Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Meat

2009-07-22T20:44:35Z

CherryS:

'''Meat''' refers to [[animal]] [[tissue]], especially that which is consumed as [[food]]. There are various kinds of meat, ranging from white meat such as ([[chicken]] or [[turkey]]) to red meat (such as [[beef]]). Some meats, such as [[ham]] and [[pork]] (both being meats of the [[pig]]) resist such strict classification.

Meat is also used in English expressions to mean ''the important material''. To "get to the meat" of a topic means to arrive at the important points. Other foods are often used in this way, such as "the [[pith]] of the matter" or also "chew the fat."

[[category:Meat]]
[[category:biology]]

Bronze Star

2009-07-12T02:15:13Z

CherryS:

{{RefAppeal}}
{{stub}}

The '''Bronze Star''' Medal is a military honor bestowed by the [[United States]] Armed Forces for a may be awarded for bravery, acts of merit, or meritorious service in combat. It was first authorized, by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], in February 1944.

The Star (Bronze, Silver or Gold) can be awarded for valor (one time incident) or for long term meritorious service in combat. A "v" on the emblime signifies a Star of Valor.

[[John McCain]], [[Colin Powell]] and General David Howell Petraeus all have Bronze stars. Senator [[John Kerry]] was also awarded with a Bronze Star, but the extent to which his service in the armed forces was honorable was cast into serious doubt during the 2004 US Presidential Election.

==Sources==
*[http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Awards/BRONZE%20STAR1.html Bronze Star Medal]

[[Category:Military honors]]
[[category:United States Government]]

Neutron

2009-07-11T20:37:52Z

CherryS:

[[Image:310px-Beta Negative Decay svg.png|right|thumb|300px|The [[Feynmann diagram]] of the neutron beta decay process]]
A '''neutron''' is the neutral particle in an [[atom]]'s [[nucleus]]. It is a [[baryon]], comprised of two down [[quark]]s and an up [[quark]] It keeps the positive protons in the nucleus from being pushed apart from each other by their like charges. A lack or excess of neutrons causes an atom to become unstable; [[beta decay|beta radiation]] is the conversion of a neutron into a [[proton]] which emits an [[electron]] and an [[anti-electron neutrino]].

See [[nucleon]].

==Links==
*[http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Science/2007/09/18/study_contradicts_neutron_theory/8801/ Study contradicts neutron theory]
[[Category:Physics]]

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

2009-07-11T18:17:15Z

CherryS: Added more to her scary views on abortion.

{{Officeholder
|name=Ruth Bader Ginsburg
|image=Ruth.jpg
|party=
|spouse=Martin Ginsburg
|religion=Jewish
|offices=
{{Officeholder/Supreme Court Justice
|role=Associate
|nominator=[[Bill Clinton]]
|terms=August 10, 1993-present
|preceded=[[Byron White]]
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
}}
The Honorable '''Ruth Bader Ginsburg''' (b. 1933) is an Associate Justice of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], nominated by President [[Bill Clinton]] in 1993 to replace the Honorable [[Byron White]]. Prior to that she had served as an appellate judge on the [[D.C. Circuit]], as a lead attorney for the [[ACLU]], and as a law professor. She is noted for taking the lead in issues of sexual discrimation. She has a record of supporting [[abortion]].<ref>[http://www.ontheissues.org/Court/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg_Abortion.htm Ginsburg; OnTheIssues.org]</ref>

== Views ==

Ruth Bader Ginsburg co-authored the book called ''Sex Bias in the U.S. Code'' in 1977 with a [[feminist]], Brenda Feigen-Fasteau, for which they were paid with federal funds under Contract No. CR3AK010. The 230-page book was published by
the [[U.S. Commission on Civil Rights]]. It was written to identify the [[federal law]]s that allegedly discriminate on account of sex and to promote ratification of the then-pending federal [[Equal Rights Amendment]] (ERA), for which Ginsburg was a fervent advocate. Here are some of Ginsburg’s [[liberal]] recommendations set forth in her book ''Sex Bias in the U.S. Code''.<ref>Phyllis Schlafly, ''The Supremacists'', pp. 215-216 (Spence Publishing 2006).</ref>

Ginsburg called for the sex-integration of [[prison]]s and reformatories so that conditions of imprisonment, security and housing could be equal. She explained, "If the grand design of such institutions is to prepare inmates for return to the community as persons equipped to benefit from and contribute to civil society, then perpetuation of single-sex institutions should be rejected." (101) She called for the sex-integration of [[Boy Scouts]] and [[Girl Scouts]] because they "perpetuate stereotyped sex roles." (145) She insisted on sex-integrating "college [[fraternity]] and [[sorority]] chapters" and replacing them with "college
social societies." (169) She even cast Constitutional doubt on the legality of "[[Mother's Day]] and [[Father's Day]] as separate holidays." (146)

Ginsburg called for reducing the age of consent for sexual acts to persons who are "less than 12 years old." (102) She asserted that laws against "[[bigamy |bigamist]]s, persons cohabiting with more than one woman, and women cohabiting with a bigamist" are unconstitutional. (195) She objected to laws against [[prostitution]] because "prostitution, as a consensual act between adults, is arguably within the zone of privacy protected by recent constitutional decisions." (97) Ginsburg wrote that the [[Mann Act]] (which punishes those who engage in interstate sex
traffic of women and girls) is "offensive." Such acts should be considered "within the zone of privacy." (98)

Ginsburg said that the concept of husband-breadwinner and wife-homemaker "must be eliminated from the code if it is to reflect the equality principle," (206) and she called for "a comprehensive program of government supported child care." (214) She demanded that we "firmly reject draft or combat exemption for women," stating that "women must be subject to the draft if men are." But, she added, "the need for [[affirmative action]] and for transition measures is particularly strong in the uniformed services." (218)

An indefatigable censor, Ginsburg listed hundreds of "sexist" words that must be eliminated from all statutes. Among words she found offensive were: man, woman, manmade, mankind, husband, wife, mother, father, sister, brother, son, daughter,
serviceman, longshoreman, postmaster, watchman, seamanship, and "to man" (a vessel), even though most of these words with the ''-man'' suffix date back to Middle English in which it meant "human" and not specifically "male". (15-16) She even wanted he, she, him, her, his, and hers to be dropped down the Memory Hole. They must be replaced by he/she, her/him, and hers/his, and federal statutes must use the bad grammar of "plural constructions to avoid third person singular pronouns." (52-53)

The only high court challenge to the government take over of automotive companies came by a one-day inquiry by Justice Ginsburg. She decided against pursuing and let [[Italian]] automaker Fiat acquire a majority stake in [[U.S.]] company [[Chrysler]]. <ref>[http://content.usatoday.com/topics/article/People/Politicians,+Government+Officials,+Strategists/Judges/Ruth+Bader+Ginsburg/0d19csb5kA1JG/1 Ruth Bader Ginsburg Fiat automotive] USATODAY, June 22, 2009</ref>

