[[Apocalypse Now]]''.

==See also==
* [[Chris Kyle]] - ''[[American Sniper]]''
* [[List of military strategies and concepts]]

==Links==
*[http://www.sealchallenge.navy.mil/seal/default.aspx Official U.S. Navy website]
*[http://www.specwarnet.net/americas/SEALs.htm Special Warfare.net]

{| style="width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"
!colspan=2 style="width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; "|'''Copyright Details'''
|-
!style="background-color: #000088; color:white;"|License:
|style=" background-color: none;"| <small>This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code</small>
|-
!style=" background-color: #000088; color:white;"|Source:
|style="background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black"| <small>File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.sealchallenge.navy.mil/seal/default.aspx]</small>}}}.
|}

[[Category:Military Strategies and Concepts]]
[[Category:United States Navy]]

Volcanic eruption

2019-03-20T13:15:21Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>A '''volcanic eruption''' is the ejection of lava, steam, ash, heated gases, mud, and other rock fragments at the [[earth]]'s surface through the action of subterranean [[magma]].

Eruptions may range from being violent and explosive to being slow and continuous. The nature of the eruption often depends on the type of lava associated with the eruption.

==Types of Volcanic Eruption ==
*[[Effusive eruption|Effusive]]
*[[Pelean eruption|Pelean]]
*[[Phreatic eruption|Phreatic]]
*[[Phreatomagmatic eruption|Phreatomagmatic]]
*[[Plinian eruption|Plinian]]

[[Category:Volcanology]]

Battle of Sapper Hill

2019-03-20T13:15:18Z

Arthur Kerensa:

<includeonly>The '''Battle of Sapper Hill''' was an engagement in the [[Falklands/Malvinas War]], one of a series of battles that took place during the [[United Kingdom|British]] advance towards Port Stanley against the [[Argentina|Argentinians]].

==British plan==

The Welsh Guards were then given the task of assaulting Sapper Hill on the morning of June 14, 1982, after the Scots Guards had attacked and captured Mount Tumbledown. Sapper Hill, a grassy hillock 453 feet high, was the last Argentine strong-point outside Port Stanley, and its capture, along with those of Mounts Tumbledown and William and Wireless Ridge, would bring an end to the fighting around the Falklands capital.

==Argentinian stronghold==

With the beak of dawn on June 14, Major Phillip Neame's D Company of the 2nd Battalion The British Parachute Regiment (2 PARA) on Wireless Ridge could see hundreds of Argentinians regrouping for a last stand on Sapper Hill.<ref>"I had been trying to get fire missions down on the retreating closely-packed formation of troops but was told that there was no artillery available. I was going quite spare, because I was supposed to have two batteries at my priority call. Here was a golden opportunity being missed. I assumed the enemy were withdrawing to regroup on Sapper Hill and the last thing I wanted was another major battle. Eventually we got the artillery and started blasting away with everything else we had as well. But as soon as we opened up we got very accurate artillery fire back at our own position. I guessed that they were adjusting onto our muzzle flashes so I told all the company to stop firing with their small arms. I decided that the only thing was to keep fighting this battle with artillery, otherwise we were just going to have a lot of shit knocked out of ourselves."
Above All, Courage: The Falklands Front Line, Max Arthur, page 202, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985</ref>Argentine artillery and Second Lieutenant Augusto La Madrid 6th Regiment platoon was still in action, firing on Neame's company and losing another two killed (Privates Horacio Echave and Horacio Balvidares) on Sapper Hill. While taking up new positions on Sapper Hill, Sergeant Víctor Hugo Juárez from 5th Marine Battalion HQs, Private Vicente Antonio Díaz from the 1st Amphibious Engineers Company and Private Ricardo Ramírez from the 81mm Mortar Platoon on Mount William are also killed in the fierce British bombardment and long-range retaliatory machinegun and small-arms fire from Wireless Ridge.

