Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Pesto

2008-02-12T18:29:53Z

Catholicsoul:

'''Pesto''' is a thick aromatic sauce used in [[Italian]] cuisine, eaten directly with tossed [[pasta]] or as an ingredient of sauces. Although many varieties of pesto exist, the 'classic' version, ''Pesto alla Genovese'', is made up of [[basil]], [[garlic]], [[olive oil]] and [[pine-nuts]] pounded into a rougth paste.<br>
The ancient recipe of ''Pesto all'Arcorese''' is a special red and pungent sauce who includes pepperoni, fresh ricotta cheese, paprika, powdered ''ossa di morto'' (a natural thickening agent) and olive oil.

[[Category:Italy]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Pesto

2008-02-12T18:28:01Z

Catholicsoul:

'''Pesto''' is a thick aromatic sauce used in [[Italian]] cuisine, eaten directly with tossed [[pasta]] or as an ingredient of sauces. Although many varieties of pesto exist, the 'classic' version, ''Pesto alla Genovese'', is made up of [[basil]], [[garlic]], [[olive oil]] and [[pine-nuts]] pounded into a rougth paste.<br>
The ancient ''Pesto all'Arcorese''' is a special red and pungent sauce who includes pepperoni, fresh ricotta cheese, paprika, powdered '''ossa di morto''' and olive oil.

[[Category:Italy]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Anselm of Canterbury

2008-02-12T18:11:19Z

Catholicsoul:

[[Image:Anselm.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Anselm of Canterbury was the originator of the [[ontological argument|antological argument]]]]
'''Anselm of Canterbury''' (1033-1109) (also know as St. Anselm of Aosta and St. Anselm of Bec), born in northern [[Italy]], was an early intellectual giant of [[scholasticism]]. The period from the late 1000s to about 1300 is known as the "High Middle Ages," partly due to this intellectual activity and also due to great population growth.

Scholasticism strengthened understanding of Christian doctrine through careful definition and systematic argument. St. Anselm preferred to defend [[Christianity]] through use of strong logical arguments, rather than relying solely on scripture. St. Anselm is famous for the first formal presentation of the [[ontological argument]], which was a highly influential proof of the existence of [[God]] based on definition of God.

St. Anselm was a [[Latin]] scholar who became a [[Benedictine]] monk, much to the disappointment of his father, who wanted him to enter politics. In this way his early life is remarkably similar to that of [[Aquinas]].

St. Anselm also presented an argument for why [[Jesus Christ]] must have existed. Under the [[feudalism|feudal]] system of Anselm’s day, the severity of a crime and amount of satisfaction required of the offender varied depending on the status of the victim. Someone who committed a crime against the king would deserve a far more severe punishment than someone who committed a crime against a peasant. St. Anselm wrote a treatise entitled "[[Cur Deus homo]]?" ("Why Did God Become Man?"), in which he argued that 'finite' man could never satisfy a crime or sin against the 'infinite' [[God]]. Only an 'infinite' man could provide full satisfaction because the victim of the crime or sin was the 'infinite' [[God]]. Hence, assuming the universal validity of feudal system, and assuming the existence of an ontological system to enforce this feudal system on Man, an 'infinite' man is essential. Anselm argued that this man was [[Jesus Christ]].

St. Anselm was appointed the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[England]], which he accepted reluctantly. He became determined to reform the English [[Catholic Church]] and he fought against efforts by the King of [[England]] to control or interfere with the Church. At one point Anselm presented his grievances against [[William II|King William]] to [[Pope Urban II]]. These conflicts were precursors to a huge dispute between a pope and English king centuries later, which caused the king to form his own church and split from Roman authority.

