Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

User:BillyTheFish

2012-02-12T15:12:46Z

BillyTheFish:

I'm not really a fish.

{{User Scottish}}
{{User linux}}
{{User free speech}}
{{User Protestant}}

Glasgow

2012-02-12T14:31:10Z

BillyTheFish: /* Sport and Religion */ minor grammatical correction

[[Image:Glasgow Coat of Arms.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Glasgow's Coat of Arms c.1866]]
'''Glasgow''' is the largest city in [[Scotland]]. Founded by its patron saint [[Kentigern]] (or [[Mungo]]) around 540 AD it stands on both sides of the River Clyde.

The official motto of the city is ''Floreat Glasgua'' ("Let Glasgow Flourish"), a shortened version of the inscription on a bell that was made for the Tron Kirk on Trongate in 1637. The steeple still exists as part of the Tron Theatre. The inscription read: ''Lord, let Glasgow flovrichse throvgh the preaching of thy word and praising thy name.'' In 1663 the motto became: ''Lord, let Glasgow flourish through the preaching of thy word'' and in 1699 this was shortened to its current version.

The population of the city itself has declined from over a million inhabitants in the pre [[World War II]] era to around 600,000 today. However the population of the Greater Glasgow conurbation is approximately 2.3 million, roughly half the population of [[Scotland]].

Inhabitants of Glasgow are called Glaswegians but are often referred to by other Scots as "Keelies" or "Weegies".

== Buildings ==

Glasgow has many fine public buildings, notably Glasgow Cathedral, a large [[Gothic]] edifice, the City Chambers, [[Kelvingrove Museum and Art Gallery]], the Great Eastern Hotel, the [[University of Glasgow|University]] at Gilmorehill, the Armadillo designed by [[Norman Foster]], the School of Art designed by [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]] and the Beresford Hotel, an art deco building on Sauchiehall St. The Beresford Hotel has now been converted to apartments having previously been a Bachelor Officer's Quarters for the US military during WWII, a second period as a hotel, the headquarters of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in Scotland and a student Hall of Residence (Baird Hall) for the University of Strathclyde. Among modern buildings the gallery for the Burrell Collection is well known.

Despite a long and proud industrial heritage Glasgow is studded with green spaces and recreation grounds (the name Glasgow comes from the Brythonic ''glas cau'' for "green hollow"). The slums of the industrial era have now been cleared and regenerated with many fine new dwellings and green spaces. Unfortunately a social experiment with high-rise blocks has created new slums, such as Easterhouse, which due to the destruction of traditional family structures and local businesses are some of the most deprived in Europe.

The poet [[Sir John Betjeman]] described Glasgow as the "finest Victorian city in the world".

== History ==

The site of the founding of St Mungo's church by the Molendinar Burn, a stream which flows into the [[River Clyde]], is now the site of Glasgow Cathedral. <ref>http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/AboutGlasgow/History/Earliest+Beginnings.htm</ref>
[[Image:uk-glasgow.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Glasgow and the River Clyde viewed looking east]]
Glasgow is famous for shipbuilding - the [[Queen Mary]], the [[Queen Elizabeth]], the [[Queen Elizabeth 2]] and the [[Lusitania]] are just some of the famous vessels which were "Clyde-built". Other industries include [[whisky]] distilling.

== Education ==

Glasgow has three universities - the [[University of Glasgow]] founded in 1451, the [[University of Strathclyde]], the former Royal College, which was raised to university status in 1965 and [[Glasgow Caledonian University]], previously Glasgow College of Technology, which has been a university since 1992.

== The People ==

Glasgow's population consists mainly of Lowland Scots, Gaels from the [[Highlands]] and [[Hebrides]] and the descendants of immigrants from [[Ireland]]. The early twentieth century saw arrivals from [[Italy]], [[Russia]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]]. Some of these immigrants from Eastern Europe were [[Jews]] escaping pogroms but many came to work in the coalmines and steelworks in and around the city. The latter half of the twentieth century saw a new wave of immigration from [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. With the recent accession of Poland to the [[European Union]] the city has played host to many young Poles seeking work in the city.

