Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Dr. Seuss

2010-04-26T16:48:06Z

Bandock: Typo/Spelling Error (from unsuccesful to unsuccessful)

'''Theodor Seuss Geisel''' (2 March 1904 – 24 September 1991) better known by his ''[[pen name|nom de plume]]'' of '''Dr. Seuss''', was an [[America|American]] author and illustrator. A graduate of [[Dartmouth]] and [[Oxford]], he spent many unsuccessful years before fame would find him. A keen proponent of [[phonics]], he expressed regrets that his books had been used as part of the "[[John Dewey|Dewey revolt]]" in the 1920s, "in which they threw out phonics reading and went to word recognition, as if you're reading [[Chinese character|Chinese pictographs]] instead of blending sounds of different letters. I think killing phonics was one of the greatest causes of [[illiteracy]] in the country."<ref>[http://www.nrrf.org/article_kcs_3-11-02.htm ''Dr. Seuss believed in phonics'']. Originally interviewed for ''Arizona Magazine''. June 1981. Sourced NRRF. 13 May 2008</ref>

==Notable Works==
*''[[Green Eggs and Ham]]''
*''[[How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]''
*''[[The Cat in the Hat]]''

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Literature]]
[[category: poetry]]
[[Category:Books for Children]]

Liberal vandalism

2010-04-18T04:19:28Z

Bandock:

'''Liberal vandalism''' is the destructive, [[anarchist]] behavior of targeting anything [[conservative]] as a means to further the liberal cause. Liberals like to talk about tolerance but their actions can be intolerant of opposing positions. The offenses of [[liberal]] [[vandal]]s entail everything from malicious intent to [[libel]] of a conservative or can go as far as breaking the law.

==Examples of Liberal Vandalism==
* defacing or destroying property of [[GOP]] election offices <ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=127180 GOP headquarters in Madison hit with bricks, paint bombs] Journal Sentinel, March 21, 2003</ref>
* break-in a GOP campaign office and steal laptop with strategic election information <ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-10059091-38.html Laptop stolen from regional GOP headquarters] CNET News, October 6, 2008</ref>
* entering private property to destroy GOP campaign signs <ref>[http://politickeror.com/brittenchase/2932/vandals-destroy-republican-candidate-signs Vandals destroy Republican candidate signs] PolitickerOR.com, October 1, 2008</ref>
* hacking into personal GOP email account then posting contents to a public Web site <ref>[http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/10/08/tennessee-man-indicted-hacking-palins-e-mail-account/ Tennessee Man Indicted in Hacking of Palin's E-Mail Account] Fox News, October 8, 2008</ref>
* releasing sealed court documents regarding a GOP candidate's divorce <ref>[http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/baseball/chi-0406180364jun18,0,6221200.story Court sets release of Ryan's divorce file] Chicago Tribune, June 18, 2004</ref>
* slashing tires on vehicles used to transport voters <ref>[http://www.gop.com/news/NewsRead.aspx?Guid=fa6dbb55-6432-4ea7-adb1-53afcf52ddb7 RNC Chairman [[Ken Mehlman]] Responds To Today’s Letter From DNC Chairman Howard Dean] GOP.com, October 30, 2006</ref>
* spray painting cars which had GOP stickers. <ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8894346/ Reservist suspected of spray painting pro-Bush bumper stickers in Denver] AP, August 10, 2005</ref>
* [[Google-bomb]]ing <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/26/us/politics/26googlebomb.html A New Campaign Tactic: Manipulating Google Data] NYT, October 26, 2006</ref>
* steal press run of conservative newspapers <ref>[http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/12458?badlink=1 Editors say Yale Free Press stolen] Yale Daily News, November 30, 2004</ref>
* attacking conservative websites
* campaign stickers plastered around a town with no intention of ever removing
* vandals wrote graffiti on the garage of a GOP Senator running for re-election with the words "You are a criminal resign or else" and "Scum." <ref>[http://www.wxow.com/Global/story.asp?S=9219326 Coleman campaign: Senator's garage vandalized] AP, October 22, 2008</ref>
* defacing wikis like [[Conservapedia]]<ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Conservative&diff=752781&oldid=752780 Hate to highlight it, but as a reference...]</ref> and [[Wikipedia]]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=33031414 A New York Times IP address vandalized George W. Bush's Wikipedia article. Aren't they mature?]</ref>
* attacking their own buildings (like DNC) to frame conservatives or GOP

==Pattern of liberal vandalism on wikis==
A typical liberal reads an article that contains something they don't agree with, or is about a subject they disagree with. The liberal then decides to remove all content from the page or jokingly inserts parody/nonsense. Liberals understand that their edits will be removed to the original state and they will be blocked from further editing. This pattern repeats itself over and over like a compulsive disorder.