[[Category:Saints|Anselm, Saint]]

Padre Pio

2008-02-12T18:08:31Z

Catholicsoul:

'''Francesco Frocione''' (May 25, 1887 – September 23, 1968), canonized as '''Saint Pio of Pietrelcina''', was a Franciscan [[monk]] and priest, born in Pietrelcina. Padre Pio was said to have a stigmata of the wounds of [[Christ]] for 50 years, but it disappeared 3 days before his death. <ref>''Padre Pio and the Stigmata''. 1 April 2007. <http://www.padrepio.com/app2.html></ref> Padre Pio died in 1968. He was canonized by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002.<ref>''Padre Pio - Miracle Worker''. 16 June 2002. 1 April 2007. <http://members.aol.com/goodyburk/padrepio.html></ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[category:Saints]]

Miracle

2008-02-12T18:04:06Z

Catholicsoul:

A miracle is defined by Merriam-Webster (1997) as "an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs." Alternative definitions might include:

: a remarkably good event that has no plausible scientific explanation
: an extremely unlikely occurrence consistent with [[faith]] or [[prayer]]
: a joyous happening contrary to all reasonable expectation

Though the term "miracle" can often be heard from Christians and non-Christians alike, the entire [[Bible]] only contains one genuine reference to "miracle" and that was a quote of a non-believer (the Pharaoh) in Exodus 7:9 (RSV): "When Pharaoh says to you, 'Prove yourselves by working a '''miracle''',' then you shall say to Aaron, 'Take your rod and cast it down before Pharaoh, that it may become a serpent.'"

Under [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], God is truth and a miracle is nothing more than a "sign" of the truth. "Miracle" is the non-believer's term for what believers properly describe as a "sign", a term that does appear repeatedly in the [[Bible]].
[[category:Christian Theology]]

==List of miracles approved by the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]]==
*Stigmata (and other signs) of [[St. Francis of Assisi]]
*Prophecies and miraculous appariotions of [[Saint_Bernadette|St. Bernadette]]
*Apparition of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]] at Fatima on the 13th day of six consecutive months in 1917, starting on 13 May.
*Stigmata, bilocation, levitation and prophecy of [[Padre_Pio|St. Pio of Pietrelcina]] (born Francesco Frocione)
*Blood miracle of St. Januarius (also know St. Gennaro)
*The Virgin of the tears: 1953, Syracuse (Sicily) - A statue of the Virgin Mary produces real human tears.

Miracle

2008-02-12T18:03:22Z

Catholicsoul:

A miracle is defined by Merriam-Webster (1997) as "an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs." Alternative definitions might include:

: a remarkably good event that has no plausible scientific explanation
: an extremely unlikely occurrence consistent with [[faith]] or [[prayer]]
: a joyous happening contrary to all reasonable expectation

Though the term "miracle" can often be heard from Christians and non-Christians alike, the entire [[Bible]] only contains one genuine reference to "miracle" and that was a quote of a non-believer (the Pharaoh) in Exodus 7:9 (RSV): "When Pharaoh says to you, 'Prove yourselves by working a '''miracle''',' then you shall say to Aaron, 'Take your rod and cast it down before Pharaoh, that it may become a serpent.'"

Under [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], God is truth and a miracle is nothing more than a "sign" of the truth. "Miracle" is the non-believer's term for what believers properly describe as a "sign", a term that does appear repeatedly in the [[Bible]].
[[category:Christian Theology]]

==List of miracles approved by the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]]==
*Stigmata (and other signs) of [[St. Francis of Assisi]]
*Prophecies and miraculous appariotions of [[St. Bernadette|Saint_Bernadette]]
*Apparition of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]] at Fatima on the 13th day of six consecutive months in 1917, starting on 13 May.
*Stigmata, bilocation, levitation and prophecy of [[St. Pio of Pietrelcina|Padre_Pio]] (born Francesco Frocione)
*Blood miracle of St. Januarius (also know St. Gennaro)
*The Virgin of the tears: 1953, Syracuse (Sicily) - A statue of the Virgin Mary produces real human tears.