==Night advance==

On the night of the June 13/14, the Welsh Guards/Royal Marine Battalion were on standby to reinforce the British attacks on Mounts Tumbledown and William if necessary. Their orders were to move towards Sapper Hill only after these objectives were taken. During the advance, they became bogged down in a minefield, which took them a very long and frustrating time to extract themselves from, after coming under heavy mortar bombardment. Earlier on, a Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre patrol under Sergeant David Lazenby had penetrated the frozen minefield to secure a landing zone for the British helicopters. Major Christopher Drewrywe's Number 2 Company (Welsh Guards) eventually reached the base of Sapper Hill, only to discover that the Argentine M Company was still in position. The Guardsmen were forced to withdraw, protected by the early morning fog, this time avoiding the minefield.<ref>"After some time an explosion was heard. A Royal Marine had stepped on a mine, followed by another a few minutes later. Our troop then cleared a safe line through the minefield. Once through, we dug in at the base of a hill, only to find that it was still occupied by Argentine troops. So back we went to our original positions, this time around the minefield." Craftsmen of the Army: The Story of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (Vol II 1969-1992, Volumes 1969-1992), J M Kneen, D J Sutton, p 449, Pen & Sword, 1997</ref>Due to this delay, it was decided that 45 Commando should move forward from Two Sisters to occupy Sapper Hill. While 45 Commando were marching towards Sapper Hill, Bravo and Charlie Companies from 40 Commando had escaped from the attention of the Argentine defenders on Sapper Hill and they were picked up by helicopters. They were eventually landed on the slopes of Sapper Hill just as 45 Commando were approaching, so both units attacked and captured Hill.

==British attack==

Unwilling to abandon the hill, Commander Carlos Robacio on [[Sapper Hill]] was planning to counter-attack and drive back the Guardsmen. Only the personal intervention of Colonel Félix Aguiar, the 10th Brigade Chief of Staff, brought the fighting to an end.<ref>Malvinas: La Defensa de Puerto Argentino, Oscar Luis Jofre & Félix Roberto Aguiar, page 275, Editorial Sudamericana, 1987</ref> The 5th Marines worked their way back into Stanley, leaving the 2nd Platoon of Sub-Lieutenant Marcelo Davis and 3rd Platoon of Sub-Lieutenant Alejandro Koch of M Company to cover the retreat. The Argentine Marine companies withdrew safely, only pursued by artillery fire. The Argentine Panhard armoured cars also moved forward to the edge of Stanley to cover the retreating troops, and to neutralize any further helicopter landings.

Marine Privates Roberto Leyes, Eleodoro Monzón and Sergio Ariel from M Company are killed protecting the Argentine retreat. Six Royal Marines are wounded securing Sapper Hill, including four Marines from 40 Commando, one Sapper from Condor Troop and a forward officer from 3 Commando Brigade HQs.

The Royal Marines team protecting the landing zone successfully defended their position when the Argentine Marines under Davis launched a counter-attack, the last one of the ground campaign.<ref>"An Argentine attack on the Royal Marines right flank was driven back ... The firing gradually slowed down and the Argentines simply evacuated Sapper Hill, as the Royal Marines very slowly got to their feet." Victory in the Falklands, Nick Van Der Bijl, Pen & Sword, 2007</ref><ref>"Cuando le ordené al guardiamarina Davis: "¡Listo, nos vamos !", él todavía estaba pensando en el contraataque, y salió disparando hacia el frente, o sea al revés ... Es que Davis y sus hombres estaban listos para largar el contraataque. Fue impresionante su actitud ofensiva." Malvinas: 20 años, 20 héroes, p. 328, Fundación Soldados, 2002</ref>Two parked Sea Kings within range from Koch's Marines sustained several hits from Sergeant Miguel Angel Vaca's machine-gun and rifle-grenades fired by Corporal Carlos Jorge Sini, but remained operational.