==See Also==
*[[List of liberalism in America]]
*[[Essay:Examples of Moronic Vandalism by the "tolerant"]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:liberalism]]
[[Category:Crime]]

Ye

2010-01-22T04:40:49Z

Bandock: Typo (missing letter in controversy)

'''Kanye West''' is an American [[hip hop]] musician and record producer, one of the most popular of recent times. His records have won nine [[Grammy]] awards.

== Personal Life and History ==
Kanye, an African American, attracted considerable media attention in September 2005, when he appeared on a television fundraiser for [[Hurricane Katrina]] victims and famously stated "George Bush doesn't care about black people."

He also created a stir when he posed for the cover of the February 2006 ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine portraying Jesus Christ, wearing a crown of thorns on his head with blood running down his face. <ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11009059/</ref>

Wests' lyrics are sometimes considered controversial and offensive as they often contain explicit racial terms and profanity. <ref>http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/5241</ref>
<ref>http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2006/2/2/200539.shtml</ref>

Kanye's father, Ray West, a [[sociology]] professor and former member of the [[Black Panther Party]] <ref>http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/5241</ref> has stated that he does not condone the use of profanity and racial comments in Kanye's lyrics. <ref>http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/kanyes%20dad%20lashes%20out%20at%20sons%20lyrics_27_01_2006</ref>

His mother Donda, a former chair of the English department at Chicago State University who acted as Kanye's manager, died Nov 10, 2007 following a cosmetic surgery procedure. She was 58 years old. <ref>http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20159597,00.html</ref> West is engaged to be married to Alexis Phifer. <ref>http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20037945,00.html</ref>

== Criticism==
West's musical style has been the subject of criticism. He relies heavily on auto-tuning and post-production rather than personal talent. He often calls himself "the best rapper alive" but does not actually rap on the majority of his songs.
Kanye West was the subject of extreme criticism when he appeared to mock [[Jesus]] on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine and subsequently claim that he was bigger than Jesus. West, who has been rumored to be [[Muslim]] as his father (a former member of the Black Panther Party) was, caused considerable uproar with this comment and did not apologize.
West was again the subject of controversy at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, where he took the microphone from country music starlet and Christian Taylor Swift while she was about to give an acceptance speech and said that she did not deserve it as much as [[Beyonce Knowles]]. This upset the 19 year old Swift and caused backlash against West from many notable celebrities and President [[Barack Hussein Obama]]. It was also speculated that this interaction was spurred by West's noted [[White Hatred]], as previously demonstrated in his 2005 "''George Bush doesn't care about black people''" comment.

==Works==
*''The College Dropout'' (2004)
*''Late Registration'' (2005)
*''Graduation'' (2007)
*''808s and Heartbreak'' (2008)

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Kanye}}
[[Category:Male Singers]]

John D. Rockefeller

2009-06-13T04:21:20Z

Bandock: Multiple typo corrections.

'''John D. Rockefeller''' (John Davison Rockefeller, Sr.) (1839 – 1937) was a leading American industrialist, financier, philanthropist and founder of a powerful family of bankers and politicians. He revolutionized the oil industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. He was one of the two or three most prominent businessmen and philanthropists of the [[Progressive Era]], and captured its spirit of [[Efficiency movement|efficiency]]. From childhood, Rockefeller strongly believed that his purpose in life was to make as much money as possible, and then to use it wisely to improve the lot of mankind. In 1862, Rockefeller founded the [[Standard Oil Company]] and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first billionaire.

