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United States presidential election, 2016

2016-01-11T03:39:05Z

CMcFreeze:

''See also [[2016 presidential debates]] and the [[candidates on homosexuality]]''

The 58th United States presidential election will be held on November 8, 2016. The 2016 election will be an open field in the [[Republican Party]]. [[Democrats]], as in [[communist]] countries, are not expected to have any real choice other than [[Hillary Clinton]].

==Republican Party candidates==
{{TOC right}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Social Conservative !! Moderate/[[Establishment]] !! Maverick
|-
| [[Mike Huckabee]] || [[Jeb Bush]] || [[Donald Trump]]
|-
| [[Ted Cruz]] || [[Marco Rubio]] || [[Ben Carson]]
|-
| [[Rick Santorum]] || [[John Kasich]] || [[Carly Fiorina]] - appeals to women
|-
| || [[Chris Christie]] || [[Rand Paul]] - appeals to men
|-
| || [[George Pataki]] ||
|}

===Announced Republican candidates===
A record-breaking total of 17 individuals formally announced their candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election. Their first [[2016 presidential debate|debate]] was held on Thursday, August 6th, on the [[Fox News Channel]], and viewed by a record-breaking audience of 24 million people.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Mike Huckabee]]
|Former Arkansas governor who ran well in the 2008 primaries, and is particularly popular with [[evangelicals]]. He is the strongest candidate against [[judicial supremacy]] and the [[homosexual agenda]]. Huckabee has kept himself in the public eye for the past six and a half years as the host of a news-and-commentary show on the Fox network.
|His record on social issues is rock solid, but some question his record on fiscal issues.
|On September 2, 2015, he announced his support for the [[Christian]] Kentucky clerk Kim Davis, and telephoned her as other candidates were either ducking the issue, or speaking out against her. Huckabee launched an exploratory committee on April 17, 2015. <ref>http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/huckabee-set-to-announce-claims-ive-beaten-clinton-political-machine/article/2563219</ref> He announced his candidacy on May 5, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/05/05/huckabee-announces-2016-white-house-bid/</ref>
|-
|[[Rand Paul]]
|Son of [[Ron Paul]], voted against GOP establishment's spending compromise bills, advocate for cutting spending, can unite libertarians and conservatives, voted against NDAA. Made waves with historic [[filibuster]] against [[CIA]] director John Brennan over the Obama administration's claimed authority to use drone strikes against US citizens on American soil.
|Some of his father's more hardcore followers think he's a "traitor" for endorsing [[Mitt Romney]] in 2012, voted for [[Chuck Hagel]] as Defense Secretary. Supported the Supreme Court's liberal wing when it struck down Section 3 of the [[Defense of Marriage Act]], suggesting he's somewhat supportive of the [[Homosexual Agenda]].
|Has criticized [[Paul Ryan]], [[Jeb Bush]], and [[Chris Christie]] as a candidate might, delivered 2013 Tea Party response to the SOTU, which the news media didn't cover. Announced candidacy on April 7, 2015.<ref>http://www.c-span.org/video/?325139-1/senator-rand-paul-rky-presidential-campaign-announcement</ref>
|-
|[[Ted Cruz]]
|Previously active in the tea-party movement, solid on opposition to Obamacare and gun control. Good debater.
|Like Obama, some question as to eligibility. As a first-term Senator, relatively inexperienced. Alienated some due to role in government shutdown.
|Bypassed the exploratory committee process and instead made his formal announcement of candidacy on March 23, 2015.<ref>http://www.c-span.org/video/?324979-1/ted-cruz-presidential-campaign-announcement</ref> Has gained in the polls since the first debate.
|-
|[[Marco Rubio]]
|Favorite of [[Fox News]], articulate, Hispanic, able to win key battleground state of [[Florida]] since he's from there, was on Romney's shortlist in 2012.
|Has been seen as a stalking horse for Jeb Bush.
Rubio used to be a Tea Party favorite when he defeated [[RINO]] [[Charlie Crist]], but many have since soured on his actions, endorsed amnesty and has written an amnesty bill with [[Chuck Schumer]] and six other Senators, friends with [[Jeb Bush]], denounced [[Michele Bachmann]]'s investigation into [[Huma Abedin]], supports the party's [[neoconservative]] wing which is why he supports sending troops into Syria.
|Visited Iowa in December 2012 to speak at [[Jack Kemp]] library, delivered GOP response to Obama's 2013 SOTU, put his capital on the line working with seven other Senators on a controversial amnesty plan many conservatives oppose but has now eased away from it. Announced candidacy on April 13, 2015.<ref>http://www.c-span.org/video/?325251-1/senator-marco-rubio-rfl-presidential-campaign-announcement</ref>
|-
|[[Carly Fiorina]]
|Former CEO, a good track record of attacking liberalism. Has gained support and attention since the first debate. She was widely considered the winner of the preliminary debate held for those not in the Top Ten as rated by the polls.
|Failed to win an election as a candidate for Senator, rejected Tea Party support, embraces the establishment GOP.
|Her entrance in the 2016 campaign would deny Democrats and Hillary Clinton the image of men vs. a women argument, aka 'war on women'. Fiorina formally launched her campaign for the Republican nomination on May 4, 2014.<ref>http://www.wsj.com/articles/carly-fiorina-im-running-for-president-1430739879</ref>
|-
|[[Ben Carson]]
|Plain-spoken, with common-sense solutions to the country's problems.
|Has said states can enact gun control.
|The world-renowned surgeon made waves by skewering Obama's policies at the White House correspondent's dinner. Carson formally announced his candidacy on May 4, 2015, in Detroit, saying ""I'm Ben Carson, and I'm a candidate for president of the United States."<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/05/04/ben-carson-tells-tv-station-is-running-for-president/</ref>
|-
|[[Rick Santorum]]
|Strong social conservative base, runner-up in the 2012 primary, by 2016 endorsing [[RINO]]-turned-Democrat [[Arlen Specter]] will be a distant memory for many because he died in 2012. Strongly opposed to [[homosexual agenda]].
|May have been a [[stalking horse]] for Romney in the last election, which he'll vehemently deny; in 2016 voters may want a new face to lead the party instead of an also-ran, media portrays as fanatic, voted for Bush's spending to be 'part of the team'.
|Has founded an organization called Patriot Voices which may serve as a fulcrum for his campaign. Santorum announced his candidacy on May 27, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/05/27/santorum-set-to-announce-2016-plans-wednesday/</ref> Is currently near the bottom of the field of 17 Republican candidates.
|-
|[[Jeb Bush]]
|Able to win Florida, has Hispanic wife and kids, multilingual, backing of [[Karl Rove]] though if he doesn't run Rubio will get it. Presumably has the backing of most [[George_H.W._Bush#Family|Bush family]] members, with the notable exception of his mother, [[Barbara Bush|Barbara]], who stated, "We've had enough Bushes" during an April 2013 interview<ref>http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/51667537#51667537</ref>.
|Outspokenly supports amnesty and Common Core, neither Tea Partiers or independent voters want a third Bush, told GOP primary voters they wouldn't elect Reagan today.
|Might count on Rubio to be a stalking horse because of their friendship but has contradicted Rubio on immigration in his latest book, if he and Clinton are the nominees many voters might gravitate to a third party. Bush officially announced his candidacy on June 15, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/15/after-long-wind-up-bush-set-to-enter-2016-white-house-race/</ref>
|-
|[[Donald Trump]]
|Business smart, name recognition, holds some conservative positions. Leads in almost all polls. Has forcefully campaigned on the issues of illegal immigration and international trade.
|Celebrity type with a bombastic style that can be a distraction.
|Trump announced his candidacy on June 16, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/16/trump-announces-white-house-bid-joins-crowded-gop-field/</ref>
|-
|[[Chris Christie]]
|Blunt criticism of teacher's unions won conservatives over for about a year, [[Ann Coulter]] supports him.
|Unprofessional style, abrasiveness, overweight, praised Obama's Hurricane Sandy efforts only days before the 2012 election, has gotten heat for appointing Sharia judge and having pro-abortion Lieutenant Governor. Not endearing himself to conservatives with his statements on things like gun control. Is near the bottom in most polls.
|Christie announced his candidacy on June 30, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/30/christie-announces-2016-bid-for-white-house-becomes-14th-gop-hopeful/</ref>
|-
|[[John Kasich]]
|Two-term Ohio Governor, former U.S. Congressman. Popular with establishment types worried about Jeb Bush's inability to gain any traction.
|Expanded Medicare in his state, said the [[Bible]] supports [[Obamacare]], D.C. beltway insider, and will not oppose [[same-sex marriage]].
|On July 21, 2015, Kasich officially declared his candidacy, stating, "I have decided to run for president of the United States."<ref>http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/07/21/john-kasich-presidential-announcement.html</ref>
|-
|[[Jim Gilmore]]
|Former governor of Virginia, a crucial swing state.
|
|On July 30, 2015, Gilmore officially declared his candidacy, stating, "I am a candidate for president because our current Washington leadership is guiding America on a path to decline, and I can reverse that decline."<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/07/30/former-virginia-gov-gilmore-enters-white-house-race/</ref>
|}

=== Other possible Republican candidates ===
These individuals have expressed interest in running or have been mentioned as possible candidates.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Sarah Palin]]
|Very popular with the conservative base, record of cutting the size of government, expert on energy issues. Already experienced on national ticket.
|Thanks to the media, the electorate has already made up their minds about her. May prefer the role of commentator and not run for her and her children's sakes.
|
|-
|[[Condoleezza Rice]]
|Articulate, popular, foreign policy experience, takes the race and gender cards off the table, gave impassioned speech at the RNC, inspiring childhood story.
|Pro-choice, ties to Bush administration, never elected to any office, just appointed; left-wing immigration stance, had role leading up to [[Iraq War]], single status will mean she won't have the emotional support of a family for a Presidential run as [[Laura Bush]] has said; admired by some conservatives, disliked by others like [[paleoconservatives]] and from how [[Dick Cheney]] and [[Donald Rumsfeld]] have criticized her, she doesn't even have all the [[neoconservatives]] wrapped up.
|Some conservatives would think her running would be a good idea, others won't. She declined to run in 2008 and 2012, but from the speculation she was going to be Romney's VP, she might this time.
|-
|[[John Thune]]
|Senator who defeated [[Tom Daschle]], relatively conservative for a Senator.
|Voted for TARP and often votes for other spending bills the leadership pushes, not well known.
|
|-
|[[Susana Martinez]]
|Gave a good speech at the RNC, conservative Governor of a blue state, Hispanic.
|Might not be interested, expanded Medicare in her state.
|
|-
|[[Jan Brewer]]
|Former governor of Arizona. If she runs, will use potent immigration issue as foil to Bush and Rubio. Can take its mantle and change debate to pressure other candidates to tack right on the issue. Outspoken critic of Obama.
|May not be interested in the Presidency, expanded Medicare waiver for Obamacare, and is no longer in elective office. Has lost some support from conservatives.
|
|-
|[[Kelly Ayotte]]
|Represents a swing state
|Voted in favor of amnesty
|If Rubio is the Presidential nominee, he's likely to make Ayotte his running mate hoping the ticket will appeal to two swing states (Florida and New Hampshire), Hispanics, and women, offsetting Hillary with the last group. Both Rubio and Ayotte have been taken under the wings of McCain and Graham since getting in the Senate.
|-
|[[Allen West]]
|Conservative black Congressman from Florida who speaks his mind, some conservative activists insist that he run.
|Lost his race for re-election to the House two years after getting voted in.
|Has compared his loss to [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s before he became President in a radio interview.
|-
|[[Brian Sandoval]]
|Hispanic, fiscal conservative
|Pro-choice, expanded Medicare in his state, [[Harry Reid]] doesn't seem to mind his performance as Governor. <ref>http://blogs.rgj.com/politics/2013/02/20/reid-says-hell-run-for-re-election-in-2016-wont-comment-on-sandoval-as-opponent/</ref>
|Sandoval is likely to win Reid's seat for the U.S. Senate instead of running for president.
|}

=== Republican candidates that dropped out of the race ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Rick Perry]]
|Strong record of experience as Governor of [[Texas]]. Supports [[Second Amendment]]. Before the next election he might see a debating coach. Strong fundraiser. Not expanding [[Medicare]] to adjust for [[Obamacare]] like some other Governors are doing.
|Performed poorly in the last time, is an also-ran without [[Rick Santorum]]'s likely momentum in a race that will probably also have multiple other Republican Governors, also signed a state version of the DREAM Act and mandated vaccines for schoolgirls.
|Perry announced his candidacy on June 4, 2015. Perry became the first candidate to drop out of the race in September 2015. <ref>[http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/09/11/rick-perry-drops-out-of-2016-presidential-race/ RICK PERRY DROPS OUT OF 2016 PRESIDENTIAL RACE, Breitbart, September 11, 2015]</ref>
|-
|[[Scott Walker]]
|A once-seeming [[movement conservative]] who defeated a recall that was pushed by [[George Soros]] and the unions, exhibited conservative determination in passing right-to-work in his state and surviving the relentless union attacks that followed.
|[[AFL-CIO]] and the other union special interests have him as a top target, but he stood his ground until recently where he's starting to adopt RINO stances on issues, such as refusing to speak out against [[same-sex marriage]] in a meaningful way and not taking a strong stance against the ''[[Obergefell]]'' decision.
|Walker formally announced his candidacy on July 13, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/07/13/walker-announces-2016-white-house-bid/</ref> To announce dropping out Sept. 21st, 2015.
|-
|[[Bobby Jindal]]
|Populist conservative who says conservatives should be skeptical of big business, Indian-American, cleaned up Louisiana after Katrina and Governor Blanco, evangelical who also focuses on energy issues like Perry before him.
|Severely lacking in charisma.
|Jindal announced the formation of an exploratory committee on May 18, 2015.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/18/politics/bobby-jindal-forms-exploratory-committee/</ref> Jindal announced his candidacy on June 24, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/24/louisiana-gov-jindal-looks-ready-to-jump-into-2016-race/</ref>
|-
|[[Lindsey Graham]]
|Moderate Senator from South Carolina. Is pro-military and an advocate for a strong national defense. Good public speaker.
|Widely seen as a liberal on immigration issues. Is considered a clone of Sen. [[John McCain]] in the Senate.
|Announced the formation of a presidential exploratory committee in January 2015. Graham announced his candidacy on June 1, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/01/graham-set-to-enter-2016-race-with-focus-on-middle-east/</ref>
|-
|[[George Pataki]]
|Former governor of a large state.
|Very low name-recognition nationally.
|Pataki announced his candidacy on May 28, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/05/28/former-new-york-gov-pataki-announces-run-for-2016-gop-presidential-nomination/</ref>
|-
|}

==Democratic Party candidates==

===Announced Democratic candidates===
These individuals have formally announced their candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 2016 presidential election.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Hillary Clinton]]
|Has wanted to be President for decades, has Clinton machine and big money behind her, teflon image helped along by the media, quitting Secretary of State position lets her run, she will have the "sexist" card at her disposal.
|Role in Benghazi and decades worth of scandals going back to the 90s, cheerleaded for the Iraq war, facing corruption chargesfeminist. Bill Clinton may be a distraction.
|Clinton announced her candidacy on April 12, 2015.<ref>https://www.hillaryclinton.com</ref>
|-
|[[Bernie Sanders]]
|Independent that is lockstep with the Democrat party. Popular among socialists.
|As head of the Veterans Affairs Committee, he has done nothing to fix scandals and help veterans. Endorses Obama's policies.
|At a press conference on April 30, 2015, Sanders announced that he is running for the Democratic nomination.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/04/29/vermont-sen-bernie-sanders-am-running-for-president/</ref>
|-
|[[Martin O'Malley]]
|Former governor of Maryland. Partisan and aggressive liberal.
|Martin who? He has low name recognition. Fiercely supports raising taxes and other very liberal stances, although that might help in the primary.
|O'Malley announced his candidacy on May 30, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/05/30/omalley-returns-to-baltimore-set-to-seek-democratic-nomination-2016-white-house/</ref>
|-
|}

[[Democrats]] will not have a choice other than [[liberal]] Hillary Clinton. If a competitive race were allowed by the party bosses (and it won't be), the candidates mentioned below her could be contenders:

===Other possible Democratic candidates===
These individuals have expressed interest in running or have been mentioned as possible candidates.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Joe Biden]]
|Tries to set image as he's "one of the folks" even though he's a millionaire. He'll have Obama's Chicago machine. Incumbent VPs often receive the party nomination
|Very gaffe-prone, VP to an unpopular administration.
|Currently yukking it up as Obama's Vice-President and has openly expressed some interest in running. Hasn't talked about running...yet. Should be good seeing how he and Hillary deal with each other on the stage if they both run.
|-
|[[Andrew Cuomo]]
|Tried to make himself look like a fiscal conservative, he's part of a political family like Jeb and Hillary, governor of a large state.
|Uncompelling, declared intentions to seize guns from lawful gun owners, which he's used executive orders to do.
|His late father, the former Governor, said he expected him to run. His gun confiscating executive orders are not sitting well with the American people by and large.
|-
|[[Mark Warner]]
|Senator from a swing state with a relatively moderate record compared to others, might try to get points with independents that the other Democrats won't have.
|He votes with his party most of the time, voted for gun control even though he claims to be pro-gun.
|
|-
|[[Elizabeth Warren]]
|Popular in [[Occupy Wall Street]] and other progressive circles, elected in very competitive Senate race.
|Caught lying about being a Native American so she could get [[affirmative action]] at Harvard, her very liberal views and rhetoric probably won't resonate in states less liberal than [[Massachusetts]].
|Won election to the Senate in November 2012 against [[Scott Brown]].
|-
|[[Al Gore]]
|Former Senator and Vice-President. Represented a state that generally votes Republican. Since leaving office, Gore has made a career out of lecturing the world on the dangers of "Climate Change."
|
|Is being talked up as a possible candidate by Democrats worried about the scandals attached to Hillary Clinton.
|}

=== Democrat candidates that dropped out of the race ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Candidate
!Pros
!Cons
!Trending ...
|-
|[[Lincoln Chafee]]
|Former governor of Rhode Island, former Republican
|
|Chafee announced his candidacy on June 3, 2015.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/03/former-ri-gov-lincoln-chafee-one-time-republican-declares-candidacy-for/</ref>
|-
|[[Jim Webb]]
|Former Virginia Senator and Secretary of the Navy
|Webb's surprise candidacy looks like a public relations stunt by party bosses to make the [[Democrat Party]] look more mainstream than it is. It is doubtful that this is a serious attempt to win the nomination.
|Announced his candidacy July 2, 2015 <ref>http://www.webb2016.com</ref>
|}

== See also ==

*[http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P16/events.phtml?s=c List of primaries and debates]
== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT: 2016, United States presidential election,}}
[[Category: United States Presidential Elections]]
[[Category:2016 presidential election]]

Nnamdi Asomugha

2011-08-22T01:16:58Z

CMcFreeze: Created page with "'''Nnamdi Asomugha''' (born July 6, 1981, in Lafayette, Louisiana) is a National Football League cornerback for the Philadelphia Eagles. He was the 31st selection of ..."

'''Nnamdi Asomugha''' (born July 6, 1981, in Lafayette, [[Louisiana]]) is a [[National Football League]] cornerback for the [[Philadelphia Eagles]]. He was the 31st selection of the [[2003 NFL Draft]] by the [[Oakland Raiders]]. He played collegiately at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].

==External Links==
*[http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/team/roster/Nnamdi-Asomugha/f68150d6-a2c3-48ac-a1cd-64429a5cc335 Philadelphia Eagles Bio]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Asomugha, Nnamdi}}
[[category:NFL Players]]

Geraldo Rivera

2011-01-23T03:29:44Z

CMcFreeze: republican

'''Gerald Michael Riviera'''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0729273/bio</ref> is a [[liberal|left of center]] commentator that appears regularly on [[Fox News Channel|FoxNews]] and is the host of the weekend program "Geraldo at Large". He is best known for his coverage of the 1994 [[O.J. Simpson]] murder trial and also for his signature [[mustache]]. He is a strong supporter of [[pro-amnesty|amnesty]] for [[illegal aliens]].<ref>http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/09/geraldo_river_tells_birmingham.html</ref> He self-identifies as a [[Republican Party|Republican]].<ref>http://www.therightscoop.com/geraldo-to-oreilly-im-a-republican</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.geraldo.com/v5/ Official Site]
*[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,38978,00.html Fox News Bio]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Rivera, Geraldo}}
[[Category: Broadcasters]]
[[Category: Republican Party]]

San Francisco Giants

2010-11-02T18:10:59Z

CMcFreeze:

{{MLBTeam
|name=San Francisco Giants
|logo=
|text=
|background=#fd5a1e
|location=San Fransisco, California
|year=1883
|colors=black, orange, cream
|mascot=Lou Seal
|champs=6
|website=http://giants.mlb.com/
}}
[[Image:Sanfranciscogiants2007.jpg|right|280px]]
The ''' San Francisco Giants ''' are a [[Major League Baseball]] team in the [[National League]], West Division. The San Francisco Giants are based in [[San Francisco]], [[California]].

'''Old rivals:'''
*Dodgers
*Athletics
*Yankees

'''World Series Titles:''' 6 (1905, 1921, 1922, 1933, 1954, 2010)

'''National League Pennants:''' 21 (1888, 1889, 1904, 1905, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1917, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1951, 1954, 1962, 1989, 2002, 2010)

==Roster==
===Pitchers===
*41 - Jeremy Affeldt
*40 - Madison Bumgarner
*18 - Matt Cain
*43 - Alex Hinshaw
*60 - Waldis Joaquin
*55 - Tim Lincecum
*49 - Joe Martinez
*52 - Brandon Medders
*45 - Justin Miller DL
*59 - Guillermo Mota
*68 - Kevin Pucetas
*54 - Sergio Romo
*45 - Dan Runzler
*57 - Jonathan Sanchez
*67 - Henry Sosa
*37 - Todd Wellemeyer
*38 - Brian Wilson
*75 - Barry Zito

===Catchers===
*1 - Bengie Molina
*28 - Buster Posey
*22 - Eli Whiteside

===Infielders===
*2 - Emmanuel Burriss
*34 - Matt Downs
*50 - Conor Gillaspie
*13 - Jesus Guzman
*17 - Aubrey Huff
*10 - Travis Ishikawa
*35 - Brett Pill
*16 - Edgar Renteria
*29 - Ryan Rohlinger
*21 - Freddy Sanchez
*48 - Pablo Sandoval
*5 - Juan Uribe

===Outfielders===
*20 - John Bowker
*7 - Mark DeRosa
*47 - Darren Ford
*14 - Fred Lewis
*62 - Francisco Peguero
*33 - Aaron Rowand
*12 - Nate Schierholtz
*13 - Andres Torres
*8 - Eugenio Velez

==Minor League Affiliates==
The minor league affiliates of the Giants are:
*AAA - Fresno Grizzlies
*AA - Connecticut Defenders
*A Adv. - San Jose Giants
*A - Augusta GreenJackets
*SS - Salem-Keizer Volcanoes

==See also==
* [[Florida Marlins ]]
* [[Pittsburgh Pirates]]
* [[Colorado Rockies]]
* [[Cincinnati Reds]]

== External links ==
*[http://giants.mlb.com/ Official Team Website]

{{Nb_sl_mlb_national}}
[[Category:California]]

2008 Republican South Carolina Debate

2010-10-25T03:52:21Z

CMcFreeze: typo

The '''2008 Republican South Carolina Debate''' was a debate on May 15, 2007. It featured several Republicans running for President at the time. It was hosted by [[Fox News]] and moderated by [[Brit Hume]]. The following candidates attended:

* Senator [[Sam Brownback]] of [[Kansas]]
* Fmr. Governor [[Jim Gilmore]] of [[Virginia]]
* Fmr. Mayor [[Rudy Guiliani]] of [[New York]] City
* Fmr. Governor [[Mike Huckabee]] of [[Arkansas]]
* Representative [[Duncan Hunter]] of [[California]]
* Senator [[John McCain]] of [[Arizona]]
* Representative [[Ron Paul]] of [[Texas]]
* Fmr. Governor [[Mitt Romney]] of [[Massachusetts]]
* Representative [[Tom Tancredo]] of [[Colorado]]
* Fmr. Governor and HS Secretary [[Tommy Thompson]] of [[Wisconsin]]

[[Category: 2008 Presidential Candidates]]

Megyn Kelly

2010-10-25T03:46:53Z

CMcFreeze: Created page with ''''Megyn Kelly''' (b. November 18, 1970) is the host of ''America Live with Megyn Kelly'' on the Fox News Channel. ==External Link== *[http://www.foxnews.com/bios/talent/meg…'

'''Megyn Kelly''' (b. November 18, 1970) is the host of ''America Live with Megyn Kelly'' on the [[Fox News Channel]].

==External Link==
*[http://www.foxnews.com/bios/talent/megyn-kelly/ Official Fox News Biography]

[[Category:Broadcasters]]
[[Category:Women]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, Megyn}}

Kimberly Guilfoyle

2010-10-25T03:37:10Z

CMcFreeze: Created page with ''''Kimberly Guilfoyle''' (b. March 9, 1969) is a television host on the Fox News Channel. Category:Liberals Category:Women {{DEFAULTSORT:Guilfoyle,Kimberly}}'

'''Kimberly Guilfoyle''' (b. March 9, 1969) is a television host on the [[Fox News Channel]].

[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Women]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guilfoyle,Kimberly}}

Shaq

2010-10-25T03:25:24Z

CMcFreeze: Redirected page to Shaquille O'Neal

#REDIRECT [[Shaquille O'Neal]]

Shaquille O'Neal

2010-10-25T03:23:53Z

CMcFreeze: new team

'''Shaquille O'Neal''' (born March 6, 1972) is an [[American]] professional [[basketball]] player for the [[Boston Celtics]]. He used to play for the [[Orlando Magic]], the [[Los Angeles Lakers]], the [[Miami Heat]], the [[Phoenix Suns]], and the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]]. He is consistently among the top scorers and rebounders in the league and is known for his imposing size and his poor free throw shooting. He played collegiately at [[Louisiana State University]] for three years, then gave up his final year of [[NCAA]] eligibility to enter the 1992 [[NBA]] Draft. The Magic picked "Shaq" with the first selection.

==Nicknames==
*Shaq (Most Famous)
*Diesel
*The Big Aristotle (Self-imposed, often used on [[ESPN]])
*The Big Cactus (Given when traded to the Suns for [[Shaun Marion]])

{{DEFAULTSORT:O'Neal, Shaquille}}

[[Category: Basketball Players]]
[[Category: National Basketball Association]]

Texas Rangers (baseball team)

2010-10-23T16:47:46Z

CMcFreeze:

{{MLBTeam
|name=Texas Rangers
|logo=
|text=#003278
|background=#ccc
|location=Arlington, Texas
|year=1961
|colors=blue, white, red, gray
|mascot=Rangers Captain
|champs=0
|website=http://rangers.mlb.com/
}}
[[Image:Ameriquest Field.jpg|right|280px]]
The '''Texas Rangers''' are a [[Major League Baseball]] team located in [[Arlington, Texas]]. They play in the American League, Western Division.