==Sport and Religion ==

Football and religion are normally seen as being inseparable in Glasgow. Scottish Football has for decades been dominated by two Glasgow clubs; [[Glasgow Rangers FC]] and [[Celtic FC]] (often erroneously called Glasgow Celtic). These are the two clubs with the strongest links to the religious community. Rangers predominantly draw their support, and until the 1980's their players, from members of the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] churches while Celtic historically draw their support from the [[Roman Catholic]] community. Due to the fixture scheduling of the [[Scottish Premier League]] the two teams meet each other at least 4 times a year. <ref>http://www.scotprem.premiumtv.co.uk/page/FixturesandResults/0,,10002,00.html</ref>

== Politics ==

Due to its heavy working class culture and tradition of heavy industry Glasgow has always been associated with [[socialism]] and until the late 1940s was the heartland of the [[Independent Labour Party]]. The [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] also had a notable following in the city. All MPs currently returned to the UK Parliament represent the Labour Party. The last Conservative to represent a Parliamentary seat in Glasgow was Teddy (later Sir Teddy) Taylor who represented Glasgow Cathcart from 1964 to 1979 when he lost he seat to [[John Maxton]]. This was the only Conservative loss in the 1979 election and fore-shadowed the collapse in support of Conservatism throughout Scotland during the premiership of [[Margaret Thatcher]].

In the Scottish Parliament all 9 of the 10 Constituency MPs represent the Labour Party. The only non-Labour MSP is the Scottish National Party's [[Nicola Sturgeon]] in Glasgow Govan. The Proportionately Elected Regional List MPs for Glasgow comprise four from the [[Scottish National Party]], one from the [[Liberal Democrats]], one from the [[Green Party]] and the Conservative, [[Bill Aitken]].<ref>http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/YourCouncil/Elections_Voting/Election_Results/ElectionScotland2007/SPElectionResults.htm</ref>

These elections for the Scottish Parliament were held on 3rd May 2007.

== Customs, Leisure and Culture ==

The city has a number of fine museums and galleries, notably the [[Kelvingrove Museum and Art Gallery]], the [[Burrell Collection]] in Pollok Park and the Museum of Religious Life which is situated in Provand's Lordship, the oldest house in Glasgow.

The Theatre Royal in Hope Street is the home of Scottish Opera and Scottish Ballet. The Royal Scottish National Orchestra has its home at the Royal Concert Hall in Buchanan Street. The Henry Wood Hall in Claremont Street is the base of the The Royal Scottish National Orchestra.

Scottish Television and BBC Scotland both have studios on the south bank of the Clyde at Pacific Quay.

An annual event for the city is the ''Pride Scotia'' festival (colloquially called "Glasgay") organised by the city council for homosexuals, lesbians, bi-sexuals and transsexuals from Glasgow and farther afield. In 2006 it was the source of some controversy when several of the city's firefighters were disciplined for refusing to distribute fire safety leaflets to marchers in the event's parade. <ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/firefighters/story/0,,1862956,00.html</ref> . Despite the concerns of the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Archbishop of Glasgow]] the left leaning local media supported the actions of [[Strathclyde Fire and Rescue]], the men's employers.

== Language ==

The official language is [[English]] although many of the city's inhabitants (traditionally the working class) employ the Glaswegian dialect which is a variant of [[Scots]]. This is sometimes colloquially known as the "Glesga Patter".

The ancient Celtic language [[Gaelic]] can often be heard in Glasgow, particularly in the West End where there is a sizable community from the [[Hebrides]].

With the recent wave of immigration from eastern Europe it is not unusual to hear the Polish tongue being spoken around the city.

== Famous Glaswegians ==

* [[Billy Connolly]] (Comedian and Actor)
* [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]] (Architect)
* Sir William Burrell (Businessman, Philantropist who donated The [[Burrell Collection]] to the City)
* [[Gordon Jackson]] (Actor, The Great Escape, Upstairs Downstairs, The Professionals)
* [[Robbie Coltrane]] (Actor, Hagrid in the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' films)
* Billy Boyd (Actor, [[Pippin Took]] in the [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]])
* Jack McLean (journalist, author)
* Gerry McNee (journalist - "The Voice of a Football")
* Alan Cumming (actor)
* Ian and Janette Tough aka [[The Krankies]] (comedy duo),
* Johnny Beattie (Shakespearean actor)
* Frankie Miller (rock singer)
* Jim Kerr (rock singer with [[Simple Minds]])
* Stanley Baxter (comedian)
* Lulu (singer)
* Ian Brady (moors murderer)
* Andrew Agnew (Action Film Actor)
* [[Jerry Sadowitz]] (magician)
* Mark McManus (actor)
* Rikki Fulton (Comedian, half of the Francie & Josie comedy duo and creator of Rev I. M. Jolly)
* [[Angus Lennie]] (actor - ''The Great Escape'' and ''Crossroads'')
* [[John Martyn]] ( singer/songwriter)
* [[Claire Grogan]] (actor and singer)
* Pastor [[Jack Glass]] (preacher and ecumenist)
* [[Sir Alex Ferguson]] (football manager - [[Manchester United F.C.]])