Not in recent memory has a Supreme Court Justice ever endorsed another Justice for the lifetime appointment. Justice Ginsburg has publicly stated her overwhelming approval of [[Sonia Sotomayor]]. <ref>[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/supreme-court/2009/06/ginsburg_endorses_sotomayor_di.html Ginsburg Backs Sotomayor, Discusses End of Session] Washington Post, June 15, 2009</ref>

==Views on abortion==

Ginsberg stated in a 2009 interview with the New York Times that she thought the 1973 [[Roe v. Wade]] case which legalized [[abortion]] concerned the elimination of undesirable members of the populace, or as she put it "populations that we don't want to have too many of." Many have interpreted this as an endorsement of abortion as a method of population control and/or [[eugenics]]. <ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2288545/posts?page=221</ref><ref>http://www.conservatives4palin.com/2009/07/justice-ginsburg-on-roe-v-wade.html</ref> While shocking, such ideas are hardly new: similar views were endorsed by [[Eugenics|eugenicist]] [[Margaret Sanger]], the founder of [[Planned Parenthood]] years ago.

The direct quote from the interview in context is below:
<blockquote>Ginsburg: Yes, the ruling about that surprised me. [Harris v. McRae – in 1980 the court upheld the Hyde Amendment, which forbids the use of Medicaid for abortions.] Frankly I had thought that at the time Roe was decided, there was concern about population growth and particularly growth in populations that we don't want to have too many of. So that Roe was going to be then set up for Medicaid funding for abortion. Which some people felt would risk coercing women into having abortions when they didn't really want them. But when the court decided McRae, the case came out the other way. And then I realized that my perception of it had been altogether wrong.</blockquote>
Though Ginsburg as the most liberal member of the court obviously supports abortion (and has ruled in the favor of the pro-abortion movement in a number of cases, including [[Stenberg v. Carhart]]), she has been surprisingly critical of the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade. At the time the decision was written (1973), abortion rights were being debated in state legislatures across the country and legislative attempts to criminalize abortion were stymied by the courts, rather than being left to a decision by the American people. This repolarized the debate, and the strong polarization and divisiveness of the issue is still seen today. Ginsburg surprised many prior to her confirmation hearings in 1993, by articulating this issue, saying that Roe v. Wade "halted a political process that was moving in a reform direction and thereby, I believe, prolonged divisiveness and deferred stable settlement of the issue." <ref>http://www.committeeforjustice.org/Articles/Articles/Old/91.aspx</ref>

==Cancer==
Ginsburg has the most severe form of cancer; [[pancreatic cancer]]. She has obtained surgery to prolong her life.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External Links==
* [http://www.democrats.com/ruth-bader-ginsburg-undergoes-cancer-surgery Ruth Bader Ginsburg Undergoes Cancer Surgery | Democrats.com]
* [http://wisconsinfamilyvoice.wordpress.com/2009/07/10/justice-ginsberg-and-abortion-absolutely-revolting/ Justice Ginsberg and abortion…absolutely revolting]
* [http://www.boston.com/community/forums.html?plckForumPage=ForumDiscussion&plckDiscussionId=Cat%3aNewsForum%3a9523Discussion%3a9431d4bb-3b17-4f44-90b4-6d3e57e3c35c RB Ginsberg: Pro-Eugenics?]

== Also See ==
*[[Eugenics]]
*[[Planned Parenthood]]
*[[Racism]]

{{Liberalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Ginsburg, Ruth Bader}}

[[Category: United States Supreme Court]]
[[category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]
[[Category: Liberals]]
[[Category:Women]]

BRICS+

2009-07-01T01:01:43Z

CherryS: /* First Summit */

The '''Brick nations''' or '''BRIC nations''' are countries which are in today's [[economy]] not considered [[core nations]] but whose economies are growing at a very rapid rate. Among these secondary countries are usually included [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]], and [[China]], hence the acronym "BRIC."

== First Summit ==

The first summit of the BRIC nations was held in Yekaterinberg, once an industrial jewel of the [[Soviet Union]]. One of the conclusions of this summit is that the [[United States]] and the [[European Union]] hold a disproportionate amount of [[power]] and that there should be a new multinational entity like the [[United Nations]] but with increased representation for these emerging economies.

== See Also ==

* [[Core nations]]
* [[Brazil]]
* [[Russia]]
* [[India]]
* [[China]]

[[Category:Economics]]

BRICS+

2009-07-01T01:01:23Z

CherryS: Created page with 'The '''Brick nations''' or '''BRIC nations''' are countries which are in today's economy not considered core nations but whose economies are growing at a very rapid rate....'

The '''Brick nations''' or '''BRIC nations''' are countries which are in today's [[economy]] not considered [[core nations]] but whose economies are growing at a very rapid rate. Among these secondary countries are usually included [[Brazil]], [[Russia]], [[India]], and [[China]], hence the acronym "BRIC."

== First Summit ==

The first summit of the BRIC nations was held in Yekaterinberg, once an industrial jewel of the Soviet Union. One of the conclusions of this summit is that the [[United States]] and the [[European Union]] hold a disproportionate amount of [[power]] and that there should be a new multinational entity like the [[United Nations]] but with increased representation for these emerging economies.

== See Also ==

* [[Core nations]]
* [[Brazil]]
* [[Russia]]
* [[India]]
* [[China]]

[[Category:Economics]]

Core nations

2009-07-01T00:54:03Z

CherryS:

The term "'''core nations'''" refers to the most dominant countries in the world economic system. The core produces capital-intensive high-technology goods from their sophisticated technologies and mechanized means of production. The [[United States]] is considered to be one of the core nations.

==See also==
*[[Clash of Civilizations]]
*[[Brick nations]]

[[category:economics]]

Essay:Best New Conservative Words

2009-06-12T21:08:36Z

CherryS: /* New Liberal Terms */

[[Image:Tax-spend.jpg|thumb|480px|The "tax-and-spend" slogan stuck to Harry Hopkins like a well-fitted suit.]]Each year the English language develops about a thousand new words. Over the course of a century, that amounts to 100,000 new words. The [[King James Version]] of the [[Bible]], published in 1611, contains about 8,000 different words.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8013859.stm</ref>

The inevitable triumph of conservatism over liberalism is apparent from comparing the rates of generation of new terms of each type, and the quality of the terms so generated. [[Conservative]] terms are being generated at a faster rate, and with much higher quality, than [[liberal]] terms are. In the 20th century, for example, more conservative terms were developed, and they were developed at a steadier pace. The new liberal terms were clustered in the 1920s and 1960s, were fewer in number, and lacked the same high quality.