One of the more famous owners of the team was the 43rd [[President]] of the [[United States]], [[George W. Bush]], who owned the team for a period of time. The Rangers are the oldest Major League baseball team never to have played in the [[World Series]].

'''Home ballpark:''' Rangers Ballpark in Arlington.

'''World Series Titles:''' 0

'''League Pennants:''' 1 (2010)

'''Playoffs:''' 4 (1996, 1998, 1999, 2010)

== Team ==
The Texas Rangers are a team known for having an explosive batting lineup that scores a lot of runs, but also a team that gives up a lot of runs with average or worse pitching. Some of the more famous players their lineup include aged certain to be baseball hall of framer [[Sammy Sosa]] and young rising stars such as [[Michael Young]] and [[Ian Kinsler]]. On the pitching side [[Kevin Millwood]] is considered the ace of the unit.

==Roster==
===Pitchers===
*75 - Omar Beltre
*39 - Scott Feldman
*30 - Neftali Feliz
*50 - Frank Francisco
*40 - Rich Harden
*54 - Matt Harrison
*45 - Derek Holland
*35 - Tommy Hunter DL
*62 - Michael Kirkman
*48 - Colby Lewis
*60 - Warner Madrigal
*52 - Doug Mathis
*20 - Brandon McCarthy
*58 - Guillermo Moscoso
*57 - Dustin Nippert
*56 - Darren O'Day
*76 - Alexi Ogando
*28 - Darren Oliver
*67 - Zach Phillips
*70 - Omar Poveda
*49 - Chris Ray
*64 - Pedro Strop
*36 - C.J. Wilson

===Catchers===
*51 - Max Ramirez
*21 - [[Jerrod Saltalamacchia]]
*2 - Taylor Teagarden

===Infielders===
*1 - Elvis Andrus
*14 - Joaquin Arias
*3 - Andres Blanco
*19 - Chris Davis
*25 - Ryan Garko
*5 - Ian Kinsler
*10 - Michael Young

===Outfielders===
*41 - Brandon Boggs
*29 - Julio Borbon
*17 - Nelson Cruz
*68 - Craig Gentry
*27 - Vladimir Guerrero
*32 - Josh Hamilton
*7 - David Murphy

==Minor League Affiliates==
The minor league affiliates of the Rangers are:
*AAA - Oklahoma RedHawks
*AA - Frisco RoughRiders
*A Adv. - Bakersfield Blaze
*A - Clinton LumberKings
*SS - Spokane Indians
== External Links ==
*[http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=tex Official Website]

{{Nb_sl_mlb_american}}
[[Category:Texas]]

Regis Philbin

2010-10-15T23:59:18Z

CMcFreeze:

'''Regis Philbin''' (1931 - ) is a famous [[television]] personality hosting his own day time TV show as well as hosting the immensely popular ''Who Wants to be a Millionaire'' from 1999 until 2002.

Philbin has been married to his wife Joyce since 1970 and has four children, two with her, and two from a previous marriage. His yearly salary for his day time talk show is currently 21 million dollars.

Philbin hosted the talk show ''Live With Regis and Kathie Lee'' from 1988 until 2000 and currently hosts the talk show ''Live With Regis and Kelly''.

==See Also==
[[Kelly Ripa]]

==External Links==

[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0317537/ IMDB database]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philbin, Regis}}

[[Category:Television Show Hosts]]

Kelly Ripa

2010-10-15T23:56:57Z

CMcFreeze: Created page with ''''Kelly Ripa''' (1970 - ) is the co-host of ''Live With Regis and Kelly'' alongside Regis Philbin. ==External Links== [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0727961/ IMDB database] …'

'''Kelly Ripa''' (1970 - ) is the co-host of ''Live With Regis and Kelly'' alongside [[Regis Philbin]].

==External Links==

[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0727961/ IMDB database]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ripa, Kelly}}

[[Category:Television Show Hosts]]

New England Patriots

2010-10-03T20:31:08Z

CMcFreeze:

[[Image:Ptc.jpg|thumb|300px|The New England players at the 2005 [[Patriots Training Camp]].]]
The '''New England Patriots''' are a [[National Football League]] [[franchise]]. The Patriots, also known as the "Pats", are based in [[Foxboro (Massachusetts)|Foxboro]], [[Massachusetts]]. Since they are located in the eastern region of the United States the Patriots belong to the Eastern Division of [[American Football Conference]] (AFC). Originally known as the Boston Patriots, in 1971 the franchise changed its name to the New England Patriots to better reflect its representation of the entire [[New England]] region.

The Patriots have gone to five [[Super Bowl]]s and have won three. Their first Super Bowl trip was in 1985 against the [[Chicago Bears]], which they lost 42 - 10. In 1995 the Patriots made their second Super Bowl trip but fell short against the [[Green Bay Packers]] in a 35 - 21 loss. The Patriots' 2001 season ended in the teams first [[Super Bowl]] triumph when they defeated the heavily favored [[St. Louis Rams]] in a dramatic 21-17 victory. In 2003 and 2004, the Patriots once again were NFL Champions with Super Bowl victories over the [[Carolina Panthers]] and [[Philadelphia Eagles]].

In 2008 the Patriots had the chance to become the first team to go 19-0 and the second team to go undefeated in a regular and post season. However, their run came to an end at 18-0 when they lost 17-14 to the [[New York Giants]] in [[Super Bowl XLII]].

== Team ==
{{NewEnglandPatriots}}

==Team History==
[[Image:Threetimesuperbowlwinners.gif|thumb|210px|The Patriots have won three [[Super Bowl]]s in the last six years.]]
In the Patriots history as a team they have experienced both sides of being an [[National Football League]] team - the losing - and the winning. In their early history as a team, the Patriots struggled just to get a winning record. Between the years 1960 and 1984 the team only made the playoffs four times, and only won one playoff game. The winds of fortunes seemed to be turning for the Patriots in 1985 though when for the first time in the teams history the Patriots won a AFC Championship Game and played in [[Super Bowl XX]] vs the [[Chicago Bears]]. The Patriots lost the game though and for the next eight years, without a solid, reliable quarterback, the team regressed into their pre-1985 form.

In 1993, the Patriots drafted with the first pick of the [[1993 NFL Draft]], [[University of Washington]] star quarterback, [[Drew Bledsoe]]. With Bledsoe now leading the team, the Patriots improved significantly and in 1996 the Patriots returned to the Super Bowl ([[Super Bowl XXXI]] vs the [[Green Bay Packers]]). Once again the Patriots lost but they didn't fall apart as a team and they continued to be a playoff contender throughout the late 1990's.

In 2000, the history of the Patriots quietly changed forever when [[Bill Belichick]] was appointed as the head coach and the Patriots drafted [[University of Michigan]] quarterback [[Tom Brady]] in the 6th round of the NFL Draft. The following year, 2001, Tom Brady became the Patriots starting quarterback and led the Patriots to their first [[Super Bowl]] victory. Since 2001, the Patriots have been in the playoffs all but one year (2002, 9-7 record) and have won two more Super Bowls. The 2004-2005 Patriots teams also set a NFL record for most consecutive game won with 26 in a row.

In 2007, the Patriots became only the second team in NFL history to win all sixteen of their regular-season games (the first being the 1972 [[Miami Dolphins]]).

==Spying Incident==
In the Patriots 2007 regular season opener vs the [[New York Jets]], a Patriots employee, video assistant Matt Estrella, was caught video taping [[New York Jets]] defensive signals during the first quarter of the game.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=3012989 ESPN, Chris Mortensen, September 11, 2007, "Sources: Camera confiscated after claims of Pats spying on Jets"]</ref> NFL security officials at the game confiscated Estrella's video camera and the video tape and sent it to the leagues headquarters to determine whether the Patriots were violating the NFL's videotaping policy.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/reiss_pieces/2007/09/rules_in_focus.html Boston Globe, Mike Reiss, September 11, 2007, "Rules in focus"]</ref> Days after the incident, Patriots head coach [[Bill Belichick]] apologized for the episode stating "I want to apologize to everyone who has been affected, most of all ownership, staff and players."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/articles/2007/09/13/a_sorry_state/ Boston Globe, Mike Reiss, September 13, 2007, "A Sorry State, Belichick apologizes as probe continues"]</ref>

After a review of the video tape by the NFL's competition committee and commissioner [[Roger Goodell]], Bill Belichick was fined 500,000 dollars and the Patriots organization 250,000 dollars. The leagues verdict also stated the the Patriots would forfeit their 2008 NFL Draft first round pick if they made the playoffs in 2007, and if they failed to make the playoffs, their 2008 second and third round choices.<ref>[http://www.nfl.com/news/story?id=09000d5d80251b7e&template=without-video&confirm=true NFL.com, September 13, 2007, "NFL fines Belichick, strips Patriots of draft pick"]</ref>

[[Image:Bill Belichick.JPG|210px|thumb|Patriots head coach, [[Bill Belichick]] was fined $500,000 for his role in the sideline spying incident.]]
NFL commissioner [[Roger Goodell]] wrote in his ruling, "This episode represents a calculated and deliberate attempt to avoid longstanding rules designed to encourage fair play and promote honest competition on the playing field. I specifically considered whether to impose a suspension on Coach Belichick. I have determined not to do so, largely because I believe that the discipline I
am imposing of a maximum fine and forfeiture of a first-round draft choice, or multiple draft choices, is in fact more significant and long-lasting, and therefore more effective, than a suspension."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/reiss_pieces/2007/09/final_ruling.html Boston Globe, Mike Reiss, September 13, 2007, "Final Ruling"]</ref>

Belichick responded to the leagues verdict in a written statement that he accepted full responsibility for the incident and that he had been incorrect in his interpretation of the NFL's rules regarding sideline video taping.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/reiss_pieces/2007/09/belichick_state_2.html Boston Globe, Mike Reiss, September 13, 2007, "Belichick statement"]</ref>

===Past Alleged Patriots Spying Incidents===
After the incident became public, some NFL players and coaches stated that they believed that the Patriots may have used the same type of taping methods vs their teams. The only confirmed time that it actually happened however was on November 19, 2006, in a game between the New England Patriots and [[Green Bay Packers]]. The Packers claimed that during the game they had caught the same Patriots video assistant as in the Jets game, Matt Estrella, video taping the Packers coaches making defensive signals from the Patriots sideline<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=3012989 ESPN, Chris Mortensen, September 10, 2007, "Sources: Camera confiscated after claims of Pats spying on Jets"]</ref>. Packers security staff removed Estrella and his camera from the sideline but did not did not file a complaint over the taping because according to a Green Bay official, "everyone does it".<ref>[http://www.bostonherald.com/sports/football/patriots/view.bg?articleid=1031230 Boston Herald, John Tomase, September 13, 2007, "Foes questioning Pats’ past"]</ref>

[[Pittsburgh Steelers]] wide receiver, [[Hines Ward]], stated that he believed that the Patriots may have used the NFL violating taping methods against the Steelers in the 2002 and 2004 AFC Championship games. Ward said regarding the 2002 Championship game, "They knew a lot of our calls. There’s no question some of their players were calling out some of our stuff."<ref>[http://www.nfl.com/news/story?id=09000d5d8024a850&template=with-video&confirm=true Associated Press, September 12, 2007, "Steelers' Ward suspected Patriots spying"]</ref>

[[New York Giants]] defensive end, [[Michael Strahan]] said that the incident had tainted the Patriots three [[Super Bowl]] victory's<ref>[http://www.bostonherald.com/sports/football/patriots/view.bg?articleid=1031230 Boston Herald, John Tomase, September 13, 2007, "Foes questioning Pats’ past"]</ref> while [[Indianapolis Colts]] head coach, [[Tony Dungy]] compared the Patriots spying to [[Barry Bonds]] alleged use of steroids.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/articles/2007/09/14/dungy_compares_belichick_spy_scandal_to_bonds_steroid_accusations/ Boston Globe, Cliff Brunt, Associated Press Sports Writer, September 14, 2007, "Dungy compares Belichick spy scandal to Bonds steroid accusations"]</ref>

== New England Patriots seasons record==
[[Image:Pats2006RunningBacks.jpg|thumb|300px|The Patriots 2006 running backs unit.]]
[[Image:Patsteam1.gif|thumb|300px|Current [[Denver Broncos|Denver]] coach [[Josh McDaniels]] with the team.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Wins
! Loss's
! Ties
! Playoffs
! Notes
|-
| 1960
| 5
| 9
|
|
| The [[Boston Patriots]] become one of eight teams to join the [[American Football League]] (AFL).
|-
| 1961
| 9
| 4
| 1
|
|
|-
| 1962
| 9
| 4
| 1
|
|
|-
| 1963
| 7
| 6
| 1
| 1-1
| Patriots lost in the AFL Championship game to the [[San Diego Chargers]] 51-10.
|-
| 1964
| 10
| 3
| 1
|
|
|-
| 1965
| 4
| 8
| 2
|
|
|-
| 1966
| 8
| 4
| 2
|
| Patriots running back [[Jim Nance]] rushes for 1,458 yards.
|-
| 1967
| 3
| 10
| 1
|
|
|-
| 1968
| 4
| 10
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1969
| 4
| 10
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1970
| 2
| 12
| 0
|
| Team moves from playing at [[Fenway Park]] to Boston College's Alumni Stadium.
|-
| 1971
| 6
| 8
| 0
|
|Team moves to [[Foxboro (Massachusetts)|Foxboro]] and changes its name from [[Boston Patriots]] to the New England Patriots.
|-
| 1972
| 3
| 11
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1973
| 5
| 9
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1974
| 7
| 7
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1975
| 3
| 11
| 0
|
| [[Steve Grogan]] becomes the starting quarterback for the Patriots.
|-
| 1976
| 11
| 3
| 0
|
|Patriots cornerback [[Mike Haynes]] wins the [[Defensive Rookie of the Year]] award.
|-
| 1977
| 9
| 5
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1978
| 11
| 5
| 0
| 0-1
| Patriots wide receiver [[Darryl Stingley]] paralyzed in a preseason game vs the [[Oakland Raiders]].
|-
| 1979
| 9
| 7
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1980
| 10
| 6
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1981
| 2
| 14
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1982
| 5
| 4
| 0
|
| Season was cut short by players strike
|-
| 1983
| 8
| 8
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1984
| 9
| 7
| 0
|
| [[Raymond Berry]] named as the Patriots coach.
|-
| 1985
| 11
| 5
| 0
| 3-1
| Lost in [[Super Bowl XX]] vs the [[Chicago Bears]].
|-
| 1986
| 11
| 5
| 0
| 0-1
| Patriots Hall of Fame guard [[John Hannah]] retires.
|-
| 1987
| 8
| 7
| 0
|
| [[Victor Kiam]] buys the team from original owner [[Billy Sullivan]].
|-
| 1988
| 9
| 7
| 0
|
|
|-
| 1989
| 5
| 11
| 0
|
|Head coach [[Raymond Berry]] fired.
|-
| 1990
| 1
| 15
| 0
|
| Worst season in Patriots history.
|-
| 1991
| 6
| 10
| 0
|
|60 year old [[Dick MacPherson]] becomes head coach.
|-
| 1992
| 2
| 14
| 0
|
|Businessman [[James Orthwein]] become the sole owner of the Patriots.
|-
| 1993
| 5
| 11
| 0
|
| Quarterback [[Drew Bledsoe]] is drafted by the Patriots
|-
| 1994
| 10
| 6
| 0
| 0-1
| [[Robert Kraft]] buys the Patriots
|-
| 1995
| 6
| 10
| 0
|
| Patriots third round pick [[Curtis Martin]] wins [[Offensive Rookie of the Year]].
|-
| 1996
| 11
| 5
| 0
| 2-1
| Lost [[Super Bowl XXXI]] vs the [[Green Bay Packers]]
|-
| 1997
| 10
| 6
| 0
| 1-1
| Patriots lose 7-6 in the Division Round of the playoffs vs the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]]
|-
| 1998
| 9
| 7
| 0
| 0-1
| Patriots draft [[University of Georgia]] running back [[Robert Edwards]].
|-
| 1999
| 8
| 8
| 0
|
| [[Pete Carroll]]'s last year as Patriots head coach
|-
| 2000
| 5
| 11
|
|
| First season with [[Bill Belichick]] as head coach
|-
| 2001
| 11
| 5
| 0
| 3-0
| Defeated the [[St. Louis Rams]] in [[Super Bowl XXXVI]]
|-
| 2002
| 9
| 7
| 0
|
| Could have made the playoffs with a [[New York Jets]] loss, First season in [[Gillette Stadium]]
|-
| 2003
| 14
| 2
| 0
| 3-0
| Won [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]] vs the [[Carolina Panthers]]
|-
| 2004
| 14
| 2
| 0
| 3-0
| Defeated [[Philadelphia Eagles]] in [[Super Bowl XXXIX]]
|-
| 2005
| 11
| 5
| 0
| 1-1
| Backup quarterback [[Doug Flutie]] dropped kicks an
extra point in the last game season of the regular season
|-
| 2006
| 12
| 4
| 0
| 2-1
| First 12-4 record in Patriots history
|-
| 2007
| 16
| 0
| 0
| 2-1
| First 16-0 team in NFL history
|-
| 2008
| 11
| 5
| 0
|
| QB Brady injured in season opener
|-
| 2009
| 10
| 6
| 0
| 0-1
| Team's 50th season
|-
|}

==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>

== External Links ==

* [http://www.patriots.com/homepage/ Patriots Official Website]

*[http://www.patscap.com/ Unofficial Salary Cap Information]

'''''Patriots News Websites'''''

* [http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/ Boston Globe]

* [http://patriots.bostonherald.com/patriots.bg Boston Herald]

* [http://www.projo.com/patriots/?tn Providence Journal]

* [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/nfl/teams/patriots/index.html Sports Illustrated]

* [http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/team?statsId=17 Fox Sports]

* [http://www.sportingnews.com/nfl/teams/patriots/index.html Sporting News]

== Source Material ==

* [http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nfl/nengalnd/patriots.html SportsEncyclopedia.com - Patriots History]

* [http://www.patriots.com/history/ Patriots.com - History Page]

* [http://www.searchboston.com/patriots.html SearchBoston.com - Patriots History Page]

* [http://nflhistory.net/patriots/ NFLHistory.net - Patriots Histoy]

* [http://www.nfl-history.com/patriots.php NFL-History.com - Patriots History]

* [http://football.about.com/cs/2003nflplayoffs/a/playoffhistnewe.htm AboutFootball.com - Patriots Playoff Record]

==See also==
*[[Miami Dolphins]]
*[[New York Jets]]
*[[Buffalo Bills]]
*[[American Football Conference]]

{{NFL Teams}}

[[Category:New England Patriots]]

[[category:National Football League]]
[[Category:Massachusetts]]

Laser Show

2010-10-01T17:41:12Z

CMcFreeze: Redirected page to Dustin Pedroia

#REDIRECT [[Dustin Pedroia]]

The Price is Right

2010-09-25T23:30:59Z

CMcFreeze: Created page with ''''The Price is Right''' is an American game show. Category: Television Shows'

'''The Price is Right''' is an [[American]] game show.

[[Category: Television Shows]]

FairTax

2010-05-31T17:09:39Z

CMcFreeze: Added Romney quote

[[Image:FairTaxRally.jpg|thumb|350px|A pro FairTax rally in Florida]]
The '''FairTax''' is a tax proposal that would replace all federal [[income tax]]es — including corporate, gift, estate, capital gains, alternative minimum, [[Social Security]], [[Medicare]], and self employment taxes — with a federal national retail [[sales tax]] on personal consumption. The tax would be paid on the purchase of all new goods and services, and would be collected at the final point of sale.<ref> Americans For Fair Taxation, “About the FairTax,” http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_main</ref> Thus, instead of taxing "income", the FairTax would tax spending. This is known as a [[consumption tax]] — a method for taxing income on the back end, when the money is spent, rather than when it is earned.

A consumption tax would have a positive effect on [[Savings rate|savings]] and [[investment]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB112492381500022421.html| title=A Consumption Tax| work=The Wall Street Journal| last=Auerbach| first=Alan J| date=2005-08-25| accessdate=2008-02-05}}</ref> Supporters state the plan would ease tax compliance, increase economic growth, have incentives for international business to locate in the U.S., and increase U.S. competitiveness in [[Trading|international trade]].<ref>{{cite book| first=Neal| last=Boortz| coauthors=Linder, John| year=2006| title=The FairTax Book| edition=Paperback| publisher=Regan Books| isbn=0-06-087549-6}}</ref> The rate for the FairTax as proposed under current legislation is 23 percent of the total payment including the tax ($23 of every $100 spent in total—calculated similar to income taxes).<ref> "Embedded Taxes Change Fair Tax Analysis",http://www.roanoke.com/editorials/commentary/wb/wb/xp-51569</ref> This would be equivalent to a 30 percent traditional sales tax ($23 on top of every $77 spent—$100 total). Although some critics say it would be higher to be revenue neutral (take in the same amount as the current system).<ref> http://www.factcheck.org/taxes/unspinning_the_fairtax.html</ref> The effective tax rate for a family household would be variable due to the fixed monthly tax rebates.

The proposal includes monthly payments to all family households of lawful U.S. residents as an advance rebate, or 'prebate', of tax on purchases up to the [[poverty level]]. The rebate is meant to eliminate the taxation of household [[necessities]] and make the plan progressive. Used goods, [[exports]], and intermediate business transactions would not be taxed, nor would savings, investments, or [[education]] tuition expenses as they would be considered an investment (rather than final consumption). The tax is voluntary to the extent that individual consumers can choose when to increase or decrease their product buying, unlike now, when income taxes are [[Withholding|withheld]] from the paychecks of most workers.

==Proposal==
If passed, the Fair Tax would accomplish the following:<ref> American For Fair Taxation, http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_main</ref>

* Abolish the [[Internal Revenue Service]] (IRS).
* Abolish personal and business [[income tax]]es and replace it with a national retail sales tax.
* Repeal of the [[16th Amendment]] through companion legislation.
* Provide each worker a monthly prebate, equal to the tax on "poverty level" income.<ref> Just how fair is the ‘Fair Tax’ CNN Money, September 2005, http://money.cnn.com/2005/09/06/pf/taxes/consumptiontax_0510/</ref>
* Close many loopholes under the current system.
* Enable retirees to receive their full pension, untaxed, until they spend it.
* Enable workers to keep their entire paycheck, untaxed, until they spend it. 
* Proponents believe the removal of the above will save 265 billion dollars a year in compliance costs under the current tax system,<ref>http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_fairtax_four#neutral</ref> and be more practical than the current system, which includes over 60,000 pages of tax code.<ref> 67,204-Page Code Confounds Taxpayers, Yet Congress Sits By, USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/2007-04-03-edit_N.htm?csp=34 </ref>

==History==

===1994-2005===
[[Image:FairTax vs. Tax Code 2.jpg‎ |thumb|300px|Congressman [[John Linder]], one of the strongest proponents for the FairTax, illustrates the size of the current tax system vs the FairTax method]]
The origins of the FairTax began with a group of businessmen from Houston, Texas, who initially financed what has become the political advocacy group Americans For Fair Taxation (AFFT) or FairTax.org, which has grown into a large grassroots tax reform movement.<ref> Just how fair is the ‘FairTax’ CNN Money, September 2005, http://money.cnn.com/2005/09/06/pf/taxes/consumptiontax_0510/</ref>. The Chairman of AFFT, Leo Linbeck, stated that Americans have to pressure the government to come up with a better way of taxation, he said, “It is painfully obvious that [[Washington, D.C.]] insiders so closely linked with the status quo cannot be trusted to overturn the corrupt system of federal taxation. This effort will have to be driven by the American people<ref>Americans For Fair Taxation http://boortz.com/nuze/200510/10132005.html</ref>." The organization hired experts to look into an idea for a better tax system, they spent 23 million dollars in coming up with the idea of the Fair Tax. Their findings were combined into a book, “The FairTax Book: Saying Goodbye to the Income Tax and the IRS,” which Linbeck co-authored with Republican Congressman John Linder<ref> “The Fair Tax Book”,2005, http://www.amazon.com/Fair-Tax-Book-Saying-Goodbye/dp/0060875496/ref=sr_1_1/102-3275846-3467353?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1184106196&sr=1-1</ref>.

The FairTax became popular among free market [[conservative]]s, [[libertarian]]s, and some economists in recent years. The complication and wasted bureaucracy of the [[Internal Revenue Service]], government pressure on citizens to reveal information and records, and the loopholes in the current tax system created the incentive to look for a new way of taxation in the United States. Some [[Democrats]] also sought a tax system that would rid them current income tax, which they claim to be discriminate.

In the last 20 years the [[United States]] tax system has been changed over 14,000 times, this has led to an abundance of complexities which lead to its being an inefficient system. In 2003, United States Senator [[Saxby Chambliss]], a [[Republican]], and Senator [[Zell Miller]] a Democrat; introduced a by-partisan version of the Fair Tax. Although the bill had some support in the [[Senate]], it eventually lost in a 50-50. Senator [[Sam Brownback]] later stated the challenges of tax reform, “When you take (the tax code) on straight on, you take on every lobbyist,"

===2005-2007===

Former Federal Reserve Chairman, [[Alan Greenspan]], called for a federal sales tax to replace the broken income tax in 2005. "Since the exemplary 1986 reform, the tax code has drifted back to be overly complicated and burdened by higher marginal rates and by many special provisions that have undesirably narrowed the tax base," Greenspan stated at a Presidential Advisory counsel<ref>Greenspan: "Consumption Tax COuld Help Economy",http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,149298,00.html</ref>.

In 2005 congress created a bill to enact the FairTax (H.R. 25; Senate Bill 1943), it had the support of more then 54 co-sponsors, and both Senate and House minority leaders [[Dennis Hassert]] and [[Tom DeLay]]<ref>“The FairTax: A Trogan Horse For America,” Jews For Preservation of Firearms Ownership, http://www.jpfo.org/fairtax.htm#fn1</ref>. Although the bill received the most support ever for any fundamental tax reform bill, it failed to pass. After the elections of 2004, Georgia Republican Congressman, [[John Linder]], reintroduced the FairTax on the first day of the 109th congress<ref> “Linder Reintroduces FairTax Legislation”, http://www.johnlinder.com/News_Details.asp?NewsID=128</ref>. Congressman Linder stated before congress, “The time is ripe for fundamental tax and a completely new Federal tax regime. I am pleased to reintroduce my Fair Tax proposal today reform, and look forward to the Congress creating a fairer, simpler tax system that advances our core goals of lower taxes and more freedom for our citizens."<ref> “Linder Reintroduces FairTax Legislation”, http://www.johnlinder.com/News_Details.asp?NewsID=128</ref>.”

In 2007 support for the FairTax bill grew to include 60 co-sponsors<ref>FairTax Gains Support, http://www.fairtaxblog.com/20070508/record-sixty-co-sponsors-for-fairtax-bill-hr-25/</ref>.