Miracle

2008-02-12T17:59:42Z

Catholicsoul:

A miracle is defined by Merriam-Webster (1997) as "an extraordinary event manifesting divine intervention in human affairs." Alternative definitions might include:

: a remarkably good event that has no plausible scientific explanation
: an extremely unlikely occurrence consistent with [[faith]] or [[prayer]]
: a joyous happening contrary to all reasonable expectation

Though the term "miracle" can often be heard from Christians and non-Christians alike, the entire [[Bible]] only contains one genuine reference to "miracle" and that was a quote of a non-believer (the Pharaoh) in Exodus 7:9 (RSV): "When Pharaoh says to you, 'Prove yourselves by working a '''miracle''',' then you shall say to Aaron, 'Take your rod and cast it down before Pharaoh, that it may become a serpent.'"

Under [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]], God is truth and a miracle is nothing more than a "sign" of the truth. "Miracle" is the non-believer's term for what believers properly describe as a "sign", a term that does appear repeatedly in the [[Bible]].
[[category:Christian Theology]]

==List of miracles approved by the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]]==
*Stigmata (and other signs) of St. Francis of Assisi
*Apparition of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]] at Fatima on the 13th day of six consecutive months in 1917, starting on 13 May.
*Stigmata, bilocation, levitation and prophecy of St. Pio of Pietrelcina (born Francesco Frocione)
*Blood miracle of St. Januarius (also know St. Gennaro)
*The Virgin of the tears: 1953, Syracuse (Sicily) - A statue of the Virgin Mary produces real human tears.

Catholic Church

2008-02-12T17:40:09Z

Catholicsoul:

{{Christianity}}
[[Image:Murillo Inmaculada de El Escorial.jpg|left|140px]]
The '''Catholic Church''' is the largest [[Christianity|Christian]] denomination in the world, with over one billion adherents.<ref>http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Christianity</ref> It comprises one of the three great divisions of Christianity, together with [[Protestantism]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]].

The Church consists of those Christians who are in full communion with the Bishop of [[Rome]], who is generally called the [[Pope]], currently [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. The Church teaches that the Pope is the successor of [[St. Peter]], whom Catholics regard as the original leader of Christ's [[apostle|apostles]] and as the first Bishop of [[Rome]].

The Pope and the rest of the international leadership of the Church are based in [[Vatican City]] in Rome. Vatican City is an independent state in its own right, and is the smallest state in the world in terms both of geography and of population.

The split between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy dates to the eleventh century. The split between Catholicism and Protestantism occurred some time later, in the sixteenth century. It is generally known as the "[[Reformation]]", though Catholics sometimes refer to it as the "Protestant Revolt". The principal issues of contention between Catholics and Protestants are known as ''sola scriptura'' (the doctrine that the Bible alone is the final authority for Christians, which denies the authority of the Church) and ''sola fide'' (the doctrine, popularized by [[Martin Luther]], that faith alone, as opposed to faith expressed in good works, is sufficient for salvation).

The Catholic Church has a complex hierarchy of clergy, including:
* The Pope
*[[Cardinal]]s
*[[Archbishop]]s
*[[Bishop]]s
*[[Abbot]]s
*[[Monsignor|Monsignori]]
*[[Archpriest]]s
*[[Priest]]s
*[[Deacon]]s

=="Roman Catholic" versus "Catholic"==

The term "catholic" (from the Greek ''katholikos'') means "universal", and its roots in ecclesiastical parlance go back to the early years of Christianity. Some Protestants believe that (Roman) Catholics do not have the right to monopolise the term, and so prefix it with the adjective "Roman". Some Catholics object to this nomenclature, precisely because it denies the status of the (Roman) Catholic Church as ''the'' universal Church of Christ. Historically speaking, the term "Roman Catholic" was coined in nineteenth-century Britain as a [[euphemism]] to replace insulting terms such as "papist" that had previously been in use.

The Catholic Church is made up of thirty-one distinct branches or "rites", including the Byzantine Rite, the Ambrosian Rice (only in [[Lombardy]], an northern [[Italy|italian]] region)] and the Maronite Rite. By far the largest Rite, and the most prevalent in the West, is the Latin Rite, and Catholics sometimes use the term "Roman Catholic" to denote this component of the Church.