At the foot of the hill there was an enormous minefield. A group of Sappers from Condor Troop went ahead to clear a path through the mines, losing Sergeant Peter Thorpe badly wounded in the process. Tanks of the Blues & Royals moved forward, to provide covering fire if necessary. However, when the Royal Marines and Welsh Guardsmen advanced they found Sapper Hill abandoned. The delay caused by the mines probably saved many lives.<ref>''"Robacio, who came in for criticism from some British officers ... had total command of N Company and the Army platoons involved, and deserves credit for doing all that was possible to limit British gains ... His positioning of heavy weapons on Sapper Hill before the Argentine surrender provided a defensive barrier that would only have been breached at heavy cost in men and equipment."'' Van Der Bijl, Victory in the Falklands, p. 211</ref> The Argentine Marine companies had been deeply entrenched and were well equipped with [[heavy machine gun]]s. To Guardsman Tracy Evens, the Sapper Hill positions looked impregnable:

<blockquote>We were led to an area that the company would rest at for the night, I still took in the fact the Argies had prepared [[Sapper Hill]] well, they had depth positions that would have made the task of taking it very hard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/DayofSurrender.html|title=Falklands: Day of Surrender|work=Britain's Small Wars|accessdate=28 August 2016}}</ref></blockquote>

As the Guardsmen and Royal Marines consolidated their positions, the British lost a Volvo [[BV-202]] tracked vehicle to a mine planted in the Sapper Hill sector. ''"We ran over a mine. I went up through the roof and the vehicle went up and was turned right round by the explosion,"'' recalled Major Brian Armitage who was shortly evacuated to receive treatment.<ref>Our Falklands war: The Men of The Task Force Tell Their Story, Geoffrey Underwood, p.70, Maritime Books, 1983</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Battles]]
[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:1980s]]

Mainstream media

2019-03-20T13:11:45Z

Arthur Kerensa: addd

[[Image:N.jpg|350px|right]]
:'''''For a more in-depth analysis of the leftist bias ingrained in the mainstream media, see [[Media bias]] and [[Liberal bias]]'''''
The '''mainstream media''' ('''MSM'''), at times referred to as the '''lamestream media''' for satirical purposes, are print and broadcast news organizations that report on news events. The mainstream media dates back to the start of the nation where politicians and printers would prepare "broadside" news sheets. The format of the media has evolved to include multi-page newspapers printed on high-speed offset presses, radio, television and online websites. Traditionally, media has been supported by a combination of subscriptions, newsstand sales and advertising. These revenues pay the cost of distribution as well as the journalist who write the content.

Because news gathering is expensive, over time the mainstream media has found ways to share content and to distribute the cost of journalism over a wider set of customers. Radio and television stations formed networks to share content. Print media formed organizations like United Press International and the Associated Press to share coverage and photos. Some newspapers share printing operations, and other media organizations such as Copley and Gannett have purchased a large number of newspapers resulting in shared administrative costs. Although media started with a large number of competing news outlets operated locally, over time, media ownership and control has become more centralized in large organizations. The increasingly [[liberal]] media organs censor the dissemination of honest news and repeatedly apply liberal [[double standard]]s.

The common denominator of the "mainstream media" is their [[censorship|censoring]] or downplaying stories that would lead viewers to [[conservative]] conclusions, and their use of [[photo bias]], [[placement bias]] and other forms of deception to mislead viewers into drawing incorrect [[liberal]] conclusions. The term '''mainstream media''' usually refers to how the majority of commercial-based or taxpayer-funded news reporting and commentary consist of [[liberal media|liberal bias]], while falsely pretending to be objective providers of information. In addition to promoting forms of censorship, the mainstream media has increasingly promoted or condoned (or in some cases, even ignored or denied) the violence of the [[Antifa]] and other left-wingers.<ref>Nolte, John (September 1, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2017/09/01/as-its-influence-wanes-increasingly-militant-msm-promotes-violence-and-censorship/ As Its Influence Wanes, Increasingly Militant MSM Promotes Violence and Censorship]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 2, 2017.</ref>