One of the most outspoken supporters of the Fair Tax is Republican presidential candidate, [[Mike Huckabee]]. Huckabee has said that the Fair Tax would "put the IRS out of business, but put Americans in business<ref> Massachusetts For Mike Huckabee, http://massachusettsforhuckabee.blogspot.com/search/label/Tax%20Plan</ref>." 

== Supporters and Opponents==

[[Image:Fairtaxb.jpg|right|thumb|200px| A FairTax bus during a rally at the 2007 [[Republican]] [[Iowa Straw Poll]].]]
Most of the support for the FairTax comes from the [[Republican Party]] and the [[Libertarian]]s. A significant number of [[Conservative]]s want Republican presidential candidates to support the FairTax, including one Indiana group called ‘Hoosiers for Fair Taxation’<ref>”FairTax Supporters Vent Frustration”, June 2007, http://www.theindychannel.com/news/13651607/detail.html</ref>. <ref>”FairTaxer's continue to “flex their muscles”, July 2007, http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=news_feature</ref>. Nevertheless, while the number of the members of Congress who have signed on to the proposal has been growing, it still lacks popular support to be close to passage. Former Arkansas governor and presidential candidate [[Mike Huckabee]] made passage of a national sales tax a part of his platform during his recent bid for office. Former Federal Reserve chief [[Alan Greenspan]] also exhibited support for the FairTax in a recent interview.<ref>Greenspan: Consumption Tax could Help Economy, Fox News, March 2005, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,149298,00.html</ref>

Of the 2008 Democrat presidential candidates, only Mike Gravel supported the plan. [[Rudy Giuliani]], a one time candidate for President on the Republican side, was hesitant and did not support it.<ref> “Giuliani Jeered For Opposing Flat Tax”, Associated Press, July 2007, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/07/ap3891710.html</ref>: "I don't think a Fair Tax is realistic change for America. Our economy is dependent upon the way our tax system operates<ref> “Giuliani Jeered For Opposing Flat Tax”, Associated Press, July 2007, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/07/ap3891710.html</ref>

[[Mitt Romney]] wrote in his 2010 book, ''No Apology: The Case for American Greatness'', "One challenge with the fair tax is that the very rich would see their taxes go down--a lot. If Bill Gates makes about a billion dollars a year on his investments, for example, his current taxes would be at least $200 million. Let’s say he spends $50 million on himself and his family every year--which is a huge sum and I doubt he spends that much, but let’s use it for illustration: Under the fair tax, Bill Gates would pay “only” about $17 million in taxes--his tax bill would thus drop from $200 million to $17 million. The Wall Street Journal found that the enormous amount saved by the wealthiest under the fair tax would be made up by a higher tax burden on the middle class."

==Criticism==

*Critics contend that the FairTax would have Constitutional issues.

*The FairTax would still have tax evasion. Purchases made overseas, although subject to the tax and collected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, would be difficult to track and therefore cheating might occur, much as it does now under the current system.

*A greater dependence on second-hand goods might occur, since they are exempt, and therefore alter the spending habits of the U.S. consumer.

*There is no cap on the rate that might be imposed by Congress. Just as current income tax rates change, the initial rate of 23% may be changed over time as Congress desires. However, since there is one rate, it would be difficult to engage in class warfare and pit one economic group against another — Congress would raise or lower the rate on everyone. Every citizen has an interest in keeping the rate low.

*It is argued that the FairTax would benefit the high income earners at the expense of the middle class.

*Many claim that due to the nature of politics, enactment of the FairTax with preserve all or part of the existing income tax, resulting in the federal government having two means of taxation.

*Like an income tax, a sales tax has its own implications with regard to personal privacy rights.

*The controversial [[Church of Scientology]] has lobbied for similar proposals in the past.<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/07/opinion/main3241621.shtml</ref>

==External Links==

*[http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer Americans for Fair Taxation]
*[http://www.factcheck.org/taxes/unspinning_the_fairtax.html FactCheck.org]
 

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Taxation]]
[[Category: Economics]]

Talk:FairTax

2010-05-31T16:54:37Z

CMcFreeze:

Who says the rebates would be monthly? And, if a sales tax is legal, why do you believe a FairTax, which really is a sales tax, would not be? I have also heard the idea of not taxing necessities such as groceries, much as is currently done with the sales tax. Don't you think this would occur during the negotiation aspect as the bill would pick up support and become close to being a reality? There is certainly precedence for this occurring in Congressional discussions is there not? [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 10:55, 21 April 2008 (EDT)

:The legislation says the rebates would be monthly. The plan uses the rebates to untax poverty level spending, this is done to prevent decreasing the tax base by creating exemptions (as then the special interests would line up to exempt their goods). It allows them to define a level of untaxing necessity, without defining what those necessities are for any particular family. I believe language has been put in the bill in the 111th Congress that would require a supermajority vote of Congress to exempt any industry from the tax. Glancing through the article, there are tons of factual errors that I'll try to correct. [[User:Jeffg2|Jeffg2]] 22:41, 23 June 2009 (EDT)

:A sales tax is only legal if instituted by the individual states, not the Federal Government. [[User:CMcFreeze|CMcFreeze]] 12:54, 31 May 2010 (EDT)

Stupa

2010-02-22T15:14:58Z

CMcFreeze: Undo revision 756200 by Thenooby (Talk) Vandalism

A '''stupa''' is an ornate [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] dome-like stone structure originally built to cover items believed to be relics of the Buddha..

[[category:buddhism]]

Offspring

2010-02-22T15:11:15Z

CMcFreeze: Undo revision 756202 by Opicat (Talk)

'''Offspring''' is the product of the reproductive processes of an [[animal]] or [[plant]].

[[Category:Life]]

Tiger Woods

2010-02-22T15:06:49Z

CMcFreeze: Buddhist

'''Eldrick Tiger Woods''' (born 1975), who goes by his middle name, is a professional [[golf | golfer]]. In 2006, he was #2 on Forbes's "Celebrity 100" of the biggest celebrity names, trailing only [[Oprah Winfrey]]. [http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/53/07celebrities_The-Celebrity-100_Rank.html] He earned about $100,000,000 in 2006 from endorsements and tournament winnings. He is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]].

He has had three knee operations, including the removal of a benign tumor and also a cyst.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,351418,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.golftoday.co.uk/news/yeartodate/news02/woods51.html</ref>

He publicly admitted an [[adultery|affair]] in late 2009 and after seeking therapy made a public apology. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100219/ap_on_sp_go_ne/glf_tiger_woods]

== References ==

<references/>

==See Also==
*[[Deceit]]
*[[Sexual immorality]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Woods, Tiger}}

[[Category: Athletes]]
[[Category: Buddhists]]
[[Category: Golfers]]

Debate:Do ALL suicides go to hell?

2010-02-06T19:25:07Z

CMcFreeze:

==Not Necessarily==
I understand killing yourself is an ultimatum sin. But what about people who suffer from depression? They have a chemical imbalance in their brain that causes them intense grief. They become so helpless they turn to suicide. Would God punish someone for dieing of cancer? Someone who commits suicide from depression is not thinking with a clear mind due to the depression. However, their are those who commit suicide out of cowardice. I believe those who commit suicide to escape punishment are the ones who go to hell. Not the ones who can't mentally control their emotions. -- [[User:GordonF|GordonF]] 24:05, 15 March 2009.

:Just as we don't know who goes to Heaven or hell (that is for Jesus alone to decide), we don't know if all suicides end in hell. The mercy of God's love is not fathomable. All humans are not worthy of God's glory, yet he loves us no matter. I can see instance where a good holy person and mother loses a child to suicide. The Lord would never break her eternal heart saying she must separate her from her beloved offspring in Heaven, because of the evil one's bidding. For all we know, some suicides may end up in Purgatory. This being just a purification stop with a guarantee of Heaven eventually.--[[User:Jpatt|jpatt]] 02:10, 15 March 2009 (EDT)
[[Category:Conservapedia Debates]]

::Strictly speaking, suicide is a mortal sin, but not an ''unforgivable'' sin. The only unforgivable sin is blasphemy against the Holy Spirit. Consequently, I think we have reason to hope that, in at least some cases, suicide is forgiven. --[[User:Benp|Benp]] 12:16, 15 March 2009 (EDT)
:::In the Divine Comedy, only one suicide is shown outside Hell, namely [[Cato the Younger]], who guards the gate of Purgatory. He committed suicide rather than surrender, which the Romans considered a noble act. However, Dante doesn't explain why Cato should escape Hell so the exact reasoning behind his placement is a bit of a mystery, even for scholars.

:::I forgot about Purgatory jpatt. As for Dante one should remember he was going on the seven vices and came up with it from his imagination. However Dante gave a great perspective. [[User:GordonF|GordonF]] 18:30, 15 March 2009

::::I don't think all suicides go to Hell. For example: King Saul, the first king of Israel, falls on his own sword after a horrible defeat and to escape capture by the Philistines. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=9&chapter=31] In fact, it doesn't say anywhere in the Bible that committing suicide automatically send you to Hell. As stated above, the only unforgivable sin is blasphemy against the Holy Spirit. (I think that ''if'' the Bible said suicide was okay, lots of people would be killing themselves just to get to Heaven.) -[[User:Solomos|Christopher Solomos]] 01:09, 20 March 2009 (EDT)

:::::I've heard it said that suicide is a sin because it is the intentional destruction of a gift of God. Not only that, its the intentional destruction of God's greatest gift -- the gift of life itself. Now, if you take the traditional Protestant position that all your sins must be forgiven to avoid Hell, and that you must request forgiveness to receive it, then suicides do go to Hell, because they commit a sin and then die before they could ask forgiveness. (Well, ignoring cases like someone who jumps off a bridge, thinks better of it, and asks forgiveness on the way down.) However, we must ultimately remember that God is a loving God. I don't think God would condemn a person who did not have control over their own actions due to mental illness. I also don't think God would condemn the poor people who chose to jump out of the World Trade Center on 9/11 rather than burn to death.

:::::However, this leads to another question: what about actions that aren't strictly speaking, suicide, but still self-destructive? For instance, the case of someone who "drank himself to death". (The question of whether or not drinking alcohol is a sin in and of itself is an entire new topic....) [[User:ArthurA|ArthurA]] 07:43, 20 March 2009 (EDT)

::::::Couldn't you claim that soldiers who sacrificed themselves to save others committed suicide? God would have to be very strange to condemn them for that show of love. --[[User:Helps|Helps]] 11:18, 6 May 2009 (EDT)

:::::::I would simply like to point out the Samauri of Japan, who would rather commit suicide than live with any sort of cultural dishonor. [[User:EelisA|EelisA]] 12:55, 6 May 2009 (EDT)

There's a difference between sacrificing yourself '''for''' someone, and merely refusing to live with emotional pain. "Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." (John 5:13) --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:03, 6 May 2009 (EDT)

It is my opinion that anyone who commits suicide, with a feeling of complete despair that death seems to be the only solution, that they are not truly thinking clearly, and are thus not held accountable for their action --[[User:LincolnShuddered|LincolnShuddered]]

==Yes==

I do not think anyone that is Truly a born again Christian can commit [[suicide]]. The reason being that the [[Holy Spirit]] indwells them, which would disable them from getting to the point of suicide. I believe this applies to people on drugs or with supposed "mental" illnesses. [[User:Baronvonbob]]

==No==

Suicide is no worse than any other sin. John 3:16 doesn't say "unless you commit suicide". [[User:CMcFreeze|CMcFreeze]] 14:25, 6 February 2010 (EST)

Woodrow Wilson

2010-02-04T16:08:31Z

CMcFreeze: typo

{{President
|image=Pppq.jpg
|seq=28
|term_start=March 4, 1913
|term_end=March 4, 1921<ref>http://home.comcast.net/~sharonday7/Presidents/AP060301.htm</ref>
|party=Democratic
|vp=Thomas R. Marshall
|previous=William Howard Taft
|next=Warren G. Harding
|birth_date=December 28, 1856
|birth_place=Staunton, Virginia
|death_date=February 3, 1924
|death_place=Washington, D.C.
|spouse=Ellen Axson Wilson
|spouse2=Edith Galt Wilson
|religion=[[Presbyterian]]
}}

'''Woodrow Wilson''' (born Thomas Woodrow Wilson, 1856 - 1924), a Democrat, was elected as the 28th [[President of the United States of America]], and reelected in 1916, serving from 1913 to 1921. A Princeton president who became an intellectual leader of the [[Progressive Movement]], Wilson demonstrated his mastery over Congress by creating the [[Federal Reserve System]], lowering the tariff, and revising the [[antitrust]] laws in a way that ended most of the "trustbusting" and drew clear lineson what was allowed. In general these policies would be in line with conservative recommendations in 2009. He supported liberal policies such as raising wages of railroad workers when they threatened a nationwide strike in 1916.
Trying repeatedly and failing to broker peace during [[World War I]], Wilson in 1917 led the United States into the war. He set up a draft and trained millions of soldiers, sending the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] to France under the command of General [[John J. Pershing]].

Wilson played a dominant role in ending the war with his [[Fourteen Points]] and played the central role at the Versailles Conference that set the peace terms in 1919. He was the idealist who envisioned Wilson advocated a new international order founded on self-determination, unfettered international trade, the end of militarism, and a worldwide organization of states - the League of Nations. He failed to obtain Senate approval for the Versailles treaty because it required American entry into the [[League of Nations]] and a possible loss of control over the war-making power. Wilson refused to involve the Republicans in the peace-making, even though they controlled Congress, and refused the GOP compromise that would have allowed American entry into the League without giving up sovereignty.

Wilson was a very complex man filled with paradox. He was a southern conservative--an elitist with a profound distrust of radical ideas and such left-wing populists as [[William Jennings Bryan]], but became the Democratic Party's most effective advocate of advanced progressivism. His progressivism in 2009 terms is a mix of liberal and conservative ideas, with a much deper religious underpining than is seen today. He ranks with Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson and Ronald Reagan as the nation's most active and dominant chief executives. He ranks with Abraham Lincoln and Reagan as the most articulate spokesman for national values. He was a war president who largely ignored military affairs and focused on very complex diplomatic issues. He won his war, reshaped the world at the peace conference, and saw his nation reject his idealist League of Nations because he refused to work with republicans on its mechanics.

A rigid, self-exacting personality, whose uncompromising adherence to principles barred agreement on some of his most important political goals, he was a brilliant opportunist who won stunning electoral victories and led controversial laws through Congress. He understood diplomacy and dometic affairs in depth, and was the first to recognize a solution that could satisfy most of the needs of the interested parties. He was willing to negotiate endlessly, usually getting his way in the end, esopecially when his powerful rhetoric energized his backers. A devout Presbyterian who studied the Bible every day, he elevated a religious style of idealism to the central place in American diplomacy. A lonely intellectual, he had few friends, and broke one-by-one with his closest advisors, until in his last two years in office he was an invalid controlled in large part by his wife.

Wilson's idealistic foreign policy, called "Wilsonianism" sought to end militarism as a force in world affairs, vigorously promote national self determination, create international bodies to head off serious disputes, and use American resources to promote democracy. Wilsonianism (and "idealism" generally) is opposed to "realism" in foreign policy, which stresses a concern for American self-interest, especially in economic and military terms. Wilsonianism reshaped the world in the aftermath of the Great War; its values lie at the core of the foreign policy of [[George W. Bush]] (2001-2009). [[File:Ww-sargent.jpg|thumb|350px|1917 portrait by [[John Singer Sargent]]]]
Wilson was the most profoundly Christian political leader in the world in the 20th century. He felt assured that he was following God's guidance. Wilson considered the United States a Christian nation destined to lead the world. He was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed with reality, he was certain idealism would prevail.

==Family==
Wilson's father Joseph Ruggles Wilson (1822-1903), born in Ohio, was a Presbyterian minister of Scotch Irish descent. Woodrow's mother Jesse was born in Carlisle, England, to a Scottish-born Presbyterian minister; her family moved to Canada in 1835 and to Ohio in 1837. Woodrow's parents moved South in 1851, owned house slaves, and identified themselves with the culture and political values of the South. The father Joseph Wilson was a theologian, defended slavery and soon emerged as a leader of the Southern Presbyterian Church and an avid supporter of the Confederacy.<ref> In the 1880s Joseph Wilson argued at length that evolution was NOT in conflict with the Bible; he was thereupon forced out as head of the Presbyterian seminary in South Carolina. See Fred Kingsley Elder, ''Woodrow: Apostle of Freedom'' (1996) [http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642(199711)63%3A4%3C898%3AWAOF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O&cookieSet=1 online review]</ref>

Wilson's grandfather (Joseph Wilson's father) was James Wilson, who immigrated to the United States from northern Ireland in 1807 and was first an editor of the [[Jeffersonian Republican]] newspaper the ''Aurora'' in Philadelphia, and later published Whig newspapers in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Since his father had been ostracized by the northern relatives, Woodrow had no contact with his grandfather or uncles, who were active in antislavery Republican politics in Ohio and Pennsylvania.<ref>Francis P. Weisenburger, "The Middle Western Antecedents of Woodrow Wilson," ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 23, No. 3 (Dec., 1936), pp. 375-390 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1886371 in JSTOR]</ref>

Woodrow grew up in the South during the Civil War and Reconstruction his father was a chaplain for the Confederate army. Woodrow saw the humiliation, economic ruin and shame that the loser of a war experiences and the hatred that grows from this, as well as the rampant corruption during Reconstruction in Columbia, the capital of South Carolina. A victim of childhood dyslexia, he became an avid reader. His father imparted a love of literature and politics to his son; much family activity revolved around Bible readings, daily prayers, and worship services at the father's church.

In 1885 Wilson married Ellen Louise Axson (1860 – 1914), the daughter of a Presbyterian minister in Savannah, Georgia. She was an accomplished painter and a successful hostess; they had three daughters.<ref> See [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/ew28-1.html White House biography of Ellen Louise Axson Wilson]</ref>

==Education==
Woodrow studied at Davidson College in North Carolina in 1873-1874 and at Princeton University from 1875 to 1879. he proved a exceptional student, primarily interested in debate and politics. His father always wanted him to be a minister; Wilson greatly admired the British Priome Minister [[William E. Gladstone]], a Christian in politics, and decided to emulate him. Wilson saw politics as a divine vocation--to be a statesman was an expression of Christian service, he believed, a use of power for the sake of principles or moral goals. Wilson saw the "key to success in politics" as "the pursuit of Perfection through hard work and the fulfillment of ideals." Politics would allow him to spread spiritual enlightenment to the American people.

He was an editor of the ''Princetonian'' and wrote his senior thesis on "Cabinet Government in the United States;" it was later published. The essay stressed the superior qualities of the British cabinet system and said it ought to be tried in the United States.<ref>Edward S. Corwin, "Woodrow Wilson and the Presidency," ''Virginia Law Review,'' Vol. 42, No. 6 (Oct., 1956), pp. 761-783 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1070269 in JSTOR]. It was published in a journal edited by [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], who became Wilson's bitter enemy in 1919.</ref> After graduation in 1879 he studied law at the University of Virginia; he was admitted to the bar and practiced in Atlanta, in 1882. It was too boring. Wilson's scholarship led him in 1883 to enter the new Johns Hopkins University graduate school where he studied government and history, taking a PhD in 1885. Wilson is the only president to earn a PhD.
==Academic leader==
In 1885 Wilson was appointed instructor in in history at Bryn Mawr College, an elite Quaker school for women near Philadelphia, as a salary of $1500 a year (which was enough to hire a servant). In 1888 he moved to Wesleyan University, a Methodist college in Connecticut. His reputation as an outstanding leader in political science brought him a professorship of jurisprudence and political economy at [[Princeton University]] in 1890. For the next twelve years he taught at Princeton, popular alike with students and faculty; he became the president of the school in 1902.<ref>W. Barksdale Maynard, Woodrow Wilson: Princeton to the Presidency (2008)</ref>

Henry Wilkinson Bragdon, ''Woodrow Wilson: The Academic Years'' (1967)</ref>

Wilson soon emerged as the nation's foremost academic, in heavy demand in elite circle for his brilliant speeches.

At Princeton he created academic departments but otherwise downplayed the Germanic model of the PhD-oriented research university in favor of the "Oxbridge" (Oxford and Cambridge) model of intense small group discussions and one-one-one tutorials. He hired 50 young professors, called preceptors, to meet with students in small conferences, grilling them about their reading. Complaining that Princeton was dominated by "eating clubs" in which students ate with each other and ignored the professors, he sought to build Oxford-style colleges where students and faculty would eat and talk together. He failed--the eating clubs are still there.<ref>Yale and Harvard later did adopt the college model for undergraduates, but not Princeton. W. Barksdale Maynard, Woodrow Wilson: Princeton to the Presidency (2008)</ref>

Wilson promote the leadership model, whereby the college focused on training a small cadre of undergraduates for national leadership, "the minority who plan, who conceive, who superintend," as he called them in his inaugural address as the university's president. "The college is no less democratic because it is for those who play a special part." He confronted the dean of the graduate school, who had the German research model in mind and outmaneuvered Wilson by obtaining outside funding for a graduate complex for serious scholarlhip that was well separated from the fun-loving undergraduates.
===Political theory===
Wilson made significant contributions to political science.<ref> he also wrote popular history of high quality, including a five-volume history of the United States and a life of George Washington.</ref> In 1885 he published his influential treatise ''Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics'', based on his PhD dissertation. It set a new standard in analyzing the actual workings of the federal government with striking clarity and thoroughness. Although Wilson had never visited Congress, his emphasis on the centrality of committees in Congress was a major contribution to the study of political science. Noting how the Constitution's separation of powers had been eroded since the Civil War by the increasing power of Congress, he suggested a remedy for this in a cabinet-style government of the variety proposed by [[Walter Bagehot]] in Britain. By criticizing the Constitutionalist and Federalist traditions that had characterized American politics for a century, and showing their faults, Wilson sought to open a serious debate on the political changes in the United States in the intervening century and whether the Constitution remained an adequate regulator of these. By the time he wrote ''Constitutional Government in the United States'' (1908), Wilson was advocating the need for constitutional reform that would make Congress and president more representative and, above all, the need for a strong president who could influence Congress rather than submit to it.

Wilson originated the notion that political parties, besides running campaigns, need to be responsible for clearly designed public policies, which they present to the electorate for approval. The key to responsibility was the presidency. Hegelian conceptions of monarchy strongly influenced Wilson, and his view of public opinion contrasted sharply with the Madisonian view of factionalism. Consequently Wilson viewed parties as primarily the machinery through which strong leaders interpret and pursue the public will.<ref> Scot J. Zentner, "President and Party in the Thought of Woodrow Wilson," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly''; 1996 26(3): 666-677, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/27551624 in JSTOR]</ref>

===Public administration===
Wilson was a founder of the study of public administration by political scientists. Wilson believed in a strong, active role for the central government and as president succeeded in establishing legislation that significantly enlarged its regulatory powers. With the publication of ''Congressional Government'' in 1885, Wilson established himself as a leader of the political reform movement of the day. The book was the first of its kind to analyze policymaking by the central government and to provide recommendations for changing the process. Wilson was one of the three most prominent public administrationists of the 1880's and 1890's. As an academician, he promoted a separate department for the study of public administration and wrote 'The Study of Adminstration' (1887), the first published essay by a university scholar on the subject, established Wilson as the leading authority in the field. During the next year he inaugurated a course in public administration at Johns Hopkins University, providing three 6-week lecture series arranged in a 3-year cycle. In 1889, Wilson published a textbook, ''The State,'' and, in 1891, he began at Hopkins a new 3-year course which was a further significant step in the development of the study of administration. He was one of the first scholars to realize fully that all government was ultimately to be administration.<ref> Richard J. Stillman, II, "Woodrow Wilson and the Study of Administration: A New Look at an Old Essay," ''American Political Science Review,'' Vol. 67, No. 2 (Jun., 1973), pp. 582-588 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1958787 in JSTOR]; Larry Walker, "Woodrow Wilson, Progressive Reform, and Public Administration," ''Political Science Quarterly'', Vol. 104, No. 3 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 509-525 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2151276 in JSTOR]</ref>

===Football===
Wilson as president of Princeton, and [[Theodore Roosevelt]] as president of the United States, took an intense interest in the controversy over the reform of college football. In the 1890s and early 1900s, college football faced sharp of criticism over injuries and the role of athletics in college life. Roosevelt and Wilson, loyal followers of Harvard and Princeton, had defended football in the 1890s. In the fall of 1905, however, President Roosevelt called a conference of football experts at the White House to discuss brutality and unsportsmanlike conduct. Thereafter, Roosevelt worked behind the scenes to bring about sufficient reform to preserve football and insure that it would continue to be played at Harvard. In the years 1909-10, when college football again faced an injury crisis, Wilson worked with the presidents at Harvard and Yale to make reasonable reforms. Both Roosevelt's and Wilson's approaches were consistent with their strategies for national political change. In the years that followed the reforms on the gridiron, football evolved rapidly into the 'attractive' game that Wilson had advocated and a far less brutal game than the unruly spectacle that Roosevelt had tried to control.<ref>John S. Watterson, III, "Political Football: Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and the Gridiron Reform Movement," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 1995 25(3): 555-564 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/27551467 in JSTOR]</ref>
===Southerner===
Wilson was the first southerner elected president since [[Zachary Taylor]] in 1848, and much of his political base came from young progressives in that region, especially intellectuals, editors and lawyers.<ref> Arthur S. Link, "Woodrow Wilson: The American as Southerner," ''Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 36, No. 1 (Feb., 1970), pp. 3-17 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2206599 in JSTOR] Andrew Johnson was not elected; he moved from vice president to president after Lincoln's death in 1865.</ref>

Many Civil War veterans were still alive and Wilson used the memory of the War to build nationalism and to facilitate reunion between the North and the South. In his academic work and public comments, Wilson stressed the theoretical and constitutional causes of the war, devaluing the slavery issue and stressing the moral equality of North and South, all in the interest of lessening sectional animosity. During World War I and the struggle for the League of Nations, Wilson frequently drew comparisons between Lincoln and the Union's sacrifices to save the nation and American soldiers' sacrifices during World War I to save the world. He succeeded in overcoming Southern isolationism by convincing the middle class in the region that God had preserved the Union in the Civil War in order to spread democracy throughout the world. He appealed to Southerners to demonstrate the patriotism that many said they lacked. He was able to convince them that they could wage war for democracy abroad without endangering white supremacy at home.<ref> Anthony Gaughan, "Woodrow Wilson and the Legacy of the Civil War," ''Civil War History'' 1997 43(3): 225-242; online in [[Questia]]; Gaughan, "Woodrow Wilson and the Rise of Militant Interventionism in the South," ''Journal of Southern History'' 1999 65(4): 771-808, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2587587 in JSTOR]</ref>

Wilson drew on Southern conservatism in the development of his political philosophy and identity as a politician from the 1890s to 1921. While Wilson forged a Progressive reformist outlook that encompassed limited government intervention in social and economic matters, he embraced a conservative, organic conception of social change drawn partially from the thought of Edmund Burke and partially from a mythical vision of the Old South as a model of social stability and integration. Deeply alarmed by labor and agrarian radicalism in the 1890s, Wilson resolved to cleanse the Democratic Party of Populist influence. His political vision ultimately sought to adapt American society to the new economic conditions of the 20th century, chiefly defined by the magnification of corporate power, while retaining the race and class hierarchies of tradition. Wilson's vision of Southern conservatism as a regenerative force set the precedent for the conservative ideology that dominated American politics since the 1980s.<ref> Michael Dennis, "Woodrow Wilson and Southern Reform Conservatism," ''Southern Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the South'' 2006 13(3-4): 1-28. </ref>

==Reform governor==
As early as 1906 Wilson came under the influence of Colonel George Harvey (1864-1928), a conservative Democrat who owned a publishing empire that included the ''New York World'' and ''Harper's Weekly'' magazine, reaching the nation's intellectual elite. Harvey, with close ties to Wall Street and [[J. P. Morgan]], saw a future conservative president and promoted Wilson heavily. Wilson became the intellecual leader of the anti-Bryan, anti-Populist wing of the Democratic Party. Harvey helped convince the old-fashioned bosses in New Jersey's cities to make Wilson the Democratic nominee for gobvernor in 1910, explaining this would bring in the mioddle class vote. Wilson, frustrated at Princeton, made the move and was elected. Wilson then broke with the bosses, and Harvey, denounced Wall Street and the bosses, and electrified the nation with his Progressive reforms in the notoriously corrupt government of New Jersey. Wilson by 1912 had emerged as the cleanest, most religious, best known and most dynamic leader of the [[Progressive Movement]] in the Democratic Party.