Hre was the target of multiple vicious attacks from the left, before and after Standard Oil was convicted in federal court of criminal monopolistic practices and broken up in 1911. Rockefeller spent the last forty years of his life creating the modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy, creating foundations that had a major impact on medicine, education, and scientific research. His foundations pioneered the development of medical research, and was instrumental in the eradication of hookworm and yellow fever. He was a devout Northern Baptist and supported many church-based institutions throughout his life, most notably the University of Chicago

== Biography ==
===Early life===
John was born at Richford, New York, the son of William Avery Rockefeller and and Eliza (Davison) Rockefeller. His father, a travelling salesman of dubious medical cures, was supporting a bigamous second family and was seldom home. John was of [[Scots]], [[Yankee]] and [[German Americans|German]] ancestry. His mother was a devoutly religious Baptist, strait-laced, and austere. John was the second of six children and the oldest of three sons. The family moved around a great deal and he attended public schools haphazardly in several towns until he received a good education in Owego, New York and then attended the the excellent Cleveland High School in 1853-55; he now studied hard, and did well in mathematics. He never attended college, but three months at a local business school gave him the basics of bookkeeping and commercial and banking practice.
==Business career==
===First business===
His first job, starting at $3.50 a week, was clerking for commission merchants who had a diversified business with railroads, steamship lines, producers, and merchants. Three years later the young man was well known, and trusted in the Cleveland business community. He formed a partnership with a young Englishman, Maurice B. Clark, for handling grain, hay, meats, and other goods. On a combined capital of only $4,000 they had sales the first year, 1859-60, of $450,000 and made a profit of $4,400. Clark & Rockefeller boomed during the Civil War, shipping the army many products of the city and region.

Deeply religious, John not only joined the Erie Street Baptist Church in 1854 but soon became its leading lay figure. He helped with maintenance of the building, served as recording clerk, taught Sunday School, and became one of the five trustees. Starting with his first pay packet he always gave to charities about 10% of what he received. He was opposed to slavery and helped a Cincinnati Negro to buy his slave wife. By 1860 he was head of the family as his father was largely gone. His family responsibilities and his business role in supplying the army precluded him from volunteering for the army.

In 1865 he married Laura Celestia Spelman, daughter of a Cleveland business man of Yankee origins.
===Oil===
Rockefeller's entrepreneurial interests turned to the frenzied development of the "Oil Regions" in northwestern Pennsylvania. Oil was used to make kerosene for lighting; it was much superior and cheaper than candles or ehale oil. The industry grew explosively, with wells being drilled, refineries opened, an export market created, and the opening of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad linking Cleveland to the oil fields. Many small refineries were built in Cleveland.

Boom and bust was the story of oil, as too many wells were drilled and too many refineries opened. Rockefeller realized that Cleveland's closeness to the oil fields and its superb transportation system by rail and steamboats on the Great Lakes gave it a competitive advantage over other cities. In 1863 he, three Clark brothers, and chemist Samuel Andrews, an expert in refining methods, built the Excelsior refinery. In February 1865, he paid $72,500 to buy out the Clarks and partner only with Andrews. That marked his full-time entry into the oil business and, he wrote later, "was the day that determined my career."

By November his refinery was the largest of the 30 in Cleveland. Its sales in 1865 reached $1,200,000; its capacity of 500 barrels a day was double that of the nearest competitor. Rockefeller built a second refinery, the Standard Works, and send his brother William, now a partner too, to New York to organize the export and eastern trade. The leading Cleveland bankers funded the firm. "I was always a great borrower in those days," he recalled. Unlike most oilmen he was methodical, systematic and thorough in his planning, avoiding the speculation, waste, and guesswork that characterized most of his get-rich-quick competitors. Oil prices were high in 1865-66 and now there were fifty rival refineries in Cleveland and 80 in Pittsburgh. Overproduction resulted, ending prices down in 1867-68. Bankruptcy engulfed both well-owners and small refineries that had over-expanded on borrowed money they could not repay. The strength, efficiency, and foresight of the Rockefeller firm kept it profitable.

Predeceased by his wife Laura Spelman Rockefeller, the Rockefellers had four daughters and one son ([[John D. Rockefeller, Jr.]]). "Junior" was largely entrusted with supervision of the foundations.

===Standard Oil===
[[Image:John-D-Rockefeller-sen.jpg|thumb|200px|John D. Rockefeller ca. 1875]]

Having outgrown the partnership form of organization, Rockefeller incorporated '''Standard Oil Company of Ohio''' in early 1870 with 10,000 shares of $100 par value, of which Rockefeller held 2,667.