== History ==

=== Early Years ===
The Catholic Church traces its authority to Jesus through the apostle [[Peter]]. The Church sees the Bishops
as the natural successors to the apostles, and reasons that since Peter was the leader of the apostles, Peter's
successors should lead the Bishops and hence all of Christianity.<ref>http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM</ref>

=== Catholic Growth in the Imperial Decline ===
Until the early fourth century AD Christianity enjoyed mixed reception in the Roman Empire and Christians
were frequently subject to persecution. In the 310s Christianity became legalized and shortly thereafter became
officially recognized by Constantine. In the following years Christianity in general and Roman Catholicism in particular
became increasingly powerful in the Roman Empire, although [[Arianism]] remained strong. In 380 AD,
[[Theodosius I]] established the Catholic Church as the official religion of the Roman Empire. While the Empire
continued to decline, Catholicism and Christianity continued to grow both among those directly under the Empire
and among the barbarians until Rome was sacked by [[Alaric]] in 410. Alaric was an Arian Christian. After the
collapse of the Empire, the Catholic Church became the most powerful political and religious force in Europe and
by the 8th century had achieved near total religious dominance with the removal of the last significant
Arian groups.

=== Great Schism ===

During the 11th century, the [[Great Schism]] occurred between the church in the West and [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. This schism occurred over a variety of issues, especially those dealing with how much authority the Pope had. The causes were not purely religious, but cultural and geographic elements also played a role. Although later attempts at reconciliation occurred, such as at the [[Council of Basel]], the two remain separate to this day although both accept many of each others sacraments.

=== Late Middle Ages ===

Beginning in 1092 and continuing until the end of the 13th century, the Crusades occurred. These were a series
of religious wars instigated by the Church against various other groups, especially the Muslims. Despite the focus
on removing Islamic control of the Holy Land, the Crusaders massacred Jews and sacked Constantinople.

During this time period, the [[Inquisition]]s started and would continue through the Protestant Reformation.
The medieval inquisition focused on rooting out Cathars, while the later inquisitions such as the [[Spanish Inquisition]]
focused on people who were believed to be secretly practicing [[Judaism]] or [[Islam]].

===Reformation===

In 1517, [[Martin Luther]] started the [[Protestant Reformation]] which initially focused on the giving of
[[indulgences]] but eventually grew to have a wide variety of different causes and issues. Eventually
Protestants rejected the notions of saintly intercession, the authority of the pope and many of the sacraments.
This eventually led to a series of religious wars in [[Europe]] and the Protestant-Catholic split became one of the dominant themes in European events until modern times.

=== Modernity ===

Centuries XVIII and XIX brought to the Church new challenges: [[Enlightenment]] and [[Modernism]] teachings about the nature of the human person, and the [[Industrial Revolution]] with the increased concern about the conditions of urban workers.

===Vatican II===

The [[Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican]] (commonly called [[Vatican II]]), which was in session from 1962 to 1965, made major changes to official Catholic theology and liturgy. Liturgical changes included the introduction of the possibility of having Mass in local languages instead of entirely in Latin. Theologically, the council continued the importance of [[Mary]] while also adding a new emphasis on individual and personal holiness. Most controversially, the council opened the possibility of salvation for Jews, Muslims, Protestants and Bahaists.

Reactions among Catholics to Vatican II fall into roughly three camps. "Liberal" Catholics, drawing on the established Catholic belief in the "journeying" nature of the Church, see Vatican II and the new period that it marked in Catholic history as representing a significant advancement in our understanding of the divine revelation contained in the [[Gospels]] which justifies major changes in Catholic belief and practice. "Conservative" Catholics (including the recent popes) hold that the decrees of the Council, properly understood, are wholly in line with the historic Catholic faith, and that they should not be used as an excuse for unwarranted innovations. "Traditional" (or "traditionalist") Catholics regard the teachings of Vatican II as problematic, or even as heretical.

