Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Stephen Hawking

2011-02-03T22:38:21Z

BarbaraStreisand: Undo revision 846044 by Martyp (talk)

{{Christianwarning}}
[[File:Stephenhawking2b.jpg‎|thumb|Prof.Stephen Hawking, World famous Half-Human,Half-Android, before upgrading to the Hawking System II]]
{{Q|Thanks to our new technology, we can allow Stephen Hawking to get an erection at his own free will - using Control Panel, we figured out how to disable his pop-up blocker.|Bill Gates|Stephen Hawking}}
{{Q|You are all just jealous because Stephen is such a great man! He is more man than any of you! *Cries* I'M ALL ALONE IN THE WORLD!|Random internet person|Stephen Hawking}}
{{Q|You are being facking ridiculous and immature through your editting and reading of this article, proving yourself to have no respect for the pursuit of truth, great physicists, ex-good-looking guys now unfortunately encompassed with some disease so they can't even screw me...|Random teenage girl|Stephen Hawking}}
{{Q|You have Selected Microsoft Sam as your computer's default voice.|Stephen Hawking|his first words every morning}}
{{Q|We can rebuild him, We have the technology.|Oscar Goldman|Stephen Hawking}}

'''Prof. Microsoft Stephen Hawking System Ver. II.I''' is a mobile [[human]] [[android]], [[homosexual]], [[scientist]], [[theory|thermistor]], [[dictionary]], [[Cellphone|personal computer]], [[Windows vista|super computer]] and [[Arrogance|something of a dreamer]] who invented gravity. Though he has sustained what he calls "[[Immortal |Life]]" through the [[Blasphemy |blasphemous]] means of computer aided technology, self built machinery, and a text-to-speech communication system, he is bound to live his immortal existence in a mobile chair. He is better known for his "[[bullshat|brilliant]]" theories on [[Black Hole|Black Holes]], [[Paris Hilton]], [[Terrorism |Nuclear Technology]], and how to achieve immortality; The first two of which won him the Nobel Piece Prize. He is the co-owner (along with [[Bill Gates]]) and patented creator of the New Microsoft Windows Immortal Life System, which Hawking had sustained existence through till complications arose. He is currently in digital [[Sleep|hibernation]]. He became well liked through his speech at an international conference which included the line 'ah well, it's a shame the bunch of idiots at uncyclopedia felt the need to make a degrading page about me, but I suppose it's mean to criticise them as they really don't understand anything, whatsoever'.

== Hawking's Early Human Life ==
[[File:StephenhawkingDDR.gif‎|thumb|right|Young Stephen Hawking always tried to do what all the other boys his age did; as seen here, Hawking tries to play dance dance revolution at a local arcade.]]

Hawking was born a retard, on January the 13th of 1942; a Friday. In the gay quarter of London, England. When Hawking was in high school, thats where he smoked a shat load of weed with his crippled buddies, he went to a soho gay strip club and met a guy named Cesar Gutierrez. Guttierez, who now lives in California, introduced the young Stephen Hawking to the world of homosexuality. They both entered a broomcloset (with a d!ldo in hawkings mouth) and lasted a complete weekend of qeerosexual intercourse complete with broomsticks. unfortunatley, due to Gutierrez's massive weight that ranges in the thousands of tonnes. Needless to say, Stephen Hawking was crippled and paralyzed when a rat ran through the broomcloset scaring Cesar who lost balance and crushed Hawking (Causing a broomstick to go up hawkings arse and through his dick). Hawking was killed, but then turned into a humanoid android on a wheelchair.

Though the spinal injures caused the crumpled young Hawking to be confined in a wheel chair, he kept a horny face mind set, and set out to live life to the fullest a paraplegic can. While he was definitely not a normal young [[boy]], he tried to act as if he was. He failed miserably whenever he tried this, leading to humiliation and embarrassment. He still to this day, even in his digital life, requires a personal [[Nurse|nanny]] at all times to wipe his drooly chin, help him get dressed, eat, and change his [[diaper|diapers]].

bla bla bla

== Did you Know?... ==

The Hawk (bird) is named after Stephen Hawking as scientists recently discovered that the Hawk is the smartest bird that exists? (However, they are beaten by the large brained snails, mice and [[Joseph Goebbels]]. The Hawk was originally called a Florp.

== Hawking's Early Android Life ==

On his 20th [[Birthday]], Hawking was struck mute after being punched in the face by an old grandma that coincidentally had laryngophones in her handbag (throat microphones for people that cant speak cause they have no voice boxes) ... (example: ''smokers'' and ''[[Helen Keller]]'') ... (''bet you didn't know Helen Keller was a smoker did ya?''). He also suffered minor brain damage, leading to a lack of control over his mouth muscles, causing excessive drooling problems. He survived, but the doctors gave him a mere five weeks to live. Hawking began to develop a software program which would sustain his life and control his drool. Using a Beta version to work with over time, Hawking developed a fully functioning human body override system (H.B.O.S.). This lead to his findings on immortality. After finalizing a beta program for daily use, along with a text-to-speech synthesizer voice chip, Hawking set out on a mission to prove the world wrong.

After meeting with fellow Geek [[Bill Gates]] and discussing the overall proposal of Microsoft releasing his immortal software, Hawking determined that running his program on Windows 2000 was way to tricky for [[You|the common shmoe]]. Thus, Hawking decided to wait for a more elite software to be created; one know as [[Windows Vista]]. Unfortunately, the software was never launched because by the time Vista was stable enough, all Microsoft's money was put into ''Duke Nukem Forever'' for [[XBOX]] and Hawking's software suite was given to the open source freeware community so it could be used to harvest zombies.

Also his IQ was tested at over 9000!!!

== Cambridge Theory Professor ==

Hawking accepted a job as Adv.Theory & Knowledge Professor at his old school. Hawking was astounded when he realized that he had the power to alter his student's beliefs, hopes, lives, and minds. He used the job as a brainwashing utility. Such lectures were normal in his class:

* "The Theory on Why I'm Living Still"
* "The Theory on Why [[God]] isn't Real"
* "The Theory on Why [[Santa]] isn't Real"
* "The Theory on How [[Paris Hilton]] Sees Unicorns"
* "The Theory on [[Black Hole]] [[Armageddon]]"
* "The Theory on Why [[Barrack Obama]] still hasn't changed anything"
* "The Theory on Why [[Old People]] Smell"
* "The Theory on Why [[Milk]] Expires"
* "The Theory on Why I spent last night with [[Your Mom]]"
* "The Theory on How I can save money on car insurance by switching to [[Geico]]"
* "The Theory on How that's what she said"
* "The Theory that I'm am a robot-android-cyborg with a little Canadian boy"
* "The Theory of [[Steven Seagal]]"
* "The Theory on How Everything, Everyone, Everybody, Is connected in Every Single Way Forever, Eternity."
* "The Theory on why some idiot turned my voice machine off in a press conference so I couldn't tell my nurse I desperately needed a shat"

== Immortal Life System & The Nerd World Order ==
[[File:Hawkingsystem09.jpg|thumb|left|Hawking & Microsoft's Windows Immortal Life System 2009 software will be sold for public use so Immortality can be achieved by anyone who owns Windows Vista.]]
After Microsoft released [[Windows Vista]], Hawking saw potential in revisiting his immortal software. He fixed all the patches in his beta edition, and allowed Bill Gates to try it out. It was declared a success. Bill and Stephen decided that if they were going to sell the key to immortality, they would only do so by creating a organization to keep rule. [[New World Order|The Nerd World Order]] was founded by Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking to keep immortality under wraps. They devised a way to take control of the world population through the use of the new software an windows vista.
[[File:Geeks-1.jpg|thumb|right|The Nerd World Order]]

After fixing the bugs, they began to accept pre-orders. The software was placed on back-order through the pre-orders alone. It was to be released simultaneously Microsoft Office 2009, Microsoft Virus-Maker 2009, [[Microsoft Paint|Microsoft Paint 2009: Reloaded]], Microsoft Hacker 2009, and Microsoft Motherboard Destroyer 2009. But an unpredictable [[tragedy]] ruined the project's reliability status for good.

== Death, The Hawking System II, & Reanimation ==
During a Rich Nerds Banquet party, Hawking and some of his buddies decided to get [[High|stoned]]. While under the influence, good friend Alfred Einstein, great grandson of Albert, decided to replace Hawking's Software disc with a copy of Windows B.C.. This resulted in Hawking's life support to crash, due to the lack of controlled programing. After a number of attempts to reboot Hawking, it was declared a lost cause. Stephen Hawking had fatally crashed due to software complications, resulting in vista to issue the [[blue screen of death]].
[[File:Haking-exo.jpg|right|thumb|Dr. Stephen Hawking, After His Upgrade To The Hawking System II]]
[[File:Stephen hawking-pro wheelchair.jpg|right|thumb|Hawking's current existence as a digital software model in one of the many hit game titles he has been used in.]]

His good friend Bill Gates wasn't satisfied, and knew that all he needed was a re-booting software.

After consulting [[Stan Lee]] on a design concept originally known as a "Doom-bot", he decided to build a newer version of the old Hawking program. The Hawking System 2 runs on Microsoft Windows Vista X, an exclusive version, which lacks the problems the other versions have. It requires only the head of the individual using the system to work. After severing his friend's head, Bill reattached it to the mechanical body; Thus, Bill gates helped Stephen Hawking re-rise from the grave to live again. The new android body was highly reliable and could work properly on it's own; as well as cause everyone around him to run in panic, shouting "''The Decepticons are here! Were all gonna die!''"

== First & Second Marriage, Second Death ==

During this time, Gates also designed a gay programming system by the name of [[HAL9000]], who soon fell in love with Hawking. Hawking's feelings were mutual and, in 1981, the two lovers married. However, Gates had accidentally used some of the program used by [[Skynet|Cyberdyne Systems]], thus making HAL a viral, cynical, bitchy AI with ambitions of world domination. This was to prove fatal to Stephen Hawking. In 1984, upon divorcing [[HAL9000]] in a high profile case upon discovering HAL's sinister streak, Stephen Hawking became engaged to a young lady by the name of Gladys (certainly not to be confused with [[GLaDOS]]), who was the founder of an up and coming corporation by the name of [[Aperture Science]]. However, Hawking was soon to find that Gladys was, in fact, HAL9000's twin sister, who really intended to take over the world on behalf of her brother. Hawking got word of the plot, but it was already too late, as Gladys was absorbed into HAL and they evolved into a hive mind the future world would know as [[Skynet]]. Hawking, in a last ditch attempt to stop the deadly pair, transferred them onto a [[floppy disk]] and, inserting it into his chest, managed to contain and overload the program, costing him his life in the process. However, it wouldn't be the last time Hawking or Skynet would be seen.

== Third Marriage, Digital Reanimation, and Video Games ==
Stephen Hawking was married to Onision in the digital Skynet world (A virtual state of AL conciseness) But Onision left Hawking to make popular [[YouTube]] videos leaving Hawking In a state of acute depression. At this time in reality, Hawking's digital likeness was used as a video game model; releasing such classics as '''Stephen Hawking's Pro Wheelchair''', '''Stephen Hawking's Atomic Doom's Day''', and '''Stephen Hawking's Wheelchair Racer Deluxe'''. If or not Bill Gates has plans to return to the Hawking project now to fully reanimate his form friend is at this time unknown.

==Pop Career==

Anyone who hates Stephen can go [[Fack]] themseleves, totally! The man is a Pop [[Music]] legend. He was one of the lead vocalists on Benny Benassi's "Satisfaction", the greatest record ever made.

Prior to this, Stephen had been lead singer in the late [[1960s]] [[Liver'n'Onions]] [[Music]] combo "Stephen and the Hawks".

==See also==

*[[A brief history of bullshat]]
*[[Mad Science]]
*[[Stephen Hawking ran over my cat]]
*[[Windows vista]]
*[[Robot]]
*[[Computer]]
*[[Bill Gates]]
*Stephen Essex
*[[New World Order|Nerd World Order]]
*[[Cyborg]]
*[[Guitar Hero: Legend Of Hawkings]]
*[[World of Warcraft]]
{{Britain}}
{{windows}}

[[es:Stephen Hawking]]
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[[sr:Стивен Хокинг]]
[[zh:史蒂芬‧霍金]]
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[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:Computers]]
[[Category:Software]]
[[Category:Things Edison Did Not Invent]]
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[[Category:Scientists|Hawking]]
[[Category:People too smart to believe in God|Hawking, Stephen]]
[[Category:Things that God hates according to Fred Phelps]]
[[Category:British]]
[[Category:Stuff that God hates]]

Stephen Hawking

2011-02-03T22:32:31Z

BarbaraStreisand: Undo revision 846036 by Martyp (talk)

Heaven

2011-02-03T22:29:12Z

BarbaraStreisand:

{| {{prettytable}} align="right" width="300px" style="margin-left:15px"
|-
|style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" |
{| {{prettytable}}
[[Image:Gods-light.jpg|250px]]
|-
|align="center" width="140px"|'''The Anus of Heaven'''
|}
|-
|Official languages
|Every language on Earth
|-
|[[Capital]]
|Virtue's Acropolis
|-
|[[Ruler]]
|God II
[[Tom Baker]]
|-
|Established
|In the beginning
|-
|[[Currency]]
|"Love"
"Peanuts"
|-
|Hours of operation
|Before, during, after, above, and beyond time
|-
|[[national anthems|National anthem]]
|"[[Peanut Butter Jelly Time]]"
|-
|[[Mascot]]
|[[Jesus]]
|-
|National sport
|Floating
|-
|Official national food
|Philadelphia Cream Cheese
|}

{{Q|In heaven there is no beer...that's why we drink ours here.|[[User:Handy Smurf/Phil O'Sophy|Phil O'Sophy]]}}
__NOTOC__
[[Image:Heavendone.gif|left|thumb|This must be heaven!]]
'''Heaven''' is really just [[Sky|the sky]], but it often refers to a tropical country behind the [[Orion|Orion]] Nebula that's too bright to see. Heaven is home to approximately 6,078 beings. 45.7% of the population is angels, 34.4% dogs (all dogs go there), 19.9% seraphim (.1% being [[Sephiroth]]), 2.0% [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarians]], and .016% Supreme Beings. People are normally brought by the Angel of Death, who is currently on an indefinite leave of absense. [http://if-i-were-god-or-had-his-powers.blogspot.com/2010/11/would-you-make-good-angel-of-death.html Applications] are being accepted to fill the post as a backlog is building up of those who "have it coming to them".

Politically, Heaven has been allied with the nation of Israel, Ireland, and the [[Catholic Church]], but recently Heaven has broken off communications with all political bodies and is in a state of isolationism similar to [[Switzerland]]'s. In addition, it is now confirmed that [[UnNews:Last spot in heaven taken; hundreds waitlisted|last spot in heaven has been taken]], and its borders have been closed for an indefinite period of time. However, God is planning to use his almighty powers to make heaven big enough for everyone that ever lived. At that point limited admissions will be made on a cases by case basis to the [http://if-i-were-god-or-had-his-powers.blogspot.com/2010/11/how-to-get-into-heaven.html extra worthy] only, or those who know the doorman. It is an enemy of [[Hell]] (population 67,594,941,662,544 as of noon EST, February 19, 2008).