Cleveland was one of the main refining centers in the U.S., and Standard was the most profitable refiner in Cleveland. When it was found out that at least part of Standard Oil's cost advantage came from secret rebates from the railroads bringing oil into Cleveland, the competing refiners insisted on getting similar rebates, and the railroads quickly complied. By then, however, Standard Oil had grown to become one of the largest shippers of oil and kerosene in the country.

The railroads were competing fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to 'stabilize' freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company. Rockefeller agreed to support this cartel if they gave him preferential treatment as a high volume shipper which included not just steep rebates for his product, but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. This touched off a firestorm of protest, which eventually led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part of the deal. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off.

Undeterred, Rockefeller continued with his self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving the efficiency of his operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting his competition, and buying them out. In six weeks in 1872, Standard Oil had absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors. Eventually, even his former antagonists, Pratt and Rogers saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil, and in 1874, they made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired. Pratt and Rogers became Rockefeller's partners. Rogers, in particular, became one of Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt) became Secretary of Standard Oil.

[[Image:OILSTOCK.JPG|thumb|300px|Standard Oil Trust Certificate 1896]]

For many of his competitors, Rockefeller had merely to show them his books so they could see what they were up against, then make them a decent offer. If they refused his offer, he told them he would run them into bankruptcy, then cheaply buy up their assets at auction. Most capitulated.

===Monopoly===
Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of all oil production in America. At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. As a result, Rockefeller and his partners owned separate companies across dozens of states, making their management of the whole enterprise rather unwieldy. In 1882, Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of partnership to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the "Standard Oil Trust". The partnership's size and wealth drew much attention. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence for its monopolistic practices, giving momentum to the [[anti-trust]] movement.

One of the most effective attacks on Rockefeller and his firm was the 1904 publication of ''The History of the Standard Oil Company,'' by [[Ida Tarbell]]. Tarbell was a leading [[muckraker]]. Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. “I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.” (Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair.)
[[Image:Jdr-king.jpg|thumb|300px|Rockefeller as an industrial emperor, an affront to American ideals; 1901 cartoon from ''Puck'' magazine]]
Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, leading to the dissolution of the trust. Rockefeller continued to consolidate his oil interests as best as he could until New Jersey, in 1899, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. At its peak, Standard Oil had about 90% of the market for kerosene products.

By 1896, Rockefeller shed all of his policy involvement in the affairs of Standard Oil; however he retained his nominal title as president until 1911; he kept his stock.

In 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States held that Standard Oil, which by then still had a 64% market share, originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Exxon); Standard of New York, which became Mobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio. Rockefeller, who had rarely sold shares, owned stock in all of them.

===Philanthropy===
From his very first paycheck, Rockefeller tithed ten percent of his earnings to his church. As his wealth grew, so did his giving, primarily to educational and public health causes, but also for basic science and the arts. He was advised primarily by [[Frederick T. Gates]] after 1891, and, after 1897, also by his son.

Rockefeller believed in the [[Efficiency Movement]], arguing that

:"To help an inefficient, ill-located, unnecessary school is a waste...it is highly probable that enough money has been squandered on unwise educational projects to have built up a national system of higher education adequate to our needs, if the money had been properly directed to that end."<ref>

[Rockefeller, 168]</ref>
[[Image:PURE$$.JPG|thumb|300px|Rockefeller philanthropy was attacked as "tainted money"; 1910 ''Puck'' cartoon shows him purifying it through a foundation]]
He and his advisors invented the conditional grant that required the recipient to "root the institution in the affections of as many people as possible who, as contributors, become personally concerned, and thereafter may be counted on to give to the institution their watchful interest and coöperation."<ref>[Rockefeller p 183]</ref>

In 1884, he provided major funding for a college in Atlanta for black women that became [[Spelman College]] (named for Rockefeller's in-laws who were ardent abolitionists before the Civil War). Rockefeller also gave considerable donations to [[Denison University]] and other Baptist colleges.

Rockefeller gave $80 million to the [[University of Chicago]] under [[William Rainey Harper]], turning a small Baptist college into a world-class institution by 1900. He later called it "the best investment I ever made." His [[General Education Board]], founded in 1902, was established to promote education at all levels everywhere in the country. It was especially active in supporting black schools in the South. Its most dramatic impact came by funding the recommendations of the [[Flexner Report]] of 1910, which revolutionized the study of medicine in the United States.