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Scottish Cities and Towns]]

Talk:Elton John

2012-02-12T14:04:24Z

BillyTheFish: Usage of the word 'married' to describe a civil partnership?

Wasn't he knighted? What's wrong with "Sir Elton John"? [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 17:54, 8 January 2008 (EST)

Hi everyone - this is my first edit! Please be kind... I thought it was important to add a section on his homosexuality because that is what he's mostly known for now (his records don't get much press). Hope this is useful anyway. Sophie.

::I'm pretty sure his music career is much more notable than his sexuality since he is one of the most influential British recording artists ever. [[Danielspence]]

I added a couple of sentences on his performance at Rush Limbaugh's wedding. It's important information that a conservative icon like Limbaugh would welcome such a prominent homosexual to be the entertainment at his wedding. Ethan.

== Married? ==

Hi there, I'm unfamilar with the protocols of the site, but I have a query regarding the usage of the word 'married' to describe the 'civil partnership'. I would describe marriage as being between a man and a woman, and a civil partnership is merely a civil contract. Is this how they are usually described around here? Personally I'd prefer to use the term 'entered into a civil contract' instead of 'married', but I'm just looking to guage the opinions of other, more experienced editors. Many thanks.

User:BillyTheFish

2012-02-12T13:51:24Z

BillyTheFish: Created page with "I'm not really a fish."

I'm not really a fish.

Thai

2012-02-12T13:49:38Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960679 by Mankini (talk)

'''Thai''' is a language in Asia. It is the official language of [[Thailand]], and is a rougher ancestor of the language [[Khmer]].

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Thailand]]

Subshell

2012-02-12T13:49:26Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960678 by Mankini (talk)

A '''subshell''' is a set of [[electron]]s with the same azimuthal [[quantum number]]. The number of electrons permitted in a subshell is equal to 2''l'' + 1.<ref>http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/electrons/glossary.shtml</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Chemistry]]

Giant

2012-02-12T13:48:53Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960677 by Mankini (talk)

A '''giant''' is traditionally a massive mythological creature that in all other respects resembles a human being, or simply a particularly-large human being. Thus [[Robert Wadlow]] (1918-1940), the tallest human on record measuring 8'11", would not be a giant in the traditional sense as he was simply a human with a rare medical condition. True giants form a race apart, and may be as tall as 60 to 100 feet. The Bible mentions giants under the term [[Nephilim]], and these were certainly not human, but rather demonic offspring of fallen angels.

[[Category:Mythical Beasts]]

Uric acid

2012-02-12T13:48:39Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960676 by Mankini (talk)

'''Uric acid''' is a type of [[purine]]. "Elevated levels are associated with [[gout]]." [http://www.gout.com/utilities/glossary.aspx#purines]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Mythbusters

2012-02-12T13:48:10Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960674 by Mankini (talk)

'''MythBusters''' is a popular [[science]] show that airs on the [[Discovery Channel]]. It is hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman, who are frequently joined by Kari Byron, Tory Belleci and Grant Imahara, known as the build team.

[[Category:Television Shows]]

Witch

2012-02-12T13:47:55Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960673 by Mankini (talk)

A '''witch''' is someone who practices witchcraft. The name can be used for either male or female practitioners.

==Definition==
Witchcraft is a loose group of beliefs, practices, or rituals that can be variously adopted by almost anyone of any faith. Witchcraft isn't strictly a religion although it is generally practiced by people with religious beliefs. Witchcraft does not have any staple beliefs but instead consists of many different beliefs drawn from many different places. The practice of natural medicine, folk medicine, spiritual healing, divination, and shamanism can also be applied under the umbrella term of witchcraft. More modern practices such as the practice of alternative medicine as well as New Age healing techniques (such as Crystal healing, herbalism, Reiki, and aromatherapy) can also technically fall under the witchcraft umbrella. Some practices (such as certain herbal remedies) go far back into human history although it is virtually impossible to distinguish exactly the lineage of many of the practices considered witchcraft.