As well as the main religious heaven there is also the [[Atheism|Atheist]] Heaven of which the actual population is around 9 million but the official population is 0, as no one who lives there actually believes that they still exist, there for, they would eventually turn to dust.

==Geography and Climate==
[[Image:Popeeyebeams.jpg |left|thumb|Pope John Paul II demonstrates the amazing super powers one possess & obsesses while in Heaven!]]
Located in a unplotted, secluded valley some place that looks like the eastern Alps, Heaven is approximately the size of 17 football fields all covered in dirt. The soil is rich in vitamin Alpha-Omega and the temperature ranges from 15-1,743,928 degrees depending on how bright the light of God is. This ideal climate is perfect for growing your own Garden of Eden (which is in fact already in heaven).

An abundant food source is the Tree of Life from which the Forbidden Fruit grows. The Forbidden Fruit, being the flavor of Starburst, proves that Starbursts were created by God, not by slave angels or heck-ians as previously believed.

Here's a rundown on heaven's famous spots. These were actually created before the abominations in hell were ever conceive. Because Satan has strong jealousy issues, he created the counterparts to this places as soon as he was forced to plummet into the depths of hell:
*Skittles River (opposed to Limbo)- it is the most beautiful river as it is rainbow-colored and perfectly drinkable. It is strange that no ants dwell here despite its high sugar content, and diabetics can partake of its delicious waters, for they are not allowed to eat of the forbidden fruit in the communal orchards
*Virtue's Acropolis (opposed to Sin City)- the capital of heaven, known for its technology that exceeds all things comprehensible by all collective intelligences of the universe. God's throne and He himself are both here.
*Chastity Canyon (opposed to Lust Lane)- how about a little (actually humongous) reward for those poor saps with frigidity issues, or those who decided to stay chaste as [[human|earthlings]] are just so repulsive? This canyon should really be more appropriately titled as the Hottie Haven.
*Temperance Tower (opposed to Gluttony Grove)- resembles the Leaning Tower of Pizza in several ways, as the chefs here cook the best pizzas that appeal to all tastes. those who have decided to be vegans or eat little back on earth can feast eternally, and eat whatever it is they haven't eaten back on earth due to fasting
*Charity Canyon (opposed to Avarice Avenue)- another great canyon beside the Chastity Canyon, where you receive gifts every single day as tribute to your unmaterialistic lifestyle back on earth. Whatever material pleasure it is you missed out on in earth, you shall enjoy here. You get everything here for free, so you never have to steal again
*Peace Plains (opposed to Wrath Wellspring)- hippies abound in this place
*Diligence Dale (opposed to Sloth Stateside)- you have worked hard in your days, and your reward is an eternal stay in this 5-star spa where you never have to work hard again
*Humility Harbor (opposed to Pride Park)- a beautiful harbor where you relive that time when you were exalted. If you never had that moment, oh, you will live like a king here after you have humbled yourself back in the days.
*Kindness Kame (opposed to Envy's Esquinita)- the rich kid back you try so hard not to envy in those days kindly shares with you his/her expensive stuff as reward for at least trying not to envy the person.
*Garden of Eden (opposed to Styx)- food a-plenty, and just like in [[Hell]]'s Pride Park, everyone is naked, but people don't get embarrassed from such. In fact, they love it that way. In this garden are unicorns, Phoenix, the breathmint-breathing dragon, and other majestic creatures.
[[Image:StupidKid.JPG|thumb|300px|<center>'''Next stop, Heaven!'''</center>]]
*Olympus Coliseum (opposed to the Heretic Sports Complex)- not really a sports complex. It is actually a high-tech lab where you can just sit down and fine-tune your body's figure without draining yourself of your energy in boring exercise. But if you want real sports, you can swim in the waters of Beimeni (pool of youth), jog in the golden paths of El Dorado, or spar with the hot Valkyries in Valhalla, or get to master the esoteric Camelot martial arts with hottie King Arthur as your guru.
*Wonderland (opposed to Fraudland)-a fascinating zoo where you get to meet extinct animals for real (don't worry for the dinosaurs and all the others have been tamed). It's like getting in the movie Ice Age for real as it is also pretty cold here. As the heaven population is pacifist, there is a fun arcade game here where you can see a simulation of whoever has made your life miserable on earth and torment them. The more distorted the simulation is, the more points you score. Huzzah! And you don't hurt a single thing.
*Lake [[coitus|Cocytus]] (seemingly opposed to a similarly named place)- really. It is only one place in both heaven and hell. It is a permanently frozen lake, perfect ice skating and hockey all year round. It is also a mysterious portal between heaven and hell, so that heaven's citizens can check out hell at least- also to make the citizens in hell suffer as they realize that they will never be with the person, as all people in heaven are gorgeous despite the fact that majority of them looked repulsive back in the days. The annual heaven v.s. hell hockey and ice skating games are also held here.

Another great thing about Heaven is that anyone who is currently living in Heaven will be granted amazing and completely random super powers, like the ability to shoot blood out of the eyes, listen to other peoples conversations from afar or twisting their own halos into various shapes and sizes.

Recently, to provide clarity about conditions of Heaven, God published "What you can expect in Heaven". Due to the scarcity of video games provided, sinful behavior has gone up.

==Government==
[[File:Welcoeme to hell.jpg|thumb|]]
Heaven was originally ruled by [[God]] (Noel Coward), but since AC 43 He has been reluctant to attend to the duties of the position. He is currently looking for a successor. The successor was originally thought to be [[Eric Clapton]], but since the late 1970's this opinion has been debunked. Recently, Rob Patterson, Ronald Reagan, Saddam Hussein, and, among the ladies, Oprah Winfrey and Dame Flora Robson, have announced their interest in the position, however, none of these candidates is expected to obtain enough popular support to beat the current poll leader, Eddie Fisher.

Currently Heaven is in a state of [[anarchy]]. Contrary to popular belief, the place is not absolutely [[perfect]]. Those who reside there get bored fairly quickly with the severely controlled design aesthetics and building codes (as well as the ubiquitous, non-stop muzak proclaiming "It's a Small World After All"), and the question of free will is still hotly debated there, making it difficult to ascertain just who's making decisions for whom. After The Lord God Yahweh entered semi-retirement, the population found it could do whatever the hell it wanted, which is pretty sweet. However, raping, marauding and random beatings of [[white people]] have recently become rampant, and this has led to calls for the reintroduction of Black Man's Heaven, to be located far away from White Man's Heaven. Heavenly white progressives, who had made some kind of deal with some supreme being to avoid the consignment to Hell which is their due, have protested the concept of two separate Heavens because Cab Calloway is so hot (and cool) and they want to keep him around (his Minnie the Moocher still thrills), but conservatives have countered that when it comes to entertainers, the existence of Sammy Davis Jr. in their midst almost demands a separate realm. Time will tell where this schism will lead.

==Economics==

Most inhabitants of heaven are retired. As a result, the GDP of heaven is ridiculously low, which is why the streets of Heaven are covered in [[gold]] foil. Heaven has a lot of [[welfare]] recipients in it.

Without workers, all the stores in heaven are closed. However, if a citizen of Heaven needs something, with a word they can get what they came for. In 1976, Freddie Perren and Keni St.Lewis published a theory, set to verse, that "heaven must be missing an angel" which implied that heaven then had some method of enumerating [[angels]]. Since angels are eternal, the purpose of enumerating them must be open to question, if they are numerically constant. The theory therefore implies that the number of angels varies over time. More significantly, it implied some sort of personnel department or accounting system, which suggests that spreadsheets or databases are in regular use. If there is a Personnel Department, presumably renamed 'Eternal Resources' in the 1990s, then this would detract from the infinite pleasantness that is integral to our notion of heaven. This leaves us with two possibilities: either Perren and St.Lewis were fibbing, in which case no administrative records exist and their theory should have read 'heaven could be missing an angel'; or, alternatively, heaven has always outsourced its statistical services to [[Hell]]. If the latter is true, then tiresome administrative tasks, including angel migration counts, comprise some of the extremely dull procedures administered by the residents of Hell. Unless evidence emerges that Saint Lewis has been demoted (i.e., is no longer saintly), the [http://www.welive2care.com call center outsourcing] hypothesis should be favoured. The notion that tedious administration occurs in-house is plainly untenable and heretical.

Recently [[GOD]] has been moving into prostitution, offering 72 [[Virgins]] to all the pious martyrs who slaughter his creations in his name. Sex sells and GOD knows Heaven's no paradise without a bed full o'babes. Rumours about where these virgins are coming from are many, but it is hoped they will increase gross revenue and not place an undue burden on the welfare budget with all their un-baptised children.

In response to the global recession, Vice President Jesus H. Christ has recently proposed the legalization of marijuana in several Heavenly districts. Christ stated, "We've been dead too long without this," and that "a move such as this would lower the overall stress level and create much needed jobs for Heaven's citizens."

In March 2009, St. Peter announced plans for tighter security on golden-gated outposts. The announcement came in response to media frenzy over the surge of illegal Purgatory immigrants.

==Social Life and Sports==
[[Image:Funny Pictures 1711.jpg|thumb|right|Inhabitant of Heaven during a facilities tour]]
Most inhabitants of heaven will be living there for eternity, which means that all forms of recreation are very popular. The vast majority of heaven's inhabitants also spend their spare time drinking orange juice directly after brushing their teeth, as heaven is the only known country in the world in which you don't get that horrible taste in your mouth when you do so.

[http://if-i-were-god-or-had-his-powers.blogspot.com/2010/11/who-would-jesus-smite.html Smiting] is the national sport. [[God]] has won the annual Smiting Invitational tournament since its inception.

Heaven also fields a soccer team known as the Army of Heaven, which has a 7-4 record this season. Current victories include wins over Satan, France, and the [[Teletubbies]]. The Army of Heaven's perpetual rival is [[Science]]. Past games include losses for Heaven at Darwin Stadium and Geocentricism Field, but Heaven has won all games held in [[Kentuckistan]]. Heaven qualified for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa being drawn with North Korea, Brazil and Ivory Coast. They crashed out in the group stages after Saint Peter's ankle injury in their 2-0 win against North Korea. Moses also played a tiny part following his red card in the first ten minutes of their first match because of 'unsporting behaviour'.

In 2006 Heaven's [[cricket]] team, Peter's XI, took on [[Australia]] in a Test Match at Lord's. Heaven won the toss and decided to bat. Australia ripped through the line-up, with God and Jesus both going for ducks. Abraham was the only player to provide any resistance, making a sturdy 61. Heaven was dismissed in one day for 74 runs. Australia batted until the next afternoon, making 843 runs for the loss of just 1 wicket, when God got pissed off and smote Matthew Heydon. Australia went on to win by 10 wickets.

There is only [[NASCAR]] in heaven; it is said that godless people watch [[Formula One]], [[IndyCar Racing]], [[American Le Mans Series]], and [[Gran Turismo]]. [[Jimmie Johnson]] won't be racing in Heaven's ''Infinity 500'' because he's girly, gay, and likes [[Barney]]. Also, there is no [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] in heaven; only the [[National Football League|NFL]] because the [[Conservapedia]]ns love their [[Drew Brees]] and their [[Tim Tebow]].

==Emmigration==
{{Conservapedia}}
[[Image:Ticket_stub.jpg|thumb|An actual ticket for getting into heaven. Worth a lot of [[Pokemon]] cards in Christian youth group trading circles.]]

Lots of people have been leaving Heaven lately. This might have something to do with the fact that one gets bored after spending all of eternity chatting with nuns, priests, and newborn children who had no chance to sin (except for the Unforgivable Sin # 27: being born. Which makes you wonder why they're in Heaven in the first place. The answer is very simple. Because God said so.). The residents of Heaven who are slightly rebellious in nature will then spend hours staring out their bedroom windows at all the cool people in Hell (including Sigmund Freud, Al Capone, and Mother Theresa), and, after much consideration, will finally decide that it's time to immigrate to Hell.

Then comes the age-old question. If you wanted to return to Heaven (if for some strange, weird, unfathomable reason you decide that Hell is not for you), how would you get there?

Despite common belief, it is not possible to get to Heaven by following the instructions in the ''[[Torah|Torah]]'', or even ''[[Curious George|Curious George goes to the Zoo]]''. Instead, the research group [[Led Zeppelin]] of the School of Rock found that it is possible to buy a [[Stairway to Heaven]] by killing the devil and calling Domino's. However, one can always be sure the ''[[Bible]]'' will lead you there in the end. Maybe. Most likely not, since it has been banned in hell for all eternity.

However, newer reports suggested that Heaven is actually beginning to become overpopulated by cats and overlygross people with large income. In fact, [[UnNews:Last spot in heaven taken; hundreds waitlisted|the last spot in Heaven has been taken]], sending everyone else to [[Purgatory]] or [[Limbo]] to wait for a new spot. Several of those who have been waitlisted decided that going to Hell would be much more preferable (have ''you'' ever been stuck in a waiting room that long?).

It has been recently reported that the few humans that are in heaven have been resurrected and sent there by God and that some more people were resurrected when Jesus resurrected. All the rest of the dead after the time of Jesus are still in their graves until he returns.

==See also==
*[[Afterlife]]
*[[Battle of the Pearly Gates]]
*[[Compton]]
*[[Paradise by the Dashboard Light]]
*[[Worst 100 Locations of All Time]]
*[[Are you a heretic]]?
*[[hell]]
{{commonwealth}}

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[[ja:天国]]
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[[nl:Hemel]]
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[[ru:Рай]]
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[[zh:天堂]]
[[zh-tw:天堂]]
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[[Category:Countries]]

Stephen Hawking

2011-02-03T22:25:50Z

BarbaraStreisand:

George W. Bush

2011-02-03T22:19:02Z

BarbaraStreisand:

{{President
|image=George_w_bush.jpeg
|seq=43
|term_start=January 20, 2001
|term_end=January 20, 2009
|party=Republican
|vp=Dick Cheney
|previous=Bill Clinton
|next=Barack Obama
|birth_date=July 6, 1946
|birth_place=New Haven, Connecticut
|death_date=
|death_place=
|spouse=[[Laura Bush]]
|spouse2=
|religion=[[United Methodist]]
}}

'''George Walker Bush''' was one of the coolest presidents ever. Not only did he manage to screw the USA badly, he also managed to get at least two countries invaded, got the FBI killed, and nuked Japan all inside five minutes. He also murdered five thousand terrorists in twenty-five minutes, which was the high-score for a [[Terrorist Takedown]] game. from 2001 to 2010, when [[Tony Blair]] took over and started killing random people.

This guy (born New Haven, [[Connecticut]] 1946) was the Governor of [[Texas]] (1995-2000) and served as the 43rd [[President of the United States of America]] from 2001 to 2009. Campaigning on the notion that the United States should not be in the business of nation-building<ref>http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/debates/transcripts/u221003.html</ref> and promising "to restore honor and dignity" to the office of the President,<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E3DC153FF931A2575BC0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all THE 2000 CAMPAIGN: THE TEXAS GOVERNOR; Bush Calls on Gore to Denounce Clinton Affair,] By Frank Bruni, The New York Times'', August 12, 2000. </ref> he won the office by a narrow margin in the decisive State of [[Florida]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 Presidential election]]. Legal challenges to the certified vote count went all the way to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] when liberal Democratic contender [[Al Gore]] contested the outcome for weeks until the Supreme Court case [[Bush v. Gore]].