Powerful, insightful new conservative terms have grown at a [[geometric progression|geometric rate]], roughly doubling every century. For every insightful new conservative term originating in the 1600s, there are two new terms originating in the 1700s, four new terms in the 1800s, and eight new terms in the 1900s, for a pattern of "1-2-4-8". Nine new conservative terms that originated in the 1600s, for example, are: action-at-a-distance, biased, demagogue, efficiency, Good Samaritan, phonics, productive, self-defense and veracity. Twice as many insightful new conservative terms originated in the following century, and that total doubled again for the 1800s, and doubled yet again for the 1900s. Implications of a geometric increase for new conservative terms include a more conservative future and a correlation between conservatism and truth.

Here are some examples developed since the King James Version was published, forming a pattern by century (1600s, 1700s, 1800s, 1900s) of 10-20-40-80.<ref>This was the pattern as of May 31, 2009, but it will continue to grow as more conservative insights are added. Visitors are encouraged to add terms with dates.</ref> Layers of new terms are being discovered and added to this list in the pattern of 1-2-4-8 by century from 1601-2000.

==Conservative words and terms==

{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!New Term
!Origin date
!Comments
|-
|[[accountability]]
|1794
|
|-
|[[action-at-a-distance]]
|1693
|Newton's acceptance of this concept -- which became fundamental to electrostatics and quantum mechanics and has a basis in Christianity<ref>''See, e.g.'', [[Jesus]]'s cure of the centurion's slave.</ref> -- was central to this development of his theory of gravity.<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-philosophy/#ActDis</ref> Einstein criticized this concept as "spooky".
|-
|alarmism
|1867
|needless warnings
|-
|altruism
|1853
|selfless assistance of others; this also occurs in the animal kingdom also, and is a [[counterexample to evolution]]
|-
|[[American dream]]
|1911<ref>1911 is the date given by the "OED", which refers to the Oxford English Dictionary. The Merriam-Webster dictionary gives a date of 1931.</ref>
|
|-
|[[anti-Christian]]
|1900s
|about a million sites turn up in a Google search, yet the Merriam-Webster dictionary doesn't recognize this important term
|-
|assimilate
|late 1800s
|the desired absorption of immigrant groups into the culture and mores of the resident population
|-
|attention span
|1934
|correlated with intelligence, the attention span is how long someone can concentrate on something. It is rapidly shortening; the Lincoln-Douglas debates 150 years ago lasted for hours, but none do today.<ref>http://www.help4teachers.com/ras.htm</ref> The average length of sentences in speech is another indication of attention span, and it has been shortening significantly.
|-
|bailout
|1951
|wasting taxpayer money to rescue, temporarily, a failing company
|-
|bedrock
|1840-1850
|an American term for unbroken solid rock underneath fragments or soil, which adopted the figurative meaning of strong values: "bedrock principles"<ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bedrock</ref>
|-
|biased
|1649
|
|-
|Big Brother
|1949
|government constantly watching its citizens; [[George Orwell]] first coined this term in his classic, ''[[1984]]''
|-
|[[Blue Dog Democrat]]
|1995
|A person who adheres to conservative principles within the Democratic party, once called a Boll Weevil; as of 2009 there are 45-50 Blue Dog Democrats in the [[House of Representatives]], which is enough to form a majority with [[Republicans]]
|-
|bootstrap
|1913
|Unaided effort, personal merit, hard work
|-
|bork
|1988
|coined by William Safire to refer to how Democrats savage a conservative nominee, such as their defeat of Supreme Court nominee Robert H. Bork.
|-
|born-again
|1961
|it takes an open mind and heart
|-
|brinkmanship
|1956
|the art of displaying a willingness to use military force in order to obtain a just resolution to a conflict between nations
|-
|[[bureaucracy]]
|1818
|
|-
|[[capitalism]]
|1850-1855
|creating jobs and wealth based on a private invention, ownership and investments rather than state-controlled resources
|-
|closed shop
|1904
|a business that requires membership in a union as a condition of working there; 22 conservative states prohibit this
|-
|Coasean
|1980s
|an efficient result or bargain based on market forces without the distortions caused by [[transaction costs]]
|-
|Columbian
|1757
|relating to Christopher Columbus ''or the United States''
|-
|[[comparative advantage]]
|1815<ref>http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/orig.html</ref>
|developed by the classical economist [[David Ricardo]], this reflects the insight that each country should "do what it does best" in deciding which goods to produce
|-
|competitive
|1829
|
|-
|Con Con
|1980s
|popularized by [[Phyllis Schlafly]] to highlight the deception and risks inherent in proposed national constitutional conventions
|-
|[[conservative]]
|1831
|
|-
|copyright
|1735
|extending private property to protect expressive works
|-
|constant
|1832
|(noun) something unchanging in value
|-
|counterexample
|1957
|an example that is contrary to the proposition
|-
|[[culture war]]
|1991
|widespread use after the book ''Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America'' by James Davison Hunter
|-
|[[deadweight loss]]
|1930s<ref>Confirmation of the first use is desired.</ref>
|the loss in overall wealth and efficiency imposed by monopolies and taxation, due to the loss in extra value that someone would have received beyond what he would have paid for a good at a free market price
|-
|death tax
|1989
|interestingly, the term was coined by Canadians opposed to the high estate tax on their assets held in the United States; Frank Luntz is credited with later popularizing this term in the United States.<ref>''See'' Dr. Frank Luntz, ''Words That Work: It's Not What You Say, It's What People Hear''</ref>
|-
|decrypt
|1935
|military code-breaking, which played an instrumental role in World War II in deciphering enemy codes that many felt were unbreakable
|-
|deflation
|1891
|an increase in the value of savings
|-
|demagogue
|1648
|
|-
|[[deregulation]]
|1963
|Reagan won in 1980 by campaigning on this.
|-
|design by committee
|before 1958
|Pejorative directed against collective production by a group
|-
|despotism
|1727
|a ruler with unlimited powers
|-
|[[deterrence]]
|1861
|
|-
|disinformation
|1950s
|false information spread (and sometimes manufactured) by groups with a strong political agenda
|-
|division of labor
|1776
|increasing productivity through specialization of labor, as in a husband working in manufacturing while his wife cares for children
|-
|domino effect
|1966
|how the fall of one nation to communism can result in its harmful spread to neighboring nations
|-
|doublethink
|1949
|[[George Orwell]] first coined this term in ''[[1984]]''; it means simultaneously holding contradictory beliefs, which is a characteristic of [[status worship]]
|-
|double standard
|1894
|applying harsher criticism against one group, such as churchgoers or conservatives, than against another group, such as atheists or liberals; recognition of a double standard by the [[Prodigal Son]] led him to repent and convert
|-
|dumb down
|1933
|
|-
|editorialize
|1856
|"to introduce opinion into the reporting of facts"<ref>Merriam-Webster (1994).</ref>
|-
|[[efficiency]]
|1633
|Ultimately from the Latin ''efficientem'', meaning ''"working out, or accomplishing"''<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=efficient Online Etymological Dictionary]</ref>
|-
|[[elementary proof]]
|1865
|a mathematical proof based on the minimum assumptions associated with real analysis; term probably does not predate [[complex analysis]] and its first use may have been the English mathematician James Joseph Sylvester's paper, "On an elementary proof and generalisation of Sir Isaac Newton's hitherto
undenionstrated rule for the discovery of imaginary roots."<ref>http://www.archive.org/stream/circular129johnuoft/circular129johnuoft_djvu.txt</ref>
|-
|[[elitism]]
|1950
|
|-
|[[entitlement]]
|1944
|
|-
|[[ethnic voting]]
|1900s
|widely recognized and even advocated by some,<ref>http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/5/2/3/4/p152345_index.html</ref> yet the dictionary doesn't yet recognize it
|-
|exculpatory
|1781