Despite his personal preference for homeopathy, Rockefeller, on Gates's advice, became one of the first great benefactors of medical science. In 1901, he founded the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. It changed its name to Rockefeller University in 1965, after expanding its mission to include graduate education. It claims a connection to 23 Nobel laureates. He founded the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1909, an organization that eventually eradicated the hookworm disease that had long plagued the American South. The [[Rockefeller Foundation]] was created in 1913 to continue and expand the scope of the work of the Sanitary Commission, which was closed in 1915. He gave nearly $250 million to the foundation, which focused on public health, medical training, and the arts. It endowed the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, the first of its kind. It built the Peking Union Medical College into a great institution, helped in World War I war relief,, and it employed [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] of Canada to study industrial relations. Rockefeller's fourth main philanthropy, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation, created in 1918, supported work in the social studies; it was later absorbed into the Rockefeller Foundation. However, all told, Rockefeller gave away about $550 million.

Oddly enough, Rockefeller was probably best known in his later life for the practice of giving a dime to children wherever he went. He even gave dimes as a playful gesture to men like tire mogul Harvey Firestone and President Herbert Hoover. During the Great Depression, Rockefeller switched to giving nickels instead of dimes.

==
Legacy==
[[Image:John_d_rockefeller.jpg|thumb|200px|John D. Rockefeller's painting by [[John Singer Sargent]] in 1917]]

He died on May 23, 1937, 26 months shy of his 100th birthday.

Rockefeller had a long and controversial career in industry followed by a long career in philanthropy. His image is an amalgam of all of these experiences and the many ways he was viewed by his contemporaries. These contemporaries include his former competitors, many of whom were driven to ruin, but many others of whom sold out at a profit (or a profitable stake in Standard Oil, as Rockefeller often offered his shares as payment for a business), and quite a few of whom became very wealthy as managers as well as owners in Standard Oil. They also include politicians and writers, some of whom served Rockefeller's interests, and some of whom built their careers by fighting Rockefeller and the "[[robber baron]]s."

[[Image:~JDR1900.jpg|thumb|325px|left|Rockefeller the giant who controls American government; 1900 cartoon from ''Puck'' magazine]]

Biographer Allan Nevins, answering Rockefeller's enemies, concluded:
:The rise of the Standard Oil men to great wealth was not from poverty. It was not meteor-like, but accomplished over a quarter of a century by courageous venturing in a field so risky that most large capitalists avoided it, by arduous labors, and by more sagacious and farsighted planning than had been applied to any other American industry. The oil fortunes of 1894 were not larger than steel fortunes, banking fortunes, and railroad fortunes made in similar periods. But it is the assertion that the Standard magnates gained their wealth by appropriating "the property of others" that most challenges our attention. We have abundant evidence that Rockefeller's consistent policy was to offer fair terms to competitors and to buy them out, for cash, stock, or both, at fair appraisals; we have the statement of one impartial historian that Rockefeller was decidedly "more humane toward competitors" than Carnegie; we have the conclusion of another that his wealth was "the least tainted of all the great fortunes of his day."<ref>Latham p 104</ref>}}

Biographer Ron Chernow wrote of Rockefeller:
:What makes him problematic—and why he continues to inspire ambivalent reactions—-is that his good side was every bit as good as his bad side was bad. Seldom has history produced such a contradictory figure."<ref> Chernow, ''Titan'' </ref>}}

Notwithstanding these varied aspects of his public life, Rockefeller may ultimately be remembered simply for the raw size of his wealth. In 1902, an audit showed Rockefeller was worth about $200 million—compared to the total national wealth that year of $101 billion. His wealth grew significantly after as the demand for gasoline soared, eventually reaching about $900 million, including significant interests in banking, shipping, mining, railroads, and other industries. By the time of his death in 1937, Rockefeller's remaining fortune, largely tied up in permanent family trusts, was estimated at $1.4 billion. Rockefeller's net worth over the last decades of his life would easily place him among the very wealthiest persons in history. As a percentage of the United States economy, no other American fortune—including Bill Gates or Sam Walton—ever came close.