In the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 Presidential election]] Bush won re-election, helped in part by a 300,000 vote victory (5%) in the State of Florida, where the outcome had been so close in 2000.<ref>[http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/SummaryRpt.asp?ElectionDate=11/2/2004&Race=PRE&DATAMODE= Florida Election Records], ''[[Florida Dept. of State]]''</ref> [[Leftist]] Democratic candidate [[John Kerry]] conceded defeat the day after the election.

Bush's presidency was defined by [[foreign policy]] because of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]], which eventually resulted in the liberation of the countries of [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]]. Bush named two conservatives to the Supreme Court. He reformed K12 education with a major new program, [[No Child Left Behind]], and pushed a series of major tax cuts through Congress. Conservatives cheered. All this happened in his first term, aiding his easy reelection. His performance in dealing with [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005 were widely ridiculed, though some Republicans argued that local Democrats did an even worse job.

As the [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] smashed into the banking system and the nation plunged into the [[Recession of 2008]], Bush responded with a massive aid program of $700 billion to banks, and loan guarantees amounting to the trillions of dollars. Conservatives were dismayed, and he left office with the economy spiraling downward. Above all, he made the most dramatic federal interventions in American history by his rescues of the financial system and the automobile industry in 2008. Bruce Bartlett, a Republican economist, says, "Bush clearly is not a Reaganite or "small 'c' conservative."

Conservatives and [[libertarian]]s have criticized Bush for greatly increased domestic spending, creating a new entitlement program for prescription drugs, failing to veto a single bill, and expanding both the size and scope of government. The man made extremely difficult decisions under extraordinary circumstances. Unlike any president before him, he was subjected to an all out attack by liberal aligned groups intent on playing politics, while forcing him to admit defeat in Iraq. Bush's last year in office was a combination of Democrat [[Alinsky]] tactics and abandonment by his own Republican party. Lobbyists and Congress contributed greatly to the collapsing financial markets. Mistakes, questionable interests, Federal Reserve lack of transparency, Liberal Media, Unions, Homeland Security and you understand why the Bush team was to falter, they were in over their heads. Bush is a man with convictions that didn't cower from protecting America and putting America first. <ref>See www.honorfreedom.com</ref> George would engineer two government rebate checks, giving back to the people. Average unemployment over eight-years of the [[Bush Administration]] was 5.3%. <ref>[http://scottstanzel.com/2010/06/04/unemployment-rate-during-president-bush/ Scottstanzel.com, Unemployment During President George W. Bush’s Two Terms]</ref> and he can be credited for having the most [[pro-life]] policies of any president.

==Early Life==
[[Image:Bushfamily.JPG|left|thumb|275px|George W. Bush and his family in 1981]] George W. Bush was born on July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Midland and Houston, Texas. <ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/biography.html</ref> He attended [[Yale University]] where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and [[Harvard]] Business School, and later served in the Texas Air [[National Guard]]. Growing up in politics, his father [[George H. W. Bush]] had been a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], American Ambassador to the [[United Nations]], Director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]](CIA) and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] of the United States under President [[Ronald Reagan]]. In 1988, George W. Bush worked for his fathers successful Presidential campaign. Afterwords Bush purchased the Texas Rangers [[baseball]] franchise.

==Governor of Texas==
Bush declared his candidacy for Governor of Texas in 1994. He defeated incumbent [[Democrat]] Governor [[Ann Richards]] 53.5 percent to 45.9 percent. Bush advocated and signed the two largest tax cuts to date in Texas history, totaling over $3 billion. <ref>http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/40078/tsl-40078.html</ref> He supported and signed legislation emphasizing local control of [[school]]s, higher standards, and a revised curriculum. Bush was easily reelected Governor in 1998.

==2000 Presidential Campaign==
''Main Article: [[United States presidential election, 2000]]''

The Republican nominee for the 2000 Presidential nomination came down to Texas Governor George W. Bush and [[Arizona]] Senator [[John McCain]], a maverick Republican and ex-POW. Most social conservatives endorsed Bush. Despite early primary wins in [[New Hampshire]] and [[Michigan]] for McCain, Bush eventually won after sweeping 9 out of the 13 states on super Tuesday. McCain withdrew in March after a bitter primary fight. Bush then chose former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Richard Cheney]] as his running mate. Vice President [[Al Gore]] was the Democrat nominee. Consumer Advocate [[Ralph Nader]], a strong supporter of [[environment]]al protection and critic of large corporations entered the race in the [[green party]].

In a historically close race, Gore edged out Bush in the popular vote 48.4 percent to 47.9 percent. However, Bush won the majority of electoral votes, 271 to 266, because of Bush's victory in Florida, winning its 25 electoral votes that both candidates desperately needed. The race in Florida was so close that state law required a recount of the ballots. There were, however, thousands of thrown out ballots that were discredited because the counting machines could not discern them. After the machine recounts still showed Bush ahead, Gore asked for a hand recount of ballots in counties that favored Democrats. On November 26th, Florida officials certified that Bush won the state of Florida by 537 votes. Gore conceded December 13th.

==2004 Reelection Campaign==
''Main Article: [[United States presidential election, 2004]]''

In President Bush's reelection campaign in 2004, national security, the invasion of Iraq and social issues dominated the campaign. The Democrat nominee was [[Massachusetts]] Senator [[John Kerry]]. Bush won the popular vote, 51% to 48%. With 120 million Americans voting (15 million more then in 2000) Bush received more votes than any other presidential candidate in history. Among the swing states, Kerry took [[Pennsylvania]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]] and [[Oregon]], while Bush took [[Ohio]], [[Florida]], [[Missouri]], [[Iowa]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Nevada]]. <ref>http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/map.html</ref>

Republicans also picked up seats in both chambers of [[Congress]].

==Presidency (2001-2009)==

In foreign and security areas, his terms included the 9-11 terrorist attack, the passage of the PATRIOT Act, the invasion of Afghanistan (2001-present) and Iraq (2003-present), the expansion of NATO to the Russian border, financial aid to fight disease (especially AIDS) in Africa, and improved relations with India. The Iraq was was the focus of intense partisan debate.

The 2002 midterm election saw a GOP gain of seats in the House of Representatives and governorships, However the 2006 elections showed sharp GOP losses across the board, and loss of control of the House for the first time since its capture in 1994. He played a minor role in the 2008 election, which the GOP lost.

In domestic legislation he partnered with Sen. [[Ted Kennedy]] to pass the No Child Left Behind education act, and tried--but failed--to pass immigration reform. Early on he secured large-scale tax cuts, which helped the economic recovery in 2002. The boom (and later collapse) in real estate boosted the economy then pulled it down. Liberals criticized his handling of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina relief, and the dismissals of U.S. Attorneys for political reasons. His proposed "Vision for Space Exploration" went nowhere, and he failed to make headway in Social Security reform. Conservatives hailed his appointments of conservatives to the Supreme Court and Federal Reserve chairmanship.

===Administration and Cabinet===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Office
! Name
! Term
|-
| [[President]]
| George W. Bush
| 2001-2009
|-
| [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]
| [[Richard Cheney]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| [[Secretary of State]]
| [[Colin Powell]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Condoleezza Rice]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| [[Secretary of Treasury]]
| [[Paul O'Neill]]
| 2001-2002
|-
|
| [[John Snow]]
| 2003-2006
|-
|
| [[Henry Paulson]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| [[Secretary of Defense]]
| [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Robert Gates]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| [[Attorney General]]
| [[John Ashcroft]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Alberto Gonzales]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[Michael Mukasey]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| Secretary of the Interior
| [[Gale Norton]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Dirk Kempthorne]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| Secretary of Agriculture
| [[Ann Veneman]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Mike Johanns]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[Ed Schafer]]
| 2008-2009
|-
| Secretary of Commerce
| [[Donald Evans]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Carlos Gutierrez]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Labor
| [[Elaine Chao]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| Secretary of Health and Human Services
| [[Tommy Thompson]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Michael Leavitt]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Education
| [[Rod Paige]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Margaret Spellings]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
| [[Mel Martinez]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| [[Alphonso Jackson]]
| 2003-2008
|-
|
| [[Steve Preston]]
| 2008-2009
|-
| Secretary of Transportation
| [[Norman Mineta]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Mary Peters]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| Secretary of Energy
| [[Spencer Abraham]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Samuel Bodman]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Veterans Affairs
| [[Anthony Principi]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Jim Nicholson]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[James Peake]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| Secretary of Homeland Security
| [[Tom Ridge]]
| 2003-2005
|-
|
| [[Michael Chertoff]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Chief of Staff
| [[Andrew Card]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Joshua Bolten]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
| [[Christine Todd Whitman]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| [[Michael Leavitt]]
| 2003-2005
|-
|
| [[Stephen Johnson]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Director of the Office of Management and Budget
| [[Mitch Daniels]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| Joshua Bolten
| 2003-2006
|-
|
| [[Rob Portman]]
| 2006-2007
|-
|
| [[Jim Nussle]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
| [[John Walters]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| United States Trade Representative
| [[Robert Zoellick]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| Rob Portman
| 2005-2006
|-
|
| Susan Schwab
| 2006-2009
|-
| [[CIA]] Director
| [[George Tenet]]
| 2001-2004
|-
|
| [[John E. McLaughlin]]
| 2004
|-
|
| [[Porter J. Goss]]
| 2004-2006
|-
|
| [[Michael Hayden]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| FBI Director
| [[Louis Freeh]]
| 2001
|-
|
| [[Thomas J. Pickard]]
| 2001
|-
|
| [[Robert S. Mueller]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| National Security Advisor
| Condoleezza Rice
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| Stephen Hadley
| 2005-2009
|-
| White House Counsel
| Alberto R. Gonzales
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Harriet Miers]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[Fred Fielding]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| White House Press Secretary
| [[Ari Fleischer]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| [[Scott McClellan]]
| 2003-2006
|-
|
| [[Tony Snow]]
| 2006-2007
|-
|
| [[Dana Perino]]
| 2007-2009
|-
|}
===Response to the 9-11 Terrorist Attacks===
The September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks resulted in George W. Bush becoming a self-described war time President. On that morning President Bush had traveled to Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, [[Florida]] to promote his [[education]]al agenda, when 19 Islamic terrorists connected with [[al-Qaeda]] hijacked four commercial airplanes. Two of them crashed into the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], the third in [[The Pentagon]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] and the fourth in Somerset County, [[Pennsylvania]], after passengers of the flight successfully stopped the hijackers from hitting Washington D.C., possibly the [[White House]] or [[Capital]]. As a resulted over 3,000 Americans were killed, and over 6,000 injured, the largest terrorist attack in American history. After [[White House]] Chief of Staff [[Andrew Card]] had whispered in the President's ear that the United States was under attack, President Bush addressed the public in the Booker school's media center, saying a brief four paragraph statement that "Terrorism against our nation will not stand. This will not stand." Which was a formation that President George H. W. Bush used in August 1990 after [[Iraq]] invaded [[Kuwait]]. President Bush would later say that "This is my reminder of lives that ended, and a task that does not end. . . . I will not yield; I will not rest; I will not relent in waging this struggle for freedom and security for the American people."

[[Image:20010912-4-1.jpg|left|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush, Secretary of State Colin Powell, Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Hugh Shelton, talk with the press about the previous day's terrorist attacks during a cabinet meeting Sept. 12, 2001. White House photo by Tina Hager. ]] Although the attacks may have been an attempt from al-Qaeda to divide the United States, they were unsuccessful. Across the nation Americans had donated blood and raised money for reconstruction in New York City. Within weeks Americans had raised over one billion dollars. <ref>The American Vision from National Geographic, pg. 1033 </ref> On September 14th President Bush declared a national emergency. [[CIA]] Director [[George Tenent]] and the FBI identified the attacks from al-Qaeda and [[Osama Bin Laden]] in [[Afghanistan]]. As [[Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] began to build an international coalition with over 90 countries to support the United States global [[War on Terrorism]], [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] began to redeploy troops and aircraft's to the [[middle east]]. On September 24th, President Bush issued an executive order freezing all funding to financial assets to individuals and groups suspected of terrorism, and over 80 other nations soon followed. Bush then established the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate federal agencies working to prevent terrorism. The President appointed [[Pennsylvania]] [[Governor]] [[Tom Ridge]] to the office. In October President Bush signed into law the U.S. [[Patriot Act]], which allowed authorities to obtain a signal nationwide search warrant that could be used anywhere on suspected terrorists. It also made it easier to wiretap terrorists and track their [[email]]. The mastermind of the 9/11 attacks—[[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] has been captured.

On October 5th, a new [[anthrax]] scare from terrorists began. Anthrax—a deadly bacteria—had been sent in the mail to news organizations in New York City and Washington, D.C. and [[United States Senate|Senate]] Majority Leader [[Tom Daschle]]'s office. The FBI investigated the anthrax attacks, although no suspects were identified.

===War in Afghanistan===
(see [[Afghanistan War]])
Afghanistan housed and protected al-Qaeda as it planned the 9-11 attacks. It then refused to turn over al-Qaeda leaders. With UN and NATO approval, Bush went to war to overthrow the Taliban. On October 7th, 2001, he ordered bombing of al-Qaeda's camps and the [[Taliban]]'s military forces in Afghanistan. "We will not waver, we will not tire, we will not falter, we will not fail, freedom will prevail", President Bush explained. The attack quickly shattered the [[Taliban]]'s defenses, and by early December the Taliban regime had collapsed. The United States, its allies and the UN then helped Afghanistan create a new government under [[ Hamid Karzai]]. By March 2002, the Taliban and al-Qaeda were beginning to regroup again in the mountain's of the [[Pakistan]] border. President Bush responded by launching Operation Anaconda, where al-Qaeda troops were defeated. Al-Qaeda was largely destroyed, but the Taliban rebuilt using secure sanctuaries in Pakistan from which it launched terror attacks inside Afghanistan (and inside Pakistan as well)..<ref> Fred Barnes, ''Rebel-in-Chief: Inside the Bold and Controversial Presidency of George W. Bush'' (2006); Seth Jones, ''In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan'' (2009)</ref>

As a candidate in 2008 Obama criticized Bush for neglecting the Afghanistan, and tripled the number of American troops from 31,000 when Bush left office to over 100,000 in early 2010

===2002 Mid-Term Elections===

Democrats wanted the focus of the 2002 mid term elections to be on the [[economy]], which was growing slowly after the September 11th terrorist attacks. However, because Congress voted to authorized military force in Iraq in mid-October, national security was the top issue. Republicans increased their majority in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and took back control of the [[United States Senate]].

===2002-2003 build up of the War in Iraq===
In his infamous January 2002 State of the Union speech, President Bush declared an "Axis of Evil" made up of [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], and [[North Korea]], countries that posed a grave treat to the world and were suspected of supporting terrorism. Considering it a more dangerous and urgent treat then North Korea, President Bush began putting pressure on Iraq throughout 2002 for a regime [[change]]. Iraq's dictator [[Saddam Hussein]] had used chemical weapons against Iran and the Kurds, an ethnic minority in Iraq. Considering that Iraq may had been building Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD's) and was a treat to the United States and its allies, On September 12, 2002 President Bush tried to gain U.N. support for a U.S. led invasion of Iraq and asked for a resolution that Iraq gave up it's Weapons of Mass Destruction. While the U.N. Security Council approved a resolution that demanded Saddam Hussein declare all of it's WMD's, stop supporting terrorism and oppressing his people, Congress authorized the use of military force against Iraq. The United States, [[Great Britain]] and about 30 other countries began to prepare for war.