==The Difference Between Wicca and Witchcraft==
Wicca can technically be considered a witchcraft tradition, however because Wicca is more codified and has more defined traditions and practices as well as a large adherent population, Wicca is generally considered its own belief system.

==Europe==
In Europe--both Catholic and Protestant areas-- from 1350 to 1650 several hundred thousand witches were executed--often by burning--after legal proceedings. One-quarter of those executed for witchcraft were men. In Exodus 22:18 the Old Testament specifically bans witchcraft under penalty of death. A famous British case was the [[Pendle Witch]] trials of 1612 AD.

Many of those executed were targeted less for spiritual reasons and more for earthly concerns; the accuser and the administrator of punishment often shared the spoils when the belongings and wealth of a person executed for witchcraft. The hysteria also gave a perfect opportunity for people to get rid of people they disliked for personal reasons or people who didn't fit the idea the community had of an ideal member.

==Colonial America==
The most famous episode was the [[Salem Witch Trials]] of 1692 in Massachusetts, in which 19 accused witches were hanged and one man (Giles Corey) was pressed to death with stones (none were burned).

Salem was typical in that the belief in witches was widespread in colonial America. In Virginia supernatural beliefs played a major role in interpreting the unknown and establishing social order. The supernatural world of the early settlers was comprised of belief in benevolent and demonic forces, divine judgment, omens, magic, witchcraft, combat with the devil, and other ideas transported from England. This complex supernatural world functioned to explain the unknown, sanction colonization, demonize the native population, control the colonists, and provide a defense against internal and external enemies.<ref>Edward L. Bond, "Source of Knowledge, Source of Power: the Supernatural World of English Virginia, 1607-1624," ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography''wicc 2000 108(2): 105-138. 0042-6636
</ref>

==Romantics==
In 19th century romanticism, witches and the occult became popular figures of novels and fairy-tales. Most of the times they were of evil and dangerous character, but there are also examples of benevolent character. At about the same time they became popular [[carnival]] figures.
==Native Americans==
Most of the American Indian tribes believed in witchcraft and practised magic. Many Native Americans have converted to Christianity, however the old traditions of many of the tribes are still practiced and kept alive today.

==Atheistic witchcraft==
Many individuals who subscribe to [[atheism]] practice witchcraft and magic.<ref name=Illes>{{Cite book|title=Weiser Field Guide to Witches|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qdWOXc4jDs8C&pg=PA30&dq=wiccan+atheism&hl=en&ei=XlbZTcXzAeO_0AGbm_T7Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=Non-Wiccan witches may belong to any spiritual or religious tradition or none—agnostic or atheist witches are typically considered non-Wiccan.|author=Judika Illes|publisher=Weiser Books|accessdate=13 November 2010}}</ref><ref name=Buckland>{{Cite book|title=Wicca for Life: The Way of the Craft - From Birth to Summerland|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oJVo58KTVKkC&pg=PA95&dq=wiccan+atheism&hl=en&ei=XlbZTcXzAeO_0AGbm_T7Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAjge#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=You can even be an atheist and do magic. Magic is a practice and, in itself, does not involve any connection with deity.|author=Raymond Buckland|publisher=Citadel Press|accessdate=13 November 2010}}</ref> An organization dedicated to the promotion of witchcraft known as ''The Realm of White Magic'' states that this is possible because "witchcraft is a lifestyle choice not a spiritual belief system."<ref name=Seashell >{{Cite web|title=Witchcraft, Wicca and/or Paganism|url=http://www.whitemagic.com.au/bbs/newitch.html|quote=Witchcraft is a lifestyle choice not a spiritual belief system (even an atheist can be a witch).|publisher=The Realm of White Magic|accessdate=13 November 2010}}</ref> In the past, witchcraft was often viewed as a precursor of atheism.<ref name=Association>{{Cite web|title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture (Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dRb-P3HRuvkC&pg=PA260&dq=atheism+and+witchcraft&hl=en&ei=GEjpTZSDHsX40gHcwvWqAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=atheism%20and%20witchcraft&f=false|quote=At other points, the association of atheism, heresies, idolatry and witchcraft was stated by Bacon in the Advancement of Learning in ways that simultaneously differentiated and yet assimilated them.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|accessdate=13 November 2010}}</ref><ref name=Pfleiderer>{{Cite book|title=Renaissance Magic and the Return of the Golden Age: The Occult Tradition and Marlowe, Jonson, and Shakespeare |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fLFhCYXFiVcC&pg=PA80&dq=atheism+and+witchcraft&hl=en&ei=GEjpTZSDHsX40gHcwvWqAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=atheism%20and%20witchcraft&f=false|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|quote=Of central importance for the present study is the fact that Marlowe was in contact with several of the most advanced and open-minded scientists and philosophers in Europe, and he was intensely and no doubt uncomfortabely aware that among the tools used to suppress freedom of inquiry wre accusations of atheism and witchcraft.|accessdate=13 November 2010}}</ref> However, some who subscribe to atheism have often stood in opposition to the practice of witchcraft.<ref name=Opposition>{{Cite book|title=Atheism and Secularity: Issues, concepts, and definitions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z1hbaAHsAlUC&pg=RA1-PA145&dq=atheism+and+witchcraft&hl=en&ei=PkrpTaaDHqTf0QHxzLW0AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=atheism%20and%20witchcraft&f=false|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|quote=In the Hyderabad State, the belief in witchcraft and sorcery is still deeply entrenched in the minds of the people. In 1983, leaders in the district administration in Medak invited the Atheist Centre to help dispel such superstitions.|accessdate=13 November 2010}}</ref>