|often used in the phrase "exculpatory evidence," it took nearly 50 years to develop this term after origination of the legal term suggesting guilt: "incriminate"
|-
|falsifiability
|1934
|first emphasized by Karl Popper in 1934, this helps define science: if a proposition is false, then it can be shown to be false. If not, then the proposition is not scientific.
|-
|[[family values]]
|1916
|widespread use after a speech by Vice President [[Dan Quayle]], 1992
|-
|father figure
|1934
|someone who fulfills the essential role of a father
|-
|[[fellow traveller]]
|1925
|May have existed earlier, but popularized in 1924 by Trotsky. Describes a sympathizer of a cause but who does not formally belong to the cause, such as a [[communist]] sympathizer who is not part of the communist party.
|-
|[[federalism]]
|1789
|the unique system of dual sovereigns, state and federal (national), established by the [[U.S. Constitution]]
|-
|forward-looking
|1800
|planning for the future rather than dwelling on the past
|-
|[[free enterprise]]
|1820
|
|-
|free market
|1907
|
|-
|free world
|1949
|areas of the world free of communism
|-
|gateway drug
|1982
|abuse of alcohol/marijuana eventually leads to harder drugs cocaine/heroin
|-
|globalism
|1997
|MW states it was first used in 1943<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/globalism</ref> and the OED gives a date of 1965 for the exact term 'globalism'<ref>http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50095613/50095613se2?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=globalism&first=1&max_to_show=10&hilite=50095613se2</ref> the term "globalization" was first used in the mid-1980s in a different, complimentary sense.
|-
|go-getter
|1921
|-
|gold standard
|1831
|the highest standard; in currency, when money could be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold
|-
|Good Samaritan
|1640
|how genuine charity is the best approach
|-
|[[grade inflation]]
|1975
|the tendency by Liberal educationalists and public schools to increase marks, irrespective of merit or actual achievement.
|-
|[[grassroots]]
|1901
|
|-
|Great Awakening
|1730-1740
|Christian spiritualism recurs periodically. See [[Essay:The Coming Fifth Great Awakening in America]].
|-
|hardworking
|1774
|
|-
|Hawthorne effect
|1962
|the increase in achievement resulting merely from being observed; this was demonstrated by experiment at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric in Cicero, Illinois
|-
|heckler's veto
|1965
|Coined by University of Chicago Law Professor Harvey Kalven, Jr., a strong supporter of free speech in politics, this term has been used in [[Supreme Court]] decisions by Justices [[Sam Alito]],<ref>''See'' ''Pleasant Grove City v. Summum'', 129 S. Ct. 1125 (2009); ''see also'' ''Child Evangelism Fellowship of N.J., Inc. v. Stafford Twp. Sch. Dist.'', 386 F.3d 514 (3rd Cir. 2004).</ref> [[Antonin Scalia]], and [[Clarence Thomas]].<ref>''Good News Club v. Milford Cent. Sch.'', 533 U.S. 98 (2001)</ref>
|-
|[[homeschool]]
|1980<ref>The OED assigns a date of origin of 1850 to "homeschool".</ref>
|
|-
|human rights
|1766
|rights of all peoples, fighting for those less fortunate- justice for humanity
|-
|[[Essay:Liberal hysteria|hysteria]]
|1801
|From the Latin ''hystericus'', from Greek ''hystera '' meaning ''"womb"''<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hysteria Meriam Webster Dictionary]</ref> (an old notion that hysteria was caused by the [[womb]]).
|-
|identity politics
|1988
|exploiting politics for racial, ethnic, gender equality.
|-
|incompleteness
|1931
|a system of logic or mathematics that includes propositions that are impossible to prove or disprove; term coined as a result of [[Kurt Godel]]'s work in 1931
|-
|individualism
|1827
|values, rights and duties arise from the individual
|-
|inflationary
|1920
|policies causing inflation of the monetary supply
|-
|informed consent
|1967
|consent to surgery is meaningful only if informed, a requirement that should apply to abortion
|-
|initiative
|1793
|self-starting first step toward improvement
|-
|insightful
|1907
|
|-
|interventionism
|1923
|"governmental interference in economic affairs at home or in political affairs of another country"<ref>Merriam-Webster (1994).</ref>
|-
|invisible hand
|1776
|Coined by Adam Smith in the ''Wealth of Nations'' and widely used today, yet Merriam-Webster fails to recognize it!<ref>This term is absent from the 1994 print edition of the Merriam-Webster dictionary</ref>
|-
|Iron curtain
|1945
|coined by Winston Churchill in a speech in Missouri just after World War II, to describe the communist's figurative wall against freedom
|-
|judicial activism
|1947
|First coined in an article in ''Fortune'' magazine by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.,<ref>http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/278089</ref> and repeatedly used in U.S. Supreme Court opinions since 1967,<ref>''United States v. Wade'',
388 U.S. 218 (1967).</ref> yet as of 2009 [[Merriam-Webster]] dictionary still fails to recognize this widely used term.
|-
|judicial restraint
|1942
|"Assuming that this court has power to act, it does not necessarily follow that it should act. ... In a number of situations, and in a number of cases, it has been held that courts should voluntarily refrain from using or asserting power. Where the use or assertion of power might be destructive of a well defined purpose of law or of a declared public policy such voluntarily imposed '''judicial restraint''' may be commendable."<ref>Osage Tribe of Indians v. Ickes, 45 F. Supp. 179, 184-85 (D.D.C. 1942) (emphasis added).</ref>
|-
|judicial supremacist
|2004
|One who advocates that the courts should be supreme over the other branches of government for certain legal issues; first coined in a book by [[Phyllis Schlafly]]; first used by the judiciary by the Michigan Supreme Court in ''Paige v. City of Sterling Heights'', 476 Mich. 495 (2006).<ref>A similar yet different concept, "judicial supremacy," was coined by [[conservative]] Supreme Court Justice [[Robert H. Jackson]] as the title of his book,'' The Struggle for Judicial Supremacy: A Study of a Crisis in American Political Power'' (New York: Knopf, 1941).</ref>
|-
|junk science
|1962<ref>http://rated.com/dir/Society/Issues/Environment/Opposing_Views/Junk_Science</ref>
|the corruption of the scientific method to advance other, often political, goals
|-
|jury nullification
|1948
|the power of a jury to overrule the law and acquit an ostensibly guilty defendant; the power was established in the colonies in 1735 in the trial of [[John Peter Zenger]], but this term was first used in state court by Pfeuffer v. Haas, 55 S.W.2d 111 (Tex. Civ. App. 1932) and in federal court by ''Skidmore v. Baltimore & O. R. Co.'', 167 F.2d 54 (2nd Cir. 1948)
|-
|kowtow
|1826
|obsequious, unthinking obedience to someone or something, used especially in the context of dictatorships and liberal belief systems
|-
|Kremlinology
|1958
|the study of the otherwise indecipherable behavior of the government of the [[communist]] [[Soviet Union]]. Refers to the Kremlin, the traditional seat of Russian government (Soviet or not).
|-
|labor camp
|1900
|forced work prison
|-
|laissez-faire
|1825
|opposing governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is minimally necessary
|-
|lame duck
|1761
|one falling being in achievement, especially a public official whose power is limited because his term in office is set to expire without possibility of reelection.
|-
|leftism
|1920
|principles and doctrine of leftists
|-
|leverage
|1830
|
|-
|local
|1824<ref>This date refers to its first usage as a ''noun'', which is an estimate of its adoption as a concept.</ref>
|common usage: "all politics is local"
|-
|[[microeconomics]]
|1947
|the study of the economics of the individual person or business
|-
|melting pot
|1912
|requires "social and cultural assimilation" for successful immigration<ref>Merriam-Webster dictionary (1994)</ref>
|-
|[[meritocracy]]
|1958
|
|-
|missile defense
|1980s
|popularized by President Ronald Reagan as part of [[SDI]]
|-
|mobocracy
|1754
|rule by a mob, as at Wikipedia
|-
|monogamy
|1612
|this has the same date of origin as "productive", and that may not be a coincidence!
|-
|motivation
|1873
|can you believe the word did not exist before 1873?!
|-
|Murphy's Law
|1958
|if something can go wrong, then it will go wrong: that was a conservative insight by an engineer Edward Murphy
|-
|myopic
|1752
|originally a term in optometry, 1990's used to describe liberals lack of foresight
|-
|negativism