The Rockefeller wealth, distributed as it was through a system of foundations and trusts, continued to fund family philanthropic, commercial, and, eventually, political aspirations throughout the 20th century. Grandson [[David Rockefeller]] was a leading New York banker, serving for over 20 years as CEO of Chase Manhattan (part of JP Morgan Chase). Another grandson, [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]], was Republican governor of New York and Vice President. A third grandson, Winthrop Rockefeller, served as Republican governor of Arkansas. Great-grandson, Jay Rockefeller (John D. Rockefeller IV) is currently a Democratic Senator from West Virginia.

Rockefeller has passed into popular culture as the embodiment of wealth. "Oysters Rockefeller" (colored green by the spinach) was named for him because the dish was so rich. The Rockefeller family was a major benefactor in funding the reconstruction effort in France after World War I. As a consequence, Rockefeller (along with the Rothschilds) was considered in that country the canonical billionaire—synonymous with extreme wealth. "John D. Rockerduck" is a Walt Disney character popular in Europe who is a foil to other well-known rich duck, the avaricious "Scrooge McDuck".

==Bibliography ==
* Bringhurst, Bruce. ''Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly: The Standard Oil Cases,''. (1979).
*Chernow, Ron. ''Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.'' (1998). Major recent biography. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=25644997210593 Online review.]
* Folsom, Jr., Burton W. [http://www.fee.org/publications/the-freeman/article.asp?aid=1571 ''John D. Rockefeller and the Oil Industry''] from ''The Myth of the Robber Barons''. , 2003. conservative interpretation
*Fosdick, Raymond B. ''The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation''. 1989.
*Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. ''The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family'', 1988.
*Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. ''The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private''. 1992.
*Hawke, David Freeman. ''John D: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers''. 1980.
*Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. ''History of Standard Oil Company, New Jersey: Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911''. (1955), in- depth history of the company
* Johnson, Arthur Menzies; ''The Development of American Petroleum Pipelines: A Study in Private Enterprise and Public Policy, 1862-1906'' Cornell University Press, 1956 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10331660 online edition]
*Jonas, Gerald. ''The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science''. 1989.
*Josephson, Matthew. ''The Robber Barons''. (1934). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=13529226 online edition] coatins a left-wing attack on JDR
*Kert, Bernice. ''Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family''. (1993).
*Knowlton, Evelyn H. and George S. Gibb. ''History of Standard Oil Company: Resurgent Years'' (1956).
*Latham, Earl ed. ''John D. Rockefeller: Robber Baron or Industrial Statesman?'' (1949). excerpts pro and con from experts; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=73971734 online edition]
*Morris, Charles R. ''The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy ''. (2006), conservative interpretation.
*Nevins, Allan. ''John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise''. (2 vols. 1940) revised as Allan Nevins, ''Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist''. (2 vols. 1953). A favorable scholarly biography
*Rose, Kenneth W. and Stapleton, Darwin H. "Toward a "Universal Heritage": Education and the Development of Rockefeller Philanthropy, 1884-1913." ''Teachers College Record''" 1992/93(3): 536-555.
*Stasz, Clarice. ''The Rockefeller Women: Dynasty of Piety, Privacy, and Service''. (1995).
*Tarbell, Ida M. ''The History of the Standard Oil Company,'' 2 vols, (1904). [http://www.history.rochester.edu/fuels/tarbell/MAIN.HTM online edition], famous muckraking attack
*Williamson, Harold F. and Arnold R. Daum. ''The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination,'', 1959; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9990987 online edition]; the major scholarly history. less useful is vol 2, ''American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Energy'', (1964).

===Primary sources===
*Gates, Frederick Taylor. ''Chapters in My Life''. (1977).
*Rockefeller, John D.; ''Random Reminiscences of Men and Events''. (1909). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=4529509 online edition]
*Ernst, Joseph W., editor. ''"Dear Father"/"Dear Son:" Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'' (1994).