==Modern Usage==

The term [[witchhunt]] is also used to denote a political crusade against a particular group.

Witchcraft remains prevalent in Africa as well as Haiti. In many African countries, there is great fear and often paranoia about witchcraft and it's effects. People are often attacked or even killed because they are suspected of being a witch by their neighbors.

==See also==
* [[Salem Witch Trials]]
* [[Wizard of Oz]]
==Further reading==
===Colonial America===
* Boyer, Paul, and Stephen Nissenbaum. ''Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft'' (1974)
* Breslaw, Elaine G., ed. ''Witches of the Atlantic World: A Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook'' (2000). 561 pp.
*Demos, John. ''Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England'' (1982)
* Godbeer, Richard. ''The Devil's Dominion: Magic and Religion in Early New England.'' (1992). 253 pp.
* Hall, David D. "Witchcraft and the Limits of Interpretation," ''New England Quarterly'' 1985 58(2): 253-281. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/365516 in JSTOR]
===Europe===
* Ankarloo, Bengt and Henningsen, Gustav, eds. ''Early Modern European Witchcraft. Centres and Peripheries.'' (1990). 477 pp.
* Barstow, Anne Llewellyn. ''Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts.'' (1994). 255 pp.
* Ben-Yehuda, Nachman. "The European Witch Craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A Sociologist's Perspective," ''American Journal of Sociology'', Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jul., 1980), pp. 1-31 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778849 in JSTOR]
* Breslaw, Elaine G., ed. ''Witches of the Atlantic World: A Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook'' (2000). 561 pp.
* Levack, Brian P. ''The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe.'' (1987). 267 pp.
* Macfarlane, Alan. ''Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England'' (1970)
* Thomas, Keith. ''Religion and the Decline of Magic'' (1971) in Britain and Europe
* Williams, Gerhild Scholz. ''Defining Dominion: The Discourses of Magic and Witchcraft in Early Modern France and Germany.'' (1995). 234 pp.
===Witchcraft today===
* Ashforth, Adam. "Witchcraft, Violence, and Democracy in the New South Africa," ''Cahiers d'Études Africaines'', Vol. 38, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4392879 in JSTOR]
* Ciekawy, Diane, and Peter Geschiere. "Containing Witchcraft: Conflicting Scenarios in Postcolonial Africa," ''African Studies Review,'' Vol. 41, No. 3 (Dec., 1998), pp. 1-14 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/525351 in JSTOR]
* Lewis, James R., ed. ''Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft'' (1996). 423 pp.
* Reis, Elizabeth, ed. ''Spellbound: Women and Witchcraft in America'' (1998). 282pp. on Wicca

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV2&byte=312664 Exodus 22]
{{atheism}}
[[Category:Atheism]]
[[Category:Paganism]]
[[Category:Witchcraft]]
[[Category:Religion and Politics]]

Esse

2012-02-12T13:46:35Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960671 by Mankini (talk)

'''Esse''' is the noun in [[Latin]] for "to be." In other words, '''esse''' means an act of existence.

'''Esse''' is used to distinguish between the principle of existence and the nature or essence of something.

In [[God]] alone are existence and essence one and the same.