|1824
|mental attitude that tends that is skeptical about almost everything, except one's own views
|-
|non-locality
|1920s
|[[action at a distance]] at the atomic level; even though proven, it is still opposed by those who believe in [[relativity]] and still not recognized by Merriam-Webster
|-
|newspeak
|1949
|political or media expressions using circumlocution and euphemisms to disguise or distract from the truth; first coined by [[George Orwell]] in ''[[1984]]''
|-
|non-justiciable
|1922<ref>Used by the state attorneys for West Virginia (including Philip Steptoe, founder of Steptoe & Johnson) in ''Pennsylvania v. West Virginia'', 262 U.S. 553 (1923): "It is not the 'subject of judicial cognizance,' Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 15; Louisiana v. Texas, 176 U.S 1, 15; Missouri v. Illinois, 180 U.S. 208, 233, or 'susceptible of judicial solution.' Louisiana v. Texas, 176 U.S. 1, 18, 22; Missouri v. Illinois, 180 U.S. 208, 233, 234."</ref>
|a difficult issue that the courts should not attempt to resolve, often because it is too political in nature
|-
|open-minded
|1828
|See [[Essay:Quantifying Openmindedness]]
|-
|[[opportunity cost]]
|1911
|
|-
|originalism
|1985
|taken from original intent, The belief that the United States Constitution should be interpreted in the way the authors originally intended it
|-
|optimism
|1759
|
|-
|Orwellian
|1960s
|terminology or style that advances the power of big government but is hurtful or nonsensical<ref>http://www.ntu.org/main/press.php?PressID=604</ref>
|-
|parenting
|1958
|Children raising
|-
|Parkinson's Law
|1955
|how bureaucracies expand regardless of the productivity, and how inefficient work expands to fill the time available for its completition
|-
|patriotism
|1726
|
|-
|[[personhood]] <ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/personhood Personhood] Dictionary.com</ref>
|1955
|Inherent rights guaranteed to all human beings from the beginning of their biological development, including the pre-born, partially born. Also, the state or fact of being a person.
|-
|[[phonics]]
|1684
|
|-
|[[politically correct]]
|1983
|This term originated among radicals at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] to enforce radical orthodoxy, but immediately flipped in usage to become a term of mockery of radicals.<ref>For an early different usage of the word, see 1793 J. WILSON in U.S. Rep. (U.S. Supreme Court) 2 (1798) 462 Sentiments and expressions of this inaccurate kind prevail in our..language... ‘The United States’, instead of the ‘People of the United States’, is the toast given. This is not politically correct.</ref> The term may have come from Chairman Mao in 1936.
|-
|potential
|1817<ref>Usage here refers to "promise", not "possibility".</ref>
|
|-
|privatize
|1940
|to return a business or enterprise from state to private control; to de-nationalize.
|-
|productive
|1612
|
|-
|productivity
|1810
|the gap of about 200 years between the creation of "productive" and "productivity" is astounding
|-
|[[pro-life]]
|1960
|
|-
|property right
|1853
|
|-
|quantify
|1840
|
|-
|race card
|1995<ref>This is the date of its widespread familiarity.</ref>
|"Playing the race card" consists of relying on racial emotions or charges of racism in order to overcome the truth and logic in politics, legal proceedings, or otherwise; this term became familiar in the criticism of the defense and acquittal of O.J. Simpson for the murder of his ex-wife and her friend.
|-
|[[recidivism]]
|1886
|the tendency for people lacking in [[faith]] and determination to revert to prior patterns of harmful behavior, such as repeat criminal offenders
|-
|recuse
|1949
|self-removal by a decision-maker (especially a judge) because of possible bias with respect to the pending issue
|-
|[[relativism]]
|1865
|the view that ethical truths are not absolute, but depend on the person or group that holds them
|-
|[[responsibility]]
|1737
|1787 HAMILTON Federalist No. 63 II. 193 Responsibility in order to be reasonable must be limited to objects within the power of the responsible party.
|-
|reverse discrimination
|1969
|the use of quotas or affirmative action to use race or gender to discriminate against a better qualified person
|-
|salutary neglect
|1775
|coined by the [[conservative]] [[Edmund Burke]] in his 1775 speech to the British [[House of Commons]] entitled "On Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies"<ref>http://www.archive.org/stream/burkesspeechonco00burkuoft/burkesspeechonco00burkuoft_djvu.txt</ref>
|-
|school choice
|1980
|popularized by Milton Friedman in his book, ''Free to Choose''
|-
|[[self-defense]]
|1651
|
|-
|self-destruct
|1968
|often the tragic result of liberal falsehoods
|-
|[[Discipline|self-discipline]]
|1838
|
|-
|self-reliant
|1848
|
|-
|separation of powers
|1748
|the fundamental insight underlying the [[U.S. Constitution]]
|-
|slippery slope
|1900s
|term has been widely used for decades to expose the fallacy of "it doesn't hurt to try"
|-
|smoking gun
|1974
|a law-and-order term, "smoking gun" was first used as figurative term in a reported judicial decision in ''Rodgers v. United States Steel Corp.'', 1975 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12775 (W.D. Pa. Apr. 20, 1975), and many literal uses of the term in court decisions before that!
|-
|spend-and-tax
|2009<ref>http://blog.heritage.org/2009/03/02/morning-bell-the-obama-tax-and-spend-economy-is-here/</ref>
|a variation on "tax-and-spend" (see below), "spend-and-tax" consists of spending the money first and then trying to justify raising taxes based on the deficit created by the spending
|-
|straw man
|1896
|an imaginary argument or example set up for the purpose of easily knocking down, while distracting from valid arguments
|-
|straightforward
|1806
|
|-
|supply-side
|1976
|the economic theory that reducing taxes expands economic activity by encouraging greater earnings and investments; proven successful during the Reagan Administration in the 1980s
|-
|takeover
|1917
|as in the takeover of government by the communist revolution in that year
|-
|tax-and-spend
|1937
|Not yet recognized by Merriam-Webster, it is included in dictionary.com and it means the liberal policy of raising taxes and increasing government spending
|-
|taxpayer
|1816
|the word highlights who is really paying for things
|-
|terrorism
|1795
|this was during the French Revolution
|-
|tour de force
|1802
|a feat of skill
|-
|[[term limits]]
|1861
|can you believe this is not in the dictionary yet? Merriam-Webster omits it, but dictionary.com has it<ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/term+limit</ref>
|-
|trademark
|1838
|extends the concept of private property to the marks used by business
|-
|[[transaction cost]]
|1961
|Economist [[Ronald Coase]] won a [[Nobel Prize]] for this.
|-
|[[transistor]]
|1948
|named by John R. Pierce and developed at the [[conservative]] [[Bell Labs]], this invention epitomized Yankee ingenuity; Pierce was a critic of claims of [[artificial intelligence]] and was the future developer of [[Telstar]], a precursor to the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]]
|-
|traditionalist
|1856
|"adherence to the doctrines or practices of a tradition...the beliefs of those opposed to modernism, liberalism, or radicalism"<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/traditionalist</ref>
|-
|tree huggers
|1970s
|still not recognized by the dictionary, this term criticizes extreme environmentalists, but they proudly use the term also to describe what they literally do
|-
|trust but verify
|1980s
|popularized by President Ronald Reagan as the approach to use towards communist [[deceit]]
|-
|ugly duckling
|1883
|an unpromising appearance but often with great unseen potential
|-
|underemployed
|1908
|having less than full-time or suitable employment
|-
|vandalism
|1798
|malicious destruction of someone else's property
|-
|veracity
|1623
|devotion to truthfulness
|-
|victimization
|1840
|
|-
|wannabee
|1981
|a word that criticizes liberal [[status worship]]
|-
|War on Terror
|2001
|no listing at Merriam-Webster February 2, 2009 Obama ends use of the conservative lexicon. <ref>[http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=17455 Obama administration drops 'war on terror' phrase] Pew Forum, February 2, 2009</ref>
|-
|work ethic
|1951
|a habit of working as a moral good
|-
|worldview
|1858
|a comprehensive way of looking at life and the world; sometimes used to criticize a liberal's irrational belief system
|-
|}
__TOC__ 