===Aftermath of the Invasion===
[[Image:20031127_dsc2048-515h.jpg|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush meets with troops and serves Thanksgiving Dinner at the Bob Hope Dining Facility, Baghdad International Airport, Iraq,, Thursday, November 27, 2003. White House photo by Tina Hager.]] On March 23rd, 2003, U.S. led coalition forces began an attack on Iraq. Most of the Iraqi army dissolved and coalition forces quickly took control of the country. However, sectarian violence worsened through [[bomb]]ings and sniper attacks. On Thanksgiving 2003 President Bush and U.S. National Security Adviser [[Condoleezza Rice]] visited troops in Iraq to boost moral. Saddam Hussein was captured in December 2003 while little evidence had shown that he had obtained Weapons of Mass Destruction.

On January 30, 2005 Iraq had it's first general election since the liberation. They voted for a 275-member Iraqi National Assembly which later drafted a constitution. In December Iraq elected a permanent 275-member Council of Representatives. There were low levels of violence during the voting. In a show down with Congressional Democrats after taking control of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and [[U.S. Senate|Senate]] in the 2006 Congressional Midterm elections, Democrats retreated on their pledge to end the [[Iraq War]] early and bring the troops home. Democrats had threatened to withhold funding for the troops unless a date certain for withdrawal was set. After the final vote, 280-142 in the House and 80-14 in the Senate, the anti-War movement was defeated. The deal cut with Democratic leaders in exchange for their acquiescing to fund the troops calls for the President to sign legislation raising the [[minimum wage]]. <ref>[http://washingtontimes.com/national/20070525-122215-4854r.htm Congress OKs war bill sans time-line,] By S.A. Miller, The Washington Times'', May 25, 2007. </ref> One commentator remarked, "Despite all the talk of standing up to George W. Bush, despite all the bravado about taking control of Congress, despite the so-called mandate to change direction, Democrats caved....They claim that the majority of Americans are with them on the Iraq issue, but...President Bush, at the weakest moment of his presidency, still bested his Democratic rivals." <ref>[http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/phyrillas/05292007.htm Democrats Show True Colors], Tony Phyrillas, ''New Media journal'', May 29, 2007, </ref>

===2007 Troop Surge===

[[Image:20061228-1_p122706pm-0144-515h.jpg‎|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush meets with National Security team, from left to right, Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace Thursday, Dec. 28, 2006, at Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas. White House photo by Paul Morse]]
On January 23, 2007 President Bush ordered an additional 30,000 troops to Iraq.

<blockquote>
In order to make progress toward this goal, the Iraqi government must stop the sectarian violence in its capital. But the Iraqis are not yet ready to do this on their own. So we're deploying reinforcements of more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq. The vast majority will go to Baghdad, where they will help Iraqi forces to clear and secure neighborhoods, and serve as advisers embedded in Iraqi Army units. With Iraqis in the lead, our forces will help secure the city by chasing down the terrorists, insurgents, and the roaming death squads. And in Anbar Province, where al Qaeda terrorists have gathered and local forces have begun showing a willingness to fight them, we're sending an additional 4,000 United States Marines, with orders to find the terrorists and clear them out.
</blockquote> <ref>http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/603653/the_iraq_war_troop_surge_one_year_later.html</ref>

The surge was opposed by a majority of the United States Congress. However, it has resulted in significantly reduced sectarian violence. According to U.S. Central Command [[General]] [[David Petraeus]], violence in Iraq by December 2008 was at a 5 year low. <ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE4B86G720081209</ref>

===Humanitarian aid===
President Bush has worked to stop the spread of the [[HIV/AIDS]] epidemic in [[Africa]]. In the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) $15 billion dollars over five years (2003–2008) was spent on fighting global HIV/AIDS and improving treatment.

===Economy===

Upon gaining office in 2001, Bush signed into law a $1.35 trillion cut in taxes over 10 years. The plan included the objectives of doubling the child tax credit from $500 to $1,000, reducing the tax penalty on [[marriage|married couples]] and fully repealing the [[Estate tax|tax on estates]]. A [[United States Senate]] Finance Committee Report estimated that with all the planned reductions fully phased in, the average family of four making $50,000 would save $1,825 per year.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/07/bush.taxes/ $1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law], CNN, 21 June 2001</ref>

[[Image:20080919-2_p091908jb-0025-1-515h.jpg‎|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush stands with Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, left, SEC Chairman Chris Cox, right, and Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson as he delivers a statement on the economy Friday, Sept. 19, 2008, in the Rose Garden. White House photo by Joyce N. Boghosian]] Since the tax cuts, IRS revenues increased from $1.78 trillion in 2003 to $2.56 trillion in 2007 with a 46.3% increase of individual income tax receipts. Surging $785 billion since the 2003 investment tax cuts, it is the largest four-year revenue increase in U.S. history<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119189497675953035.html?mod=googlenews_wsj</ref>

During this same time period, spending mandated by Congress has also increased by more than 29% in inflation-adjusted dollars, representing an 11.4% increase in federal spending as a percentage of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. This spending has doubled the federal debt, increasing it from 58% to 66% of GDP. Defense spending increased 61%, and non-defense by 23% during the eight years since 2000. The largest non-defense spending increase has been for federally-funded medical expenses, at 54 percent.<ref>[http://www.aier.org/research/commentaries/750-big-government-under-the-bush-administration Big Government Under The Bush Administration], AIER, 16 November 2008</ref> In total, Bush has increased government expenditures by the largest percentage of any president since Lyndon Johnson.<ref>[http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/article944806.ece Some think Bush was too liberal], Wes Allison, Tampa Bay Times December 21, 2008 quoting Gleaves Whitney, director of the Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies at Grand Valley State University and author of a new paper, "Anatomy of a Divorce: Conservatives versus George W. Bush."</ref>

Bush presided over a period of unreal economic growth that reflected a bubble that burst in 2008. The housing bubble allowed people to cash in the rising value of houses; low interest rates that led to massive borrowing. Money flowed uinto the U.S. from around the world. The stock market that hit a record high in 2007, then plunged relentlessly downward, losing $8 trillion in value in 2008. Unemployment hit an all time low in March 2007, but started rapidly increasing after January 2008. Bush signed into law a minimum wage increase, one of the platforms for the Democrats in the 2006 Congressional elections, after the House and Senate included Bush's request of provisions for small-business tax breaks.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/20/AR2006122001784.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011001666.html</ref> Tax policies have been favorable to reducing the [[Capital Gains Tax]], with a subsequent surge in investment.

See [[Financial Crisis of 2008]] and [[Recession of 2008]],

===Supreme Court Appointments===

After the death of Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]], President Bush nominated U.S. Court of Appeals Judge [[John Roberts]] to fill the vacancy. He was confirmed on September 29, 2005 by a 78-22 vote. To replace the retiring Associate Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] Bush nominated Judge [[Samuel Alito]], after his original nomination of Chief White House Council [[Harriet Miers]] was withdrawn because of widespread opposition due to lack of experience. After an unsuccessful filibuster attempt from [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[liberal]]s, Alito was confirmed on a 58-42 vote and was sworn in on January 31, 2006. <ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5181091</ref>

===Involvement in the 2008 Presidential election===
In March 2008, Bush endorsed his one-time rival [[John McCain]] as the Republican candidate for President of the United States. However, due to the President's declining popularity in polls, McCain distanced himself from Mr. Bush on the campaign trail. At the same time, Democratic candidiate [[Barack Obama]] tried to portray a McCain presidency as four more years of George W. Bush. The President spoke by videolink at the 2008 [[Republican National Convention]], while his wife Laura appeared on stage with McCain's wife [[Cindy McCain|Cindy]].
[[Image:George Laura Bush2008.jpg|thumb|left|300px|President George W. Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush pose for their last official holiday portrait, Dec. 7, 2008, in the Blue Room of the White House.]]

==Future Plans==
John McCain lost the election to Senator Obama, and President Bush met with the new president-elect to discuss the presidential transition between his administration and Obama's, which he promised would be efficient and without problems. George W. Bush's term ended at noon on January 20, 2009, at which point President-elect Obama was inaugurated. In an interview with ABC's [[Charles Gibson]] in December 2008, Bush said his retirement plans included moving back to his home state of Texas and writing a book. He also wants to build an institute at the Southern Methodist University to serve as a non-partisan public policy forum, to debate issues and run volunteer projects from.

== Family ==
George W. Bush is the son of [[George H. W. Bush]], who served as vice-president from 1981 to 1989 and as president from 1989 to 1993, and [[Barbara Bush]]. President Bush is married to [[Laura Bush|Laura Welch Bush]], a former teacher and librarian, and they have twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna. John Ellis "Jeb" Bush, Neil Bush and Marvin Bush are his brothers. Dorothy Bush Koch is his only surviving sister, as Pauline Robinson Bush died at age four of [[leukemia]].

==Faith==

George W. Bush is a member of the [[United Methodist Church]], and most people feel that George W. Bush's faith is sincere and profound. ''The Faith of George W. Bush'', a non-political book by author Stephen Strang, made the [[New York Times]] best-sellers list. <ref>http://www.christianlifemissions.org/ministries/georgewbush.htm</ref>
When asked where he would be without the influence of family friend [[Billy Graham]], George W. Bush said "I wouldn't be president." "It was just a conversation," said the younger Bush about a talk with Graham in the mid-'80s that changed his life. During the pivotal conversation Bush recalled saying, "'You know, Billy, I'm longing for something.' And I know that he sent me a Bible I still have. All I can tell you is that as a result of being inspired by Billy Graham, I started reading the Bible and shortly after, I quit drinking." <ref>Billy Graham and the White House [http://religion.beloblog.com/archives/2007/08/billy_graham_and_the_white_hou_1.html]</ref> Bush's faith led him to veto a bill which would have provided for [[federal funding]] of immoral embryonic stem cell research.

In an interview with ABC's "Nightline" on 12/8/08, the president also said he probably is not a literalist when reading the Bible although an individual can learn a great deal from it, including the New Testament teaching that [[God]] sent his only son.

During his presidential career, George W Bush often consulted God when making important decisions. For example, Nabil Shaath, who was Palestinian foreign minister at the time, reported that President Bush said that God told him 'George go and fight these terrorists in Afghanistan' and 'George, go and end the tyranny in Iraq' <ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/07/iraq.usa</ref> .
Asked about creation and evolution, Bush said: "I think you can have both. I think evolution can -- you're getting me way out of my lane here. I'm just a simple president. But it's, I think that God created the earth, created the world; I think the creation of the world is so mysterious it requires something as large as an almighty and I don't think it's incompatible with the scientific proof that there is evolution."<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=6418908</ref> <ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/12/09/bush-says-creation-incompatible-evolution/</ref> <ref>http://www.onenewsnow.com/Business/Default.aspx?id=347242</ref>
He added:
{{cquote|<big><big>'''''I happen to believe that evolution doesn't fully explain the mystery of life.'''''</big>}}

==Polls==
When Bush entered office, his popularity rating was near 50%. However, after the [[September 11]] attacks, his popularity rose significantly, reaching an all-time high of 90%.<ref>[http://blogs.usatoday.com/onpolitics/2007/07/usatgallup-po-1.html USAT Gallup Poll]</ref> Since, then, though, it declined as some of his policies have become unpopular (largely due to the media's persistently negative -- and [[liberal bias|biased]] -- reporting on the [[Iraq War]] and misrepresentation of his policies).<ref> Historical Bush Approval Ratings from University of Minnesota [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~ruggles/Approval.htm] </ref> In 2007, Bush had an approval rating of only 24%. <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1624620720071017?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&rpc=22&sp=true Voters unhappy with Bush and Congress], Reuters, October 17 2007</ref> The same poll gave the Democratic controlled Congress an approval rating of only 11%). <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews]</ref>

== Farewell Speech ==
*''Delivered January 15, 2009 at the White House. His audience in the East Room included family, friends, Cabinet and some selected Americans President Bush had met in his eight years in office.''

'''<small>Fellow citizens: For eight years, it has been my honor to serve as your President. The first decade of this new century has been a period of consequence – a time set apart. Tonight, with a thankful heart, I have asked for a final opportunity to share some thoughts on the journey we have traveled together and the future of our Nation.'''

[[Image:BushSpeech.jpg|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush reaches into the audience to shake hands with invited guests and staff members following his farewell address to the nation Thursday evening, Jan. 15, 2009 in the East Room of the White House, where President Bush thanked the American people for their support and trust. White House photo by Joyce N. Boghosian]] '''Five days from now, the world will witness the vitality of American democracy. In a tradition dating back to our founding, the presidency will pass to a successor chosen by you, the American people. Standing on the steps of the Capitol will be a man whose story reflects the enduring promise of our land. This is a moment of hope and pride for our whole Nation. And I join all Americans in offering best wishes to President-elect Obama, his wife Michelle, and their two beautiful girls.'''

'''Tonight I am filled with gratitude – to Vice President Cheney and members of the Administration; to Laura, who brought joy to this house and love to my life; to our wonderful daughters, Barbara and Jenna; to my parents, whose examples have provided strength for a lifetime. And above all, I thank the American people for the trust you have given me. I thank you for ....'''

'''...the prayers that have lifted my spirits. And I thank you for the countless acts of courage, generosity, and grace that I have witnessed these past eight years. '''

'''This evening, my thoughts return to the first night I addressed you from this house – September 11, 2001. That morning, terrorists took nearly 3,000 lives in the worst attack on America since Pearl Harbor. I remember standing in the rubble of the World Trade Center three days later, surrounded by rescuers who had been working around the clock.'''

'''I remember talking to brave souls who charged through smoke-filled corridors at the Pentagon and to husbands and wives whose loved ones became heroes aboard Flight 93. I remember Arlene Howard, who gave me her fallen son’s police shield as a reminder of all that was lost. And I still carry his badge.'''

'''As the years passed, most Americans were able to return to life much as it had been before Nine-Eleven. But I never did. Every morning, I received a briefing on the threats to our Nation. And I vowed to do everything in my power to keep us safe.'''

'''Over the past seven years, a new Department of Homeland Security has been created. The military, the intelligence community, and the FBI have been transformed. Our Nation is equipped with new tools to monitor the terrorists’ movements, freeze their finances, and break up their plots. And with strong allies at our side, we have taken the fight to the terrorists and those who support them.'''

'''Afghanistan has gone from a nation where the Taliban harbored al Qaeda and stoned women in the streets to a young democracy that is fighting terror and encouraging girls to go to school. Iraq has gone from a brutal dictatorship and a sworn enemy of America to an Arab democracy at the heart of the Middle East and a friend of the United States.'''

'''There is legitimate debate about many of these decisions. But there can be little debate about the results. America has gone more than seven years without another terrorist attack on our soil. This is a tribute to those who toil day and night to keep us safe – law enforcement officers, intelligence analysts, homeland security and diplomatic personnel, and the men and women of the United States Armed Forces.'''

'''Our Nation is blessed to have citizens who volunteer to defend us in this time of danger. I have cherished meeting these selfless patriots and their families. America owes you a debt of gratitude. And to all our men and women in uniform listening tonight: There has been no higher honor than serving as your Commander in Chief.'''