==Election of 1912==
William Frank McCombs, a New York lawyer and a a friend from college days, instigated and managed Wilson's campaign for president in 1912. Much of Wilson's support came from the South, especially from young progressive professionals. Wilson managed to maneuver through the complexities of local politics. For example, in Tennessee the Democratic Party was divided on the issue of prohibition. Wilson was progressive and sober, but not a dry, and appealed to both sides. They united behind him to win the presidential election in the state, but divided over state politics and lost the gubernatorial election.<ref> Arthur S. S. Link, "Democratic Politics and the Presidential Campaign of 1912 in Tennessee," ''East Tennessee Historical Society's Publications'' 1979 51: 114-137</ref>

At the convention deadlock went on for over 40 ballots as a two-thirds vote was needed. A leading opponent was House Speaker [[Champ Clark]], a prominent progressive strongest in the border states. Other contenders were Judson Harmon of Ohio, and Oscar Underwood of Alabama. They lacked Wilson's charisma and dynamism. Clark was supported by publisher [[William Randolph Hearst]], a leader of the left-wing of the party. The critical role was played by [[William Jennings Bryan]], the nominee in 1896, 1900 and 1908, who blocked the nomination of any candidate who had the support of 'the financiers of Wall Street.' He finally announced for Wilson, who won on the 46th.<ref> Arthur S. Link, "The Baltimore Convention of 1912," ''American Historical Review'' 1945 50(4): 691-713 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1842698 in JSTOR]</ref>

Wilson enjoyed the support of many black leaders including [[W.E.B. DuBois]] (a liberal at the time). Wilson's speeches and letters expressed the sentiments of a defender of the underprivileged. However the rejoicing over Wilson's victory was short-lived among blacks as segregationist white Southerners took control of Congress and many executive departments.<ref> Nancy J. Weiss, "The Negro and the New Freedom: Fighting Wilsonian Segregation," ''Political Science Quarterly'' 1969 84(1): 61-79, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2147047 in JSTOR]</ref>

In the campaign Wilson promoted the "New Freedom," emphasizing limited federal government and opposition to monopoly powers--positions that he reversed on coming to office.

President [[William Howard Taft]] defeated ex-President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in a bitter contest for the Republican nomination, but Roosevelt walked out of the Republican convention and ran as a third party candidate. Wilson's success in the electoral college was assured, despite his 41.8% of the popular vote.<ref> Lewis L. Gould, ''Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics,'' (2008); Link (1947)</ref>.

==President: 1913-21==
===First term===
====Domestic policy====
[[File:Ww-prog.jpg|thumb|580px|left]]
=====Immigration=====
Wilson twice vetoed the Burnett Immigration Restriction Bill, which required a literacy test for immigrants and would have sharply reduced the number of poor immigrants from Poland, Italy and other parts of eastern and southern Europe . As a moderate progressive, Wilson believed southern and eastern European immigrants, though often poor and illiterate, to be capable of assimilation into a homogeneous middle class with other whites. He considered so-called hyphenated immigrants unacceptable because they acted as groups rather than blending into the common population. Indeed he denounced the hyphenates. Wilson sought to achieve American strength through unity, blending together the best characteristics of every nationality to create the ideal citizenry, opposing [[Henry Cabot Lodge]]'s nativist view that American civilization must be based on an Anglo-Saxon foundation. Immigration from Europe practically ended when the war began, so the issue was postponed ino the 1920s, when a quota system was set up to keep the country's ethnic balance unchanged.<ref> Hans Vought, . Division and Reunion: Woodrow Wilson, Immigration, and the Myth of American Unity. Journal of American Ethnic History; 1994 13(3): 24-50.</ref>

====Foreign Policy====
=====Mexico=====
The extremely violent civil war that broke out in Mexico in 1911 drove hundreds of thousands of refugees north across the border, and forced Wilson to intervene. [[Francisco Madero]], an idealistic reformer who came to power in 1911. Madero tried to violently upend the social order in Mexico by destroying the landed aristocracy and the Catholic Church. When Madero was overthrown and murdered by [[Victoriano Huerta]] in February 1913, days before Wilson took office, he refused to recognize the new Mexican government. Relations deteriorated between the two countries. After American sailors were arrested in Tampico in April 1914 by Huerta's soldiers, the armed conflict loomed. American soldiers occupied Vera Cruz. In July 1914 Huerta fled to Spain. In 1916 the civil war between warlords [[Venustiano Carranza]] and [[Pancho Villa]] continued, and in March Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico, killing 20 Americans.<ref>James A. Sandos, "Pancho Villa and American Security: Woodrow Wilson's Mexican Diplomacy Reconsidered," ''Journal of Latin American Studies,'' Vol. 13, No. 2 (Nov., 1981), pp. 293-311 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/156072 in JSTOR]</ref> Wilson sent Brigadier General [[John J. Pershing]] deep into Mexico to capture Villa. Villa escaped the Americans. Despite the demands of outraged senators, Wilson did not declare war on Mexico. He ran for reelection in 1916 on the slogan, "He kept us out of war," meaning out of a war with Mexico.

====Reelection====
[[File:WW-WIN16.jpg|thumb|400px]]
====Woman suffrage====
In the 1910s, suffragists campaigned for the passage of a federal constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote. They argued it would purify politics because the new voters would be far less liable to corruption and saloon influences. The movement was led by Protesntant northern women, many of whom were active in the prohibition movement at the same time. Wilson, originally opposed to the amendment, was converted through the efforts of women suffragists and became an advocate of critical importance. Both the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the National Women's Party (NWP) used symbolic representations of President Wilson, conferring on him real or symbolic images of presidential power. In practice Wilson hedged, realizing that male Democrats in the bg city machines in the North and in the rural South were hostile to woman suffrage. The meaning of democracy was at issue: the NWP portrayed Wilson as a tyrant, the NAWSA depicted him as a champion of freedom. Both organizations played essential roles in the passage of the 19th Amendment. After 1919, the absence of a common goal was a contributing factor to the subsequent divisions within the woman's rights movement, as was the loss of a unique adversary.<ref> Christine A. Lunardini, and Thomas J. Knock, Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look. Political Science Quarterly; 1980-1981 95(4): 655-671, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150609 in JSTOR]</ref>

===Second term===

===Entering the war===
====Domestic policy====
====Foreign Policy====
====Russia====
Wilson's commitment to the principle of self-determination affected his decision to intervene in Russia in 1918, as the Bolsheviks (Communists) took power. Unswayed by British, French, and Japanese pressure, Wilson insisted that, unless the Russians invited them, the Allies should not interfere with Russia's internal affairs. In the summer of 1918, the president sent American troops into Siberia with the sole purpose of protecting Czechoslovak soldiers who had broken oujt of POW camps and were an independent force. Later Wilson realized that the other Allied nations were using the rescue mission as an 'anti-Bolshevik' crusade and for imperialistic motives. As a result, the president ordered US forces to withdraw.<ref> </ref> Wilson and subsequent presidents until 1933 refused to recognize the new Communist government, and Russia was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference.<ref> Betty Miller Unterberger, "Woodrow Wilson and the Bolsheviks: the 'Acid Test' of Soviet-American Relations," ''Diplomatic History'' 1987 11(2): 71-90,</ref>
====Mideast====
In November 1917, Wilson endorsed the [[Zionism|pro-Zionist]] [[Balfour Declaration]] issued by Britain. Wilson's aims in this endorsement were both practical and religious. His deep Christian sentiment led him to seek 'a direct governing role in the Near East in the name of peace, democracy and, especially, Christianity. By agreeing to the use of the mandate system by which the transition governments of the Middle East were partially controlled by Britain and France after the war, Wilson was both contradicting and reaffirming his own ideals by allowing only limited self-determination of Middle-Eastern peoples while assuring some respect for property and order.<ref> Frank W. Brecher, Woodrow Wilson and the Origins of the Arab-israeli Conflict. American Jewish Archives; 1987 39(1): 23-47,</ref>

====Paris Peace Conference, 1919====
=====Fight for the League=====

==Wilson and religion==
A Presbyterian of deep religious faith, he appealed to a gospel of service and infused a profound sense of moralism into Wilsonianism.<ref>John Morton Blum, ''Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality'' (1956); Richard M. Gamble, "Savior Nation: Woodrow Wilson and the Gospel of Service," ''Humanitas'' Volume: 14. Issue: 1. 2001. pp 4+; Cooper, ''Woodrow Wilson'' (2009) p 560.</ref>

Link finds that Wilson from his earliest days had imbibed the beliefs of his denomination - in the omnipotence of God, the morality of the Universe, a system of rewards and punishments and the notion that nations, as well as man, transgressed the laws of God at their peril.<ref> Arthur S. Link, "A Portrait of Wilson," ''Virginia Quarterly Review''1956 32(4): 524-541</ref> Blum (1956) argues that he learned from [[William Gladstone]] a mystic conviction in the superiority of Anglo-Saxons, in their righteous duty to make the world over in their image. Moral principle, constitutionalism, and faith in God were among the prerequisites for alleviating human strife. While he interpreted international law within such a brittle, moral cast, Wilson remained remarkably insensitive to new and changing social forces and conditions of the 20th century. He expected too much justice in a morally brutal world which disregarded the self-righteous resolutions of parliaments and statesmen like himself. Wilson's triumph was as a teacher of international morality to generations yet unborn.<ref>John Morton Blum, ''Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality'' (1956), p p10, 197-99</ref> [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]] sees Wilson's vision of world order anticipated humanity prevailing through the "Holy Ghost of Reason," a vision which rested on religious faith.<ref> David Steigerwald, ''Wilsonian Idealism in America'' (1994) p. 230.</ref>

Wilson was a Presbyterian elder and the son of a leading theologian. He read the Bible daily; he felt 'sorry for the men who do not read the Bible every day.' The Bible, he argued, was 'the one supreme source of revelation of the meaning of life.' Wilson was prone to make explicitly Christian claims about his nation, even excluding the word ''Judeo'' from his characterization of the nation's religious heritage. 'America was born a Christian nation,' he explained in a speech on "The Bible and Progress" in 1911:
"America was born to exemplify that devotion to the elements of righteousness which derived from the revelations of Holy Scripture."<ref>Arthur S. Link, ed. ''The Papers of Woodrow Wilson'' (1977) 23:20, speech on the Bible, in Denver May 7, 1911</ref>

He held that the Bible "is the one supreme source of revelation, the revelation of the meaning of life, of the nature of God and the spiritual nature and need of men. It is the only guide of life which really leads the spirit in the way of peace and salvation."<ref> Josephus Daniels, ''The Life of Woodrow Wilson 1856-1924'' (1924) p. 359</ref>

God was central in Wilson's life and thought. His profound Presbyterian style of thinking assured him that he was following God's guidance. Wilson personified American optimism and considered the United States a Christian nation destined to lead the world. He was a prophet and a postmillenarian, and if idealism clashed with reality, he was certain idealism would prevail. He saw himself as God's messenger and statesman in a divinely predestined nation; thus he saw himself as God's agent in promoting democracy and world peace. His Fourteen Points and his Covenant of the League of Nations, were, in his view, divinely inspired paths to achieving a new world order.<ref> Malcolm D. Magee, '' What the World Should Be: Woodrow Wilson and the Crafting of a Faith-Based Foreign Policy'' (2008) </ref>

===China policy===
Wilson’s discussions with Presbyterian missionaries visiting Princeton shaped his diplomacy toward [[History of China|China]]. Wilson viewed Christianity as a unifying force in the world and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 as the first step toward the spread of Christianity and democracy for China. Wilson gained the admiration of the missionaries and Chinese when he prohibited US participation in a European loan to China. He moved to recognize the government of Yuan Shih-k'ai, hoping that that regime could bring stability to China favorable to the introduction of Christianity. He sought to appoint an ambassador to China who could express Christian values. During World War I, missionaries successfully urged Wilson's opposition to Japanese demands on China. Although the war and its aftermath diverted Wilson from Chinese problems, his foreign policy continued to be influenced by missionaries, particularly Dr. Samuel I. Woodbridge and the Reverend Charles E. Scott. <ref> Eugene P. Trani, "Woodrow Wilson, China, and the Missionaries, 1913-1921," ''Journal of Presbyterian History'' 1971 49(4): 328-351, </ref>

==Democracy==
Wilson advocated a new international order founded on self-determination, democracy, unfettered international commerce, and a worldwide organization of states - the League of Nations. Wilson framed American participation in the war as the first step in ending all wars. Although 'Wilsonian nationalism' has been blamed for the nationalistic emphasis on race and territory in Europe during the 1920's and 1930's, Wilson's policies had actually used ethnic and territorial issues to encourage self-determination and the development of democracy in postwar nations.

Woodrow Wilson's most lasting political philosophy was his view that [[democracy]] should be installed around the world. As a major player in setting the terms to end World War I, he helped to break up the [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian-Hungarian Empire]] to advance his goal of installing democracy for each ethnic subpopulation. Similar independence was granted with the breakup of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Many of these new nations were receiving self determination for the first time in centuries. Wilson's view of installing democracy worldwide has since been copied by the [[neoconservatives]]. Wilson was awarded the 1919 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his efforts to start the [[League of Nations]].
==Historiography==
Historians have been fascinated by Wilson and have vigorously defended him (Link) or attacked him (New Left). Since the collapse of the Communism in Europe in 1989, the mood had shifted in Wilson's favor. Even [[George Kennan]], a harsh critic who favored "realism" against Wilson's idealism. has changed his tune. The New Left attacks represented by Lloyd Gardner's highly critical ''A Covenant with Power'' have given way to Thomas Knock's laudatory ''To End All Wars''. The leftist tendency to trace back to Wilson a tradition of economic self-seeking and arrogant interventionism has yielded to a new impulse to see Wilsonian diplomacy as having established "a new American agenda for world affairs," as Akira Iriye writes, built upon "the ideas of economic interdependence and of peaceful settlement of disputes."<ref> see Steigerwald,(1999)</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Biography===
* Brands, H. W. ''Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Woodrow-Wilson-H-W-Brands/dp/0805069550/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259210644&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search] 169pp; good short summary by scholar [[File:Ww-stamp.jpg|thumb|180px|left]]
* Cooper, John Milton. ''Woodrow Wilson: A Biography'' (2009), 720 pp. major new biography by leading scholar
* Cooper, John Milton. ''The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt'' (1985), fascinating double biography by leading scholar [http://www.amazon.com/Warrior-Priest-Woodrow-Theodore-Roosevelt/dp/0674947517/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259210893&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Hofstadter, Richard. "Woodrow Wilson: The Conservative as Liberal" in ''The American Political Tradition'' (1948), ch. 10. influential essay; at [http://humanitiesebook.org/ ACLS E-books]
* Link, Arthur S. "Woodrow Wilson" in Henry F. Graff ed., ''The Presidents: A Reference History '' (2002) pp 365-388
* Link, Arthur Stanley. ''Wilson: The Road to the White House'' (1947), first volume of standard biography (to 1917); ''Wilson: The New Freedom'' (1956); ''Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality: 1914-1915'' (1960); ''Wilson: Confusions and Crises: 1915-1916'' (1964); ''Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916-1917'' (1965), the last volume of standard biography; [http://humanitiesebook.org/ online at ACLS E-Books]
* Maynard, W. Barksdale. ''Woodrow Wilson: Princeton to the Presidency'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Woodrow-Wilson-Prof-Barksdale-Maynard/dp/0300136048/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259267777&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Walworth, Arthur. ''Woodrow Wilson'' 2 Vol. (1958); Pulitzer prize winning biography [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24215014 vol 1 online]; well-written but old-fashioned (it was written in the 1950s), it has been replaced by Cooper (2009).

===Domestic affairs and ideas===
[[File:$100k.jpg|250px|thumb|Wilson's image appeared on the now-withdrawn $100,000 bill]]
* Abrams, Richard M. "Woodrow Wilson and the Southern Congressmen, 1913-1916," ''Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 22, No. 4 (Nov., 1956), pp. 417-437 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2954640 in JSTOR]
* Clements, Kendrick A. ''The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson'' (1992), covers domestic and foreign policies; liberal tone
* Cooper, John Milton. ''Woodrow Wilson: A Biography'' (2009), 720 pp.
* Cuff, Robert D. "Woodrow Wilson and Business-Government Relations during World War I," ''Review of Politics,'' Vol. 31, No. 3 (Jul., 1969), pp. 385-407 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1406552 in JSTOR]
* Curti, Merle. "Woodrow Wilson's Concept of Human Nature," ''Midwest Journal of Political Science,'' Vol. 1, No. 1 (May, 1957), pp. 1-19 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2109008 in JSTOR]
* Daniel, Marjorie L. "Woodrow Wilson--Historian," ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 21, No. 3 (Dec., 1934), pp. 361-374 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1897380 in JSTOR]
* Dimock, Marshall E. "Woodrow Wilson as Legislative Leader," ''The Journal of Politics,'' Vol. 19, No. 1 (Feb., 1957), pp. 3-19 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2127283 in JSTOR]
* Link, Arthur S. ''Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917'' (1954), remains the standard history of his first term.
* Link, Arthur S. "Woodrow Wilson: The American as Southerner," ''Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 36, No. 1 (Feb., 1970), pp. 3-17 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2206599 in JSTOR]
* Link, Arthur S. "Woodrow Wilson and the Democratic Party," ''Review of Politics'', Vol. 18, No. 2 (Apr., 1956), pp. 146-156 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1405064 in JSTOR] cover 1913-14
* Livermore, Seward W. ''Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 1916-1918'' (1966)
* Macmahon, Arthur W. "Woodrow Wilson as Legislative Leader and Administrator," ''American Political Science Review,'' Vol. 50, No. 3 (Sep., 1956), pp. 641-675 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1951550 in JSTOR]
* Malin, James C. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5260560 ''The United States after the World War'' ] (1930)
* Pestritto, Ronald J. ed. ''Woodrow Wilson and the roots of modern liberalism'' (2005) ISBN: 0742515176' argues Wilson subverted the ideas of the Founders by his progressivism
* Pietrusza, David ''1920: The Year of the Six President''s New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007.
* Saunders, Robert M. ''In Search of Woodrow Wilson: Beliefs and Behavior'' (1998)
* Turner, Henry A. "Woodrow Wilson and Public Opinion," ''Public Opinion Quarterly,'' Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1957-1958), pp. 505-520 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2746762 in JSTOR]
* Wolgemuth, Kathleen L. "Woodrow Wilson and Federal Segregation," ''The Journal of Negro History,'' Vol. 44, No. 2 (Apr., 1959), pp. 158-173 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2716036 in JSTOR]
* Weinstein, Edwin A., James William Anderson and Arthur S. Link. "Woodrow Wilson's Political Personality: A Reappraisal," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' Vol. 93, No. 4 (Winter, 1978-1979), pp. 585-598 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2150104 at JSTOR]
* Wolfe, Christopher. "Woodrow Wilson: Interpreting the Constitution," ''Review of Politics,'' Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1979), pp. 121-142 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1406981 in JSTOR]
* Woodward, Carl R. "Woodrow Wilson's Agricultural Philosophy," ''Agricultural History,'' Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct., 1940), pp. 129-142 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3739508 in JSTOR]

===Foreign policy===
* Ambrosius, Lloyd E., “Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush: Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies,” ''Diplomatic History'', 30 (June 2006), 509–43.[[File:Ww-war-1917.jpg|thumb|350px]]
* Bailey; Thomas A. ''Wilson and the Peacemakers: Combining Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace and Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal'' (1947)
* Clements, Kendrick, A. ''Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman'' (1999)
* Clements, Kendrick A. ''The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson'' (1992), covers foreign policy
* Clements, Kendrick A. "Woodrow Wilson and World War I," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 34:1 (2004). pp 62+.
* Cooper, John Milton. ''Woodrow Wilson: A Biography'' (2009), 720 pp.
* Davis, Donald E. and Eugene P. Trani; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109328821 ''The First Cold War: The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson in U.S.-Soviet Relations''] (2002)
* Greene, Theodore P. ed. ''Wilson at Versailles'' (1957)
* Henderson, Peter V. N. "Woodrow Wilson, Victoriano Huerta, and the Recognition Issue in Mexico," ''The Americas'', Vol. 41, No. 2 (Oct., 1984), pp. 151-176 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1007454 in JSTOR]
* Knock, Thomas J. ''To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order'' (1995)
* Kimitada, Miwa. "Japanese Opinions on Woodrow Wilson in War and Peace," ''Monumenta Nipponica,'' Vol. 22, No. 3/4 (1967), pp. 368-389 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2383073 in JSTOR]
* Levin, Jr., N. Gordon ''Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America's Response to War and Revolution'' (1968)
* Link, Arthur Stanley. ''Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917'' (1972) sumarizes diplomatic history
* Link, Arthur S.; ''Wilson the Diplomatist: A Look at His Major Foreign Policies'' (1957)
* Link, Arthur S.; ''Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World, 1913-1921'' (1982)
* Magee, Malcolm D. '' What the World Should Be: Woodrow Wilson and the Crafting of a Faith-Based Foreign Policy'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/What-World-Should-Be-Faith-based/dp/1602580707/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1259268113&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* May, Ernest R. ''The World War and American Isolation, 1914-1917'' (1959)
* Trani, Eugene P. “Woodrow Wilson and the Decision to Intervene in Russia: A Reconsideration.” ''Journal of Modern History'' (1976). 48:440—61. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1878747 in JSTOR]
* Walworth, Arthur. ''Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919'' [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104399613 online edition]
===Historiography===
[[File:Ww-cooper.jpg|thumb|280px]]
* Clements, Kendrick A. "The Papers of Woodrow Wilson and the Interpretation of the Wilson Era", ''The History Teacher,'' Vol. 27, No. 4 (Aug., 1994), pp. 475-489 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/494510 in JSTOR]
* Seltzer, Alan L. "Woodrow Wilson as 'Corporate-Liberal': Toward a Reconsideration of Left Revisionist Historiography," ''Western Political Quarterly,'' Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun., 1977), pp. 183-212 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/447405 in JSTOR]
* Steigerwald, David. The Reclamation of Woodrow Wilson? Diplomatic History; 1999 23(1): 79-99, on foreign policy in [[EBSCO]]; notes that New Left revisionism (by William Appleman Williams and N. Gordon Levin, Jr.) claiming that Wilson's Open Door was a facade for the imperialistic extension of American economic advantage, has faded away
* Watson, Jr., Richard L. "Woodrow Wilson and His Interpreters, 1947-1957," ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 44, No. 2 (Sep., 1957), pp. 207-236 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1887188 in JSTOR], summarizes different interpretations as of 1957
* [http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/wilson Extensive essay on Woodrow Wilson and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]

==Primary sources==
* Pestritto, Ronald J. ed. ''Woodrow Wilson: The Essential Political Writings'' (2005)
* Link, Arthur S., ed. [http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/catalogs/series/pw.html ''The Papers of Woodrow Wilson'' complete in 69 vol, at major academic libraries. Annotated edition of all of WW's letters, speeches and writings plus many letters written to him]
* Tumulty, Joseph P. ''Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him '' (1921)] memoir by chief of staff [[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/8wwik10.txt online edition]
* Wilson, Woodrow. ''The New Freedom'' (1913) 1912 campaign speeches [http://books.google.com/books?id=MW8SAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:woodrow+inauthor:wilson&lr=&as_brr=1 online edition]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/whwar10h.htm Wilson, Woodrow. ''Why We Are at War'' (1917)] six war messages to Congress, Jan- April 1917
* Wilson, Woodrow. ''Selected Literary & Political Papers & Addresses of Woodrow Wilson'' (3 vol 1918 and later editions)
* Wilson, Woodrow. ''Messages & Papers of Woodrow Wilson'' 2 vol (ISBN 1-135-19812-8)
* Wilson, Woodrow. ''The New Democracy. Presidential Messages, Addresses, and Other Papers (1913-1917)'' 2 vol 1926 (ISBN 0-89875-775-4
* Wilson, Woodrow. [http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/fourteen-points.html ''President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918)''].
* [http://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_brr=1&lr=&as_vt=&as_auth=woodrow+wilson&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb=c&as_miny=&as_maxy=&as_isbn= full text of Wilson books and messages online]
==External links==
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1919/wilson-bio.html Nobel Prize biography]

==References==
<references/>

{{USPresidents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Woodrow}}

[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
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[[Category:Historians]]
[[Category:Political Scientists]]
[[category:diplomacy]][[category:United States History]]
[[Category:New Jersey Governors]]
[[Category:Presbyterians]]
[[Category:Religion and Politics]]

Brad Pitt

2010-02-02T15:05:28Z

CMcFreeze: agnostic

'''Brad Pitt''' is a well known film [[actor]] and producer. Some of his most popular movies include:

* Ocean's Thirteen (2007)
* Babel (2006)
* Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005)
* Ocean's Twelve (2004)
* Fight Club (1999)
* Seven Years in Tibet (1997)
* Legends of the Fall (1994)

He recently produced the movie: ''A Mighty Heart'' (2007).

William Bradley Pitt was born in Shawnee, [[Oklahoma]] on December 18, 1963 (age {{age|1963|12|18}}), and was raised in [[Springfield, Missouri]].

He was married to actress [[Jennifer Aniston]] from July 2000 to October 2005.

He currently lives with actress [[Angelina Jolie]], whom he met when they worked together on the movie "Mr. & Mrs. Smith".

They have three biological children together, a daughter, Shiloh Jolie-Pitt, born May 27, 2006, and twins, a boy, Knox Leon, and girl, Vivienne Marcheline born in July 2008 in France, and 3 adopted children: Maddox, (born in [[Cambodia]]), Zahara, (born in [[Ethiopia]]), and Pax, (born in [[Vietnam]]).