== Rate of Generation of Conservative Terms ==

The rate of generation of conservative terms is increasing at a remarkable geometric rate of growth, by doubling each century:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Century
!# New Conservative Terms
|-
|1600s
|10
|-
|1700s
|22
|-
|1800s
|44
|-
|1900s
|88
|-
|2000s
|4 (preliminary)
|-
|}

== Conservative Words Not Yet Recognized by the Dictionary ==

A thousand new words are developed in English each year. Here is a growing list of conservative concepts, each of which is not yet defined by a single word or two.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Not Yet Recognized Terms
!Suggestions
!Comments
|-
|9/10 mindset
|pre-9/11 thinking
|terror is jurisdiction of the courts
|-
|anti-family
|tradition opposer, familiopathic
|
|-
|causing harm by spreading falsehoods
|
|e.g., denying or concealing disease and infertility caused by promiscuity
|-
|cradle to grave <ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/spanish/from%20cradle%20to%20grave cradle to grave- no entry found] Merriam-Websters</ref>
|sanctity of life, conception to natural death
|pro-life stance, also can mean socialist entitlement programs
|-
|cut and run
|surrender advocates
|when the going gets tough, run away from the problem
|-
|[[deliberate ignorance]]
|
|the term exists; the dictionary does not yet include it
|-
|denial that [[Hell]] exists
|Hell-denier? Antinfernal? (Should be "antihadessic" so as not to mix Hellenate and Latinate roots)
|
|-
|[[abstinence denial|denier of the effectiveness of abstinence]]
|abstinence-denier?
|
|-
|drive-by media
|partisan slander
|liberal mainstream media assault on the GOP or conservative principles, deceitful attacks for opposing viewpoints
|-
|easily amused by [[deceit]]
|dolophile
|from Greek/Latin root ''dolo-'' meaning guile, deceit, deception [http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/664]
|-
|Hatred of one's country, refusal to recognize the good elements of it, or unreasonably critical of it
|Misopatria, misopatrist
|From Greek ''misein'', to hate, and Latin ''patria'', nation or homeland
|-
|[[Illegal Alien|illegal alien]]
|
|widely used in court decisions and political discourse for years, Merriam-Webster still does not recognize it is as a term.
|-
|infotainment
|tabloid news, dramacast
|mainstream media presents drama fluff stories as news, e.g. 20/20 - Dateline
|-
|merit pay
|performance bonus
|Doing your job better with perks as a reward. The typical liberal union teacher avoids merit pay at all costs, self before students.
|-
|[[militant gays]]
|intimidating homosexual
|
|-
|modern idolatry
|"media idolatry"; "money idolatry"; "celebrity idolatry"
|idolatry conjures images of golden calves, and a modern version is needed
|-
|morally bankrupt
|[[atheism]], self-void
|ethically and spiritually challenged souls
|-
|opposite of [[materialism]]
|spiritualism and idealism have been its philosophical opposites, historically
|[[dualism]] has been suggested, but it is not the ''opposite'' of [[materialism]]; "spiritualism" is not a common term and is the "opposite" of materialism
|-
|[[peer pressure]]
|
|can you believe that isn't recognized by Merriam-Webster?
|-
|proven wrong, a refusal to admit it
|mulism; heel-digger?
|cf. mulish. This refusal is what promoted the [[Parable of the Good Samaritan]].
|-
|religious right
|Christian conservatives
|Religion in America almost exclusively a conservative institution, no religious left term in existence.
|-
|rogue states
|rogue nations
|nations defying international law, only rogue is listed in Merriman-Websters
|-
|runaway jury
|The term has existed for decades, but Merriam-Webster has not recognized it yet.
|
|-
|Rule of Law
|
|
|-
|[[schlockumentary]]
|propaganda film
|documentary films based falsehoods and half-truths
|-
|[[Second generation atheist|second-generation atheist]]
|cradle atheist
|
|-
|strict constructionism
|
|an important term for over 200 years to describe adherence to the text of the Constitution, Merriam-Webster still does not recognize it.
|-
|[[Conservative| Traditional Values]]
| principles of Conservatism
|much the same as family values but incorporating all aspects society; family, religion, self-sufficiency, the truth, hard work. Only listed in Merriam-Websters to describe what Nilihism is against.
|-
|true emergency
|life support
|meaning a high probability of serious injury or death to an individual or property. Emergency has been watered down, e.g. to be locked out of one's car.
|-
|Unaffected by, or impervious to, the media
|mediaproof
|cf. bulletproof. ''Once John became aware of the extent of [[liberal deceit]], he set about mediaproofing his mind''.
|-
|}