[[category:Christian Terms]]
[[category:Latin Phrases]]

Rufous-necked sparrowhawk

2012-02-12T13:46:24Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960670 by Mankini (talk)

{{Taxonomy
|name=Rufous-necked Sparrowhawk
|image=
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=Passerimorphae
|order=Accipitriformes
|suborder=
|infraorder=Falconides
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Accipitridae
|subfamily=Accipitrinae
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Accipiter
|subgenus=
|species=A. erythrauchen
|binomialname=
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}}

[[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Accipiter Hawks]]

Edward Elgar

2012-02-12T13:46:08Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960669 by Mankini (talk)

'''Sir Edward Elgar''' (1857-1934), born near [[Worcester]], was an English composer famous for ''The Dream of Gerontius'' and his ''Pomp and Circumstance'' marches, which includes the music to the British patriotic song ''Land of Hope and Glory''.

[[Category:Composers]]

Stem cells

2012-02-12T13:45:36Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960668 by Mankini (talk)

'''Stem cells''' are one of several varieties of [[cell]] that have the ability to renew themselves through division, and differentiate themselves into specialized cell types.

There is a gradient that corresponds to how well a particular stem cell can differentiate.

The two most common types, adult and embryonic, are multipotent and pluripotent respectively. Multipotent means that a stem cell can differentiate into similar types of cells, for instance blood cells only. Pluripotent means that they can turn into any of the 3 germ layer types.<ref>http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/sctypes/</ref>

Even though embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than can adult stem cells, like with in vitro fertilization, they require the destruction of an embryo which many regard as akin to [[abortion]]. <ref>http://www.frc.org/get.cfm?i=WU09C06&f=PG07J01</ref> After harvesting embryonic stem cells, they can be cultured for an extended period of time and induced to proliferate without the need to destroy more embryos, though stem cell lines tend to drift genetically and become unusable after years of continuous culturing. New human embryonic stem cell lines are generated from the discarded embryos of in vitro fertilization clinics rather than the fertilization of human eggs for the express purpose of producing stem cell lines. There is some research that shows that embryonic stem cells might be obtainable without destruction of the embryo, though this research is not definite yet.<ref>http://www.cmda.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Stem_Cell_Research&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=12577</ref>

Largely driven by federal bands on using NIH funds to produce new human embryonic cell lines, much attention has been shifted away from embryonic stem cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). This type of cell is generated from adult (differentiated) cells though genetic manipulation and possess many of the properties of embryonic stem cells. iPS cells are a major leap forward in stem cell research and provide the distinct advantage of generating pluripotent stem cells from any adult individual. Thus, replacement cells and tissues generated from iPS cells can be immunologically compatible with the recipient if the iPS cells were initially germinated from cells donated by the recipient; this significantly reduces the risk of tissue rejection. This advancement in the stem cell field would not have likely come to pass this soon if not for the push to ban human embryonic stem cell research in the US.

There are five categories of stem cells that correspond to their origin in the body:
*[[adult stem cells]]
*[[amniotic stem cells]]
*[[cord blood stem cells]]
*[[embryonic stem cells]]
*[[induced pluripotent stem cells]]
[[Category:Biology]][[Category:Medicine]]

== References ==
<references/>

== See also ==

*[[autologous stem cells]]

Frank Bruno

2012-02-12T13:44:40Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960667 by Mankini (talk) - revert vandalism

'''Frank Bruno''' is a retired [[England|English]] [[boxing|boxer]]. For a long time during the late 1980s and 1990s, Bruno was the [[United Kingdom]]'s most high-profile heavyweight boxer, until the more successful if questionably British [[Lennox Lewis]] emerged as a contender. The highlight of Bruno's career was a brief reign as WBC world champion in 1995.

Bruno had an engaging personality and was able to capture the public's imagination outside the ring, his catchphrase 'Know what I mean, Harry?' and distinctive deep-voiced laugh entering the popular consciousness. He also had a willingness to send himself up that was at odds with his size, toughness and abilities as a fighter, so that appearances on [[television]] and notably in [[pantomime]] became a fruitful sideline to his career.

Sadly, after his retirement from boxing Bruno had some trouble with his [[mental health]]. On one occasion [[the Sun]] [[newspaper]] was forced to apologise following an outcry after it described him as 'bonkers' (British [[slang]] for 'crazy').