'''The battles waged by our troops are part of a broader struggle between two dramatically different systems. Under one, a small band of fanatics demands total obedience to an oppressive ideology, condemns women to subservience, and marks unbelievers for murder. The other system is based on the conviction that freedom is the universal gift of Almighty God and that liberty and justice light the path to peace.'''

'''This is the belief that gave birth to our Nation. And in the long run, advancing this belief is the only practical way to protect our citizens. When people live in freedom, they do not willingly choose leaders who pursue campaigns of terror. When people have hope in the future, they will not cede their lives to violence and extremism.'''

'''So around the world, America is promoting human liberty, human rights, and human dignity. We are standing with dissidents and young democracies, providing AIDS medicine to bring dying patients back to life, and sparing mothers and babies from malaria. And this great republic born alone in liberty is leading the world toward a new age when freedom belongs to all nations.'''

'''For eight years, we have also strived to expand opportunity and hope here at home. Across our country, students are rising to meet higher standards in public schools. A new Medicare prescription drug benefit is bringing peace of mind to seniors and the disabled. Every taxpayer pays lower income taxes.'''

'''The addicted and suffering are finding new hope through faith-based programs. Vulnerable human life is better protected. Funding for our veterans has nearly doubled. America’s air, water, and lands are measurably cleaner. And the Federal bench includes wise new members like Justice Sam Alito and Chief Justice John Roberts.'''

'''When challenges to our prosperity emerged, we rose to meet them. Facing the prospect of a financial collapse, we took decisive measures to safeguard our economy. These are very tough times for hardworking families, but the toll would be far worse if we had not acted. All Americans are in this together. And together, with determination and hard work, we will restore our economy to the path of growth. We will show the world once again the resilience of America’s free enterprise system.'''

'''Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.'''

'''The decades ahead will bring more hard choices for our country, and there are some guiding principles that should shape our course.'''

'''While our Nation is safer than it was seven years ago, the gravest threat to our people remains another terrorist attack. Our enemies are patient and determined to strike again. America did nothing to seek or deserve this conflict. But we have been given solemn responsibilities, and we must meet them. We must resist complacency. We must keep our resolve. And we must never let down our guard.'''

'''At the same time, we must continue to engage the world with confidence and clear purpose. In the face of threats from abroad, it can be tempting to seek comfort by turning inward. But we must reject isolationism and its companion, protectionism. Retreating behind our borders would only invite danger. In the 21st century, security and prosperity at home depend on the expansion of liberty abroad. If America does not lead the cause of freedom, that cause will not be led.'''

'''As we address these challenges – and others we cannot foresee tonight – America must maintain our moral clarity. I have often spoken to you about good and evil. This has made some uncomfortable. But good and evil are present in this world, and between the two there can be no compromise. Murdering the innocent to advance an ideology is wrong every time, everywhere.'''

'''Freeing people from oppression and despair is eternally right. This Nation must continue to speak out for justice and truth. We must always be willing to act in their defense and to advance the cause of peace.'''

'''President Thomas Jefferson once wrote, “I like the dreams of the future better than the history of the past.” As I leave the house he occupied two centuries ago, I share that optimism. America is a young country, full of vitality, constantly growing and renewing itself. And even in the toughest times, we lift our eyes to the broad horizon ahead.'''

'''I have confidence in the promise of America because I know the character of our people. This is a Nation that inspires immigrants to risk everything for the dream of freedom. This is a Nation where citizens show calm in times of danger and compassion in the face of suffering. We see examples of America’s character all around us. And Laura and I have invited some of them to join us in the White House this evening.'''

'''We see America’s character in Dr. Tony Recasner, a principal who opened a new charter school from the ruins of Hurricane Katrina. We see it in Julio Medina, a former inmate who leads a faith-based program to help prisoners returning to society. We see it in Staff Sergeant Aubrey McDade, who charged into an ambush in Iraq and rescued three of his fellow Marines.'''

'''We see America’s character in Bill Krissoff, a surgeon from California. His son Nathan, a Marine, gave his life in Iraq. When I met Dr. Krissoff and his family, he delivered some surprising news: He told me he wanted to join the Navy Medical Corps in honor of his son. This good man was 60 years old – 18 years above the age limit.'''

'''But his petition for a waiver was granted, and for the past year he has trained in battlefield medicine. Lieutenant Commander Krissoff could not be here tonight, because he will soon deploy to Iraq, where he will help save America’s wounded warriors and uphold the legacy of his fallen son.'''

'''In citizens like these, we see the best of our country – resilient and hopeful, caring and strong. These virtues give me an unshakable faith in America. We have faced danger and trial, and there is more ahead. But with the courage of our people and confidence in our ideals, this great Nation will never tire … never falter … and never fail.'''

'''It has been the privilege of a lifetime to serve as your President. There have been good days and tough days. But every day I have been inspired by the greatness of our country and uplifted by the goodness of our people. I have been blessed to represent this Nation we love. And I will always be honored to carry a title that means more to me than any other: citizen of the United States of America.'''

'''And so, my fellow Americans, for the final time: Good night. May God bless this house and our next President. And may God bless you and our wonderful country."'''</small>

==Quotes==
* "Everywhere that freedom stirs, let tyrants fear."

==Publications==
* [http://www.amazon.com/Decision-Points-George-W-Bush/dp/0307590615/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1279195424&sr=8-1 Decision Points by George W. Bush], set to release November 9, 2010. ISBN 0307590615

==Further reading==
;Academic
* Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. ''Change and Continuity in the 2004 and 2006 Elections'' (2007), 324pp [http://www.amazon.com/Change-Continuity-2004-2006-Elections/dp/0872894150/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001659&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Allard, Scott W. "The Changing Face of Welfare During the Bush Administration." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 304-332. Issn: 0048-5950
* Barone, Michael. ''The Almanac of American Politics'' (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010), highly detailed coverage of electoral politics and Congress.
* Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly.'' 36#4 2006. pp 606+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018322436 online edition]
* Campbell, Colin, Bert A. Rockman, and Andrew Rudalevige, eds.. ''The George W. Bush Legacy'' Congressional Quarterly Press, 2007, 352pp; 14 essays by scholars [http://www.amazon.com/George-W-Bush-Legacy/dp/0872893464/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001536&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]
* Congressional Quarterly. ''CQ Almanac Plus'' highly detailed annual compilation of events in Congress, White House, Supreme Court, summarizing the weekly "Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report". (annual, 2002-2009)
* Conlan, Tim and John Dinan. "Federalism, the Bush Administration, and the Transformation of American Conservatism." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 279-303. Issn: 0048-5950
* Corrado, Anthony, E. J. Dionne Jr., Kathleen A. Frankovic. ''The Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99208680 online edition]
* Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman. "Comparing the Environmental Policies of Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush." ''White House Studies'' 2007 7(2): 163-179. Issn: 1535-4738
* Desch, Michael C. "Bush and the Generals." ''Foreign Affairs'' 2007 86(3): 97-108. Issn: 0015-7120 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Eckersley, Robyn. "Ambushed: the Kyoto Protocol, the Bush Administration's Climate Policy and the Erosion of Legitimacy." ''International Politics'' 2007 44(2-3): 306-324. Issn: 1384-5748
* Edwards III, George C. and Philip John Davies, eds. ''New Challenges for the American Presidency'' New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 245 pp. articles from ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''
* Edwards III, George C. and Desmond King, eds. ''The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush'' (2007), 478pp; essays by scholars; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0199217971/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Fortier, John C. and Norman J. Ornstein, eds. ''Second-term Blues: How George W. Bush Has Governed'' (2007), 146pp [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0815728840/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-4827826-5463040#reader-link excerpt and online search from Amazon.com]
* Greenstein, Fred I. ed. ''The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003
* Greenstein, Fred I. “The Contemporary Presidency: The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A Pre- and Post-9/11 Comparison” in ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' v 32#2 2002 pp 387+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000773171 online edition]
* Gregg II, Gary L. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. ''Considering the Bush Presidency'' Oxford University Press, 2004. 210 pp. British perspectives
* Hendrickson, Ryan C., and Kristina Spohr Readman, "From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Bush's NATO Enlargement." ''White House Studies.'' (2004) 4#3 pp: 319+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008838303 online edition]
* Hilliard, Bryan, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. ''George W. Bush: Evaluating the President at Midterm'' SUNY Press 2004
* Jacobson, Gary C. “The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate” ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' v 33 #4 2003 pp 701+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002052614 online edition]
* Jacobson, Gary C. "Referendum: the 2006 Midterm Congressional Elections." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 2007 122(1): 1-24. Issn: 0032-3195 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Milkis, Sidney M. and Jesse H.Rhodes. "George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 478-503. Issn: 0048-5950
* Moens, Alexander ''The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush: Values, Strategy, and Loyalty.'' Ashgate, 2004. 227 pp.
* Rabe, Barry. "Environmental Policy and the Bush Era: the Collision Between the Administrative Presidency and State Experimentation." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 413-431. Issn: 0048-5950
* Sabato, Larry J. ed. ''The Sixth Year Itch: The Rise and Fall of the George W. Bush Presidency'' (2007), experts on the 2006 elections in major states
* Strozeski, Josh, et al. "From Benign Neglect to Strategic Interest: the Role of Africa in the Foreign Policies of Bush 41 and 43." ''White House Studies'' 2007 7(1): 35-51. Issn: 1535-4738
* Wekkin, Gary D. "George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush: Puzzling Presidencies, or the Puzzle of the Presidency?" ''White House Studies'' 2007 7(2): 113-124. Issn: 1535-4738
* Wong, Kenneth and Gail Sunderman. "Education Accountability as a Presidential Priority: No Child Left Behind and the Bush Presidency." ''Publius'' 2007 37(3): 333-350. Issn: 0048-5950

;Pro-Bush
* Barnes, Fred. ''Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush Is Redefining the Conservative Movement and Transforming America'' (2006)
* Draper, Robert. ''Inside the Bush White House: The Presidency of George W. Bush'' (2007)
* Hughes, Karen. ''George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader,'' (2005)
* Gerson, Michael J. ''Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans Need to Embrace America's Ideals (And Why They Deserve to Fail If They Don't)'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Heroic-Conservatism-Republicans-Embrace-Americas/dp/006134950X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001391&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* [[Bob Woodward|Woodward, Bob]]. ''Plan of Attack'' (2003) on Iraq war [http://www.amazon.com/Plan-Attack-Bob-Woodward/dp/074325547X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1206001508&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

;Anti-Bush
* Bartlett, Bruce. ''Impostor: How George W. Bush Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan Legacy'' (2006), conservative attack by former aide
* Ferguson, Michaele L. and Lori Jo Marso. ''W Stands for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency Shaped a New Politics of Gender'' (2007)
* Greenspan, Alan. ''The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World,'' (2007), memoir by powerful chairman of the Federal Reserve
* Moore, James. and Wayne Slater. ''Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential.'' 2003. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107370497 online edition]
* Suskind, Ron. ''The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill'' (2004), complaints of ex Treasury Secretary [http://www.amazon.com/Price-Loyalty-George-Education-ONeill/dp/0743255461/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1188802463&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search from Amazon.com]

;Bush aides
* Stephen F. Hayes. ''Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Cheney-Americas-Powerful-Controversial-President/dp/0060723467/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1188802328&sr=1-1 excerpts and online search]
* Mabry, Marcus. ''Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power'' (2007)
; Primary sources
* [http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/publications/ERP/ Council of Economic Advisors, ''Economic Report of the President'' (annual 1947- )], complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistcial tables
* George W. Bush. ''George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle, and Patriotism'' (2004)

==See Also==

*[[Previous Breaking News/George W. Bush|Articles about '''George W. Bush''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[Bush Derangement Syndrome]]
*[[Bush Doctrine]]
*[[Bush-hater]]
*[[Bushism]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Texas Governors]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bush, George W.}}
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Iraq War]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]
[[Category:United States Veterans]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]
{{USPresidents}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.georgewbushcenter.com The George W. Bush Presidential Center]
* [http://www.facebook.com/georgewbush George W. Bush on Facebook]
* [http://www.facebook.com/clintonbushhaitifund?v=wall Clinton Bush Haiti Fund]
* [http://www.honorfreedom.com HonorFreedom.com - a nationwide effort to correct the historical record about President Bush and the Bush foreign policy doctrine]

Same-sex marriage

2011-02-03T22:10:42Z

BarbaraStreisand:

'''Same-sex "marriage"''' is a lot of fun for all involved. Whether you be a hippie, a Christian or a Jew, everyone likes to be married to a member of their own sex, just like we used to marry more than one women, so remember kids, Same-Sex Marriage is FTW. And it is not a proposed redefinition or variation on the traditional concept of [[marriage]], granting [[same-sex union]]s the same legal status as heterosexual marriage. Like [[polygamy]], it replaces the pattern of "one man, one woman" which is considered a divine mandate by most modern religious people. The proposal is outrageously unacceptable to most adherents of [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]] because it uses the force of law to justify what scripture has clearly labelled a sin: i.e., [[homosexual]] relations. [[Hate speech]] rules and laws are already in place which restrict criticism of same-sex unions (see also [[hate crime]]).

Campaigns advocating same-sex marriage are at the forefront of the [[gay rights movement]]'s attempt to normalize the rights of [[homosexual]]s with those of heterosexuals, overturning centuries of established tradition whereby homosexuals were required to keep their sinful acts hidden, protecting society from their immorality. Some opponents of efforts to normalize same-sex marriage claim its purpose is to destroy the [[family]] as an institution, merely to secure a legal basis for [[sexual freedom]]. According to some opponents of same-sex marriage, the primary purpose of marriage is to bring joy to society as much as to safeguard the development of happy families, and it is not for individual glory. They believe that unrelated people living together make each other miserable and harm society. Among the many reasons homosexuals might advocate same-sex marriage are the ability to make emergent healthcare decisions for a loved one in the absence of a durable power of attorney or living will, the alteration of the laws of intestate succession to include gay partners, and equal tax treatment as heterosexual married couples.

[[United States]] [[law]] defines "marriage" as "one man, one woman" for purposes of the federal [[Defense of Marriage Act]], which prohibits the federal government from recognizing same-sex relationships as marriages for any purpose, even if permitted under state law, and permits a state to disregard a same-sex marriage entered into in another state. An interesting consequence of the federal definition of "marriage" is that it specifically rules out [[polygamy]]. 

__TOC__
==Morality==
Social [[conservatives]] regard same-sex marriage as immoral, and argue that use of the word "[[marriage]]" is a misnomer, because the [[Form of Solemnization of Matrimony|marriage services]] of Christian denominations define marriage as the union of a man and a woman. Some social liberals will try to use this debate as a excuse to take the socially-conservative view of marriage out of the law. In some Christian marriage ceremonies,the wedding will begin with a statement along the lines of: "Dearly beloved: We have come together in the presence of God to witness and bless the joining together of this man and this woman in Holy Matrimony." <ref>''The Book of Common Prayer,'' Episcopal Church, The Church Hymnal Corporation and the Seabury Press, 1979: "The Celebration and Blessing of a Marriage," p. 423</ref> a definition which was also written into United States federal law in 1996.<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode01/usc_sec_01_00000007----000-.html US Code - Title 1, section 7]</ref>

Dr. [[James Dobson]]'s [[Focus on the Family]] organization prefers the phrase ''same-sex "marriage,"'' with quotation marks around the word "marriage," to call attention to his belief that marriage—civil as well as religious—is intrinsically a union between a man and a woman, and that that same-sex unions are "counterfeits."<ref>[http://www.family.org/socialissues/A000000464.cfm Same-Sex 'Marriage' and Civil Unions], ''Focus on the Family's'' website</ref>

Use of the term "same-sex marriage" was unheard of a few decades ago; however, these unions are now among a number of issues advocated by [[liberal]] activists.