==Sacraments==

The Roman Catholic Church has seven sacraments:
*[[Baptism]]
*[[Confirmation]]
*[[Holy Eucharist]]
*[[Reconciliation]]
*[[Anointing of the Sick]]
*[[Matrimony]]
*[[Holy Orders]]<ref>Which sacraments are recognized is one of the important distinctions between the theology of different Christian denominations. Many Protestant denominations follow Luther and recognize only Baptism, Eucharist, and Penance.</ref>

== See also ==
[[Image:Catholic.jpg|right|Catholic life]]
*[[Catholicism]]
*[[Conservative Links]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.catholic.org/prayers/ Prayers] Catholic Online.
*[http://www.catholic.org/index.php Catholic News]
*[http://catholic.net/ Catholic.net]

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:Christian Denominations]]
[[Category:Catholic Church]]

Catholic Church

2008-02-12T17:39:11Z

Catholicsoul:

{{Christianity}}
[[Image:Murillo Inmaculada de El Escorial.jpg|left|140px]]
The '''Catholic Church''' is the largest [[Christianity|Christian]] denomination in the world, with over one billion adherents.<ref>http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Christianity</ref> It comprises one of the three great divisions of Christianity, together with [[Protestantism]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]].

The Church consists of those Christians who are in full communion with the Bishop of [[Rome]], who is generally called the [[Pope]], currently [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. The Church teaches that the Pope is the successor of [[St. Peter]], whom Catholics regard as the original leader of Christ's [[apostle|apostles]] and as the first Bishop of [[Rome]].

The Pope and the rest of the international leadership of the Church are based in [[Vatican City]] in Rome. Vatican City is an independent state in its own right, and is the smallest state in the world in terms both of geography and of population.

The split between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy dates to the eleventh century. The split between Catholicism and Protestantism occurred some time later, in the sixteenth century. It is generally known as the "[[Reformation]]", though Catholics sometimes refer to it as the "Protestant Revolt". The principal issues of contention between Catholics and Protestants are known as ''sola scriptura'' (the doctrine that the Bible alone is the final authority for Christians, which denies the authority of the Church) and ''sola fide'' (the doctrine, popularized by [[Martin Luther]], that faith alone, as opposed to faith expressed in good works, is sufficient for salvation).

The Catholic Church has a complex hierarchy of clergy, including:
* The Pope
*[[Cardinal]]s
*[[Archbishop]]s
*[[Bishop]]s
*[[Abbot]]s
*[[Monsignor|Monsignori]]
*[[Archpriest]]s
*[[Priest]]s
*[[Deacon]]s

=="Roman Catholic" versus "Catholic"==

The term "catholic" (from the Greek ''katholikos'') means "universal", and its roots in ecclesiastical parlance go back to the early years of Christianity. Some Protestants believe that (Roman) Catholics do not have the right to monopolise the term, and so prefix it with the adjective "Roman". Some Catholics object to this nomenclature, precisely because it denies the status of the (Roman) Catholic Church as ''the'' universal Church of Christ. Historically speaking, the term "Roman Catholic" was coined in nineteenth-century Britain as a [[euphemism]] to replace insulting terms such as "papist" that had previously been in use.

The Catholic Church is made up of thirty-one distinct branches or "rites", including the Byzantine Rite, the Ambrosian Rice (only in [[Lombardy], an northern [[Italy|italian]] region)] and the Maronite Rite. By far the largest Rite, and the most prevalent in the West, is the Latin Rite, and Catholics sometimes use the term "Roman Catholic" to denote this component of the Church.

== History ==

=== Early Years ===
The Catholic Church traces its authority to Jesus through the apostle [[Peter]]. The Church sees the Bishops
as the natural successors to the apostles, and reasons that since Peter was the leader of the apostles, Peter's
successors should lead the Bishops and hence all of Christianity.<ref>http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM</ref>

=== Catholic Growth in the Imperial Decline ===
Until the early fourth century AD Christianity enjoyed mixed reception in the Roman Empire and Christians
were frequently subject to persecution. In the 310s Christianity became legalized and shortly thereafter became
officially recognized by Constantine. In the following years Christianity in general and Roman Catholicism in particular
became increasingly powerful in the Roman Empire, although [[Arianism]] remained strong. In 380 AD,
[[Theodosius I]] established the Catholic Church as the official religion of the Roman Empire. While the Empire
continued to decline, Catholicism and Christianity continued to grow both among those directly under the Empire
and among the barbarians until Rome was sacked by [[Alaric]] in 410. Alaric was an Arian Christian. After the
collapse of the Empire, the Catholic Church became the most powerful political and religious force in Europe and
by the 8th century had achieved near total religious dominance with the removal of the last significant
Arian groups.