== New Liberal Terms ==

New liberal words often have deceptive, or nonsensical, meanings. Here are some new words created by liberals to combat [[conservatism]]:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!New Term
!Origin date
!Comments
|-
|[[Agnosticism|agnostic]]
|1860
|Someone who claims to not know whether [[God]] exists but still lives like an [[atheist]]
|-
|[[Atheism|atheist]]
|1571
|useful and often deceptive alternative name for an anti-Christian
|-
|[[Big Bang theory|big bang]]
|1948
|term invented by the leading [[British]] physicist Sir [[Fred Hoyle]] to ''mock'' this suggestion of how the universe was formed, but later accepted as a serious term rather than mockery<ref>Compare this migration with that of "politically correct," which started out as a serious term but then adopted a sense of mockery</ref>
|-
|bilingual education
|1972
|a euphemism describing a costly and hurtful program that hinders the learning of English by foreign-born children in American [[public school]]s, which hurts their future opportunities
|-
|[[carbon footprint]]
|1999<ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carbon%20footprint</ref>
|term indicates an individual human's effect on the environment by production of carbon dioxide
|-
|chairperson
|1971
|Even Alice Sturgis, the leading parliamentarian of the 20th century, rejected this cumbersome form of political correctness.
|-
|check-off
|1911
|automatic deduction of union dues by the employer from the employee's paycheck, so he has no choice
|-
|[[class warfare]]
|
|first entered the political lexicon primarily as an attack by liberals against conservatives. <ref>[http://www.spinsanity.org/columns/20030115.html The art of "class warfare"], Ben Fritz, Spinsanity.org, January 15, 2003</ref>
|-
|[[communism]]
|1840
|
|-
|compassion fatigue
|1968
|Liberals, driven by materialistic self-interest, are likely to suffer from this.
|-
|[[condescension]]
|1647
|Treating another person as though they are inferior
|-
|[[creationism]]
|1880
|like most "isms", creationism is a derogatory term coined preferred most by opponents of it.
|-
|[[Dark Ages]]
|1730
|A term coined in the so-called [[enlightenment]] to disparage the period between the fall of the [[Roman Empire]] and c.1000, when the Christian faith, and its learning and culture, spread across Europe.
|-
|[[Dead white males|dead white males]]
|
|a disparaging term used of significant figures from previous generations by those who wish to undermine [[Cultural Literacy|cultural literacy]]
|-
|deconstruction
|1973
|a style of interpretation of texts that looks beyond the plain meaning of the text in order to infer or accuse the writers of social bias
|-
|diva
|1883
|modern use to describe female Hollywood/media personalities
|-
|[[Détente|detente]]
|1970s
|A euphemism referring to pacifist policy re. the Soviet Union
|-
|distributive justice
|
|A term used to redefine socialist abridgment of rights as "just"
|-
|[[enlightenment]]
|1669
|
|-
|[[Environmentalist|environmentalism]]
|1922
|a mixture of [[pseudoscience]] and neo-[[paganism]] used to justify the imposition of [[socialist]]ic controls.
|-
|[[exclusionary rule]]
|1964
|an invented rule that requires censoring and withholding from the jury certain incriminating evidence about a criminal defendant, simply based on how the evidence was obtained.
|-
|freethinker
|1692
|the euphemism "free" hides the hostility towards faith, which is not free
|-
|[[fundamentalism]]
|1922
|"a movement in 20th century Protestantism emphasizing the literally interpreted Bible as fundamental to Christian life and teaching"<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fundamentalism</ref> From a series of pamphlets called "The Fundamentals" which outlined the movement. Perjorative usage started when the liberal [[Harry Emerson Fosdick]] began using the term in a straw man attack against [[Conservative Christianity]].
|-
|[[feminism]]
|1895
|notionally, "the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes"; in reality, the attempt to destroy traditional family, societal and religious values by erasing or undermining natural gender differences.
|-
|[[gay rights]]
|1969
|The movement for civil rights for homosexuals
|-
|glass ceiling
|1984
|the notion that an invisible barrier prevents women and ethnic minorities from reaching high office; an excuse for [[feminist]]s and others to demand [[affirmative action]]
|-
|[[global warming]]
|1969
|The baseless [[environmentalist]] mantra that the earth's temperature is rising, and that human intervention is the cause.
|-
|[[goth]]
|?
|"A style of rock music, noted especially for somber or ethereal tones and lugubrious lyrics", or someone who performs or listens to this style of music.<ref>Dictionary.com, ''goth'' [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/goth]</ref> Goths often "dress in black with heavy jewelry".<ref>Dictionary.com, ''goth rock'' [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/goth%20rock]</ref> The term is taken from the name of "a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era".<ref>Dictionary.com, ''goth'' [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/goth]</ref>
|-
|gun control
|1969
|a euphemism for restricting the right to keep and bear arms
|-
|[[homophobia]]
|1969
|used by Liberals to describe a failure to subscribe 100% to the [[homosexual agenda]].
|-
|[[humanism]]
|1808 <ref>http://newhumanist.org.uk/1740</ref>
|
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|1851
|a clever term later used by liberals to interfere with Christian missionaries and stopping anti-Christian tyranny
|-
|[[isolationism]]
|1922
|a pejorative term that is critical of American politicians putting America first in priorities
|-
|Keynesianism
|1946
|advocacy of 'tax and spend' policies as elaborated by the economist [[John Maynard Keynes]]; a [[euphemism]] for back-door [[Socialism]].
|-
|[[Living Constitution]]
|2000
|a continually evolving Constitution (first used by presidential candidate Al Gore, title of a 1936 book by Howard McBain)
|-
|McCarthyism
|1950
|Originally, investigations by Sen. Joe McCarthy of Communists working in sensitive USA government jobs. Later, it more broadly refers to holding radical leftists accountable for their beliefs and loyalties.
|-
|[[metrosexual]]
|1994
|fashion and glamour man
|-
|moderate
|late 1900s
|the original term dates from the French Revolution, but its meaning today is a euphemism for someone who favors abortion and/or supports censorship of Christianity in some ways.
|-
|nationalize
|1800
|a euphemism for the government taking over ownership and control of a large company or entire industry, as in socialism
|-
|natural selection
|1857
|a misleading and euphemistic term for the theory that genetic advantages and conflict dictate survival
|-
|[[Nihilism]]
|1817
|a rejection of the values system, independently anarchist from society norms.
|-
|[[population control]]
|1968
|the issue of population dates back to Confucius. Liberals promoted the term after the book The Population Bomb by Paul R. Ehrlich
|-
|[[pro-choice]]
|1975
|a euphemism for insisting on taxpayer-funded [[abortion]]; people who claim to be pro-choice typically oppose ''informed'' choice, which makes the "choice" meaningless
|-
|[[progressivism]]
|1892
|the progressive movement was not entirely liberal; it was started by a Republican and shared some goals with conservatives, and still does
|-
|[[psychoanalysis]]
|1906
|contributed to de-spiritualization of human beings
|-
|[[quote mining]]
|non-existent
|a term used by [[evolutionists]] to describe taking quotes out of context in order to damage the position of the quoted party.
|-
|Segway
|2001
|Dean Kamen's trademark spelling of "segue" for use of Yankee Ingenuity to improve efficiency.
|-
|[[Sexual Discrimination|sexism]]
|1968
|That which is practiced by those who do not give total support to [[feminism]].
|-
|situation ethics
|1955
|a euphemism for denying fixed ethical standards
|-
|strict liability
|1869
|court-imposed liability even when there is no evidence of any fault by the defendant
|-
|sustainability
|1727
|[[environmentalism|environmentalist]] buzzword
|-
|Swift-Boating
|2004
|Allegations of unfair campaign tactics.
|-
|transnationalist
|2006
|popularized by Yale Law School Dean Harold Koh in a 2006 law review article: "The transnationalists view domestic courts as having a critical role to play in domesticating international law into U.S. law ...."<ref>Penn State Law Review (2006).</ref>
|-
|undocumented immigrant
|2000
|a [[politically correct]] replacement for illegal alien.
|-
|unfair
|1700
|
|-
|union shop
|1904
|
|-
|[[Unitarian]]
|1687
|
|-
|will to power
|1907
|[[Nietzsche]]'s concept of the drive of a superman to perfect himself by exercising creative power; it didn't catch on
|-
|}