He considers himself an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/07/23/2009-07-23_brad_pitt_im_probably_20_percent_atheist_and_80_percent_agnostic.html Brad Pitt: 'I'm probably 20 percent atheist and 80 percent agnostic']</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000093/ - movie site
*http://www.popstarsplus.com/actors_bradpitt.htm - fan site
*http://www.starpulse.com/Actors/Pitt,_Brad/ - commercial website
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/author/brad-pitt/ What Liberals Say - Brad Pitt], [[Accuracy In Media]]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Pitt, Brad}}

[[Category:Actors]]
[[Category:Agnostics]]

Massachusetts

2009-11-23T17:24:46Z

CMcFreeze:

{{USState
|name=Massachusetts
|flag=Massachusetts_State_Flag.gif
|motto="Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem" (By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty)
|nick=The Bay State
|capital=Boston
|language=English
|governor=Deval Patrick
|gparty=Democrat
|senator1=John Kerry
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=(202) 224-2742
|s1email=http://kerry.senate.gov/v3/contact/email.html Contact
|population=
|date=February 6, 1788 (6th)
}}

The '''Commonwealth of Massachusetts''' is a state in the [[New England]] region of the northeastern [[United States]]. Its capital city is [[Boston]]. The name is derived from the Indian tribe that lived there, the "Massachusett". It is one of four states officially known as "commonwealths"; there are no practical differences between a "commonwealth" and a "state".

==History==
Massachusetts was first settled by the [[Pilgrims]] who emigrated from [[England]] on the ''[[Mayflower]]'' in 1620 and founded a settlement at [[Plymouth Colony|Plymouth]], and soon afterward by the much larger group the [[Puritans]], who founded the "Massachusetts Bay Colony". Both groups came to America seeking religious freedom. It was also a major center of the [[American Revolution]], as events such as the [[Boston Massacre]] and [[Boston Tea Party]] helped to create a desire for national independence among the colonists. The first battle of the war was fought mainly in the towns of [[Lexington]] and [[Concord]]; the first great American victory was the expulsion of the British from Boston on "Evacuation Day," March 17, 1776. Shortly after the war ended, the western part of the state was marked by [[Shays' Rebellion]], a major factor leading to demands for a stronger national government at the [[Constitutional Convention]] in 1787. Massachusetts abolished slavery in 1783 and ratified the Constitution on February 6, 1788.

During the 1800s, Massachusetts was marked by increasing industrialization, including the founding of textile mills in towns such as Lowell. Important historical figures during this time included [[Horace Mann]], an important educational reformer, and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Henry David Thoreau]], two of the main contributors to the [[Transcendentalism|Transcendental]] movement.

In the 1900s, Massachusetts moved from a factory-based economy to a more service-based economy, sparked by growth in its local colleges and universities as well as by a collapse in the textile industry during the 1920s. This encouraged increased suburbanization, leading to the current demographic situation in which the population is concentrated in suburbs around the city of [[Boston]]. In 1987, the state received federal highway funding for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known colloquially as the [[Big Dig]]. The $14.7 billion grant is the largest federal highway project ever approved.

==Politics==
Liberal icon [[Ted Kennedy]], the third longest-serving Senator in U.S. history, died from a brain tumor in August 2009, marking the end of an era. During the [[2004 Presidential Election]] the Democratic super-majority in the state legislator blocked the Republican Governor [[Mitt Romney]] from appointing an interim senator should [[John Kerry]] be elected President. The legislature changed the law back again after Kennedy's death, allowing Governor [[Deval Patrick]], a Democrat, to appoint a temporary replacement for Kennedy. He he choose former Democratic National Committee chairman [[Paul Kirk]]. Kirk will not seek a full term of his own, and a special election will be held on January 19, 2010.

Given that Massachusetts is arguably the most liberal state in the country (the federal delegation has been entirely Democratic since 1997) the real race will likely be the Democrat primary, held on December 8, 2009. Candidates include State Attorney General Martha Coakley and businessman Alan Khazei. Representative Jim McGovern and Mike Capuano are probable candidates. On the Republican side, State Senator Scott Brown has declared his candidacy. Many high-profile Republicans have declined to run, such as former White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card, former Governor Mitt Romney, and former Lieutenant Governor Kerry Healey. Former [[Boston]] [[Red Sox]] pitcher [[Curt Schilling]], who has [[conservative]]-leanings, was mentioned as an [[independent]] candidate, but announced he will not seek the office. <ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/22/AR2009092203804.html</ref>

The only Republican with a chance of winning is Romney, but he is expected to concentrate instead on the 2012 presidential campaign.

Although once a bastion of social conservatism (the term "Banned in Boston" is still in widespread use)<ref>http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Massachusetts/id/1896007</ref> Massachusetts is known as one of the most Catholic and most liberal states. It is the most populous state to have all-Democratic congressional representation. It was called "Taxachusetts" because of its high tax rate, which has since been lowered by a series of Republican governors in the 1990s and 2000s ([[William Weld]], [[Paul Cellucci]], [[Jane Swift]] and [[Mitt Romney]]); they were among the most liberal Republican governors in the country.<ref>http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Massachusetts/id/1896007</ref>

Its current senator is [[John Kerry]] (who unsuccessfully ran for [[President]] in 2004).

The current governor, elected in 2006 over Republican and former Lieutenant Governor Kerry Murphy Healey,<ref>http://www.boston.com/news/local/politics/candidates/governor/patrick/</ref> is [[Deval Patrick|Deval L. Patrick]], who was the first Democrat to take the office in 16 years, and the first African American to win the post.<ref>http://www.mass.gov/</ref><ref>http://www.nndb.com/gov/911/000051758/</ref> A strong liberal in the state that legalized [[homosexual marriage]], Patrick signed a bill which allowed out-of-state gay couples to marry in Massachusetts. In a speech afterward, Patrick was recorded openly mocking conservatives and the Bible by stating, "In five years now, ... the sky has not fallen, the earth has not opened to swallow us all up."<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/07/31/massachusetts-gov-patrick-signs-allowing-gay-marriage-non-residents</ref>

Patrick is faring poorly in polls, as he has been ineffective in getting his own priorities enacted, and in dealing with the [[recession of 2008]].

Massachusetts is the home of Presidents [[John Adams]], [[John Quincy Adams]], and [[John F. Kennedy]].

==Notes and references==
<references/>

{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:Massachusetts]]
[[Category:New England]]

Conservapedia talk:Debate Topics

2009-10-09T23:44:29Z

CMcFreeze:

==Request for a sysop to add [[Debate:How should we view the fact leading scientists do not believe in god?]]==
With the leading scientists of America (I believe the British numbers are even higher), professing non-belief to a huge majority. And masses of scientists from leading universities of America having a massively increased chance of being agnostic/atheistic, what lessons should we take from the fact that the supposedly best educated (and most likely highly intelligent also), have decided that god either doesn't exist, or at the least has no positive evidence?
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/news/file002.html
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=3341576

Sorry if this isn't the correct way to get a debate added, but it seems the only way I can spot, not sure where the best place would be for it? [[User:Raggs|Raggs]] 15:19, 25 February 2008 (EST)

==Unicorn==
i tried to edit the unicorn page but was unfortunately unable to do so. can u please inform about unicorns.........

Concerned intellectual

==Texas, presidents from==
We put in 3 presidents from Texas, and had 3 wars; a real brain trust. Who supplied the monies to put these Texans into office? We all know the mentality of Texans; shoot first and ask questions later. We are also suppose to welcome illegals into this country, and help support them, says a man from Texass. I could care less about your stupid party affiliations; and A-Hole is an A-Hole no matter the party.
If a demogog was in office instead of a repugnant, he would have been impeached by now. This shows you the power of the repugnants.{{Unsigned|Take13}}

== Spelling as a Commandment on here ==

The Un-American spelling of the Constitution!

The US Constitution has words like “chuse” and “chusing,” “Pensylvania” (in fact so does the Liberty Bell!), “defence,” and there are more… Oh dear, maybe Conservapedia should edit the US Constitution in accordance to it’s spelling absolutism (hey don’t correct me, the Constitution “improperly” has “it’s” instead of “its” in there… Article 1, Section 10). I’m sure Conservapedia would garner plenty of support since spelling is such a big deal these days. I mean it IS one of the 6 Conservapedia Commandments.

The pinnacle of American ideals and identity is our Constitution, and still I think Conservapedia would find themselves in a rut trying to justify why their spelling should be reflected on there… even though their spelling standards claim to be American, and well, the US Constitution IS American.

Spelling is fluid… it would be interesting to see how American spelling changes. I would hope what it means to be an American doesn’t change as much as spelling…{{Unsigned|Heidilaide}}

:I'll leave it to [[User:Aschlafly|Andrew]] to decide whether to reproduce exactly the spelling of the US Constitution, or to change the spelling.

:We need to remember that the man who, more than any other man, made spelling standard in the [[United States]] was [[Noah Webster]].--[[User:TerryH|TerryH]] 15:31, 15 March 2007 (EDT)

== How to add debate topics ==

Please tell us HOW!! I tried, but apparently got the link wrong the first couple of times... --[[User:Mathematica|Mathematica]] 03:31, 4 April 2007 (EDT) moved from article page by [[User:TrueGrit|TrueGrit]]

:The instructions are basically at the bottom of the page. I would also recommend finding another debate page that has a similar format and copying in the appropriate wiki markup, like the debate box at the top, headings for things like "Yes" and "No" (or whatever is appropriate). Also, if answers should fall under such headings, try to make the question very clear to avoid misunderstanding.

Yes, please add instructions. Otherwise, I'm sorry for creating discussions out of order. --[[User:Ephilei|Ephilei]] 10:47, 3 May 2007 (EDT)

==Dead links==

I notice rather a large number of these are now red links. I assume that is because the topics were deemed inappropriate and deleted by admins. Since the format is "create the link, then start the debate page", there should be ''no'' red links on this page. Therefore, later this evening I am going to goof off from work again and remove them - unless someone asks (or tells) me not to. I am also going to add an exciting new page I'd like to see ongoing discussion about - CPdians ideas and opinions about the 2008 Presidential candidates! [[User:Human|Human]] 19:03, 9 April 2007 (EDT)
:I thought it was that nobody had bothered to start the debate... [[User:Totnesmartin|Totnesmartin]] 19:23, 16 May 2007 (EDT)

== Idiotic jokes and pointless debates ==

The last ones should be erased

== What went wrong? ==

I joined conservapedia for a laugh, but SHOCK! These debates are actually interesting and thought-provoking. I'll be sticking around here, deffo. [[User:Totnesmartin|Totnesmartin]] 19:25, 16 May 2007 (EDT)

==Request for a sysop to add [[Debate:The Vacillating Investor]]==
Please add this to [[Debate topics]]. I suggest that it go under a new subheading, "Puzzles." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 12:29, 12 June 2007 (EDT)

==Request for a sysop to add [[Debate:Is Sexual Orientation Inherent or Chosen?]]==
Please add this to [[Debate topics]]. It should probably go under "Philosophical Debates" or "Scientific Debates".--[[User:Patthew|Patthew]] 12:54, 12 June 2007 (EDT)

==Request for a sysop to add [[Debate:Which_is_better:_science_or_religion%3F|Debate: Which is Better: Science or Religion?]]==
This debate page was created earlier today, though I do not remember who created it. Discussion has already begun, but it is unlikely to continue if not added to the list. Please add, perhaps under "Philosophical". Thanks!

==Request for a sysop to add debate [[Conservapedia: Is Wikipedia really as bad as it is made out to be]]==
I realise by its very name this debate might seem contrary to Conservapedia's aims in distancing itself from the site, but please read my argument to see I'm not taking sides, I'm more arguing for the development of reference sources. Hope it's a good debate [[User:Argonaut|Argonaut]] 20:02, 4 July 2007 (EDT)

==Request for a sysop to add debate [[Conservapedia:Is there a problem with simply copying content from other sites?]]==
I feel like this is a valid question, especially during the speedy new page creation during the Team Contest. This should probably be in the "Debates about Conservapedia" section. [[User:Jinkas|Jinkas]] 17:54, 11 July 2007 (EDT)

==Add: Conservapedia:There is no [[Fossil fuel]] or [[Peak oil]]==
Scientists contend that the supply of oil will [[Peak oil|peak]]. But none can agree on an exact month, year or even decade. Other scientists want to research [[abiotic oil]] (a process where oil is made without fossils) but are prevented by the DOE from conducting their research. Success in this area may mean uncovering vast amounts of oil.[[User:KirjathSepher|KirjathSepher]] 14:08, 1 September 2007 (EDT)

==Locked forever?==

Is anyone ever going to post a new debate topic?[[User:Maestro|Maestro]] 11:25, 28 September 2007 (EDT)

Ya I want to post a new debate topic actually. I was wondering if it is right that the user "TK" should be able to crank the ban hammer so often. I think his intention is good, however his means are a bit extreme.--[[User:JonL|JonL]] 12:07, 4 October 2007 (EDT)

*LOL! Crank out that topic, man....let's see what you got! --[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]] 12:15, 4 October 2007 (EDT)

Hello TK. I am a recent family friend of the Schllllllllllllafys. They are unquestionably good people. I am not implying that you are not. Mr S. told us recently that you are a "guard dog" of conservapedia. We, being our class, came up with a grand total of about 35 user blocks lol. To be honest I think that is quite funny, barring the fact that two of them were mine. Now there is about 40 or so people in our class, and 35 accounts banned, theoretically assuming noone one has made more than one account each, however this is not true at least in my case. That comes out to roughly 90% of the class has been banned at least once, give or take. Now this class has been going on for three weeks, and I believe that the majority of the students are new to the class, and thus new to Conservapedia. So, the statistics, ROUGHLY, I emphasize this because I do not believe that they are exact, but I feel they are in the ballpark.

STATS:

40 new users
35 bans
3 weeks = a clear disproportionate number of bans. To your defense I am not positive about the nature of these bans. If they were legitamate then I apologize now. However I feel that this would be very unlikely because from at least what I heard they said that the nature of the bans were for "innapropriate names", which were at least from their point of view -IL-ligit'.

That is all I can say if you have anything to disprove me I gladly except defeat and move on. On a random note could you inform me, or at least tell me of any possible way that I could join your team in that contest that I saw your ID listed in. I'm not sure but I think that the name of your team was Air something lol I'm not sure. Any way, thank you for taking the time to right back, it is always appreciated. --[[User:JonL|JonL]] 12:35, 4 October 2007 (EDT)

*This isn't Wikipedia, we require users to register, and they may have only one account. So, having at least two, you are in violation already. Your "class" will continue to be banned so long as they choose inappropriate names and use proxy servers to mask their true IP. Always good to hear you appreciate my ''righting'' back. As a class project, check the block logs and see who is blocking the most users. Now I wish you Godspeed! --[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]] 12:41, 4 October 2007 (EDT)

Low blow man with the "righting" back comment lol. Another quick q, I was reading your I guess biography page, or that page regarding you and your life style. I too am a born again Christian and I have to problem admitting this openly. Could you point me to the guidelines on how to create a page such as this. And fyi, I will let Mr. S know about this convo in about two hours when I go to his class. =). Peace --[[User:JonL|JonL]] 12:47, 4 October 2007 (EDT)

*LOL...really scared! :p Godspeed to you! --[[User:TK|şŷŝôρ-₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|/Ṣρёаќǃ]] 17:22, 4 October 2007 (EDT)

== Why do we need debate topics? ==

This seems like a giant spot for Wikipedians to flame us.

:so people can argue their points obviously-[[User:Greenmeanie|Greenmeanie]] 01:32, 20 May 2008 (EDT)
:So you can flame them back?[[User talk:Faizaguo|Flame.]]--[[User:Faizaguo|Faizaguo]] 12:30, 18 June 2008 (EDT)

==Archive==

Someone needs to archive these, urgently. Some haven't been touched for 4-5 months! [[User:TheGuy|TheGuy]] 20:36, 9 November 2007 (EST)

==Oops==
Alright, I admit it... I mistakenly thought I was improving two questions under the Philosophical Debate questions heading, and I know I broke some links. What can I do to fix this? [[User:Alexander|Alexander]] 14:06, 21 December 2007 (EST)

::Ah! I think I've got it! [[User:Alexander|Alexander]] 14:07, 21 December 2007 (EST)

== Why We Should Remove New Hampshire ==

As you know, the American government has accumulated a huge national debt, and they are having a bit of trouble getting rid of it. Getting rid of $8 trillion can be a bit tricky, so they are asking American citizens to come up with ways to help eliminate it. Of course I, like the helpful guy that I am, have come up with the perfect option: Let’s get rid of New Hampshire.

Why New Hampshire? It’s quite easy. New Hampshire has nothing special about it. Not since Old Man in the Mountain collapsed. I mean, it doesn’t have a professional sports team, it has no important colleges, and it’s really small, too. Only 1.2 million people live on 9350 square miles. We could easily get rid of this and no one would care!

Here’s how it happens: First, the government reclaims New Hampshire from private citizens with that wonderful eminent domain power that they have, give the citizens a couple hundred bucks to keep them happy, and then sell the land to another country. It doesn’t matter which one, we’re trying to save America here. Canada comes to mind. They’re already the second-biggest country in the world, so they wouldn’t mind having a nice patch of land south of the Great Lakes. Mexico could be fun. We’d have people complaining of the hundreds of illegal immigrants coming from “East of the border”. Heck, I’d bet Iran or North Korea wouldn’t mind having a small patch of land right next to America. I’d bet they’d be willing to pay top dollar!

Now, let’s get back to actually selling the place. The average price per acre of land in New England is $528,000. If we multiply that by the 2.2 million acres of land in New Hampshire, we’d get over a quadrillion dollars! Not only would we be out of debt, we’d be in in the black! We might even be able to spend a few more years in Iraq without bankrupting the country if we did this!

Hey, here’s another reason: New Hampshire is a bigger money pit than the educational system! New Hampshire spends over $2 billion a year. They also have the second-lowest tax burden in the country! So can you tell me why these people spend so much money with almost no taxes? In addition to that, New Hampshire has the highest per capita sales of alcohol in the country! And speaking of education, New Hampshire doesn’t publicly fund kindergarten! They don’t care about our children and their education! The only thing that they care about is filling their wallets with money and their hip flasks with bourbon. New Hampshirian-ites have the highest per capita income in the country, and none of it is taxed! These greedy, drunken, corrupt, penny-pinching misers deserve to be gotten rid of!

There are political reasons, too. For almost its entire history, God’s chosen political party has governed New Hampshire, but as a result of current trends, New Hampshire is now being ruled… by the left! How terrifying is that? I mean, liberals have wasted enough of this country’s money on health care and alternative energy; can you imagine what it would be like if one more state was ruled by these pagan tax-and-spenders? If we sell New Hampshire, these horrible people will be able to go back to those terrible states that spawned them: California, New York, and Minnesota.

Now, I can tell some of you are squeamish about this idea. You might say that it would cost too much to get rid of New Hampshire. You might say we’d have to redesign the flag to accompany the loss of one state. Surely you jest. Not many people know this, but Texas has a special amendment in its constitution that allows it to split into as many as five separate states if needed. So, after we sell New Hampshire, we can simply split up Texas into two separate states: South Texas and Souther Texas. It would be clean, easy, and efficient.
Besides, if you still think it would cost too much, remember that in 2004, the federal government passed a bill that set aside $25,000 to be spent on researching mariachi music. I think that pretty much proves that this country can afford anything.

Now, my reasons to get rid of New Hampshire are quite clear: New Hampshire is worth a lot of money, incredibly small, and is losing money faster than the Automotive industry. It has no reason to exist, so it shouldn’t. And remember, if you don’t think that we should eliminate America’s national debt quickly and efficiently, it can only mean one thing: you hate America. Thank you and have a nice day.

[[REquest to add Debate Topic: Faith or Morality: Which is more important?]]

==Request for a sysop to add [[Debate:Should we end Medicare?]]==
With the current healthcare debate and alleged waste, this could be a good topic. [[User:CMcFreeze|CMcFreeze]] 19:44, 9 October 2009 (EDT)

Michael Vick

2009-08-26T16:39:07Z

CMcFreeze: changed team to eagles

[[Image:Michael Vick.jpg|thumb|150px|Michael Vick]]
'''Michael Vick''' (born 1980) is a [[National Football League]] quarterback for the [[Philadelphia Eagles]]. He is widely regarded as one of the most athletic quarterbacks in the league, which makes up for his being relatively short for a professional player at his position at 6'0". Vick, whose jersey number is #7, was the first pick in the [[2001 NFL Draft]] after starring at [[Virginia Tech]].

In July 2007, Vick was indicted by a federal grand jury for his active involvement and financing of a dog fighting ring on his property<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2940065 ''Falcons' Vick indicted by grand jury in dogfighting probe'' ESPN News]</ref>. Public opinion was outraged and he was immediately suspended from the team. The Atlanta team owner indicated he would never wear a Falcon uniform again. Vick pled guilty in August<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2992890</ref>, and was sentenced to 23 months in federal prison.<ref>http://www.northcountrygazette.org/2007/12/10/vick-sentenced-to-23-months-out-date-summer-2009/</ref> He was released in May 2009 to serve the remainder of his time in home confinement and work a construction job<ref name="release">[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=4183786 Vick leaves federal penitentiary for Va.]</ref>.

It is unclear whether he will play again, as he has been suspended from the NFL indefinitely. Said NFL commissioner Roger Goodell, "Once he's concluded (his home confinement), I will make a judgment based on what he tells me and what I can determine from speaking to others and a final background check on this and make a determination at the right time."<ref name="release"/>

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vick, Michael}}
[[Category:NFL Players]]
[[Category:Criminals]]

Ben Roethlisberger

2009-08-26T16:37:43Z

CMcFreeze: lawsuit

'''Ben Roethlisberger''' (born March 2, 1982) is the starting [[National Football League]] [[quarterback]] for the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]]. He has played for the Steelers since 2004. He attended [[Miami University (Ohio)]].

Originally hired as a backup quarterback, he replaced the Steelers' starting quarterback, [[Tommy Maddox]] after Maddox was sidelined during the 2004 season from an injury. Roethlisberger played so well, leading the Steelers to a 14 game winning streak during the 2004-5 season, that he was kept as the starting quarterback. He was picked as NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year in January 2005. During the 2005-6 season he led the Steelers to victory in [[Super Bowl]] XL over the [[Seattle Seahawks]]. He was the youngest quarterback ever to win a [[Super Bowl]] at 23 years old at the time.

During the summer following the Steelers' Super Bowl victory, Roethlisberger suffered serious injuries in a [[motorcycle]] accident. He recovered in time to start the 2006-7 season but then missed the first game due to an emergency [[appendicitis]] operation, and was temporarily sidelined later in the season from a [[concussion]]. There had been some question over his ability to return to form after his motorcycle accident, and combined with the other injuries left him sidelined during some games and performing sub-par during many games in which he did play. Backup quarterback [[Charlie Batch]] was the quarterback in several Steelers games during the 2006-7 season.

As of the 2007-8 season, Ben Roethlisberger is back full time and performing up to the standards of the 2005-6 season.

==2009 Lawsuit==
In July of 2009, a woman filed a civil lawsuit against Roethlisberger, accusing him of [[rape|assault]] in 2008 at a [[Nevada]] hotel.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/sports/football/22roethlisberger.html Roethlisberger Accused of Sexual Assault in Lawsuit]</ref> The suit seeks monetary damages from the player and eight other defendants.

==References==
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roethlisberger, Ben}}
[[Category:NFL Players]]

RINO

2009-08-12T22:09:04Z

CMcFreeze: added to see also

A '''RINO''' ('''R'''epublican '''i'''n '''N'''ame '''O'''nly), describes politicians who claim to be Republican but are in fact [[liberal]], and therefore generally debase the conservative winning coalition base of the Republican Party. The term is used to characterize an officeholder or candidate who is a member of the [[Republican Party]], but holds views outside the mainstream Republican Party such as support for raising taxes, abortion as a right, gay rights and gun control. RINOs and Reform Democrats typically come from [[New England]] or West Coast states. A less-used term is '''cafeteria conservative''', for a person who picks and chooses which [[conservative]] principles to believe, as a person might choose foods in a cafeteria instead of ordering the full-course ''menu'' selected by the chef at high-class restaurants.<ref>[http://www.manp.org/association-spotlight/archives/james-carville-mary-matalin-he-said-she-said James Carville & Mary Matalin: He Said, She Said]</ref> In contrast to RINO's and cafeteria conservatives, [[movement conservative]]s understand that since conservative philosophy is a coherent whole, it is untenable to discard part of it without discarding all of it.

== RINOs ==
*Senator [[Olympia J. Snowe]] of [[Maine]]
*Senator [[Susan Collins]] of [[Maine]]
*Senator [[Chuck Hagel]] of [[Nebraska]]
*Senator [[Gordon Smith]] of [[Oregon]]
*Senator [[George Voinovich]] of [[Ohio]]
*Congressman [[Michael Castle]] of [[Delaware]]
*Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] of [[California]]
*Former Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]]
*Former Governor, Senator, Representative [[Lowell Weicker]] of [[Connecticut]]
*Former Senator [[Lincoln Chafee]] of [[Rhode Island]]
*Former Governor [[George Pataki]] of [[New York]]
*Former Governor and Environmental Protection Agency Administrator [[Christine Todd Whitman]] of [[New Jersey]]
*Former mayor [[Rudy Giuliani]] of [[New York City]]
*Former Congressman, Governor of [[Pennsylvania]] and United States Secretary of [[Homeland Security]],[[Tom Ridge]].
*Former Republican Senator now Democratic Senator [[Arlen Specter]] of [[Pennsylvania]]
*Governor [[Charlie Crist]] of [[Florida]]

==RINO Speculation==
Many people consider [[John McCain]] a RINO but he more resembles a true conservative. Key RINO principles; support for gay rights, support for abortion, support for earmarks- John McCain is against those positions. He has always worked in a bi-partisan fashion, reaching across the aisle. That is where he draws the most ire. His duty to country, his sacrifice to country is second to none, not a RINO trait. His fiscal conservatism, his support for families and a strong military and national defense are in line with conservatives, Reagan Republicans.

==See Also==
*[[Republican Party]]
*[[Moderate Republican]]
*[[Conservative Democrat]]
*[[Blue Dog Democrat]]
*[[Catholic in name only]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Conservative]]
[[Category:Republican Party]]

Catholic in name only

2009-08-12T22:07:10Z

CMcFreeze: Created page with '{{stub}} A '''Catholic in name only''' is a person who claims to be a member of the Catholic church yet rejects many of the church's teachings. ==Examples== *Joe Biden ...'

{{stub}}

A '''Catholic in name only''' is a person who claims to be a member of the [[Catholic church]] yet rejects many of the church's teachings.

==Examples==
*[[Joe Biden]]
*[[Tom Brady]]
*Gisele Bündchen
*[[Rudy Giuliani]]
*[[Ted Kennedy]]
*[[George Pataki]]
*[[Nancy Pelosi]]
*[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]

==References==
<references/>

==See Also==
*[[Republican in name only]]

[[Category: Religion]]

Juan Williams

2009-08-08T14:42:30Z

CMcFreeze: Starting the page

{{stub}}
'''Juan Williams''' is a [[liberal|left of center]] commentator who appears regularly on [[Fox News Channel|FoxNews]]. He formerly worked as a columnist for the [[Washington Post]] for over 20 years. He is the author of "Eyes on The Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965" and "Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary".