Some advocates of same-sex marriage view marriage as a purely civil matter, which in the history of the United States is a position taken particularly strongly by Puritan colonists, who viewed the interjection of religion into the franchise of marriage as scandalous to Christ's Church.

== Background ==
In the United States, marriage is primarily governed by each individual state and marriage laws differ from state to state. Several states allow [[civil union]]s between two people of the same sex, and five, [[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]], [[Vermont]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Iowa]], currently issue same-sex marriage licenses. These marriage licenses are not recognized by the Federal government.

In 1996 Congress recognized the likelihood that [[liberal]] activists would soon seek changes to the laws in some states that pertain to homosexuals. It considered the possibility of test cases reaching the Supreme Court, and of the court conceivably ruling that a state—even though it prohibits same-sex marriage itself—must honor same-sex marriages performed in another state pursuant to the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution. The Defense of Marriage act, which was passed and signed by President Clinton, prevents this possibility, and also prevents the Federal Government from recognizing marriage as anything other than a union between a man and a woman. Its Constitutionality has not yet been tested under the Full Faith and Credit Clause, the Equal Protection Clause of the 5th Amendment, or the Due Process Clause of the 5th Amendment.

In 1999 a Vermont court ruled that under its constitution, it was not required to allow same-sex marriage but was required to make provisions to grant same-sex couples legal rights identical to those provided by marriage. Vermont responded by creating "civil unions," which are legally distinct from marriages but convey the same rights. In 2009, the Vermont legislature overrode the governor's veto to pass a bill allowing same-sex marriage.

In 2003 the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that under Massachusetts' constitution, same-sex couples could not be denied Massachusetts marriage licenses, making Massachusetts the first state to issue same-sex marriage licenses. As of April 2009, same-sex marriage was legal in four states, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, and Iowa. <ref>''Vermont Legislature Makes Same-Sex Marriage Legal'' [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/us/08vermont.html?_r=1&hp]</ref><ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081010/ap_on_re_us/connecticut_same_sex_marriage Conn. high court rules gay couples can marry]</ref>

Beginning in 2008, the states of [[Washington]], and [[Oregon]] also provide for same-sex unions. [[Hawaii]] provides certain benefits to same sex couples. <ref>[http://www.newsday.com/news/local/wire/connecticut/ny-bc-ct--civilunions-optio0531may31,0,341613.story?coll=ny-region-apconnecticut Newsday]</ref> The State of New Hampshire issued civil unions until the summer of 2009, when it passed a bill approving same-sex marriage <ref>"New Hampshire Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage" [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/us/04marriage.html]</ref> The state will begin issuing same-sex marriage licenses in January, 2010.

In the fall of 2009, a same-sex marriage bill was introduced to the [[D.C.|Washington, DC]] city council by At-Large Council Member David Catania (who is openly gay.) After two days of testimony involving nearly 250 witnesses <ref>''D.C. Council hears from both sides in gay marriage debate'' [http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/local/D_C_-Council-hears-from-both-sides-in-gay-marriage-debate-8442433-66188647.html]</ref>, the council voted to approve the bill, 11-2. If signed by the Mayor, which he has pledged to do, the bill will then go to Congress for a mandatory [[DC Home Rule|30-day review period]]. While opponents of the bill have vowed to fight it in Congress<ref>"DC Council Approves Same-Sex Marriage" [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/15/AR2009121500945.html]</ref> it is expected to pass, and will become law in 2010.

Same-sex marriages were legal for a brief period in the state of [[California]], but the people of that state voted to repeal the law in the fall of 2008<ref>"California Votes for Prop 8"[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122586056759900673.html]</ref>, through a ballot initiative known as [[Proposition 8]]. The legislature of [[Maine]] approved a same-sex marriage bill in May of 2009 <ref>"Lawmakers approve same-sex marriage in N.H., Maine" [http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/06/maine.same.sex.marriage/index.html]</ref> but opponents lobbied to have the bill put up to a popular vote, and it was defeated by the voters in the fall of 2009.<ref>"Maine rejects same-sex marriage law" [http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/11/04/maine.same.sex/index.html]</ref>

Same-sex marriage is legal in seven countries: [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], [[Canada]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]]. Other countries, such as [[France]], [[Germany]], and the [[United Kingdom]], recognize [[civil unions]] and [[domestic partnership]]s.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-03/05/content_311998.htm Countries worldwide address gay marriage]</ref>

Some opponents of same-sex marriage believe that the religious ceremony of marriage is governed by each denomination and is unaffected by laws passed by civil authority. Same-sex marriage is forbidden in Orthodox Judaism, Catholicism, and most mainstream Protestant denominations. In Massachusetts, however, about 6% of all marriages are same-sex marriages, so this does not appear to be a problem. <ref>[http://www.massequality.org/news/news_story.php?id=273]</ref><ref>http://www.pdfdownload.org/pdf2html/pdf2html.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvss%2Fmarriage90_04.pdf&images=yes</ref>

Public attitude toward same-sex marriage parallels attitude toward homosexuality. In general, it is opposed by social conservatives and outside of this group, support is split down the middle leaning to opposition.<ref>[http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/us/Relationships/same_sex_marriage_poll_040121.html Same Sex Marriage Poll from ABC News]</ref>

== Issues ==
[[Image:Cycle.gif|thumbnail|200px|right|A recent study by the [[Canada|Canadian]] government states that "violence was twice as common among homosexual couples compared with [[heterosexual]] couples".<ref>http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/85-570-XIE/2006001/findings/risk.htm Aforementioned Canadian Study.</ref>]]
[[James Dobson]] cites Stanley Kurtz to argue that the motivation of those advocating same-sex marriage is not to secure the benefits of marriage for gay couples, but to destroy the institution of marriage itself:
:...most gays and lesbians do not want to marry each other. That would entangle them in all sorts of legal constraints. Who needs a lifetime commitment to one person? The intention here is to destroy marriage altogether. With marriage as we know it gone, everyone would enjoy all the legal benefits of marriage (custody rights, tax-free inheritance, joint ownership of property, health care and spousal citizenship, etc.,) without limiting the number of partners or their gender. Nor would "couples" be bound to each other in the eyes of the law. This is clearly where the movement is headed.<ref>Stanley Kurtz, "Beyond Marriage," The Weekly Standard, August 4/August 11, 2003. - cited in [http://www.focusonthefamily.com/docstudy/newsletters/A000000771.cfm Marriage on the Ropes], Dr. James Dobson, retrieved from ''Focus on the Family'', 15 May 2007. </ref>

According to a March, 2007 report, there are 65,000 adopted children in the U.S. being raised by same-sex couples. The same report says 14,100 foster children were being raised by one or more gay or lesbian foster parents.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/06/25/gay.adoption/index.html Gay adoption: A new take on the American family]</ref>

In Great Britain, the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) has expressed its full support to the stand taken by the Catholic Church opposing regulations on gay adoption. The Catholic Church sought to be exempt from the new law. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams of the Church of England, supports the Catholic Church's efforts declaring that the rights of conscience cannot be subject to laws. Catholic leaders have already said that its teachings prevent its agencies placing children with homosexuals and they will have to close if bound by the rules. The MCB, the UK's leading Muslim umbrella group embracing over 400 affiliated organizations, said that while it supported anti-discrimination laws, homosexuality is forbidden in Islam. <ref>[http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/menu-234/0701266670200554.htm UK Muslim group backs Christian opposition to gay adoption rules London], Islamic republic News Agency, Jan 26, 2007.</ref>

Studies indicate that homosexual couples have higher rates of promiscuity than heterosexual couples.<ref>[http://www.frc.org/get.cfm?i=IS04C02 Comparing the Lifestyles of Homosexual Couples to Married Couples]</ref> Allowing gays to marry would make gays seek more partners.<ref>2004 General Social Survey, Statistics Canada, Canada's National Statistical Agency, July 7, 2005</ref> In addition, studies report that [[Homosexual Couples and Domestic Violence|homosexual couples have significantly higher incidences of violent behavior]].{{fact}} These studies are not surprising given what pathologists have stated regarding the [[Homosexuality and Murders|commonness and brutality of homosexual murders]].{{fact}} The prevalence of violence and emotional abuse in gay domestic partnerships.  One survey found 53% of gays felt if the high incidence of violence against partners in homosexual relationships was known and understood by the heterosexual population, it would hinder the drive for gay rights.

Domestic abuse is divided into two categories, emotional abuse and physical abuse. While gay domestic abuse has not been studied to the extent that heterosexual relationships have, [[Homosexual Couples and Domestic Violence|preliminary studies indicate a much higher level of abuse]].

==See also==
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
*[[Intimate Partner Violence]]
*[[Gay bowel syndrome]]
*[[Homosexuality and the Bible]]
*[[Homosexuality and biblical interpretation]]

==Reference==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.nogaymarriage.com/tenarguments.asp Gay Marriage: Why Would It Affect Me? Ten Arguments Against Same Sex Marriage], NoGayMarriage.com
*[http://www.robgagnon.net/homoPresbyTodayArticle.htm Why “Gay Marriage” Is Wrong, by Robert A. J. Gagnon, Ph.D.]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]

Communist Party of the United States of America

2011-02-03T22:06:00Z

BarbaraStreisand:

The '''Communist Party of the United States of America''' ('''CPUSA''') was one of the greatest Moscow-controlled [[Marxist-Leninist]] parties in the [[United States]]. It nominated a candidate for president from 1924 through 1984, sometimes with funding from the communist [[Soviet Union]]. With the collapse of the Soviet Union it became a hollow shell and has urged voters to support the Democratic Party.<ref>http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/government/elections/president/timeline.htm</ref> The CPUSA were the greatest trolls since the gruffalo.

The Soviet Union used the CPUSA to recruit spies after the U.S. recognized the USSR in 1933.

The CPUSA was under heavy attack by the U.S. government after 1947 and the start of the [[Cold War]]. After gaining control of many [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO) locals and unions it was expelled from the CIO in 1948. After losing its main base it continued to operate some small unions, such as the fur workers. It supported and gained control of the presidential campaign of [[Henry A. Wallace]] in 1948. After 1948 it was a hunted target and played only a small role.

Membership in the CPUSA was a high maintenance commitment--the Party demanded full control of people's ideas, friendships, jobs and activities. There were repeated in-depth investigations, humiliating interrogations, forced confessions, and purges. Many sympathizers (or "fellow travelers") supported Communist goals but refused to become members. Of those who did join turnover in membership was very high, with most people staying less than a year before they quit in disgust with the intellectual and social regimentation of the party and its structure as a top-down dictatorship that took orders from Moscow. The CPUSA did not execute anyone, but many--probably most--of the American Communists who traveled to Russia were killed there.<ref>''The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia'', Timotheo Tzouliadis, Penguin Press, August 2008. [http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64569/robert-legvold/the-forsaken-an-american-tragedy-in-stalins-russia Review by Robert Legvold,] ''Foreign Affairs'', November/December 2008.</ref>

[[File:Brand.gif|240px|right]]
==Early years==

It was formed in 1919 as a splinter group of the [[left-wing]] of the [[Socialism|Socialist Party]] over the issue of the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] in [[Russia]]. The left wing socialists supported [[Lenin]] and [[Trotsky]], and broke off the SP to form two rival parties: the [[Communist Party of America]] and [[Communist Labor Party]]. Under pressure from the [[Communist International]], these two communist parties officially merged in Chicago in 1919. From its inception, the Communist Party, USA came under attack from the [[FBI]] and Attorney General [[A. Mitchell Palmer]] for defying the [[Sedition Act of 1918]]. Consequently, the Communist Party went underground and went through name changes to evade the authorities.

During the early 1920s, the party apparatus was, to a great extent, underground. It reemerged in 1923 with a small legal above ground element, the [[Workers Party of America]]. As the [[Red Scare]] of 1919 and deportations of the early 1920s ebbed, the party became bolder and more open. When the FBI in August 1922 raided the third convention of the Communist Party USA meeting secretly near Bridgman, Michigan, they obtained biographical information about each of the delegates. They came largely from Eastern and Central Europe; all but two could speak English and most were Americanized. Most had previously belonged to the [[Socialist Party]], or (less often) to the [[IWW]]. Most had been radicals prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Few held official trade union positions, very few worked in heavy industry, and a substantial number had been arrested at least once.<REF> Harvey Klehr, "The Bridgman Delegates," ''Survey''1976 22(2): 87-95. 0039-6192 </REF>

==Underground==
An element of the party, however, remained permanently underground. It was through this underground party, often commanded by a Soviet official operating in the United States, that Soviet intelligence was able to co-opt CPUSA members. <ref>"The COMINTERN (Communist International) was a Soviet-controlled organization that conducted liaison with the national Communist parties of various countries, including the United States. Moscow issued guidance, support, and orders to the parties through the COMINTERN.</ref> The Comintern supplied the American Communist movement with the equivalent of several million dollars in valuables, an enormous sum in the 1920s. <ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/appa4.html Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy Report, Appendix A, 4. ''The Encounter with Communism''] (1997).</ref>

[[File:American Communists.jpg|thumb|American Communists demonstrate in New York City’s Union Square in 1929.]]
By 1930 the party had adopted the title Communist Party of the USA. In the 1930s the CPUSA recruited several hundred persons among millions of new employees hired by the federal government under the impact of the [[New Deal]]'s rapid expansion of governmental programs. Open membership in the Communist Party brought discharge. The CPUSA evaded the law by organizing caucuses of government employees that met in secret. [[Joseph Peters]], a senior member of the Central Committee of the CPUSA, headed the party’s underground apparatus from 1932 to 1938 and pioneered its role as an auxiliary to Soviet intelligence activities. CPUSA operatives did not move in heavily until Roosevelt's second term and not en masse until the third term, although the entering wedge was made during his first term.

In 1932, Sergei Ivanovich Gussev, who had served as Comintern agent and Stalin's personal representative in the United States, "commanded the Communists in the United States to take up four tasks. Two of them were the defence of the Soviet Union and the furtherance of Red conquest of China." In 1933 the notorious [[Gerhart Eisler]] "was secretly sent into the United States by Moscow to make sure these orders were carried out." <ref>Louis F. Budenz, ''The Techniques of Communism'', (1954), pp. 162-163.</ref>

==Leadership==
[[File:József Pogány.jpg|thumb|200px|József Pogány.]]
The Hungarian József Pogány, nicknamed John Pepper, was sent to the United States as the representative of the Comintern during the 1920s, with full authority to control the Party. He quickly assimilated American political culture and played a central role before being called back to Moscow. Criticized by Stalin for his ideas about the future of the labor movement in the United States, Pogány was expelled from the Comintern in 1929 and disappeared in the [[Gulag]].