==External links==
*[http://archive.rockefeller.edu/publications/biblio/bibliofamily.php The Rockefeller Archive Center: bibliography]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rockefellers/filmmore/pt.html American Experience: ''The Rockefellers''] A full transcript of the [[PBS]] documentary
*[http://www.history.rochester.edu/fuels/tarbell/MAIN.HTM The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Ida Tarbell, full text]
*[http://www.micheloud.com/FXM/SO/index.htm Illustrated article about John D Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0708.html Financier's Fortune in Oil Amassed in Industrial Era of 'Rugged Individualism'] NY Times Obituary, May 24, 1937
**[http://www.biographyshelf.com/john_d_rockefeller_biography.html Biographical resources dedicated to John D. Rockefeller]

====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Economic history]]
[[Category:Philanthropy]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rockefeller, John D.}}
[[Category:Progressive Era]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]

Federalist Party

2009-02-11T16:16:55Z

Bandock: Corrected a minor typo/spelling error with 'monarchy'.

The '''Federalist Party''' was the first grass-roots political party in world history. It was founded by [[Alexander Hamilton]] in the early 1790s to rally national support for Hamilton's economic programs and creation of a strong national government. Notable spokesmen included [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[John Jay]], [[John Adams]] and author [[Noah Webster]]. The party greatly admired [[George Washington]]; Washington was never a member but did endorse most of its policies. The Fedralists were vigorously--and even viciouslyy--opposed by the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] formed by [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]]. The federalists elected Adams in 1796, but were defeated in 1800 and subsequent elections. The Jeffersonians were better campaigners and more willing to listen to the voice of the people. Despite too-late efforts by younger Federalists, that party relied too much on eminent elderly elites who were reluctant to seek the views of the voters.

==History==
The Federalist Party was one the first [[political parties]] in the [[United States]]; [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Secretary of the Treasury]] for Washington, was for all practical purposes the leader of the party. [[Chief Justice]] [[John Marshall]] was the last Federalist in the federal government, serving until his death in 1835. The party met with several setbacks in the early nineteenth century that led to its demise. Hamilton, their leader, died in 1804 as a result of his famous duel with [[Aaron Burr]]. The party drew most of its support from New England, a region that largely opposed the [[War of 1812]]. Many of the Federalist Party's leaders labeled the conflict “Mr. Madison’s War.” The Federalists were among the interests that called the [[Hartford Convention]] in 1814 for the purpose of amending the Constitution, and carried with it the implied threat of succession. However, the convention dissolved with news of the [[Treaty of Ghent]] and [[Andrew Jackson]]’s victory at the [[Battle of New Orleans]]. The fortunes of the party declined after the War of 1812. Opponents used the charge of treason during the post-war [[nationalism]], and no Federalist ever won national office again.

==Platform==
The Federalists advocated a strong national government, capable of holding its own in a world at war. At the state level they promoted strong state governments. Foreign policy was a decisive issue in the 1790s and the federalists promoted friendship and trade with Britain, especially through the [[Jay Treaty]], which was highly controversial but ratified in 1795. The Jeffersonians admired the French Revolution and feared that close ties with Britain would threaten [[Republicanism]] and move the new republic back toward monarchy. In terms of economics, federalists subscribed to the Hamiltonian notion that the United States must engage in manufacturing and commerce in order to become a great power.
==Confusion on name==
The Federalist party of the 1790s is often confused with the "Federalists" of 1787-88, because of overlapping membership. The Federalists of 1787-88, were a loose coalition led by hamilton and Madison that supported ratification of the Constitution. They were opposed by an even looser coalition called "Anti-federalist." Neither group was a party and neither ran candidates, and both disappeared after the Constitution was ratified in 1788. Madison was a leader of the Federalists of 1787-88, but broke with Hamilton and formed the opposing [[Democratic-Republican Party]] along with Jefferson.

==Federalist Presidents==
* [[John Adams]] (1797-1801)