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.foxnews.com/bios/talent/juan-williams/ Fox News Bio]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Williams, Juan}}
[[Category: Authors]]

Boston Red Sox

2009-08-08T14:30:23Z

CMcFreeze: changed to some people

{{MLBTeam
|name=Boston Red Sox
|logo=
|text=#bd3039
|background=#0d2b56
|location=Boston, Massachusetts
|year=1901
|colors=Red, blue, gray
|mascot=Wally the Green Monster
|champs=7
|website=http://redsox.mlb.com/
}}
[[Image:Fenway.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Fenway Park]], the Red Sox's stadium and the oldest active Major League Baseball stadium]]
The '''Boston Red Sox''' are a [[Major League Baseball]] team that play in the [[American League]] East Division. One of the oldest teams in baseball, with the oldest stadium, [[Fenway Park]]; the Red Sox are one of the most storied sports franchises of all time.

In 2009, it was shown that David Ortiz and Manny Ramirez had failed tests for performance enhancing drugs during the 2003 season. Some people, such as Dan Shaughnessy, questioned whether this illegal behavior tainted the championships the team won in 2004 and 2007. <ref>http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2009/07/31/suffering_from_roid_rage</ref>

'''AL Pennants:''' 12 (1903, 1904, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1946, 1967, 1975, 1986, 2004, 2007)

'''World Series Titles:''' 7 (1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007)

==Management==
*Principal Owner: [[John Henry]]
*Chairman : [[Tom Werner]]
*CEO: [[Larry Lucchino]]
*General Manager: [[Theo Epstein]]
*Manager: [[Terry Francona]]

==Roster==
===Pitchers===
*53 - David Aardsma
*19 - [[Josh Beckett]]
*64 - Michael Bowden
*61 - [[Clay Buchholz]]
*66 - Dewon Day
*17 - Manny Delcarmen
*43 - Devern Hansack
*31 - John Lester
*58 - Wes Littleton
*48 - Javier Lopez
*63 - Justin Masterson
*18 - [[Daisuke Matsuzaka]]
*37 - Hideki Okajima
*58 - [[Jonathan Papelbon]]
*62 - David Pauley
*31 - [[Brad Penny]]
*56 - Ramon Ramirez
* - Takashi Saito
*29 - [[John Smoltz]]
*70 - Junichi Tazawa
*49 - [[Tim Wakefield]]
*72 - Charlie Zink

===Catchers===
*28 - Josh Bard
*80 - Dusty Brown
*68 - George Kottaras

===Infielders===
*55 - Jeff Bailey
* - Mark Kotsay
*25 - [[Mike Lowell]]
*12 - Jed Lowrie
*23 - Julio Lugo
*15 - [[Dustin Pedroia]]
*20 - [[Kevin Youkilis]]

===Outfielders===
*5 - Rocco Baldelli
*44 - [[Jason Bay]]
*54 - Chris Carter
*7 - [[J.D. Drew]]
*46 - [[Jacoby Ellsbury]]
*60 - Jonathan Van Avery

===Designated Hitter===
*34 - [[David Ortiz]]

==Minor League Affiliates==
The Boston Red Sox's minor league affiliates are: <ref>http://www.soxprospects.com/2009.htm</ref>
*AAA - Pawtucket Red Sox
*AA - Portland Sea Dogs
*A Adv. - Salem Red Sox
*A - Greenville Drive
*SS - Lowell Spinners

==Retired Numbers==
Uniform numbers retired by the Red Sox<ref>http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/bos/history/retired_numbers.jsp</ref>

1 - Bobby Doerr

4 - Joe Cronin

6 - Johnny Pesky

8 - Carl Yastrzemski

9 - Ted Williams

27 - Carlton Fisk

42 - Jackie Robinson

==References==
<references/>

== See also ==

*[[Boston]]

*[[Red Sox History]]

== External Links ==
*[http://redsox.mlb.com/ Official Site]
*[http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/ Boston Globe - Red Sox News]

{{Nb_sl_mlb_american}}
[[Category:Boston]]

Michael Vick

2009-05-29T03:13:59Z

CMcFreeze: release

[[Image:Michael Vick.jpg|thumb|150px|Michael Vick]]
'''Michael Vick''' (born 1980) is a [[National Football League]] quarterback for the [[Atlanta Falcons]]. He is widely regarded as one of the most athletic quarterbacks in the league, which makes up for his being relatively short for a professional player at his position at 6'0". Vick, whose jersey number is #7, was the first pick in the [[2001 NFL Draft]] after starring at [[Virginia Tech]].

In July 2007, Vick was indicted by a federal grand jury for his believed involvement in a dog fighting ring on his property<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2940065 ''Falcons' Vick indicted by grand jury in dogfighting probe'' ESPN News]</ref>, He pled guilty in August<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2992890</ref>, and was sentenced to 23 months in jail.<ref>http://www.northcountrygazette.org/2007/12/10/vick-sentenced-to-23-months-out-date-summer-2009/</ref> He was released in May 2009 to serve the remainder of his time in home confinement and work a construction job<ref name="release">[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=4183786 Vick leaves federal penitentiary for Va.]</ref>. It is unclear whether he will play again, as he has been suspended from the NFL indefinitely. Said NFL commissioner Roger Goodell, "Once he's concluded (his home confinement), I will make a judgment based on what he tells me and what I can determine from speaking to others and a final background check on this and make a determination at the right time."<ref name="release"/>

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vick, Michael}}
[[Category:NFL Players]]
[[Category:Criminals]]

Rodney Coronado

2009-05-29T02:37:08Z

CMcFreeze: conviction

{{stub}}

'''Rodney Adam Coronado''' is the founder of [[Animal Liberation Front]] and is involved with several animal rights groups. In 1995, he was convicted for an arson attack on the research laboratory at Michigan State University that occured in 1992.<ref>http://www.activistcash.com/biography.cfm/bid/3255</ref> He was sentenced to 57 months in federal prison for the crime.

==Quotes==
<blockquote>
"You know, those people - I think they should appreciate that we're only targeting their property. Because frankly I think it's time to start targeting them."
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
"Terrorists target cities full of people. We just target property."
</blockquote>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.targetofopportunity.com/coronado.htm Profile]

[[Category: Criminals]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coronado, Rodney}}

Rodney Coronado

2009-05-29T02:30:59Z

CMcFreeze: Created page with '{{stub}} '''Rodney Adam Coronado''' is the founder of Animal Liberation Front and is involved with several animal rights groups. ==Quotes== <blockquote> "You know, those pe...'

{{stub}}

'''Rodney Adam Coronado''' is the founder of [[Animal Liberation Front]] and is involved with several animal rights groups.

==Quotes==
<blockquote>
"You know, those people - I think they should appreciate that we're only targeting their property. Because frankly I think it's time to start targeting them."
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
"Terrorists target cities full of people. We just target property."
</blockquote>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.targetofopportunity.com/coronado.htm Profile]

[[Category: Criminals]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coronado, Rodney}}

Animal Liberation Front

2009-05-29T02:16:24Z

CMcFreeze: see also

The '''Animal Liberation Front''' ([[ALF]]) is a militaristic [[interest group]] which protests [[vivisection]] and the [[agribusiness]] production of [[meat]] as well as animal testing. They believe in rights for animals. The group was founded by [[Rodney Coronado]]<ref>http://www.targetofopportunity.com/coronado.htm</ref>.

The Animal Liberation Front is considered to be a terrorist organization by the United States Department of Homeland Security.<ref>[http://www.cq.com/public/20050325_homeland.html Animal Rights Groups and Ecology Militants Make DHS Terrorist List, Right-Wing Vigilantes Omitted]</ref> The ALF is considered to be terrorist threat by both the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[Scotland Yard]]. The tactics used by the ALF include vandalism, economic damage, arson and burglary. In the [[United Kingdom]], the ALF used mail bombs and car bombs. In [[North America]], the ALF activities resulted in millions of dollars of damage.<ref>Harvey W. Kushner, Encyclopedia of Terrorism, pp 32, SAGE, 2003, ISBN 9780761924081</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See Also==
*[[PETA]]

[[Category:Political Organizations]]
[[Category:Terrorism]]

FairTax

2009-04-11T21:39:58Z

CMcFreeze: Added another criticism

[[Image:FairTaxRally.jpg|thumb|350px|A pro FairTax rally in Florida]]
The '''FairTax''' is a tax proposal that would replace all federal [[income tax]]es -- including corporate, gift, estate, capital gains, alternative minimum, [[Social Security]], [[Medicare]], and self employment taxes -- with a federal [[sales tax]]. The tax would be paid on the purchase of all new goods and services, and would be immediately collected at point of sale. <ref> Americans For Fair Taxation, “About the FairTax,” http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_main</ref>
 

Thus, instead of taxing "income", the FairTax would tax expenses. This is known as a [[consumption tax]] -- a method for taxing income on the back end, when the money is spent, rather than when it is earned. In theory this would also allow the government to secure revenue from those who avoid paying taxes such as drug pushers of prostitutes, but who would still need goods and therefore pay under a FairTax system. The rate for the FairTax as proposed under current legislation would be 23 percent<ref> "Embedded Taxes Change Fair Tax Analysis",http://www.roanoke.com/editorials/commentary/wb/wb/xp-51569</ref>, although some critics say it would be closer to 33%.<ref> http://www.factcheck.org/taxes/unspinning_the_fairtax.html</ref> 

The tax is voluntary to the extent that individual consumers can choose when to increase or decrease their product buying, unlike now, when income taxes are withheld from the paychecks of most workers. Second-hand goods are not taxed under the current proposal and consumption of necessities, such as food, are offset for the poor based on prebate checks sent from the government to U.S. citizens. It is estimated that 90% of U.S. households would pay some tax on these necessity items.<ref>http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/pov/new04_100_01.htm</ref>

==Proposal==
If passed, the Fair Tax would accomplish the following<ref> American For Fair Taxation, http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_main</ref>:

* Abolish the [[Internal Revenue Service]] (IRS).
* Abolish personal [[income tax]]es.
* Repeal the [[16th Amendment]].
* Provide each worker a monthly prebate, equal to the tax on "poverty level" income. <ref> Just how fair is the ‘Fair Tax’ CNN Money, September 2005, http://money.cnn.com/2005/09/06/pf/taxes/consumptiontax_0510/</ref>
* Close many loopholes under the current system.
* Enable retirees to receive their full pension, untaxed, until they spend it.
* Enable workers to keep their entire paycheck, untaxed, until they spend it. 
* Proponents believe the removal of the above will save 265 billion dollars a year in compliance costs under the current tax system.<ref>http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_fairtax_four#neutral</ref> and be more practical than the current system, which includes over 60,000 pages of tax code.<ref> 67,204-Page Code Confounds Taxpayers, Yet Congress Sits By, USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/2007-04-03-edit_N.htm?csp=34 </ref>

==History==

===1986-2005===
[[Image:FairTax vs. Tax Code 2.jpg‎ |thumb|300px|Congressman [[John Linder]], one of the strongest proponents for the FairTax, illustrates the size of the current tax system vs the FairTax method]]
The modern Fair Tax idea was originally the brain-child of the [[Scientologist]]s, as part of their ongoing battle with the IRS. The most popular of initial plans for the Fair Tax was designed by [[Americans for Fair Taxation]] (AFFT), which is led by businessman Leo Linbeck<ref> Just how fair is the ‘FairTax’ CNN Money, September 2005, http://money.cnn.com/2005/09/06/pf/taxes/consumptiontax_0510/</ref>. Linbeck stated that Americans have to pressure the government to come up with a better way of taxation, he said, “It is painfully obvious that [[Washington, D.C.]] insiders so closely linked with the status quo cannot be trusted to overturn the corrupt system of federal taxation. This effort will have to be driven by the American people<ref>Americans For Fair Taxation http://boortz.com/nuze/200510/10132005.html</ref>." The organization hired experts to look into an idea for a better tax system, they spent 23 million dollars in coming up with the idea of the Fair Tax. Their findings were combined into a book, “The FairTax Book: Saying Goodbye to the Income Tax and the IRS,” which Linbeck co-authored with Republican Congressman John Linder<ref> “The Fair Tax Book”,2005, http://www.amazon.com/Fair-Tax-Book-Saying-Goodbye/dp/0060875496/ref=sr_1_1/102-3275846-3467353?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1184106196&sr=1-1</ref>.

The FairTax became popular among free market [[conservative]]s, [[libertarian]]s, and some economist in recent years. The complication and wasted bureaucracy of the [[Internal Revenue Service]], government pressure on citizens to reveal information and records, and the loopholes in the current tax system created the incentive to look for a new way of taxation in the United States. Some [[Democrats]] also sought a tax system that would rid them current income tax, which they claim to be discriminate.

In the last 20 years the [[United States]] tax system has been changed over 14,000 times, this has led to an abundance of complexities which lead to its being an inefficient system. In 2003, United States Senator [[Saxby Chambliss]], a [[Republican]], and Senator [[Zell Miller]] a Democrat; introduced a by-partisan version of the Fair Tax. Although the bill had some support in the [[Senate]], it eventually lost in a 50-50. Senator [[Sam Brownback]] later stated the challenges of tax reform, “When you take (the tax code) on straight on, you take on every lobbyist,"

===2005-2007===

Former Federal Reserve Chairman, [[Alan Greenspan]], called for a federal sales tax to replace the broken income tax in 2005. "Since the exemplary 1986 reform, the tax code has drifted back to be overly complicated and burdened by higher marginal rates and by many special provisions that have undesirably narrowed the tax base," Greenspan stated at a Presidential Advisory counsel<ref>Greenspan: "Consumption Tax COuld Help Economy",http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,149298,00.html</ref>.

In 2005 congress created a bill to enact the FairTax (H.R. 25; Senate Bill 1943), it had the support of more then 54 co-sponsors, and both Senate and House minority leaders [[Dennis Hassert]] and [[Tom DeLay]]<ref>“The FairTax: A Trogan Horse For America,” Jews For Preservation of Firearms Ownership, http://www.jpfo.org/fairtax.htm#fn1</ref>. Although the bill received the most support ever for any fundamental tax reform bill, it failed to pass. After the elections of 2004, Georgia Republican Congressman, [[John Linder]], reintroduced the FairTax on the first day of the 109th congress<ref> “Linder Reintroduces FairTax Legislation”, http://www.johnlinder.com/News_Details.asp?NewsID=128</ref>. Congressman Linder stated before congress, “The time is ripe for fundamental tax and a completely new Federal tax regime. I am pleased to reintroduce my Fair Tax proposal today reform, and look forward to the Congress creating a fairer, simpler tax system that advances our core goals of lower taxes and more freedom for our citizens."<ref> “Linder Reintroduces FairTax Legislation”, http://www.johnlinder.com/News_Details.asp?NewsID=128</ref>.”

In 2007 support for the FairTax bill grew to include 60 co-sponsors<ref>FairTax Gains Support, http://www.fairtaxblog.com/20070508/record-sixty-co-sponsors-for-fairtax-bill-hr-25/</ref>.

One of the most outspoken supporters of the Fair Tax is Republican presidential candidate, [[Mike Huckabee]]. Huckabee has said that the Fair Tax would "put the IRS out of business, but put Americans in business<ref> Massachusetts For Mike Huckabee, http://massachusettsforhuckabee.blogspot.com/search/label/Tax%20Plan</ref>." 

== Supporters and Opponents==

[[Image:Fairtaxb.jpg|right|thumb|200px| A FairTax bus during a rally at the 2007 [[Republican]] [[Iowa Straw Poll]].]]
Most of the support for the FairTax comes from the [[Republican Party]] and the [[Libertarian]]s. A significant number of [[Conservative]]s want Republican presidential candidates to support the FairTax, including one Indiana group called ‘Hoosiers for Fair Taxation’<ref>”FairTax Supporters Vent Frustration”, June 2007, http://www.theindychannel.com/news/13651607/detail.html</ref>. <ref>”FairTaxer's continue to “flex their muscles”, July 2007, http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=news_feature</ref>. Nevertheless, while the number of the members of Congress who have signed on to the proposal has been growing, it still lacks popular support to be close to passage. Former Arkansas governor and presidential candidate [[Mike Huckabee]] made passage of a national sales tax a part of his platform during his recent bid for office. Former Federal Reserve chief [[Alan Greenspan]] also exhibited support for the FairTax in a recent interview.<ref>Greenspan: Consumption Tax could Help Economy, Fox News, March 2005, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,149298,00.html</ref>

None of the 2008 Democratic Presidential candidates support the tax, in line with the general view of their party, although [[Mike Gravell]] indicated he could support a new kind of system based on consumption rather than income. [[Rudy Giuliania]], a one time candidate for President on the Republican side, was also hesitant and did not support it.<ref> “Giuliani Jeered For Opposing Flat Tax”, Associated Press, July 2007, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/07/ap3891710.html</ref>: "I don't think a Fair Tax is realistic change for America. Our economy is dependent upon the way our tax system operates<ref> “Giuliani Jeered For Opposing Flat Tax”, Associated Press, July 2007, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/07/ap3891710.html</ref>

==Criticism==

*Critics contend that the FairTax would have Constitutional issues. Supporters have painted the tax as an "[[excise]]", but opponents question this view believeing that an excise is a tax that is strictly limited to privileged or luxury goods and activities. They believe this view is confimed in other court rulings.<ref>http://www.conservapedia.com/Excise</ref> and the FairTax, including necessities, would therefore make it a [[Direct tax]], and not allowed under law. In ''Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.'' (1916), the Supreme Court ruled that whenever any "[[excise]]" morphs into a tax on items of common right (such as anything necessary to preserve and carry out a normal life) "the duty would arise to disregard form and consider substance alone, and hence subject the tax to the regulation as to apportionment which otherwise as an excise would not apply to it."

*The FairTax would fail to close all loopholes. Purchases made overseas, although subject to the tax, would be difficult to track and therefore cheating might occur, much as it does now under the current system.

*A greater dependence on second-hand goods might occur, since they are exempt, and therefore alter the spending habits of the U.S. consumer.

*There is no cap on the rate that might be imposed by Congress. Just as current income tax rates change, the initial rate of 23% may be changed over time as Congress desires.

*It is argued that the FairTax would benefit the wealthy at the expense of the middle class. "It's these precious few people who control so much of this country's wealth that this tax is intended to benefit the most, since they actual(ly) spend a very small part of their personal wealth."<ref>http://www.cogitamusblog.com/2008/01/national-sales.html</ref>

==External Links==

*[http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer Americans for Fair Taxation]
*[http://www.factcheck.org/taxes/unspinning_the_fairtax.htm FactCheck.org]
 

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Taxation]]
[[Category: Economics]]

Mike Myers

2009-04-11T18:48:21Z

CMcFreeze: New page: {{stub}} '''Michael John Myers''', born 1963 in Scarborough, Ontario, is an actor, writer and producer. He is best known for his appearances on ''Saturday Night Live'' as well as film...

{{stub}}

'''Michael John Myers''', born 1963 in Scarborough, Ontario, is an actor, writer and producer. He is best known for his appearances on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' as well as films such as ''Wayne's World'' and ''Austin Powers''.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000196/ Myers @ IMDB]

[[Category: Actors]]
[[Category: Comedians]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Myers, Mike}}

SpongeBob SquarePants

2009-04-11T18:36:01Z

CMcFreeze: Added Squidward and Mr. Krabs

'''Spongebob Squarepants''' is an animated children's television program that has won several [[Emmy]] awards. Although the show is marketed to children, it is a show that people of all ages can enjoy.<ref>http://media.www.clarksonintegrator.com/media/storage/paper280/news/2004/11/22/Entertainment/Spongebob.For.Adults.Too-812397.shtml</ref> Celebrities such as [[Mike Myers]] and [[Justin Timberlake]] are fans of the show.<ref>Byrne, Ciar. "From Bikini Bottom to A-list celebrity: why the world loves SpongeBob SquarePants"; ''The Independent'', 10 February 2005</ref> It has been on the air since it's debut on the Nickelodeon network in 1999. The show was made into a 2004 movie.

==Characters==
*'''Spongebob Squarepants''', the main character, is a happy-go-lucky sponge (shaped like a rectangular kitchen sponge, while his parents are ordinary sea sponges) who works at the Krusty Krab restaurant as a fry cook. The character has been praised as a symbol of a good attitude.<ref>Springfield Newsleader, Newsleader in Education "Attitude", 6 January 2009</ref>
*'''Patrick Star''', Spongebob's best friend, is a [[sea star]], known to have somewhat of a low intelligence. However, Patrick is extremely loyal, going so far as to brag about Spongebob's (perceived) abilities, which Spongebob usually meets in oft-heroic fashion. Patrick is often known for bursts of insight, which save the day, but which he promptly forgets.
*'''Squidward J. Tentacles''', an [[octopus]], is Spongebob's neighbor and co-worker at the Krusty Krab. He is cynical and often shows annoyance at the antics of Spongebob and Patrick.
*'''Eugene H. Krabs''', a crab, is the penny-pinching owner of Krusty Krab. He is often harsh to his employees but will occasionally show appreciation to them.

==References==
<references/>

==External Link==
*[http://www.nick.com/shows/spongebob_squarepants/index.jhtml Official Website]
*[http://www.spongebobworld.com/ Fan Site]

[[Category: Television Shows]]

Global warming

2009-04-07T14:41:27Z

CMcFreeze: wikify

[[Image:RobinsonWhatWarmsTheEarth.gif|right|frame]]
'''Global warming''' is a term generally used to describe an increase in the global average surface (air at surface) temperature.
As far back as temperature records can be reconstructed, periods of global warming and [[global cooling]] have alternated; see [[ice age]]s and [[interglacial warming]].

The term is most often used to refer to the modern period of global warming, an increase of {{temperature|0.8|1.4}} has been measured at weather stations throughout the world, since around 1850, when instrumental measurements began to be taken and organized records began to be kept. Although only a small increase in absolute terms, the temperature increase is unprecedented within at least the last 14,000 years according to the reconstructions by Viau et al. (2006) <ref>http://www.citeulike.org/user/kmcolo/article/618203 Viau et al. (2006) 'Millennial-scale temperature variations in North America during the Holocene' in Journal of Geophysical Research, 111</ref> and can have a significant impact upon the earth. Since this happens to correlate with increases in [[carbon dioxide]], many have speculated about their possible relationship. Despite this, there is no completely proven model explaining the rise in global temperatures.

Although measurements have been made of the temperatures of other planets these are by no means thorough or comparable with the measurements used for earth. The short space of time over which measurements have been taken and the very limited spatial coverage means that reliable average figures have not been obtained. They have certainly not been taken extensively enough to produce a five year average temperature, which is the standard when determining temperature trends on earth.

==Controversy==

{{main|Global Warming Controversy}}

Since 1989, advocates have clashed on the issue of whether human beings are more responsible than nature for modern periods of global warming; see "[[greenhouse warming]]" and [[global warming theory]].<ref>Some people predicted "global warming," which has come to mean extreme [[greenhouse warming]] of the atmosphere leading to catastrophic environmental consequences. [http://www.junkscience.com/news/robinson.htm]</ref>

Most non-scientific support for the global warming theory rests on popular accounts such as Al Gore's ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'' or on reports issued by the UN's [[IPCC]]. However, Keston Green of Monash University and Scott Armstrong of the Wharton School wrote that:

*Because the forecasting processes examined in Chapter 8 overlook scientific evidence on forecasting, the [[IPCC]] forecasts of climate change are not scientific. <ref>http://www.forecastingprinciples.com/Public_Policy/WarmAudit31.pdf</ref>

Former vice-president [[Al Gore]] calls it a [[moral issue]], while climate scientist [[Richard Lindzen]] says, "It is probably the most immoral thing you could do to restrain energy so that the billions in the earth who don’t have access to electricity won't conveniently get it." <ref>http://www.americaabroadmedia.org/media/On line extra materials/Climate change - lindzen interview.doc</ref>
However, it is to be noted that many proponents of the theory propose energy conservation only until 'green' energy generation becomes predominant.

In the general, the term ''global warming'' can be used for any upward trend in the [[Global mean temperature record|global mean temperature]], but it is mostly used to refer to the 1° F warming since 1850.

The two sides are divided on whether this warming is a natural recovery from the [[Little Ice Age]] or a man-made environmental phenomenon. There are also debates regarding the potential positive or negative effects of a warming.

Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. are evenly split on the issue. ''Boston Globe'' writer [[Ellen Goodman]] wrote:
* Only 23 percent of college-educated Republicans believe the warming is due to humans, while 75 percent of college-educated Democrats believe it. <ref> [http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/02/09/no_change_in_political_climate/] </ref>

Controversy and scientific inaccuracies may have contributed to addressing 'Climate Change' in place of using Global Warming. As the northern pole region melts, the southern pole region ice is growing <ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0110/p14s01-sten.html], http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0110/p14s01-sten.html, As arctic ice melts, South Pole ice grows, January 10, 2008</ref>

==The Modern Warm Period==

The Average [[Earth]] surface air temperature has risen about 1° F since 1970.
<ref>Hansen's group at the Goddard Institute wrote, "Global warming is now 0.6 °C [1.0 °F] in the past three decades and 0.8 °C [1.4 °F] in the past century." http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/</ref> Studies have ruled out the possibility that errors in the measurements and sampling significantly affect the temperature trends detected over the past century. This accounts for spatial errors in the sampling and thus also incorporates errors associated with the urban-heating effect. According to Karl et al. (1993) ''"Results imply that the errors associated with century-scale trends of temperature are probably an order of magnitude smaller than the observed global warming of nearly 0.5°C per 100 years since the late nineteenth century"'' <ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JCli....7.1144K Karl et al. (1993) 'Global and Hemispheric Temperature Trends: Uncertainties Related to Inadequate Spatial Sampling' in Journal of Climate, 7(7); 1144 - 1168</ref>

According to temperature reconstruction made within an [[Old Earth]] paradigm, there have been many cycles of naturally-caused global warming and cooling over many millions of years (see [[climate cycles]]). Some scientists, including [[Richard Lindzen]] of [[MIT]], [[Sallie Baliunas]] of [[Harvard]] and [[Fred Singer]] (independent), say that the recent warming could be part of another natural cycle or random fluctuations in the atmosphere. However, many scientists also think that human activities were most likely the cause of the the planet's recent warming.

==Claims of "Consensus"==

[[Richard Lindzen]] wrote in 1992,

:Indeed, a recent Gallup poll of climate scientists in the American Meteorological Society and in the American Geophysical Union shows that a vast majority doubts that there has been any identifiable man-caused warming to date (49 percent asserted no, 33 percent did not know, 18 percent thought some has occurred; however, among those actively involved in research and publishing frequently in peer-reviewed research journals, none believes that any man-caused global warming has been identified so far). <ref name="cato">http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html</ref>

Oddly enough, even though 82% of US climate scientists refused to support the global warming theory then, [[liberal]] activists were already claiming a scientific consensus for [[anthropogenic global warming]]. (It's hard to understand how 18 percent credence in ''any'' global warming translates into "consensus" support for ''human-caused'' global warming.)