{{cquote|''They [the media] are not becoming irrelevant, but they are getting to the point where they are worse than irrelevant,” and “They’re the scourge of the American people.''|||[[Andrew Breitbart]]<ref>[https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/75274 Tea Party Must Stand Up to Liberal Smear Tactics, Conservative Activist Says, CNSNews, September 14, 2010]</ref>}}

{{cquote|''The Greens and ‘progressives’ more or less own the mainstream media.''|||[[Frank Davis]]<ref>[https://cfrankdavis.wordpress.com/2014/07/17/political-correctness-was-invented-in-nazi-germany/ Political Correctness Was Invented In Nazi Germany]</ref>}}

{{cquote|''The FAKE NEWS media (failing @nytimes, @NBCNews, @ABC, @CBS, @CNN) is not my enemy, it is the enemy of the American People!''|||[[Donald Trump]]<ref>[https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/832708293516632065 Donald Trump official Twitter page]</ref>}}

Examples include:

*Without any evidence of church attendance or Bible-reading by the [[Anders Behring Breivik|defendant]] accused of murdering 92 people in Norway, the headline of the leading Australian newspaper declared, "Norway suspect 'fundamentalist Christian.'"<ref>[http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/norway-suspect-fundamentalist-christian-20110724-1huqg.html Norway suspect 'fundamentalist Christian']</ref> The headline appears to be based in part on a [[Facebook]] page that was likely not even authentic.

It is clear that the mainstream media is extremely biased towards the left-wing, and this was the case since at least the 1960s, with a strong leftist monopoly on the news which promotes false conclusions.<ref name="NationalReview">Hanson, Victor Davis (December 22, 2016). [http://www.nationalreview.com/article/443263/ The Trump Nail in the Media Coffin]. ''National Review''. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref> The [[2016 U.S. presidential election|2016 election]] of Republican businessman [[Donald Trump]] prominently displayed the blatant leftist bias of the media.<ref name="NationalReview"/><ref>Brown, Michael (October 19, 2016). [http://townhall.com/columnists/michaelbrown/2016/10/19/the-undeniable-glaring-bias-of-the-mainstream-media-n2234678 The Undeniable, Glaring Bias of the Mainstream Media]. ''Townhall''. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Riddell, Kelly (November 8, 2016). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/8/mainstream-media-maligned-10-examples-blatant-bias/ Mainstream Media Maligned: 10 Examples of Blatant Bias]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Goodwin, Michael (November 14, 2016). [http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016/11/14/trumps-victory-is-about-change-and-our-biased-mainstream-media-must-change-too.html Trump's victory is about change. And our biased mainstream media must change, too]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref> Trump found a way to get his message out to the public without needing to go through the lens of the leftist media, and some liberals suggested ways in how to force Trump to have to deal with the corrupt media.<ref>[https://www.rt.com/usa/372026-donald-trump-twitter-cnn/ MSM shouldn’t cover Trump's tweets, forcing him to rely on media to communicate – CNN anchor]. ''RT''. December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2016.</ref> When President Trump accused the Obama administration of surveilling him, the leftist media hideously mocked him as "paranoid", "delusional", and "demented" and as evidence he should be removed from office for mental health reasons.
<ref>https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/388436-after-year-of-investigation-trump-can-rightly-claim-some-vindication </ref> One year later when the ''New York Times'' admitted the facts based on leaks from [[Obama administration]] [[intelligence community]] leaders anxious to keep themselves out of jail, no apologies or retractions were forthcoming, effectively refusing to admit that Trump was right.

== Fairness Doctrine ==
In 1987, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] voted 4-0 to revoke the [[Fairness Doctrine]]. The Fairness Doctrine mandated that if any opinion considered "controversial" were ever discussed on the public airwaves, the station over which that opinion aired was required to give [[Censorship|equal time]] to any person wishing to reply. However, the FCC never set a standard about ''interpretations'' of current events that might be disputable, or even examined that issue.