==See also==
*[[Democratic-Republican Party]]
*[[Anti-Federalist Party]]
==Bibliography==
* Banner, James M. ''To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815'' (1970)
* Bassett, John Spencer. ''The Federalist System, 1789-1801'' (1906) 374 pp older scholarly history [http://search.live.com/results.aspx?q=&scope=books#q=%22edward%20channing%22%20%20%22History%20of%20the%20united%20States%22&filter=all&start=1&t=EdQmTzqj3sflRuv1ljLyIQ&sq=%22edward%20channing%22%20%20%22History%20of%20the%20united%20States%22 online edition]
* Beeman, Richard R. ''The Old Dominion and the New Nation, 1788–1801'' (1972)
* Broussard, James H. ''The Southern Federalists: 1800–1816'' (1978)
* Buel Jr., Richard. ''Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815'' (1972)
* Chambers, William Nisbet. ''Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809'' (1963)
* Chambers, William Nisbet, ed. ''The First Party System: Federalists and Republicans'' (1972)
* Chernow, Ron. ''Alexander Hamilton'' (2004), most recent major biography [http://www.amazon.com/Alexander-Hamilton-Ron-Chernow/dp/B000UENRQU/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195646787&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Cunningham Jr., Noble E., ed. ''The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809'' 1965. Excerpts from primary sources
* Dunn, Susan. ''Jefferson's Second Revolution: The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Jeffersons-Second-Revolution-Election-Republicanism/dp/B000V5WJIK/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212110449&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Elkins, Stanley, and Eric McKitrick. ''The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800'' 1993, the most detailed and sophisticated political history of the era. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59152800 online edition]
* Ferling, John. ''Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800,'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108219147 online edition]
* Fischer, David Hackett. ''The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy'' 1965
* Formisano, Ronald. ''The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s'' (1983)
* Fox, Dixon Ryan. ''The Decline of Aristocracy in the Politics of New York, 1801–1840'' (1919)
* Hildreth, Richard. ''History of the United States'' (1851) vol 4 covering 1790s. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN04017780&id=yb60wY8okMkC&pg=PR11&dq=%22richard+hildreth%22 online edition], by leading conservative historian of 1840s
* Humphrey, Carol Sue ''The Press of the Young Republic, 1783–1833'' 1996 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=71887465 online edition]
* Knudson, Jerry W. ''Jefferson And the Press: Crucible of Liberty'' (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo [http://www.amazon.com/Jefferson-Press-Crucible-Jerry-Knudson/dp/1570036071/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195647283&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Larson, Edward J. ''A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign.'' (2007). 333 pp. on 1800 [http://www.common-place.org/vol-08/no-03/reviews/opal.shtml online review]
* McCormick, Richard P. ''The Second Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era'' (1966) details the collapse state by state
* McCullough, David. ''John Adams'' (2002), very well written popular biography; Pulitzer Prize; [http://www.amazon.com/John-Adams-David-McCullough/dp/0743223136/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195647342&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* McDonald, Forrest. ''The Presidency of George Washington'' (1974), by leading conservative historian
* McDonald, Forrest. ''Alexander Hamilton: A Biography'' (1979) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101665868 online edition] biography focused on intellectual history esp on AH's republicanism.
* McDonald, Forrest. "Hamilton, Alexander"; [http://www.anb.org/articles/02/02-00154.html; American National Biography Online 2000], 5000 words
* Miller, John C. ''Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox'' (1959), full-length scholarly biography; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/alexander-hamilton-portrait-in-paradox-by-john-c-miller.jsp online edition]
* Miller, John C. ''The Federalist Era: 1789–1801'' (1960) political history by leading scholar.
* Mitchell, Broadus. ''Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, 1788–1804'' (1962), most detailed scholarly biography
* Morison, Samuel Eliot. ''The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 1765-1848'' (1913) 378 pages [http://search.live.com/results.aspx?q=&mkt=en-us&scope=books&FORM=LIVSOP#q=samuel%20eliot%20morison&filter=all&start=1&t=KxlpReVYOpwEQ1SXLx1axQ&sq=samuel%20eliot%20morison complete text online]
* Risjord, Norman, ed. ''The Early American Party System'' (1969) excerpts from essays by scholars
* Risjord, Norman. ''Chesapeake Politics, 1781-1800'' (1978), covers Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina in depth; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99531126 online edition]
* Sharp, James Rogers. ''American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis,'' 1993 , detailed political history of 1790s
* Sheehan, Colleen. “Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion” ''American Political Science Review'' 2004 98(3): 405-424. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=245205 abstract]
* Smelser, Marshall. ''The Democratic Republic 1801–1815'' 1968 general survey
* Tinkcom, Harry M. ''The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790–1801'' 1950 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34023414 online edition]

==External links==
* [http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825]
====Notes====
<references/>

[[Category:United States Political Parties]]
[[Category:Republicanism]]
[[Category:Conservative Organizations]]
[[Category:Early National U.S.]]