The campaign to convince the public (and their elected representatives) that the "science is settled" began in 1988 or 1989.

By the 2008 elections both candidates for the Presidency of the United States were proposing plans to mitigate climate change.

Over 31,000 American scientists have signed the petition rejecting global warming. <ref>[http://www.petitionproject.org/</ref>

[[Image:Teller_Card_100dpi.jpg|600px|center|thumb| Global Warming Petition]]

In rebuttal, Boykoff (2007) argues that ''"In the case of anthropogenic climate change, there is a
remarkably high level of scientific consensus"'' <ref>Boykoff (2007) 'Climate change and journalistic norms: A case-study of
US mass-media coverage' Geoforum, 38; pp. 1190 - 1204</ref>
Boykoff argues that the mass media has played a significant part in framing global warming as a contentious issue amongst scientists when in fact there is a high level of consensus. In reality, the mainstream media is a driver for global warming and Boykoff has a vested interest, grants. Though, he argues that the media's concept of 'balanced' reporting leads to arguments for and against being given equal weight in a story when this is not in fact the case in reality.<ref>Boykoff (2007) 'From convergence to contention: United States mass media representations of anthropogenic climate change science' Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32; pp. 477 - 489</ref> It is well understood that most media companies do not offer balanced reporting. Many politicians have bought into this consensus, for example see Barack Obama's views below.

==Natural Variability of the Climate System==
It is virtually universally accepted amongst climatologists that the earth has experienced numerous [[Ice Age|ice age]]s over two million years, during which global temperatures fluctuated created glacial and inter-glacial periods. The frigid temperatures allowed ice sheets to expand southward, covering much of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]]. The cooling associated with ice ages is gradual, while the terminations are relatively rapid. However, even the rapid terminations of ice ages take centuries to millennia.

==Natural Climate Change on Other Planets==

Since the [[Viking spacecraft]] reached [[Mars]] in the 1970s until recent readings were taken, the average temperature on Mars has risen {{temperature|0.6|1.1}} just as the average temperature on the earth has risen. Since human industrialization is clearly not to blame for the change on Mars, other causes are being considered. One possibility is that dust storms are changing the albedo of the planet, allowing it to warm, while another possibility is that solar variations from the sun are causing the warming.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070404_gw_mars.html</ref><ref>http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=17977</ref>

Recently, it has also been found that similar to the Earth and Mars, [[Neptune]] is also undergoing global warming. Measurements taken at the Lowell observatory in [[Arizona]] have shown an increase in Neptune's brightness and temperature since 1980 following the same pattern seen on Earth and Mars. The researchers who discovered this warming suggest there may be a correlation between the warming and solar variations.<ref>http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007.../2006GL028764.shtml</ref>

[[Pluto]] has also been found to be undergoing global warming. The overall temperature increase on Pluto has been greater than that on the earth.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/pluto_warming_021009.html</ref>

On the other hand [[Uranus]] has had no net change in temperature since 1977. A rapid increase in temperature reversed itself. The reasons for this are not understood.<ref>http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~layoung/eprint/ur149/Young2001Uranus.pdf</ref>

Global temperatures change on other planets even when there is no life, something which strongly supports the idea that humans are not necessarily the cause of earth's global warming. Moreover, the temperature on Uranus has fluctuated back and forth. There is no reason that fluctuations cannot occur on earth, too.

Although measurements have been made of the temperatures of other planets these are by no means thorough or comparable with the measurements used for earth. The short space of time over which measurements have been taken and the very limited spatial coverage means that reliable average figures have not been obtained. They have certainly not been taken extensively enough to produce a five year average temperature, which is the standard when determining temperature trends on earth.

However, if accurate measurements could be made, and their accuracy and reliability is improving over time, then they may prove useful to climate science. Their different atmospheres and distances from the sun provide natural laboratories to study climatic changes without human influences. Though of course they will not be directly comparable due to the vast differences.

==Politics of Global Warming==

Christine Stewart- Canadian Environment Ministry, "'''No matter if the science is all phony''', there are collateral environmental benefits . . . Climate change provides the greatest chance to bring about justice and equality in the world.” <ref>[http://www.aim.org/wls/use-environmentalism-to-change-the-world/ Christine Stewart] Accuracy in Media</ref>

'Global Warming Now World's Most Boring Topic’ <ref>http://newsbusters.org/node/14167</ref>

The need to fight "global warming" has become part of the dogma of the liberal conscience. <ref name="cato" />

Clearly, "global warming" is a tempting issue for many very important groups to exploit.
... dealing with the threat of warming fits in with a great variety of preexisting agendas [like] dissatisfaction with industrial society (neopastoralism), ... governmental desires for enhanced revenues (carbon taxes), and bureaucratic desires for enhanced power. <ref name="cato" />

If their biased findings are to be believed, the IPCC concluded that the global average surface temperature warmed about 0.6 °F during the 20th Century. <ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/global-warming Growing Signals of Global Warming] U.S. History Encyclopedia</ref> The IPCC is desperate to claim the 20th century-- the warmest on record. Thus, tying the progress of modern mankind to our supposed planet imbalance problem. Unfortunately for the IPCC, that point is disputed as well. In 2008, it was discovered that tree rings in Finland were more accurate record of the warmest century. The current era was not the warmest period-- it was the period between 931 and 1180. <ref>[http://tbirdnow.mee.nu/archive/2008/6?page=2 The Trees of Finland; Temperature Readings and Historical Reconstruction] Tbirdnow.mee.nu Blog (with links to actual data sources), June 24, 2008</ref>

Assessments of climate science by the [[United Nations]] (see [[IPCC]] - ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'')
have claimed that scientists are 90% sure that over 50% of the observed global warming in recent decades is human-caused, and that continued global warming should be expected over at least the next century. ''Science'' published a literature search by Naomi Oreskes concluding that "scientific consensus" supports the IPCC reports. <ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686</ref>

Several prominent scientists have pointed out the [[politicized science]] of the UN's assessment methods. The scientific reports are submitted to a panel of representatives appointed by each country in the IPCC. Several scientists whose research demonstrates that climate change is taking place have complained about their work being misrepresented by the U.N.

In addition, a number of the participants have testified to the pressures placed on them to emphasize results supportive of the current scenario and to suppress other results. That pressure has frequently been effective, and a survey of participants reveals substantial disagreement with the final report. <ref name="cato" />

Richard Lindzen wrote:
:Perhaps more important are the pressures being brought to bear on scientists to get the "right" results. Such pressures are inevitable, given how far out on a limb much of the scientific community has gone. The situation is compounded by the fact that some of the strongest proponents of "global warming" in Congress are also among the major supporters of science (Sen. Gore is notable among those). <ref name="cato" />

Christopher Monckton wrote an article titled Climate Sensitivity Reconsidered.
:States that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change studies are flawed. The present analysis suggests the models failure to predict other climatic phenomena arises from defects in its evaluation of radioactive forcing, no-feedbacks climate sensitivity parameter and feedback multiplier. In conclusion, that there may be no "Climate Crisis" and for governments to reduce emissions may be pointless or even harmful. <ref>http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200807/monckton.cfm , Climate Sensitivity Reconsidered, July 2008</ref> This was published on a forum of the American Physical Society with the following disclaimer "The article has not undergone any scientific peer review" and "the APS disagrees with the articles conclusions" In fact, the APS disagrees with the article without ever reviewing it.

Ryan N. Maue:
:A doctoral student at the Department of Meteorology at Florida State University did a study of global tropical cyclone activity. It's conclusions state that global warming might be greatly overblown. <ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/opinion/s_617111.html# Global warming? More doubts] Pittsburgh Tribune, March 21, 2009</ref> Mr. Maue found that tropical cyclone activity worldwide "has completely and utterly collapsed" during the past two to three years with energy levels sinking to those of the late 1970s.

Joe D’Aleo: Climatologist
:The International Climate and Environmental Change Assessment Project says new data "show that in five of the last seven decades since World War II, including this one, global temperatures have cooled while carbon dioxide has continued to rise," and "'''The data suggest cooling''', not warming, in Earth's future." <ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=92557 Shocker: 'Global warming' simply no longer happening] Worldnetdaily, March 22, 2009</ref>

Dr. John S. Theon:
:Retired senior NASA atmospheric [[scientist]], Dr. John S. Theon, the former boss of global warming alarmist James Hansen of [[NASA]], rebukes him declaring “climate models are useless.” “My own belief concerning anthropogenic climate change is that the models do not realistically simulate the climate system because there are many very important sub-grid scale processes that the models either replicate poorly or completely omit,” “Furthermore, some scientists have manipulated the observed data to justify their model results." <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/tom-blumer/2009/01/28/former-boss-rebukes-nasa-global-warming-alarmist-hansen-agw-skeptic Former Boss Rebukes NASA Global Warming Alarmist Hansen, Is AGW Skeptic] NewsBusters.org, January 28, 2009 </ref>

Sammy Wilson -Ireland's environment minister
:He argues that global weather patterns are naturally cooling, not warming. He calls television ads that promote global warming as "an insidious propaganda campaign" peddling "patent nonsense." <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=43255 Belfast Environment Chief Bans Climate Change Ads] AP, February 09, 2009</ref>

After the successful completion of a lawsuit against his movie '[[The Great Global Warming Swindle]]', filmmaker Martin Durkin's statements read <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=32796 UK Broadcaster Scolded for Film on Global Warming] CNSNEWS July 22, 2008</ref>

*“Everywhere you are told that man-made [[climate change]] is proved beyond doubt,” “But you are being told lies.”
*“This is a story of how a theory about climate turned into a political [[ideology]] ... it is the story of the distortion of a whole area of [[science]].”
*“as the frenzy over man-made [[global warming]] grows shriller, many senior scientists say the actual scientific basis for the [[theory]] is crumbling.”

Geology professor and scientist at the University of Oklahoma, [[David Deming]] talks about a biased [[AP]] article mentioning global warming "...whether it's continuing that was completely beyond the evidence." <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,468084,00.html Scientists Call AP Report on Global Warming 'Hysteria'] Fox News, December 16, 2008</ref>
The mean global temperature, at least as measured by is now the same as it was in the year 1980.
In the last couple of years sea level has stopped rising.
Sea ice globally is also the same as it was in 1980.
Hurricane and cyclone activity in the northern hemisphere is at a 24-year low.

Also in discussion of the biased AP report, Michael R. Fox, a retired nuclear scientist and chemistry professor from the University of Idaho says, "There is little evidence to believe that man-made carbon dioxide is causing temperature fluctuation. Other factors, including sun spots, solar winds, variations in the solar magnetic field and solar irradiation, could all be affecting temperature changes."

However, Ruddiman states that sun-spot activity could only explain one tenth to half of the temperature increase observed over the past century. <ref> Ruddiman (2000) Earth's Climate: Past and Future. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York</ref>
The natural orbital cycles which affect the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface occur in cycles that at their shortest are at least 10,000 years long. As such these cycles alone are far too slow-acting to explain the temperature change observed in the past century and at best could explain only a tiny fraction of it. In fact, some of the cycles are at such a stage presently that they should be reducing the level of solar radiation reaching the earth and as such would be lowering temperatures.

Richard S. Courtney, a U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expert reviewer and a U.K.-based climate and atmospheric science consultant says "Rubbish! Global warming is not 'accelerating," and "...that anybody who proclaims that 'Global warming is accelerating' is a liar, a fool, or both." <ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/brennan/global_warming_debunked/2008/12/16/162489.html Global Warming’s Last Gasp] NewsMax, December 17, 2008</ref>

Don J. Easterbrook, Ph.D., emeritus professor of geology at Western Washington University, asked, "What does it take to ignore 10 years of global cooling....? The answer is really quite simple — just follow the money!"

==Al Gore's Claims==

*[[Al Gore]] claims that Himalayan glaciers are shrinking and global warming is to blame. Yet the September 2006 issue of the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate reported, "Glaciers are growing in the Himalayan Mountains, confounding global warming alarmists who recently claimed the glaciers were shrinking and that global warming was to blame." <ref name="sun">http://www.suntimes.com/news/otherviews/450392,CST-EDT-REF30b.article</ref>

*Gore claims the snow cap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame. Yet according to the November 23, 2003, issue of Nature magazine, "Although it's tempting to blame the ice loss on global warming, researchers think that deforestation of the mountain's foothills is the more likely culprit. Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry. No longer replenished with water, the ice is evaporating in the strong equatorial sunshine." <ref name="sun" />

*Al Gore is therefore an example of how in such an important debate, [[deceit]]ful tactics have been used by liberals to make a position seem more solid than it is.

==2008 Presidential candidates on climate Change==

[[Bob Barr]] is the only major 2008 Presidential Candidate who has not adopted wholesale the theory of human-caused global warming.

According to his website,<ref>[http://www.johnmccain.com/Informing/News/PressReleases/BA6709C3-B27D-4EF9-81E6-2BA9D6F8AB20.htm John McCain on Global warming.]</ref> [[Republican]] Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] will take a more "aggressive approach" to global warming which he has declared as "undeniable and urgent." He was supported in this in June 2008 by Republican governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] who said McCain was the "real deal on the environment".<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/30/MNDB11H66C.DTL&type=politics Schwarzenegger backs McCain on climate Change]</ref>.

In his own words, McCain says "the overwhelming majority of scientific opinion in America today, and in the world, is that climate change is real. The fact is that it ''is'' real. The fact is that the solution to it is the development of technologies.... and a [[cap and trade]] proposal.... the debate is over."[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQMxIwpK_es] Unless McCain believes that Global Warming is entirely or largely man-made, there would be no sense in supporting a cap and trade solution.

[[Barack Obama]] believes "that global warming is not just the greatest [[environmental]] [[challenge]] facing our planet—it is one of our greatest challenges of any kind." During his first 100 days in office, he would enact a giant and far-reaching [[tax]] "an economy-wide cap on U.S. carbon emissions that will reduce U.S. emissions by the amount scientists agree is necessary (80% by 2050). With worldwide cuts in emissions estimated to cost '''$45 Trillion dollars''' overall. <ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article4079036.ece World needs $45 trillion energy revolution] Timesonline.uk, June 6, 2008</ref> He comments "Putting a price on carbon is the most important step we can to take to reduce emissions."<ref>[http://presidentialprofiles2008.org/Obama/tab1.html League of Conservation Voters] presidentialprofiles2008.org</ref>

==Al Gore's "Inconvenient Truth" Movie Claims==

A [[British]] court has determined that Al Gore's movie "An Inconvenient Truth" contains at least eleven material falsehoods <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies-eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth], http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies-eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth, October 9, 2007</ref>

Those inaccuracies include the following

* The film claims that melting snows on Mount Kilimanjaro evidence global warming. The Government's expert was forced to concede that this is not correct.
* The film suggests that evidence from ice cores proves that rising CO2 causes temperature increases over 650,000 years. The Court found the film misleading: over that period the rises in CO2 lagged behind the temperature rises by 800-2000 years.
* The film uses emotive images of [[Hurricane Katrina]] and suggests that this has been caused by global warming. The Government's expert had to accept that it was "not possible" to attribute one-off events to global warming.
* The film shows the drying up of Lake Chad and claims that this was caused by global warming. The Government's expert had to accept that this was not the case.
* The film claims that a study showed that polar bears had drowned due to disappearing arctic ice. It turned out that Mr Gore had misread the study: in fact four polar bears drowned and this was because of a particularly violent storm.
* The film threatens that global warming could stop the Gulf Stream throwing Europe into an ice age: the Claimant's evidence was that this was a [[scientific]] impossibility.
* The film blames global warming for species losses including coral reef bleaching. The Government could not find any evidence to support this claim.
* The film suggests that the [[Greenland]] ice covering could melt causing sea levels to rise dangerously. The evidence is that Greenland will not melt for millennia.
* The film suggests that the Antarctic [[ice]] covering is melting, the evidence was that it is in fact increasing.
* The film suggests that sea levels could rise by 7m causing the displacement of millions of people. The evidence is that sea levels are expected to rise by about 40cm over the next hundred years and that there is no such threat of massive migration.
* The film claims that rising sea levels has caused the evacuation of certain Pacific islands to [[New Zealand]]. The Government are unable to substantiate this and the Court observed that this appears to be a false claim.

== Scientists ==

[[Image:Rogerrevelle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Roger Revelle]]

{|
| valign="top" width="35%"|
* [[Roger Revelle]]
* [[Achim Steiner]]
* [[Fred Singer]]
* [[Richard Lindzen]]
* [[Sallie Baliunas]]
* [[Lonnie Thompson]]
| valign="top" width="33%"|
* [[James E. Hansen]]
* [[Michael Mann]]
* [[Charles Keeling]]
* [[Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado]]
|}

==See Also==
*[[Anthropogenic global warming theory]]
*[[Global Warming Controversy]]
*''[[Massachusetts v. EPA]]''
*[[Socialism and global warming]]
*[[Politics of global warming]]
*[[Liberal_hysteria#Global_Warming_Derangement_Syndrome|Global Warming Derangement Syndrome]]
*[[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
*[[An Inconvenient Truth]]
*[[Previous Breaking News/Global Warming|Articles about '''Global Warming''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[Wikiproject:News by Subject#Global Warming| Wikiproject:News by Subject- Global Warming]]

==External Links==

*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/global-warming/ What Liberals Say - Category: Global Warming], [[Accuracy In Media]]
*[http://global-warming.accuweather.com/2007/12/attempting_to_stop_global_warm_1.html Attempting to Stop Global Warming is Futile and a Mistake, says letter to the UN]
*[http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=164004 Signatories of an open letter on the UN climate-conference]
*[http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~motl/global-temperature-not-exist.pdf Does a global temperature exist?], ''Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', June 2007.
*[http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,2032821,00.html The appliance of science] by Mike Hulme.
*[http://www.climatecrisis.net/ ''An Inconvenient Truth''], Film by [[Al Gore]]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2332531355859226455&q=great+global+warming+swindle ''The Great Global Warming Swindle'' - Documentary Film]
*[http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~motl/iris-effect.pdf Climate Sensitivity and Observed Negative Feedbacks], lecture by Richard Lindzen and Roberto Rondanelli.
*[http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~motl/lindzen-nature-of-arguments.pdf Nature of Arguments for Anthropogenic Global Warming], by Richard Lindzen
*[http://www.independent.org/store/book_detail.asp?bookID=42 ''Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warmings's Unfinished Debate'', by S. Fred Singer]
*[http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus] - [[Richard S. Lindzen]], Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=47&articleID=604 "Should We Have Acted Thirty Years Ago to Prevent Climate Change?", by Randall G. Holcombe].
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=25&articleID=296 "After Kyoto: A Global Scramble for Advantage," by Bruce Yandle].
*[http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=2319 The physical evidence of earth's unstoppable 1,500-year climate cycle]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=1714 "Is There a Basis for Global Warming Alarm?", by Richard Lindzen]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/policy_reports/detail.asp?type=full&id=5 "New Perspectives in Climate Change: What the EPA Isn’t Telling Us"]
*[http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=17181 Survey Shows Climatologists Are Split on Global Warming]
*[http://www.magma.ca/~hurleyp/FightingTheHoax.htm Fighting the Hoax]
*[http://www.climateaudit.org Climate Audit], Steve McIntyre's blog
*[http://www.realclimate.org Real Climate], blog by a group of climatologists including Michael Mann
*[http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/co2_fairytales_in_global_warmi.html "CO2 Fairytales in Global Warming"]

===Critique of the Hockey Stick Reconstruction===

*[http://www.climateaudit.org/pdf/mcintyre.mckitrick.2003.pdf Corrections To The Mann et. al. (1998) Proxy Data Base And Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series] by Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick, ''Energy & Enviornment'' volume 14, 2003.
*[http://blogs.nature.com/climatefeedback/2007/05/the_decay_of_the_hockey_stick.html The Decay of the Hockey Stick by Von Storch] published on the journal ''Nature'''s blog, May 3, 2007.
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/13830/ A Global Warming Bombshell] by Richard A. Muller, ''Technology Review'' , Oct. 2004; calls into question famous graph by Michael Mann.
*[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/306/5696/679 Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data] by Hans von Storch, Eduardo Zorita, Julie M. Jones, Yegor Dimitriev, Fidel González-Rouco, Simon F. B. Tett, ''Science'' magazine, 22 October 2004.


==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{liberalism}}

[[Category:Earth Sciences]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Liberal Bias]]
Subscript text

Mark McGwire

2009-03-30T20:57:16Z

CMcFreeze: The template page says its for all baseball related articles

'''Mark David McGwire''', born October 1, 1963, is a retired [[Major League Baseball]] player. He played for the [[Oakland Athletics]] and [[St. Louis Cardinals]] during his sixteen year career. He is best known for breaking [[Roger Maris|Roger Maris']] single season home run record during the 1998 season. He held the record until 2001, when it was broken by [[Barry Bonds]].

==College==
McGwire played three seasons of college ball at the [[University of Southern California]]. He split his first two years pitching and playing first base before focusing on hitting exclusively in the final year. After hitting 31 home runs in his junior season, McGwire was selected by the Athletics with the tenth overall pick of the 1984 baseball amateur draft.

==Professional==
===Oakland Athletics (1986-1997)===
McGwire made his Major League debut in August of 1986, going 0-3 against the [[New York Yankees]]. He hit 47 home runs in his official rookie season of 1987, setting a new rookie record. McGwire and teammate [[Jose Canseco]], who were nicknamed the "Bash Brothers" for their hitting power, played key roles in the Athletic's run to three consecutive American League pennants and one World Series title over their five full seasons together. With Oakland trading Canseco to the [[Texas Rangers]] during the 1992 season and McGwire limited to 74 games over the 1993 and 1994 seasons combined, the team fell in the standings. After five consecutive seasons under .500, they traded McGwire to the Cardinals in exchange for three minor league pitchers.

===St. Louis Cardinals (1997-2001)===
Although the Cardinals missed the playoffs in 1997, McGwire hit 58 home runs for the season, leading some to speculate that he could challenge Maris's single season record of 61. The following season saw both McGwire and [[Chicago Cubs]] outfielder [[Sammy Sosa]] challenge the record. On September 8, 1998, McGwire hit his 62nd home run of the season off of Cubs pitcher Steve Trachsel and finished the season with 70. He hit another 65 in 1999, setting the record for most home runs in back to back seasons. The Cardinals made the playoffs in his final two seasons but fell short of winning the pennant both times. He retired following the 2001 season.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.baseball-reference.com/m/mcgwima01.shtml Baseball Reference Profile]

[[Category:Baseball Players]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:McGwire, Mark}}
{{baseball}}

Josh Hamilton

2009-03-30T20:51:50Z

CMcFreeze: The baseball template is for all baseball related articles

{{MLBPlayer
|name=Josh Hamilton
|position=Outfield
|image=
|bats=Left
|throws=Left
|height=6'4"
|weight=205 lb.
|school=
|draft=1999: 1st Round
|debut=Apr 2 2007
|final=
|birth=May 21 1981
|countryoforigin=USA
|death=
|teams=
*[[Tampa Bay Devil Rays]] (1999-2003)
*[[Cincinnati Reds]] (2007-2008)
*[[Texas Rangers]] (2008-)
}}
{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #995;"
| style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#EEE8AA;"|'''Career Stats'''
|-
| style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dee;"|
'''AVG''' - .300
'''HR''' - 51
'''RBI''' - 177 
'''R''' - 150
'''SB''' - 12
'''H''' - 277
|}
'''Joshua Holt Hamilton''' is a [[Major League Baseball]] [[outfielder]] currently playing for the [[Texas Rangers]].<ref>http://www.baseball-reference.com/h/hamiljo03.shtml</ref> He is best known for overcoming a drug addiction to reach the Big Leagues with the [[Cincinnati Reds]] in 2007. He often gives credit to [[God]] for his successful turnaround.<ref>http://www.cbn.com/700club/features/amazing/Josh_Hamilton091907.aspx</ref>

==Early Career==
===Draft===
After recording a .529 batting average and 13 home runs in his senior year at Athens Drive High School, Hamilton was selected by the [[Tampa Bay Rays|Tampa Bay Devil Rays]] with the first pick of the 1999 Amateur draft. The Rays chose him over [[Texas]] high school pitcher [[Josh Beckett]] due to Hamilton's strong character. Hamilton attended [[church]] regularly and would kiss his grandmother before his games. The team felt Hamilton was a player they could build their team around and gave him a then record $4 million signing bonus.

===Drug Use===
Prior to the start of his third professional season, Hamilton was involved in a car accident. He suffered a back injury that caused him to miss most of the 2001 season. While rehabbing in Florida, Hamilton was introduced to drugs by people he met in the area. Hamilton: "When I first got into drinking and using drugs, it was because of where I was hanging out, it was who I was hanging out with. You might not do it at first, but eventually, if you keep hanging around long enough, you're going to start doing what they're doing." After several failed drug tests, Hamilton was suspended by MLB for the full 2004 season. The following year he took a job with a Christian baseball academy known as Winning Innings.<ref>http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/223438/the_story_of_josh_hamilton.html?page=2&cat=14</ref> He used the time to get off of the drugs and attempt to resume his baseball career. Hamilton did enough to convince MLB to allow his return. He got into his first game in four seasons, appearing in fifteen games for the 2006 Hudson Valley Renegades. That December, Hamilton was moved to the [[Cincinnati Reds]].

==Major Leagues==
===Cincinnati Reds===
Despite limited game action since 2002, Hamilton showed no rust, hitting six home runs in his first month with the Reds. He finished the year with 19, good enough for fifth on the team. His comeback earned him national attention. Hamilton, on the reason for his success: "How am I here? I can only shrug and say, 'It's a God thing.' It's the only possible explanation."<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2926447</ref> With outfielders [[Ken Griffey Jr.]] and [[Adam Dunn]], and top prospect [[Jay Bruce]], the Reds opted to trade Hamilton to the Texas Rangers in exchange for pitcher [[Edinson Volquez]].

===Texas Rangers===
Hamilton built off his strong first season by hitting 21 home runs over the first three months of the 2008 season. For his strong play he was named a starting outfielder for the AL in the 2008 All-Star Game at [[Yankee Stadium]]. He participated in the Home Run Derby along with players such as [[Lance Berkman]] and [[Ryan Braun]]. Although he didn't win, he was able to hit 28 home runs in the first round, which set a single-round record.<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/allstar08/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&id=3487832</ref> He finished the 2008 season with a .304 batting average and 32 home runs, earning him a silver Slugger Award and a top seven finish in the AL [[Most Valuable Player]] voting.

==Trivia==
*His at-bat song is "Saved the Day" by [[Phillips, Craig, and Dean]].<ref>ESPN the Magazine special on at-bat songs</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/players/profile?playerId=4652 ESPN Bio]

*[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/albert_chen/05/27/hamilton0602/ Sports Illustrated Article]

[[Category:Baseball Players]]
[[Category:Christians]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamilton, Joshua Holt}}
{{baseball}}

Mark McGwire

2009-03-30T20:27:27Z

CMcFreeze: New page: '''Mark David McGwire''', born October 1, 1963, is a retired Major League Baseball player. He played for the Oakland Athletics and St. Louis Cardinals during his sixteen year c...