With the revocation of the Fairness Doctrine, [[radio]] and [[television]] stations were now permitted to air any opinion or interpretation of the news, no matter how "controversial," without regard to the giving of "equal time."

In the wake of the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine, on August 1, 1988, a new radio commentator named [[Rush Limbaugh]] began [[broadcast]]ing in national [[syndication]].

== List of mainstream media organs ==
[[File:MSMbyTEA.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Protest sign expressing [[Tea Party Movement]]'s attitude toward MSM]]
Mainstream media outlets are based in New York, Washington and Los Angeles.<ref>[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/sep/1/liberal-media-distort-the-gun-debate-loaded-langua/ Liberal media distort the gun debate; loaded language misleads the public] - [[Emily Miller]], ''[[Washington Times]]''</ref>
Significant mainstream media outlets include:

'''Newspapers'''
* ''[[The New York Times]]''
* ''[[The Washington Post]]''
* ''[[The Boston Globe]]''
* ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''
* ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]''
* ''The [[Los Angeles Times]]''
* ''[[The San Francisco Chronicle]]''
* ''[[USA Today]]''
* ''The Rolling Stones'' (magazine)
* ''The [[Wall Street Journal]]''<ref>The inclusion of ''The Wall Street Journal'' might strike some media observers as strange, until one remembers that, though its editorial board is [[conservative]] on most issues (except for immigration), its [[city room]] is definitely [[liberal]] in orientation and coverage of the news.</ref>
* All major, standard-newspaper-format dailies that have existed since before the Fairness Doctrine repeal.

'''News Syndication Agencies'''
* [[Associated Press (AP)|Associated Press]]
* [[UPI|United Press International]]
* [[Reuters]]

'''Television'''
* [[CBS]]
* [[NBC]]
* [[ABC]]
* [[National Public Radio]]
* [[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]]
* The [[CNN|Cable News Network]]
* [[Fox News]] (see below).

Some media consumers do not consider [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] to be part of the "mainstream media" as Fox News frequently presents viewpoints that do not fall in line with other mainstream outlets. For example, in 2007, the [[Democrat Party|Democrat]] [[2008 Presidential Election#Declared Democratic Party Candidates|presidential candidates]] declared that they would not appear in debates hosted by Fox News, but they did appear on other MSM news outlets.

However, ratings indicate that because of its massive popularity, Fox News could be considered to be part of the mainstream media by definition. According to ratings organization [[Nielsen ratings|Nielsen]]:
:* Fox News has the 10 most viewed cable TV news shows (as of Dec 2009).
:* Fox News mean prime-time viewing figures are triple that of [[MSNBC]], and double that of CNN, and exceed the total ratings of CNN, MSNBC and [[CNBC]] combined.
:* "In 2006, more than half the people watching cable news were watching Fox News" <ref>Authors unknown. "[http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/2007/narrative_cabletv_audience.asp?cat=2&media=6 The State of the News Media 2007]." ''Project for Excellence in Journalism,'' 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref>
[[File:Leftist News.gif | right]]
===CNN===
In 2006 CNN.com ran an article by columnist R. Emmett Tyrell Jr. entitled "Tyrell: Goodbye MSM... and good riddance!" <ref>[[R. Emmett Tyrell|Tyrell, R. Emmet]]. "[https://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/02/tyrrell.msm/index.html?iref=newssearch Goodbye MSM... and good riddance!]" Creators' Syndicate, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007, from [https://www.cnn.com CNN].</ref> Examining the relationship between the [[alternative media|alternative press]] and the MSM, Tyrell writes:

<blockquote> So we hear this week that President George W. Bush is taking delight in the spread of the "alternative press" (read conservatives on the Internet, in talk radio, in print, and at Fox) and the gentle detumescence of "mainstream media" (read liberal media, or more precisely, Democratic media). Well I join him in his satisfaction. </blockquote>

=='Alternative Media'==
Differing opinions also exist over the definition of a similar term - '''Alternative Media'''. Although some consider, for example, [[Rush Limbaugh]]'s launch to be the birth of "alternative media", so too do the Left consider publications like [[The Nation]] to be "alternative media".<ref>Albert, Michael. "[http://www.zmag.org/whatmakesalti.htm Alternative Media: What Makes Alternative Media Alternative?]" ''[http://www.zmag.org/ Z]'' Magazine. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref> In fact, many would view the [[Village Voice]] group to be the most widely published "alternative media" outlet in the United States.