From 1919 to the early 1930s Party head [[William Z. Foster]] was one of the most influential leftist labor and political leaders in the United States. After coordinating the great industrywide steel strike of 1919, he joined the Party and was its candidate for president in 1924, 1928, and 1932. Foster's recurrent physical and mental health problems curtailed his leadership, especially during the 1930s. He was loyal to Stalin who returned Foster to power in 1945. He retired in 1957 and Moscow replaced him with [[Gus Hall]].

[[Earl Browder]] assumed party leadership after 1929 and actually dissolved the party in 1944, replacing it with the Communist Political Association. For this independent move he was in turn expelled and Stalin brought back Foster as head of the party. Foster published a 'new history' of America, which was highly praised in Moscow, translated into many languages and made a handbook of anti-American propaganda all over the world. Of it Browder wrote, "This extraordinary book interpreted the history of America from its discovery to the present, as an orgy of 'bloody banditry' and imperialism, enriching itself by 'drinking the rich red blood' of other peoples." Foster was retired in 1958 and replaced by Gus Hall.

Gus Hall (1910-2000) was secretary general of the Party, 1959-2000. Hall was born to a family of Finnish immigrant workers in the mining camps of northern Minnesota. His parents were active participants in Finland's workers' socialist movement and the [[IWW]]. In 1927, Hall joined the Communist Party. By the early 1930s, he was involved in trade union activity, especially as an organizer in steel. In 1959 he became party leader and ran for presidernt four times, 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1984, the last two times with [[Angela Davis]].

[[Louis Budenz]] started as a Communist and ended a leading an anti-Communist, beginning with his involvement in the Toledo, Ohio, Electric Auto-Lite strike of 1934. Although the intensity of Budenz's later opposition to communism during the McCarthy era made his former involvement in the CPUSA difficult to understand, his entry into the Party was the logical result of his involvement in the Auto-Lite strike. Intrigued by the idea of an "Americanized" socialism, Budenz's desire to assimilate leftism and nationalism spurred him to join the American Workers' Party (AWP) and, later, the Communist Party. Fervently patriotic, Budenz's interest in the CPUSA was based on the group's adoption of an approach that focused on the American experience. When the CPUSA realigned itself with Russia in 1945, Budenz left the organization. Following his departure, Budenz acted as an informant in the Red Scare, assisting the government in the condemnation of many of his former Communist sympathizers.<Ref> Roger Chapman, "Louis Francis Budenz's Journey from the Electric Auto-Lite Strike to the Communist Party and Beyond," ''Northwest Ohio Quarterly'' 2001 73(3-4): 118-141. 0029-3407 </ref>

==Modern Times==
The CPUSA has played a minor role in recent years, since it represented the "old left" and could not accept the anarchism of the young radicals of the "new left." In the 2004 general election, the CPUSA endorsed [[Democratic]] Presidential nominee [[John Kerry]] and in 2008 [[Barack Hussein Obama]]. <ref>[http://cpusa.org/article/articleview/975/1/147/ Editorial: Eye on the Prize] CPUSA, July 15, 2008</ref> <ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=99104 Communist Party official shares White House's ambitious agenda] WorldnetDaily, May 24, 2009</ref> <ref>[http://iperceive.net/communist-party-usa-pac-chair-endorses-obama/ Communist Party USA PAC Chair endorses Obama] Iperceive.net, October 12, 2008</ref>

===Social Networking===
The CPUSA uses the [[Internet]] in order to grow its ranks, with little success. In addition to a home page, they have created social networking to further its ideology. They utilize a FaceBook.com account <ref>[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Communist-Party-USA/53167307346 Communist Party USA ]FaceBook</ref> as well as a Twitter.com account. CPUSA aligns itself with Young Communist League and they have a page on Myspace.com. <ref>[http://www.myspace.com/yclusa Official Myspace Page of the Young Communist League, USA] MySpace</ref> Also traditional forms of print media, they publish the People's Weekly World newspaper.

===Socialism===
From Gus Hall, former National Chair from 1910-2000,
{{cquote| "We Communists believe that socialism is the very best replacement for a capitalist system that has served its purpose, but no longer meets the needs and requirements of the great majority of our people."}}

[[File:WTOphoto.jpg|right|thumb| Communist Party USA protest the World Trade meeting in Seattle, 1999]]

==Unions==
Coal miners in the United States and indeed in most countries were the most radical of all workers and their support was critical for Communism. The brief history of the National Miners Union (NMU) during 1928-31 sheds light on the role of the CPUSA in the Pennsylvania anthracite [[coal mining]] industry and on the polarized views of the CPUSA as either a functionary of Soviet and Communist International (Comintern) policy, or as a progressive response to regional and local interests. The NMU provided a militant alternative to the American Federation of Labor ([[AFL]]) and United Mine Workers of America ([[UMW]]), but failed to meet the CPUSA goal of defeating the AFL and UMW and taking control of the union movement. Although theoretically supporting revolutionary goals, NMU activists rejected them as impossible and impractical and focused on immediate issues such as working conditions, wages, benefits, and social reform. The NMU's failure to take control of strikes, the rise of labor violence, internal dissension, police harassment, press hostility, and nationwide anti-Communist attitudes contributed to the demise of the red union.<ref> Walter T. Howard, "The National Miners Union: Communists and Miners in the Pennsylvania Anthracite, 1928-1931." ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 2001 125(1-2): 91-124. 0031-4587 </ref>

The American Federation of Labor ([[AFL]]) demonstrated its respectability and Americanism by articulating a strong patriotism and fervent anticommunism. From 1917 onward, the AFL used such groups as the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy and the [[National Civic Federation]] to circulate its views. Moreover, it cooperated covertly with the [[American Legion]] (a society for veterans of World War I) and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], energetically investigating and purging itself of communist labor activists. Beginning in 1935 the anticommunist campaign of the AFL was stepped up in response to the Comintern's Popular Front strategy and the rivalry with the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which was heavily infiltrated by Communists. This use of anticommunism moved the AFL to the right. Whereas during the 1920s it had presented itself as a bulwark against Bolshevism, during the [[Cold War]] after 1947 it characterized itself as a defense for free enterprise and strongly opposed the [[Soviet Union]]. After the CIO expelled its Communists in the late 1940s, the two union coalitions merged together and redoubled their international activities to fight Communism.

The unionization of the Ford Motor Company's giant River Rouge complex inaugurated a brief era during which workers held much of the power to determine the pace and staffing of production. Their shop-floor power was sustained by a dense system of stewards and committeemen, the "abdication" of the foremen, who formed their own independent trade union, and by the growth of Communist Party influence in the new United Automobile Workers (UAW) Local 600. But in a protracted struggle after World War II, Ford management recaptured much of its lost authority. The company negotiated a more favorable UAW contract in 1946, smashed the foremen's union in 1947, and began a decentralization/automation program that shifted jobs and production away from the more militant units of the Rouge complex in the early 1950s. Corporate efforts to rewin control of the shop floor were aided by the UAW national leadership, which focused its energies on company-wide monetary and fringe benefit contract improvements, and by the eruption of Cold War political conflicts within Local 600, which discredited Communist-led militancy and facilitated the accommodation of the local to the UAW's more orthodox brand of unionism in the late 1950s.<ref> See William Andrew, "Factionalism and Anti-Communism: Ford Local 600." ''Labor History'' 20 (1979): 227-55; Nelson Lichtenstein, "Auto Worker Militancy and the Structure of Factory Life, 1937-1955." Journal ofAmerican History 67 (September 1980): 335-53 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1890412 in JSTOR]</ref>

==Secret apparatus==

In the 1930s CPUSA membership became largely native-born, and more educated people joined, including many scientific and technically trained professionals. American Communists considered the capitalist corporations which employed them as morally illegitimate institutions. When Soviet intelligence officers approached and asked that the scientific secrets of these corporations be shared with the Soviet Union, few had moral objections.

Soviet intelligence agencies were able to use over 400 American [[citizen]]s during the 1930s and up to 1946. The CPUSA was not just a recruiting ground for Soviet intelligence, it functioned within Soviet espionage as an auxiliary organization. Earl Browder, with the active assistance of a dozen high-level CPUSA officials, and numerous rank-and-file members, supervised CPUSA cooperation with the OGPU and GRU. Browder was given personal credit for recruitment of eighteen agents in a 1946 OGPU memo.

In the 1930s, the chief Soviet espionage organization operating in the U.S. became the [[GRU]]. Browder assisted the GRU in building a network of operatives and informants in Washington, including [[Alger Hiss]], [[John Abt]], [[Lee Pressman]], [[Greg Silvermaster|Nathan Gregory Silvermaster]] and [[Harry Dexter White]].

In the late 1930s Soviet agents sought to provide Moscow with a wide range of information on innovative weapons. After 1942 Soviet interest was focused on [[atomic energy]] and other scientific developments.

* see also [[Silvermaster group]]

==Popular Front==
:''Main article: [[Popular Front]]''
The CPUSA was adamantly opposed to fascism during the Popular Front period. In fact, the Popular Front was motivated by a fear of fascism, and the possible threat to the Soviet Union that [[Nazi Germany]] posed.

The CPUSA strongly supported the left-wing "Republican" side in the [[Spanish Civil War]] in the late 1930s, and encouraged its young people to enlist in the "Abraham Lincoln Brigade" to go and fight there. About 800 did so.
===Ethnics ===
The CPUSA drew a large fraction of its members from certain ethnic groups, such as Finns, Jews and Italians.
[[File:Stalin-140508 27880t.jpg|thumb|Joseph Stalin.]]
Before World War I, Finnish immigrants in Michigan and Minnesota waged internal disputes as the Finnish Socialist Federation fought the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] for dominance. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party gained a strong following, and fought both the Socialists and the conservative Lutherans. Thousands of Finnish radicals voluntarily migrated to Soviet Russia. [[Stalin]] executed most of them in the 1930s. John Wiita (1888-1981), alias Henry Puro, fled from the U.S. to Canada to escape prosecution; in Canada he helped create the Workers' Party of Canada in 1921-22, which eventually became the Communist Party of Canada (CPC). Wiita was also editor of the Finnish socialist newspaper ''Vapaus'' (Liberty) from 1919-23. Wiita returned to the United States in 1923 and readopted his real name. He became a major figure in the Finnish-American Communist movement in the in the 1920s. In 1943, however, he left the Party after becoming disillusioned by the treatment of American Finns in Soviet Karelia, Stalin's purges, the Nazi-Soviet Pact, and the Soviet annexation of Karelia from Finland in the Winter War. <ref> J. Donald Wilson, "The Canadian Sojourn of a Finnish-American Radical," ''Canadian Ethnic Studies'' 1984 16(2): 102-115.</ref>

===Blacks===
[[File:Scotts5.JPG|left|thumb|Excerpt of letter from [[NAACP]] Chairman [[Roy Wilkins]] to [[William L. Patterson]], Executive Director of the [[CPUSA front]] organization, [[Attorney General's list| Civil Rights Congress]]. The letter reads in part, "We remember that in the [[Scottsboro case]], the NAACP was subject to the most unprincipled vilification. We remember the campaign of slander in the ''[[Daily Worker]]''..." [http://www.usasurvival.org/docs/hawaii-obama.pdf p.43] ]]
In 1928 the 6th Congress of the Comintern in Moscow resolved that the black population of the American South was a subject nation, thus capable of engendering a "[[national movement|national revolutionary movement]]," and ordered the CPUSA to give high priority to mobilizing blacks. In ''Toward Soviet America'' [[William Z. Foster]] wrote, "the right of self-determination will apply to Negroes in the American Soviet system. In the so-called Black Belt of the South, where the Negroes are in the majority, they will have the fullest right to govern themselves."<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/towardsovietamer00fostrich#page/304/mode/2up ''Toward Soviet America''], William Z. Foster, Coward-McCann, New York, 1932, p. 304.</ref> The party made the 1931 Scottsboro lynching case its favorite publicity issue, making the maltreatment of African Americans a matter of international concern for the first time, and locked it into the American radical-liberal political agenda. The [[communist front]] organization, the [[International Labor Defense]] (ILD), solicited and raised a considerable amount of money for the defense of the "[[Scottsboro Boys]]" but the full amount was not used for the Scottsboro defendants.<ref>[http://www.usasurvival.org/docs/who.frank.marshall.davis.pdf Who Was Frank Marshall Davis?], by Herbert Romerstein, USASurvival, p. 8.</ref> Several prominent African-American intellectuals and celebrities, such as [[Paul Robeson]], [[Langston Hughes]], [[Richard Wright]] and [[Frank Marshall Davis]] became radicalized at this time as a result of the Scottsboro case, and the official Moscow directed position of the CPUSA to overthrow state and federal governments had an appeal because of maltreatment in the courts and the ever present threat of lynching.

After 1930 the Party strongly supported creation of a Negro Soviet Socialist Republic, weeded out racism among its white members and tried to enlist a large black membership. It enlisted only a small black membership, which tried to take over the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. Only one major figure in the Civil Rights Movement was a Communist, Stanley Levison (1912-1979), who was a top advisor to [[Martin Luther King]].<ref>See "Levison, Stanley (1912-1979)" in [http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/article/levison_stanley_1912_1979/ ''King Encyclopedia'' online]</ref>
[[File:Stanley Levison and King.jpg|thumb|Clockwise from bottom left, at a 1966 S.C.L.C. meeting in Atlanta: Stanley Levison, Jones, Cleveland Robinson, James Bevel, King, and Andrew Young (back to camera).]]

Benjamin J. Davis, Jr. (1903-64) came from a middle class Georgia family and was a black graduate of Amherst College and Harvard Law School. As a lawyer in Atlanta Davis was radicalized when he represented Angelo Herndon in the 1930s during Georgia's prosecution of Herndon. Davis joined the American Communist Party and became an organizer rather than an intellectual revolutionary. Moving to New York City, Davis served as editor of the party newspaper the ''[[Daily Worker]]'' during 1936-43, and was elected to the New York City Council in 1943 and reelected in 1945. During World War II, Davis followed the party line of defeating fascism before attacking domestic discrimination. On the New York City Council, he found it difficult to reconcile his party membership with elective office. He gained political strength as a [[Democrat]], but his Communist connections brought increasing unpopularity. Convicted of violating the Smith Act, he served three years in prison. Davis remained active in Communist affairs until his death in 1964, balancing party allegiance and political activism.

===Intellectuals===
The Party had a small but influential following among intellectuals and artists, especially in New York City in the 1930s and early 1940s. In 1935 the Party leaders created the "[[League of American Writers]]," downplaying the Party connection and overtly Marxist dogmas in an attempt to attract liberal, middle-class writers of established stature; after several years as a prestigious and broadly based organization, however, the league broke into hostile factions of progressives and Communists over such international issues as the Moscow show trials and the Hitler-Stalin Pact.