Curt Schilling

2009-03-23T16:10:41Z

CMcFreeze: retired

<table class="infobox" style="float: right; text-align: center; font-size: 80%; clear:right; background:white; border: 2px solid green;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #995;"
|height="30" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#6A5ACD; text-align:center; margin-bottom:5px;"|<big>'''Curt Schilling'''</big>
|---|-
|-

| style="font-size: 95%; background-color:white;"|'''Team - [[Boston Red Sox]]'''
|-
| style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#EEE8AA;"|'''Vital Information'''
|-
| style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dee;"|
'''Birthdate''' - 11/14/1966 
'''Birthplace''' - Anchorage, AK 
'''Height''' - 6'4" 
'''Weight''' - 215 
'''Bats''' - Right 
'''Throws''' - Right 
|-
| style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#EEE8AA;"|'''Career Info'''
|-
| style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dee;"|
'''Position''' - Pitcher
'''College''' - Yavapai Community College 
'''Drafted''' - 1986, 2nd round 
'''Major League Debut''' - 09/07/1988 
'''Aquired''' - Trade 
'''Status''' - Active 
'''Teams''' 
Baltimore Orioles 1988-1990

Houston Astros 1991

Philadelphia Phillies 1992-2000

Arizona Diamondbacks 2000-2003

Boston Red Sox 2004-2008
|-
| style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#EEE8AA;"|'''Career Stats'''
|-
| style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dee;"|
'''W-L''' - 216-146
'''ERA''' - 3.46
'''SV''' - 22 
'''IP''' - 3261
'''BB''' - 711
'''K''' - 3116
|-
|}

'''Curt Schilling''' (born November 14, 1966 in [[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]) is a retired [[American]] [[baseball]] player. A starting pitcher for most of his major league career, he played on three [[World Series]] winning teams, the 2001 [[Arizona Diamondbacks]], the 2004 Boston Red Sox and the 2007 Boston Red Sox. He is known throughout baseball for his quick wit, friendly nature, and conservative ideology.

==Early Career==
Schilling was drafted by the Red Sox in the second round of the 1986 draft.<ref name="bio">http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/S/curt-schilling.shtml</ref> On the field, he was known for his tremendous pro potential. He was also known as something of a rebel partly due to his wild hair styles. Said then Red Sox GM Lou Gorman, "He wasn't what I'd call a maverick but he was a little different."<ref name="stark">Stark, Jayson. "How the Red Sox lost on Schilling"; ''Philadelphia Inquirer''; July, 1999</ref> In his first professional season with Elmira of the New York/Penn League, Schilling won seven of his fifteen starts with an [[ERA]] of 2.59.<ref name="bio"/> Schilling spent the 1987 season with Greensboro of the South Atlantic League. He lead the league in both losses(14) as well as strikeouts(169).<ref>http://www.thebaseballcube.com/leagues/1987/SAL.shtml</ref> The following year, he was bumped up to Boston's double A team in New Britian.<ref name="bio"/> That season, the Red Sox were making a major push for the playoffs and looked to acquire a veteran starting pitcher. They settled on [[Baltimore Orioles|Baltimore's]] [[Mike Boddicker]]. Boston agreed to surrender outfield prospect [[Brady Anderson]] due to their strong depth at the position. The Orioles asked for a second player in the deal, Schilling. Recalled Gorman, "Curt was the guy they asked for. They asked for him specifically."<ref name="stark"/> After the way the Red Sox lost the 1986 World Series, Gorman was willing to take the risk of trading away the two players. Schilling was surprised by the trade. Schilling: "We (players) were talking about the pitchers they might trade, and my name never was brought up."<ref name="stark"/> He made seven starts with Baltimore's double A team in Charlotte before getting the call to join the big league team. He made his major league debut on September 7, ironically against the Red Sox. Schilling pitched a strong seven innings and giving up three runs but got a non-decision in a game the Orioles ended up winning.<ref>http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1988/B09070BAL1988.htm</ref> He went on to make three more starts with the Orioles that year.

==Journeyman Years==
Schilling went on to have moderate success with limited playingtime for the Orioles and [[Houston Astros]] over the next three years. A 4-8 record over that time along with a poor work ethic caused some in baseball to question Schilling's status as a top prospect. The Astros decided to cut their losses and Schilling was traded, for the third time in four years, to the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] in exchange for [[Jason Grimsley]]. It was around that time that Schilling had a run-in with Red Sox pitcher [[Roger Clemens]] at a Houston gym. Clemens chastised Schilling over the latter's wasted talent. Schilling: "I went over there and he proceeded to chew my (behind) off for about an hour and a half. I didn't turn it around that day...but I think it started that day."<ref name="monster">Mnookin, Seth. (2006), ''Feeding the Monster: How Money, Smarts, and Nerve Took a Team to the Top'', Simon & Schuster, Page 241.</ref>

==Phillies==
Schilling recorded his first full big league season with the Phillies in 1992. He won 14 games, which more than tripled his previous total, and struckout 147 over 226 1/3 innings.<ref>http://www.baseball-reference.com/s/schilcu01.shtml</ref> He won 16 more in 1993 and played a big role in the team winning the [[National League]] pennant. He pitched a complete game shutout in game five of the World Series against the [[Toronto Blue Jays]] to stretch the series to a game six.<ref>http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1993/B10210PHI1993.htm</ref> The Phillies ultimately lost the series. From 1993-1999, he averaged eleven wins and 188 2/3 innings per year with an [[ERA]] of 3.47 despite missing time in 1995 due to a shoulder injury.<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/al/redsox/2008-06-23-schilling-surgery_N.htm</ref> Despite Schilling's contributions, the Phillies had recorded several mediocre seasons since their 1993 World Series appearance. Schilling openly questioned the dedication the Phillies management had to winning.<ref name="phillies">http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Curt_Schilling_1966</ref> Phillies GM Ed Wade critiziced Schilling saying, "he tends to say things which are detrimental to the club and clearly self-serving."<ref name="phillies"/> His comments, along with his pending free agency after the 2000 season, led to him being traded to the [[Arizona Diamondbacks]] in exchange for a package of prospects.<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/Story?id=100853&page=1</ref>

==Arizona==
The Diamondbacks acquired Schilling to pitch alongside [[Randy Johnson]] in an attempt to win their second straight NL West crown. Although Schilling piched well, the team went only 29-32 the rest of the way and finished a distant third. Schilling re-signed with Arizona and in 2001, Schilling and Johnson's first full season together, the team won the World Series by defeating the New York Yankees. The duo was named co-MVP's for their effort.<ref>http://espn.go.com/mlb/playoffs2001/s/2001/1104/1273636.html</ref>

==Moving On==
The Diamondbacks had built their team by giving out contracts with large amounts of deferred money.<ref>Chass, Murray. "In Arizona, Signed, Sealed and Deferred"; ''New York Times'', 3 March 2001</ref> In late 2003, those deals caught up with them. The team decided to make cutbacks in player payroll to avoid major financial difficulties. While looking for contracts to move, Schillings eight-figure deal was one that quickly came up. Unfortunately, his deal included a full no-trade clause. He indicated that he would only accept a trade to the Phillies or Yankees.<ref name="feeding2">Mnookin, Seth. (2006). ''Feeding the Monster: How Money, Smarts, and Nerve Took a Team to the Top'', Simon & Schuster, Pages 242-245</ref> He also demanded a contract extension as part of any deal. The Phillies indicated that they weren't interested after the way Schilling left town in 2000. Arizona was unable to work out an agreement with the Yankees. When former Phillies manager [[Terry Francona]] became the frontrunner for Boston's managerial opening, Schilling agreed to add the Red Sox to his list of approved teams. The teams quickly agreed to a deal; Schilling to Boston in exchange for pitchers [[Brandon Lyon]] and [[Casey Fossum]], along with two others from Boston's farm system.

With the deal agreed to, [[Major League Baseball]] granted the Red Sox a 72-hour window to negotiate a contract extension with Schilling. Team executives [[Theo Epstein]] and [[Jed Hoyer]] flew to Schilling's Arizona home to talk with the pitcher, who acted as his own agent.<ref name="feeding2"/> They alleviated his concerns about pitching at [[Fenway Park]] by showing him a statistical analysis that showed that a pitcher like Schilling could be successful at the park. The two executives, along with Larry Lucchino, pitched him on the benefits of playing in Boston. Schilling: "The preparation they did in getting ready was big for me."<ref name="feeding2"/> When discussions went long, Schilling offered to have Hoyer and Epstein spend Thanksgiving with his family. Following Thanksgiving dinner, the two sides continued negotiations. While they were able to agree on the term, two years plus an option, they were still far apart on a salary. During breaks in the talks, Schilling spent time chatting with Red Sox fans on a team internet message board<ref name="feeding2"/> With the 72-hour window nearing a close, they reached a compromise where Schilling would receive a bonus, and have the option year guaranteed, if he took the team to a World Series win.<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&id=1683054</ref>

Schilling won 21 games in his first season in Boston. He finished second in the Cy Young voting behind Minnesota's Johan Santana. The Red Sox won the Wild Card and drew the Angels in the ALDS. Schilling pitched into the seventh in Game one before leaving due to an ankle injury. Boston would win that game and the next two to clinch a sweep and face the Yankees in the ALCS. The injured ankle affected Schilling in Game one of the ALCS as he allowed six runs in only three innings before being pulled. With the Sox winning Games 4 and 5 to cut the series deficit to 3-2, Schilling started Game Six after an experimental surgery performed by team doctor Bill Morgan. He held the Yankees to one run in seven innings as team Boston evened the series at three. During the game, blood became visible through the sock of the injured ankle, which led it to be referred to as the "bloody sock game".<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2849980</ref> The sock would later be put in the Baseball Hall of Fame. They would go on to beat team New York in Game Seven by a 10-3 score to advance to the World Series. He was able to start Game Two of the World Series against the Colorado Rockies, going six shutout innings. The Red Sox would finish off the sweep three days later to clinch their first title since 1918.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==

* [http://38pitches.com/ Curt Schilling's official blog: 38 Pitches]

* [http://www.38studios.com/ 38 Studios Homepage]

[[Category:Baseball Players]]
[[Category:Christians]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schilling, Curt}}

Angelina Jolie

2009-03-22T14:08:26Z

CMcFreeze: cat tags require justification: tell us about her religious beliefs FIRST; then categorize

'''Angelina Jolie''', born June 4, 1975 (age {{age|1975|6|4}}), is an [[United States of America|American]] [[actor|actress]] who has appeared in many movies, including:

* Wanted (2008)
* A Mighty Heart (2007)
* The Good Shepherd (2006)
* Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2007)
* Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001)
* Girl, Interrupted (1999)

One of her best known roles was as Lara Croft in the film "Tomb Raider"

She has won many awards including [[Golden Globe]] awards in 1998 and 1999, [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] in 1999, 2000, and 2008, and an [[Academy Award]] for best supporting actress for her role in "Girl, Interrupted".

In 2001 Angelina became a Goodwill Ambassador for the [[United Nations]] High Commission for Refugees.

She was born Angelina Jolie Voight, to actor [[Jon Voight]] and actress [[Marcheline Bertrand]]. Her father also appeared in the movie Tomb Raider with her. Her mother died of cancer on Jan 29, 2007.

Angelina was married twice: British actor Jonny Lee Miller, from March 1996 to February 1999, and to actor Billy Bob Thornton, from May 2000 to May 2003.

She currently lives with actor [[Brad Pitt]]; they have three biological children together, daughter Shiloh Jolie-Pitt (born May 27, 2006), and twins, a boy, Knox Leon, and girl, Vivienne Marcheline born in July 2008 in [[France]]. They also have 3 adopted children: sons Maddox and Pax, and daughter Zahara Jolie-Pitt.

==References==

* http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001401/ - movie site
* http://celebrities.adoption.com/famous/angelina-jolie.html -celebrity adoption
* http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800019275/awards - awards
* http://www.un.org/works/goingon/refugees/angelina_story.html -United Nations work

{{DEFAULTSORT: Jolie, Angelina}}

[[Category:Actresses]]

TD Jakes

2009-03-14T16:56:13Z

CMcFreeze: Political moderate

'''Thomas Dexter Jakes''' is pastor of The Potter's House church in [[Texas]]. The church is listed by Christianity Today as one of the fastest growing in [[America]]. Their goal is to be a voice of spiritual hope to people of all races and denominations.<ref>http://www.thepottershouse.org/PH_mission.html</ref> He describes himself as a political [[moderate]].<ref>Jakes, TD. (2008) ''Before You Do: Making Great Decisions That You Won't Regret'', Simon & Schuster, Page 277</ref>

==References==
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jakes, Thomas Dexter}}
==External Link==
*[http://www.tdjakes.org/ Official Site]
*[http://www.pottershouse.org/ Potter's House Site]

[[Category: Conservatives]]
[[Category: Clergy]]

Academy Award

2009-02-23T00:50:28Z

CMcFreeze: citations

The '''Academy Awards''' (the "Oscars") are a yearly award festival for [[Hollywood]] movies, given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences annually in California since 1929. The shows have been held since 1929.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/index.html|title=About the Academy Awards|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|format=HTML|language=English}}</ref>
[[Image:Oscar statuette.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The Statue]]

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has, over the years, been controlled by many immoral characters and informal lobby groups, most notably [[homosexual]]s and communists.{{fact}}
==History==
The first awards were presented at a private dinner with an audience of less than 250.<ref name="about2"/> Subsequently the show has been broadcast to the public, since 1953 by [[television]] (and previously by [[radio]]).<ref name="about2"/> For the first decade the show's results were given to newspapers for publication at 11 p.m. at the night of the awards; this method was ruined when the [[Los Angeles Times]] announced the winners far too early, and the results were available to those arriving to the show, and, as a result, the Academy adopted the sealed envelope method, which it still uses today.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/history01.html|title=History of the Academy Awards|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|language=English|format=HTML}}</ref> The show was broadcast internationally starting in 1969, and currently has viewers from more than 100 countries. Since 2002, the awards have been broadcast from the Kodak Theatre.<ref name="history"/>

==Nominations==
Today, according to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in [[Los Angeles]] County, [[California]], to qualify. Rule 2 states that a film must be "feature-length", defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short subject awards and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or on 24 fps or 48 fps progressive scan digital film print with native resolution not less than 1280x720.

==Awards night==
The major awards are given out at a live televised ceremony, most commonly in February or March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. Many hollywood elites attend, men dressed in tuxedos and the women dressed in expensive evening gown's. The Awards show was first televised on NBC in 1953, it is the only awards ceremony televised live across the United States excluding [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]]; the Emmys, Golden Globes, and Grammys are broadcast live in the East Coast, but they are on tape delay in the West Coast.

==Criticism==
The Academy Awards have often been criticized for being overly [[liberal]].<ref>[http://newsbusters.org/node/4271 ABC Pot Calls Kettle Black: Oscars Too Political?]</ref> Many celebrities make political statements in their acceptance speeches. Studios also lobby heavily for their films to be considered, leading to the complaint that nominations and awards may be largely a result of this lobbying rather than the quality of the material.

==Awards==
===Academy Award of Merit===
====Current Awards====
Awards are presented to individuals or collective efforts in up to 25 different categories, with up to five nominations per category;<ref name="about2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/index2.html|title=About the Academy Awards (page 2)|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|format=HTML|language=English}}</ref> perhaps the most famous categories being best [[actor]] and [[actress]], best supporting actor and actress, and best picture.

* Best Picture: 1928 to present
* Best Director: 1928 to present
* Best Actor: 1928 to present
* Best Actress: 1928 to present
* Best Supporting Actor: 1936 to present
* Best Supporting Actress: 1936 to present
* Best Original Screenplay: 1940 to present
* Best Adapted Screenplay: 1928 to present
* Best Animated Feature: 2001 to present
* Best Art Direction: 1928 to present (also called Interior, Set Decoration, or production design)
* Best Cinematography: 1928 to present
* Best Costume Design: 1948 to present
* Best Documentary Feature: 1943 to present
* Best Documentary Short Subject: 1941 to present
* Best Film Editing: 1935 to present
* Best Foreign Language Film: 1947 to present
* Best Makeup: 1981 to present
* Best Original Song: 1934 to present
* Best Original Score: 1934 to present
* Best Original Musical: 2000 to present
* Best Animated Short Film: 1931 to present
* Best Live Action Short Film: 1931 to present
* Best Sound Mixing: 1930 to present
* Best Sound Editing: 1963 to present
* Best Visual Effects: 1939 to present

==== Retired Awards====
* Best Assistant Director: 1933 to 1937
* Best Dance Direction: 1935 to 1937
* Best Engineering Effects: 1928 only
* Best Score—Adaptation or Treatment:
* Best Original Musical or Comedy Score: 1995 to 1999
* Best Short Film—Color: 1936 and 1937
* Best Short Film—Live Action—2 Reels: 1936 to 1956
* Best Short Film—Novelty: 1932 to 1935
* Best Original Story: 1928 to 1956
* Best Unique and Artistic Quality of Production: 1928 only

====Newest Awards====
The newest awards to be added to the list of available awards from the Academy are the awards for:
* Best Animated Feature: added in 2001
* Best Original Musical: added in 2000
* Best Makeup: added in 1981

====Proposed Awards====

The Board of Governors meets each year and considers other new categories. To date, the following proposed awards have not been approved:
* Best Casting: rejected in 1999
* Best Stunt Coordination: rejected in 1999; rejected in 2005[22]
* Best Title Design: rejected in 1999

====Special Awards====
These awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole, but the actor/actress voted to receive the special award can turn down the offer.

** Current Awards
**Academy Honorary Award: 1928 to present
**Academy Special Achievement Award:
**Academy Award, Scientific or Technical: 1931 to present (at three levels of awards)
**The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: 1938 to present
**The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award:
**Gordon E. Sawyer Award:

=====Retired Special Awards=====
**Academy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960

==References==
<references/>
== See also ==
*[[Hollywood]]
*[[Bollywood]]

==External links==
* [http://www.aggdata.com/awards/oscar List of Academy Award Nominees]
* [http://www.oscars.org/ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]
* [http://www.oscars.org/awardsdatabase/index.html The Academy Awards Database]
* [http://movies.aol.com/oscars-academy-awards Oscars Photos] Moviefone.
* [[http://www.oscars.org/mhl/index.html The Margaret Herrick Library]
[[Category:Awards]]

Morgan Freeman

2009-02-20T14:42:16Z

CMcFreeze: 60 minutes interview

'''Morgan Freeman''' (born 1937) is an [[African American]] film actor. Among the many films he has starred in are ''[[Glory]]'', ''[[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves]]'', ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'', ''[[Se7en]]'' and ''[[Bruce Almighty]]'' (in which he played [[God]]).

Freeman criticized [[Black History Month]] in a 2005 interview with [[Mike Wallace]] on [[60 Minutes]]. He told Wallace, "I don't want a Black History Month. Black history is American history."<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/14/60minutes/main1127684_page3.shtml 60 Minutes Interview]</ref> When asked how to end racism, Freeman responded, "Stop talking about it. I'm going to stop calling you a white man, and I'm going to ask you to stop calling me a black man."

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freeman, Morgan}}
[[Category:Actors]]

Alex Rodriguez

2009-02-10T21:17:40Z

CMcFreeze: use of performance enhancing drugs

'''Alexander Enmanuel Rodriguez''' (born July 27, 1975 in [[New York City]]) is a [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) third baseman for the New York Yankees. Known to fans as A-Rod, Rodriguez is one of the best players in baseball history. Teams he has played on in his career are the [[Seattle Mariners]] (1994-2000), [[Texas Rangers (baseball team)|Texas Rangers]] (2001-2003) and [[New York Yankees]] (2004-). Some of his accomplishments as a player include being a ten time [[All Star]] player, two time AL MVP (2003, 2005), two time [[Gold Glove]] award winner (2002, 2003)<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/players/profile?playerId=3115</ref> and the youngest player to hit 500 home runs<ref>http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070804&content_id=2129099&vkey=news_nyy&fext=.jsp&c_id=nyy</ref>. He is also only one of four players in MLB history to have over 40 home runs and stolen bases in a season (1998)<ref>http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=rodrial01</ref>. In 2006, he was one of baseball's highest paid players with a $25,680,727.00 salary<ref>http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=rodrial01</ref>. He entered professional baseball at the age of 18 in 1993 when he was drafted in the first round (first pick overall) of the [[1993 MLB Draft]] by the [[Seattle Mariners]]<ref>http://arod.mlb.com/players/rodriguez_alex/about.jsp</ref>.

In an interview with [[ESPN|ESPN's]] [[Peter Gammons]] that aired on February 9, 2009, Rodriguez admitted to using performance enhancing drugs from 2001-2003. Said Rodriguez, "I did take a banned substance. And for that, I am very sorry and deeply regretful."<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=3894847</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://mlb.mlb.com/stats/individual_stats_player.jsp?c_id=mlb&playerID=121347 MLB Stats]
*[http://arod.mlb.com/players/rodriguez_alex/index.jsp Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodriguez, Alex}}

[[Category:Baseball Players]]

Conservapedia:Desk/Miscellany

2009-02-08T14:55:55Z

CMcFreeze: /* New outage? */ new section

<noinclude><center>[[Conservapedia:Desk|Back to the Desk]]</center></noinclude>
=General Messages=
Archives: [[Conservapedia:Desk/Miscellany/Archive1|1]] [[Conservapedia:Desk/Miscellany/Archive2|2]] [[Conservapedia:Desk/Miscellany/Archive3|3]]

== <hiero> tag and WikiHiero ==

Is it possible to introduce support for WikiHiero on Conservapedia? On Wikipedia it is possible to insert hieroglyphs into an article using this tag along with the WikiHiero syntax to enter the signs correctly. It'd be useful to have this feature here too.
--[[User:Krysg|Krysg]] 07:54, 10 December 2008 (EST)

== Someone is trying to steal my password ==

I recently received this E-mail:

Someone (probably you, from IP address 92.16.2.122)
requested that we send you a new password for Conservapedia (http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php).
The password for user "Kuyper" is now "[removed]".
You should log in and change your password now.
If someone else made this request or if you have remembered your password and you no longer wish to change it,
you may ignore this message and continue using your old password.

You might want to consider looking into this as hacking is a serious problem. [[User:Kuyper|Kuyper]] 16:50, 28 December 2008 (EST)

== How to edit? ==

I read the article on Barak Obama. Basically, it is a train wreck. I am not an expert on him, but I thought I could at least take out all the snide innuendo's, and even if the artilce is much shorter, at least it will be more credible. He is, after all, the President of the United States, and deserves some minimal respect.

However, I have no idea how to edit articles on this thing, and there is just about no help or assistance. It certainly does not seem to be user friendly.

So, I am just about ready to give up.

I also read the article on Virgnia, since that is where I am from. Under the list of counties, it only had about half of them. It was a terribel article. I do not understand how this organizaiton works, but many of the articles are not vey good, and then when you invite people to edit them, how do we do it?

Sincerely

Daniel Sharp

: With all due respect, your misspellings are the worst I've seen. Please improve and then try to improve the Virginia article, with good spelling. Thanks much, and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 21:44, 18 January 2009 (EST)

:: As well as the links that I've just put on your user talk page, see [[Help:Contents]] for some more advice. However, that help is not designed for someone who has never edited a Wiki before. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 23:37, 18 January 2009 (EST)

:::Daniel Sharp is also user [[user talk:Lucyjordan|Lucy Jordan]]? I'm really confused here. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 01:52, 19 January 2009 (EST)

There are some very serious problems with the entries concerning topics related to Confucianism. Many of entries are not strictly incorrect but are sufficiently superficial to be grossly misleading. When it comes to topics as foreign as Confucianism, brevity is not your friend. I will try to help, but unfortunately I do not have the time or the resources to do everything that needs doing. You need a total overhaul.

==Noah's Ark Page Locked==
I would like to create responses to the criticisms on the [[Noah's Ark]] article but the page has been locked by an administrator. The problem is that the locking admin (MountainDew/DanH) is MIA.

Can I get a little help? [[User:CherylE|CherylE]] 12:54, 29 January 2009 (EST)
: I've unlocked it. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 15:02, 29 January 2009 (EST)

== Multiple Problems ==

I've made many edits this month, but most of them have disappeared from "my contributions" and from the pages I edited. Also, many of the math pages (e.g. [[Covariance]]) can't display formulas properly. Finally, another user made an edit to my user page a while ago. But that edit has also disappeared from the record. What's going on? [[User:Sjay|Sjay]] 21:11, 30 January 2009 (EST)

*Conservapedia suffered a hard drive failure earlier this week. We restored up until the 19th, and are adding more current revisions manually, as we find them viable. Sorry for the loss, it has effected all of us. Look for bits and pieces to appear back slowly, bit by bit. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 01:17, 31 January 2009 (EST)

:*The hard drive failure explains the missing edits, but why isn't the math environment working? The following should appear as an equation, but doesn't:

::<math>
\mbox{E}\left[T\right]=
\begin{cases}
\mu\sqrt{\frac{\nu}{2}}\frac{\Gamma((\nu-1)/2)}{\Gamma(\nu/2)}
&\nu>1\\
\mbox{Does not exist}
&\nu\le1\\
\end{cases}
</math>

:*At the moment, this problem is present on every page I've looked at ([[Linear model]], [[Normal distribution]], etc...). [[User:Sjay|Sjay]] 10:34, 31 January 2009 (EST)

:: The math problems are a problem related to moving to a new server. Other, more major issues are taking priority over the math. I'll get to is soon though. [[User:CPWebmaster|CPWebmaster]] 16:30, 3 February 2009 (EST)

== Messed up linking... ==

I created a new page for the Show hannity that took over Hannity and colmes. I'm not sure what I did, but linking to [[Hannity & Colmes]] directs to [[Hannity]]. If an admin could let me know what I did wrong so I can fix it, that would be great. Thanks.--[[User:TylerG|Tyler]] 23:58, 1 February 2009 (EST)
: Well I found the problem, [[Hannity & Colmes]] is for some reason linking to [[Hannity]] and not [[Hannity and Colmes]]...--[[User:TylerG|Tyler]] 00:04, 2 February 2009 (EST)
:: We've had problems in the past with ampersands in article names, although I thought that problem had disappeared. Perhaps it is back again. [[User:Philip J. Rayment|Philip J. Rayment]] 08:16, 3 February 2009 (EST)

== New outage? ==

The past few times I've checked the site all the pages were protected. One time was around 3PM. Was there an extension of the 1-6AM closing?
[[User:CMcFreeze|CMcFreeze]] 09:55, 8 February 2009 (EST)

Misandry

2009-02-08T14:52:53Z

CMcFreeze: added televison

'''Misandry''' is the hatred of men. It is a staple of [[television]] programming, both on [[sitcom|sitcoms]] and [[commercial|commercials]].

==External Link==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqff8HDFnkw Example of misandry in a television commercial]

==See Also==
[[Misogyny]]
[[category:sociology]]