By whatever definition, most media watchers would classify as "alternative media" any media organ that is primarily hosted on the [[Internet]] rather than printed and delivered or mailed to subscribers. The alternative media ''is not'' exclusively conservative. It includes [[liberal]] organs as well. Some writers on these organs have suggested that the mainstream media has a ''conservative'' bias—by which they actually mean that mainstream-media organs are not as revolutionary, or as radical, in their thinking as are the writers themselves.<ref>[[Peter Dreier|Dreier, Peter]]. "[http://alternet.org/workplace/58108/ For a Brief Moment, The Media Rediscover Poverty]." [http://alternet.org AlterNet.org], July 26, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref><ref>[[Rory O'Connor|O'Connor, Rory]]. "[http://alternet.org/mediaculture/55915/ The Future of Citizen Journalism]. [http://alternet.org AlterNet.org], July 3, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref><ref>[[Sheldon Rampton|Rampton, Sheldon]]. "[http://alternet.org/story/54339/ Has the Internet Changed the Propaganda Model?]" [http://alternet.org AlterNet.org], June 22, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref>

At least one MSM organ, [[CBS]] News, attempted in 2006<ref>Pogue, David. "[https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/09/sunday/main1786520.shtml?source=search_story Brave New Blogging World: David Pogue Ventures Into The Blogosphere]." [https://www.cbsnews.com/ CBSNews.com], July 9, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2007.</ref> to describe what a particular alternative-media segment (i.e., [[blog]]s) thinks of the MSM:
{{Cquote|They don't believe that you are unbiased, objective, fair a lot of times. And so what they want is they want to read a lot of different sources themselves. because they don't trust the mainstream media..that would be [you].}}

It is worth noting that liberal blog activity on the internet declined after the election of [[Barack Hussein Obama]],<ref>http://bloggasm.com/blog-traffic-for-liberal-blogs-down-58-in-three-months-following-election-conservative-blogs-down-36</ref> and continued to decline after his reelection. This shows that the distaste for bias in the liberal MSM is spreading to the alternative media.

==See also==
*[[Liberal media]]
*[[Advocacy journalism]]
*[[Journalistic malpractice]]
*[[Deaths directly attributed to the liberal media]]
*[[Alternative media]]
*[[Biased journalists of the Obama administration]]
*[[Left-wing smear machine]]
*[[Media-intelligence complex]]
*[[Government by Journalism]]
*[[Media hypocrisy]]
*[[Mainstream media and Donald Trump]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediaresearch.org/biasbasics/biasbasics1.asp Media Bias Basics.]
*[http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Media-Bias-Is-Real-Finds-UCLA-6664.aspx Media Bias Is Real-Finds UCLA Political Scientist.]
*[http://www.mrc.org/biasalert/archive.aspx Bias Alert.]
*[http://www.nowfoundation.org/issues/communications/tv/mediacontrol.html Who Controls the Media?]
*[http://www.freepress.net/ownership/chart/main Ownership Chart: The Big Six.]
*[http://www.mathaba.net/news/?x=626979 Media Lies on Libya Ongoing.]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

{{Liberalism}}

[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Political Terms]]
[[Category:Newspapers]]
[[Category:United States Newspapers]]
[[Category:Television]]
[[Category:Broadcasters]]
[[Category:Liberal Organizations]]
[[Category:Liberal Media]]
[[Category:Anti Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Trump-Russia Collusion Hoax]]