[[category:Sportspeople|Bruno, Frank]]

Battle of Irish Bend

2012-02-12T13:43:10Z

BillyTheFish: Undo revision 960666 by Mankini (talk) - revert vandalism

{{ACWbattle
|name=Battle of Irish Bend Nerson’s Woods, Franklin
|image=
|begin=April 14, 1863
|end=Same day
|place=St. Mary Parish
|theater=Lower Seaboard Theater
|campaign=Operations in West Louisiana
|result=Union victory
|combatants1=4th Division, XIX Army Corps
|combatants2=28th Louisiana Infantry 2nd Louisiana Cavalry 12th Louisiana Infantry Battalion 4th Texas Cavalry Cornay's Louisiana Battery
|commanders1=[[Cuvier Grover]] Brigadier General, USA
|commanders2=[[Richard Taylor]] Major General, CSA
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1='''353'''
|casualties2=Unknown
}}
While the other two Union XIX Army Corps divisions comprising the expedition into West Louisiana moved across Berwick Bay towards Fort Bisland, Brig. Gen. Cuvier Grover’s division went up the Atchafalaya River into Grand Lake, intending to intercept a Confederate retreat from Fort Bisland or turn the enemy’s position. On the morning of April 13, the division landed in the vicinity of Franklin and scattered Rebel troops attempting to stop them from disembarking. That night, Grover ordered the division to cross Bayou Teche and prepare for an attack towards Franklin at dawn. In the meantime, Confederate Maj. Gen. Richard Taylor had sent some men to meet Grover’s threat. On the morning of the 14th, Taylor and his men were at Nerson's Woods, around a mile and a half above Franklin. As Grover’s lead brigade marched out a few miles, it encountered Rebels on its right and began skirmishing with them. The fighting became intense; the Rebels attacked, forcing the Yankees to fall back. The gunboat Diana arrived and anchored the Confederate right flank. The Confederates were outnumbered, however, and, as Grover began making dispositions for an attack, they retreated leaving the field to the Union. This victory, along with the one at Fort Bisland, two days earlier, assured the success of the expedition into West Louisiana. (''NPS summary'')

{{Template:Campaignbox West Louisiana}}
{{Template:ACW Battles of 1863}}

[[Category:American Civil War Battles]]

Jersey

2012-02-12T13:41:11Z

BillyTheFish: /* Famous People from Jersey */ Paul Gadd is the real name of Gary Glitter. He's not from Jersey, nor is a child rights activist.

'''Jersey''' is a [[British]] Overseas Crown Dependancy, one of the [[Channel Islands]], off the north west coast of France.

==History==
The earliest written records relating to the island of Jersey describe the annexation of the island by William of Normandy (great-great-great grandfather of [[William the Conqueror]]) in AD 933. It has remained a possession of the [[English]] and subsequently British Crown up to the present day.

[[Charles II]], [[King]] of England, spent part of the years of his exile (during the [[English Interregnum]] of AD 1649-1660) on the island of Jersey, thanks to the support of [[Sir George Carteret]], bailiff and governor of Jersey. After his return to the throne, in AD 1665, Charles acknowledged Carteret's loyalty by granting him lands in the [[British Colonies]] on the east coast of [[America]]. Carteret gave the name [[New Jersey]] to his lands, and they are now part of the [[USA]].<ref>Cochrane, Willard W. (30 September 1993). The Development of American Agriculture. University of Minnesota Press. pp. p.18</ref>

Jersey was invaded and occupied by the [[German]] [[Nazis]] during the [[Second World War]] from AD 1940-1945. A number of shipwrecks dating from that era pose a hazard to shipping, including the frigate HMS Troughtbridge, which was sunk by a German U-boat whilst on a mission to protect a food convoy on the Atlantic passage.

==Economy==
Jersey's main economic activity is [[finance]]. This is encouraged by Jersey's modest [[tax]] rates. There is also a significant [[tourist industry]] on the island, as well as agriculture, most notably [[dairy]] products and [[potatoes]].

==Origins of Name==
The origins of the name 'Jersey' relate to the thick woolen garments worn by the Viking raiders who terrorized the island from around AD 700 until its annexation by the Normans in 933. It is often known colloquially as 'the Sweater's Isle'.

==Famous People from Jersey==
Famous people from Jersey include the playwright Frederick Lonsdale (b.1881 d.1954), the actress and infamous mistress of [[King Edward VII]] Lillie Langtry (b.1853 d.1929).

== See also ==

*[[Countries of the world - Gross Domestic Product per capita]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:England]]