=== Great Schism ===

During the 11th century, the [[Great Schism]] occurred between the church in the West and [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. This schism occurred over a variety of issues, especially those dealing with how much authority the Pope had. The causes were not purely religious, but cultural and geographic elements also played a role. Although later attempts at reconciliation occurred, such as at the [[Council of Basel]], the two remain separate to this day although both accept many of each others sacraments.

=== Late Middle Ages ===

Beginning in 1092 and continuing until the end of the 13th century, the Crusades occurred. These were a series
of religious wars instigated by the Church against various other groups, especially the Muslims. Despite the focus
on removing Islamic control of the Holy Land, the Crusaders massacred Jews and sacked Constantinople.

During this time period, the [[Inquisition]]s started and would continue through the Protestant Reformation.
The medieval inquisition focused on rooting out Cathars, while the later inquisitions such as the [[Spanish Inquisition]]
focused on people who were believed to be secretly practicing [[Judaism]] or [[Islam]].

===Reformation===

In 1517, [[Martin Luther]] started the [[Protestant Reformation]] which initially focused on the giving of
[[indulgences]] but eventually grew to have a wide variety of different causes and issues. Eventually
Protestants rejected the notions of saintly intercession, the authority of the pope and many of the sacraments.
This eventually led to a series of religious wars in [[Europe]] and the Protestant-Catholic split became one of the dominant themes in European events until modern times.

=== Modernity ===

Centuries XVIII and XIX brought to the Church new challenges: [[Enlightenment]] and [[Modernism]] teachings about the nature of the human person, and the [[Industrial Revolution]] with the increased concern about the conditions of urban workers.

===Vatican II===

The [[Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican]] (commonly called [[Vatican II]]), which was in session from 1962 to 1965, made major changes to official Catholic theology and liturgy. Liturgical changes included the introduction of the possibility of having Mass in local languages instead of entirely in Latin. Theologically, the council continued the importance of [[Mary]] while also adding a new emphasis on individual and personal holiness. Most controversially, the council opened the possibility of salvation for Jews, Muslims, Protestants and Bahaists.

Reactions among Catholics to Vatican II fall into roughly three camps. "Liberal" Catholics, drawing on the established Catholic belief in the "journeying" nature of the Church, see Vatican II and the new period that it marked in Catholic history as representing a significant advancement in our understanding of the divine revelation contained in the [[Gospels]] which justifies major changes in Catholic belief and practice. "Conservative" Catholics (including the recent popes) hold that the decrees of the Council, properly understood, are wholly in line with the historic Catholic faith, and that they should not be used as an excuse for unwarranted innovations. "Traditional" (or "traditionalist") Catholics regard the teachings of Vatican II as problematic, or even as heretical.

==Sacraments==

The Roman Catholic Church has seven sacraments:
*[[Baptism]]
*[[Confirmation]]
*[[Holy Eucharist]]
*[[Reconciliation]]
*[[Anointing of the Sick]]
*[[Matrimony]]
*[[Holy Orders]]<ref>Which sacraments are recognized is one of the important distinctions between the theology of different Christian denominations. Many Protestant denominations follow Luther and recognize only Baptism, Eucharist, and Penance.</ref>

== See also ==
[[Image:Catholic.jpg|right|Catholic life]]
*[[Catholicism]]
*[[Conservative Links]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.catholic.org/prayers/ Prayers] Catholic Online.
*[http://www.catholic.org/index.php Catholic News]
*[http://catholic.net/ Catholic.net]

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:Christian Denominations]]
[[Category:Catholic Church]]