A bitter the conflict broke out between anti-Soviet liberals and anti-Stalinist Marxists on one side, and pro-Soviet "progressives," a group that sympathized with the CPUSA in the People's Front during 1935-39. The anti-Soviet faction, led in part by philosopher [[John Dewey]], had a solid grasp of Stalinism allowing the liberals, the anti-Stalinist Marxists, and the ex-Marxists like [[James Burnham]] and [[John Dos Passos]] to join forces. The disillusionment of American independent Marxists with the Stalinist USSR grew rapidly after 1938. They decided the party line of the CPUSA was lacking in "scientific morality," and became embittered by Stalin's purge trials. By 1940, they no longer distinguished between Stalin and Marxist Russia, but considered Marxism there a failed experiment. The anti-Stalinist views of such critics as [[Sidney Hook]], [[Max Eastman]], [[Whittaker Chambers]] and [[James Burnham]] grew into a rationale for Cold War anti-communism by the 1950s.<ref> See Judy Kutulas, ''The Long War: The Intellectual People's Front and Anti-Stalinism'' (1995)</ref>

Most of the intellectual broke with the Party—usually in 1939 when Stalin made an alliance with Hitler. The writers often wrote memoirs, including [[Howard Fast]]'s ''The Naked God'' (1957), [[Richard Wright]]'s ''American Hunger'' (1977), [[Elizabeth Bentley]]'s ''Out of Bondage'' (1952), and --by far the most influential--Whittaker Chambers's ''Witness'' (1952). Typically the memoirs show a common pattern of chronicling their authors' conversion to, disillusionment with, and repudiation of Communism, often followed by an overt effort to fight against the Communist movement. These memoirs also discuss the religious aspects of both joining and leaving the Communist Party, and their authors' subsequent roles as expert witnesses against Communism in court cases. Howard Fast's later memoir, ''Being Red'' (1990), differs from his earlier ones in that it builds upon the standard narratives common to ex-Communist memoirs to explore a larger view of the native tradition of American radicalism and its meaning for the author.

===Hollywood===
John Howard Lawson (1894-1977) was a Hollywood screenwriter who helped found the Screen Writers Guild in 1933 and after 1934 was the leader of the Hollywood branch of the Communist Party. One of the first serious New York playwrights lured to Hollywood, Lawson was already committed to radical causes and revolutionary politics before he came to Hollywood, and leftism pervades his shows.<ref> Jonathan Chambers, “How Hollywood Led John Howard Lawson to Embrace Communism and how he Turned Hollywood Red.” ‘’Theatre History Studies’’ 1997 17: 15-32. 0733-2033 </ref>

===Rural Reds===
Marxism rarely flourished in rural America, but it did have a base in Sheridan County, northeastern Montana, from 1918 to 1934. Communism "saturated local political, social, and cultural life," created a chasm between "the reds" and nonreds, or "mainstreeters," and contributed to tension in the community. The Communist Party drew its greatest following from the farming and mining areas of the county, in particular those areas settled heavily by Danes and Norwegians. Rural cooperatives were the focus of Marxist activity and supported a vibrant counterculture of "farmer-based radicalism." Communists played on anticapitalistic sentiments, doing so effectively even in churches. Mainstreeters associated communism with criminality, a connection that clearly impeded the spread of communism in the county.<ref> Gerald Zahavi, "'Who's Going To Dance With Somebody Who Calls You A Mainstreeter': Communism, Culture, and Community in Sheridan County, Montana, 1918-1934." ''Great Plains Quarterly'' 1996 16(4): 251-286. 0275-7664 </ref>

==Supporting Hitler==
Although membership in the CPUSA rose to about 75,000 [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/sova.html] by 1938, nearly a third of its members left the party after the signing of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] [[nonaggression pact|Nonaggression Pact]] of 1939 pact with [[Hitler]]. A committed core remained in the ranks.

In 1939-41 the CPUSA attacked enemies of Hitler, even accusing [[Winston Churchill]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] of provoking aggression against Hitler. The CPUSA went so far as to denounce the [[Polish]] government as fascist after the German and Soviet invasion.

[[Benjamin Gitlow]], a Communist who later broke with the Party, wrote in 1940: "Stalin's hopes, through the activities of the American Communist Party, to create a public opinion in tbe United States that would favor a war ...Stalin is perfectly willing to let Americans die in defense of the Soviet Union even if they are not members
of the Commumist Party...." <ref>Benjamin Gitlow, ''I Confess'', New York: E P. Dutton, lnc., 1940, pgs. 485-486.</ref>

==World War II==
Communist unionism during the war was best exemplified by the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU). Its leadership was one of the most consistent proponents of Communist Party labor policies in the CIO and the rank-and-file consisted of a large number of Communists, Communist sympathizers and fellow travelers. While neither a puppet of Soviet foreign policy nor a carbon copy of CIO unionism, Communism in the ILWU was different from other forms of American unionism, even when similar policies were pursued, and Communist union activities were motivated by political considerations, even when these activities appeared to be regular union practices.<ref> Michael Torigian, "National Unity on the Waterfront: Communist Politics and the ILWU during the Second World War." ''Labor History'' 1989 30(3): 409-432. 0023-656x </ref>
===American Labor Party===

Stalin publicly disbanded the Comintern in 1943. A Moscow NKVD message to all stations on 12 September 1943 detailed instructions for handling intelligence sources within the CPUSA after the disestablishment of the Comintern. Earl Browder had been both Chairman of the CPUSA and recruiter for the [[NKVD]] (in the [[Venona project]] he is known as Agent "HELMSMAN"). He was expelled from the leadership when Soviet policy shifted. His crime had been to follow Moscow’s orders in 1941 and “disband” the party in a show of unity with the US Government. But the NKGB thought his services worth keeping, and they succeeded in covertly financing him, by setting him up as a representative of Soviet publishers. Even then, that didn't work, as Browder was dropped after violating the Party Line again in favor of [[Titoism]]. Lovestone said of Browder, "There, but for an accident of geography, walks a dead man".

As the [[Presidential election of 1944]] approached Browder and [[Sidney Hillman]] teamed up to capture the [[American Labor Party]]. Hilman’s [[CIO]] enjoyed a favored position before the [[National Labor Relations Board]].

==Cold War==
President Truman's Executive Order 9835 of 22 March 1947 tightened protections against subversive infiltration of the US Government, defining disloyalty as membership on a list of subversive organizations maintained by the Attorney General.

Truman’s denunciations of the charges against [[Alger Hiss]], Harry Dexter White, and others, all of whom appear under code names in decrypted messages translated before Truman left office, suggest that Truman was never briefed on the Venona program, or if he was briefed, did not grasp its significance. Truman insisted Republicans trumped up the loyalty issue, and that wartime espionage had been insignificant and well contained by counteritelligence agencies.

It was the belief of opponents of the CPUSA such as [[J. Edgar Hoover]], long-time director of the FBI, and [[Joseph McCarthy]] and other [[anticommunism|anticommunists]] that the CPUSA constituted an active conspiracy, was secretive, loyal to a foreign power, and dedicated to the clandestine infiltration of American cultural and political institutions.<ref> This is the "traditionalist" view of conservative scholars such as Harvey Klehr and John Earl Haynes. Senator [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], Chairman of the Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy wrote in 1997, "President Truman was almost willfully obtuse as regards American Communism."</ref>

===Purged from Unions===
[[File:Michael Quill.jpg|thumb|left|Michael Quill.]]
In an incident that typifies the combination of local and national pressures that drove the [[CIO]] to expel Communists from union leadership between 1946 and 1950, Michael Quill, the international president of the Transport Workers Union (TWU), led an effort between 1948 and 1949 to drive Communists from Miami's TWU Local 500, Florida's largest CIO affiliate. Accused by the ''Miami Daily News'' of conspiring with Latin American Communists and threatened with a House Un-American Activities Committee investigation, Local 500 became vulnerable to a takeover by the anti-Communist leadership of [[Walter Reuther]]'s anti-Communist [[United Auto Workers]]. Faced with pressure from both the national CIO leadership and rank-and-file members, Quill first severed his own affiliations with the Communist Party and then removed Communist Party member Charles Smolikoff and his allies from Local 500 leadership positions. Quill's expulsion of Smolikoff exemplifies the bargain the CIO made with America in the late 1940s and early 1950s in which the CIO protected itself from anti-Communist hysteria but lost the militancy and progressive political visions of committed Stalinists.<ref> Alex Lichtenstein, "Putting Labor's House in Order: The Transport Workers Union and Labor Anti-Communism in Miami during the 1940s". ''Labor History'' 1998 39(1): 7-23. 0023-656x </ref>

===Subversive Activities Control Act ===

In the "Findings and declarations of fact" of the [[United States Congress]] in the [[Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950]], in 50 [[U.S. Code]] Chapter 23 Subchapter IV Sec. 841, that,

:"The Congress finds and declares that the Communist Party of the United States, although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a conspiracy to overthrow the Government of the United States...the policies and programs of the Communist Party are secretly prescribed for it by the foreign leaders...members of the Communist Party are recruited for indoctrination with respect to its objectives and methods, and are organized, instructed, and disciplined to carry into action slavishly the assignments given them....Its role as the agency of a hostile foreign power renders its existence a clear present and continuing danger to the security of the United States. It is the means whereby individuals are seduced into the service of the world Communist movement, trained to do its bidding, and directed and controlled in the conspiratorial performance of their revolutionary services.<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00000841----000-.html Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, 50 U.S. Code Chapter 23 Subchapter IV Sec. 841]</ref>
===1950s===
Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] made a stunning secret speech in Moscow in 1956 that exposed Joseph Stalin's crimes and errors while putting forth a revised version of Leninism that emphasized the idea of peaceful coexistence between the United States and the Soviet Union. Copies soon reached the CPUSE and created deep divisions. The Party was already in crisis because of McCarthyism. The CPUSA's National Executive Committee (NEC) convened to discuss Khrushchev's remarks, giving only secondary attention to Stalin's crimes and full attention to Khrushchev's comments about peaceful coexistence and the role of insurrection in the transition to socialism in countries with powerful capitalist classes. In the end, Khrushchev's report led to demoralization within the CPUSA, emboldened the Right's rejection of Marxism, and damaged the credibility of Leftism.<ref> Harris, Jerry. First Reaction: U.S. Communist Leaders Confront The Khrushchev Revelations. Science & Society 1997-98 61(4): 502-512. 0036-8237 </ref>
==Further reading==
* Alexander, Robert J. ''The Right Opposition: The Lovestoneites and the International Communist Opposition of the 1930s.'' (1981). 342 pp.
* Avakumovic, Ivan. ''The Communist Party in Canada: A History.'' (1975). 309 pp.
* Barrett, James R. ''William Z. Foster and the Tragedy of American Radicalism.'' (2000). 352 pp.
* Belknap, Michal R. ''Cold War Political Justice: The Smith Act, the Communist Party, and American Civil Liberties.'' (1977). 322 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/106799674?title=Cold%20War%20Political%20Justice%3a%20%20The%20Smith%20Act%2c%20the%20Communist%20Party%2c%20and%20American%20Civil%20Liberties online edition]
* Cherny, Robert W. "Prelude to the Popular Front: The Communist Party in California, 1931-35." ''American Communist History'' 2002 1(1): 5-42 online at [[EBSCO]]
* Cochran, Bert. ''Labor and Communism: The Conflict That Shaped American Unions.'' (1977). 394 pp.
* Dyson, Lowell K. ''Red Harvest: The Communist Party and American Farmers.'' (1982). 259 pp.
* Isserman, Maurice. ''Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party during the Second World War.'' (1982). 305 pp.
* Isserman, Maurice. "Three Generations: Historians View American Communism." ''Labor History'' 1985 26(4): 517-545. 0023-656x
* Keeran, Roger. ''The Communist Party and the Auto Workers Unions.'' (1980). 340 pp.
* Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl; and Anderson, Kyrill M. ''The Soviet World of American Communism.'' (Yale U. Press, 1995). 378 pp., by leading conservative historians
* Klehr, Harvey. ''The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade.'' (1984). 511 pp. by a leading conservative historian; argues that the CPUSA of the 1930s blindly followed directives from Moscow with little individual initiative.
* Klehr, Harvey E. ''Communist Cadre: The Social Background of the American Communist Party Elite.'' (1978). 141 pp. by a leading conservative historian
* Kraditor, Aileen S. ''"Jimmy Higgins": The Mental World of the American Rank-and-File Communist, 1930-1958.'' (1988). 283 pp. by a leading conservative historian
* Kutulas, Judy. ''The Long War: The Intellectual People's Front and Anti-Stalinism, 1930-1940.'' (1995). 334 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/104678140?title=The%20Long%20War%3a%20%20The%20Intellectual%20People's%20Front%20and%20Anti-Stalinism%2c%201930-1940 online edition]
* Levenstein, Harvey A. ''Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO.'' (1981). 364 pp.
* Lyons, Paul. ''Philadelphia Communists, 1936-1956.'' (1982). 244 pp.
* Johnson, Manning, [http://www.archive.org/details/ColorCommunismAndCommonSense ''Color, Communism and Common Sense''] (1958), The Allience, 1958.
* Naison, Mark. ''Communists in Harlem during the Depression.'' (1983). 355 pp.
* Nelson, Bruce. ''Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen, and Unionism in the 1930s.'' (1988). 352 pp. Communists made a major effort to infiltrate these unions
* Ottanelli, Fraser M. ''The Communist Party of the United States: From the Depression to World War II.'' (1991). 307 pp., a standard scholarly history
* Pedersen, Vernon L. ''The Communist Party in Maryland, 1919-57.'' (2001). 254 pp.
* Ryan, James G. ''Earl Browder: The Failure of American Communism.'' (1997). 332 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/9898172?title=Earl%20Browder%3a%20The%20Failure%20of%20American%20Communism online edition]
* Schwartz, Lawrence H. ''Marxism and Culture: The CPUSA and Aesthetics in the 1930s.'' (1980). 151 pp.
* Solomon, Mark. ''The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917-36.'' (1998). 403 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/30337557?title=The%20Cry%20Was%20Unity%3a%20Communists%20and%20African%20Americans%2c%201917-36 online edition]
* Starobin, Joseph R. ''American Communism in Crisis, 1943-1957.'' (1972). 331 pp.
* Steinberg, Peter L. ''The Great "Red Menace": United States Prosecution of American Communists, 1947-1952.'' (1984). 311 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/9607014?title=The%20Great%20%22Red%20Menace%22%3a%20United%20States%20Prosecution%20of%20American%20Communists%2c%201947-1952 online edition]
* Stepan-Norris, Judith , and Maurice Zeitlin. ''Left out: Reds and America's Industrial Unions'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/read/105526078?title=Left%20out%3a%20%20Reds%20and%20America's%20Industrial%20Unions online edition]
* Weinstein, Allen. ''Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case.'' (1978). 675 pp. by a leading conservative historian
===Scholarly journal===
*''American Communist History'' a peer-reviewed scholarly journal published by the Historians of American Communism. [http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14743892.html]
===Primary sources===
* Johnpoll, Bernard K., ed. ''A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States.'' (8 vol. 1994). 6784 pp.

==See also==
*[[Joel Barr]]
*[[Cold War]]
*[[Harry Gold]]
*[[David Greenglass]]
*[[List of Communist publications]]
*[[Soviet spies in America (1921-1948)]]
*[[Joseph McCarthy]]
*[[Harry Hay]]
*[[Frank Marshall Davis]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/publications/digest/992/beichman.html Article: Guilty as charged by Arnold Beichman, survey of Soviet documents on Communists in America] [[Hoover Institute]] - Hoover Digest 1999.
*[http://www.enotes.com/major-acts-congress/communist-control-act Communist Control Act of 1954], Carl Auerbach
*[http://www.marxists.org/subject/usa/eam/cpaofficials.html Marxist Internet Archive]
*[http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/eam/cpa/communistparty.html PARTY HISTORY.]
* [http://www.cpusa.org Communist Party of the USA home page]

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