== Rate of Generation of Liberal Terms ==

The rate of generation of liberal terms is increasing, but not with the enduring value of the conservative terms and not with their geometric rate of increase. A remarkably high percentage of new liberal terms originated in the 1960s, suggesting that new liberal terms arise in a sporadic manner heavily influenced by culture:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Century
!# New Liberal Terms
|-
|1600s
|4
|-
|1700s
|2
|-
|1800s
|10
|-
|1900s
|27 (8 in the 1960s)
|-
|2000s
|4
|-
|}

== Terms Difficult to Classify ==

These new terms are difficult to classify:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Affirmative Action|affirmative action]]
|1961
|first used in [http://www.thecre.com/fedlaw/legal6/eo10925.htm JFK's Executive Order 10925] in 1961 and subsequently promoted by [[LBJ]].
|-
|Americanism
|1781
|Originally, a phrase unique to American English, later, loyalty to America and its principles
|-
|bipartisan
|1909
|emphasized by liberals when they are in the minority in power, but ignored by liberals when they are the majority in power
|-
|Cold War
|1947
|open hostilities and ideological driven differences between nations
|-
|evangelism
|1620-30
|"isms" are usually pejorative, though this acquired a positive meaning over time, and perhaps from the outset
|-
|missionary
|1635-1645
|conservative?
|-
|Multitasking
|1966
|multiple task all at once
|-
|republican
|1685
|
|-
|scrooge
|1843
|the main character in Charles Dickens' ''A Christmas Carol''; the story is based on materialism and is often used as a substitute for the Biblical account, but charity is a conservative value
|-
|smoke and mirrors
|1982
|describes the use of deceit, particularly in politics; probably a conservative term, but will await more etymology about it
|-
|states' rights
|1790
|liberals often invoke this too; Democrats were its biggest champions in the 1800s (in connection with slavery), and even today on issues like legalizing drugs and same-sex marriage
|-
|telecommute
|1974<ref>This first use was in the British magazine ''The Economist''.</ref>
|a combination of a Greek root ("tele", which means "far off") and a Latin root ("commutare", which means "to exchange")
|-
|traditionalism
|1856
|"beliefs of those opposed to [[modernism]], [[liberalism]], or [[radicalism]]"
|-
|[[twilight zone]]
|1949
|the realm of imagination that seems impossible but is difficult to disprove, and which challenges ordinary views of reality; also the terminator between night and day on a planetary body
|-
|underdog
|1887
|conservative or liberal?
|-
|}

== Downgraded Conservative Terms ==

These conservative terms are less significant:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|byzantine
|1794<ref>The usage here -- in sense of complex governmental rules -- probably developed later.</ref>
|
|-
|[[entropy]]
|1868
|
|-
|[[filibuster]]
|1851
|
|-
|incandescent
|1794
|bright and radiant, conquering darkness, precursor to the invention of the incandescent lamp (light bulb)
|-
|Luddite
|1811
|one who opposes and even destroys technological advances
|-
|media
|1923
|
|-
|[[milquetoast]]
|1933
|timid and unassertive; easily persuaded or exploited
|-
|normalcy
|1920
|related to the election of [[Warren G. Harding]] by the largest margin yet in history
|-
|ne'er-do-well
|1736
|"an idle worthless person" - Merriam-Webster
|-
|reticent
|1834
|restrained in expression, presentation, or appearance
|-
|self-indulgence
|1753
|
|-
|}

== Sources ==

*[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Merriam-Webster dictionary]

== See also ==

*[[Essay:Conservapedia's Law]]
*[[Essay:Surprising Dates of Origin for Terms]]
*[[Linguistic Analysis of Candidates]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Essays]]

Arctangent

2009-05-30T23:41:34Z

CherryS:

The '''arctangent''' function is an [[inverse trigonometric function]] which is the inverse of the [[tangent]] function. Whereas tangent converts an angle to the [[ratio]] of the length of the opposite side of a [[right triangle]] to the adjacent one, arctangent is used to find the angle when the ratio is known. The arctangent function is often abbreviated ''arctan''.

The arctangent appears "naturally" as the antiderivative of a rational function. In particular, <math>\int\frac{dx}{1+x^2}=\arctan x</math>

[[category:Trigonometry]]

Germanic languages

2009-05-27T15:15:34Z

CherryS:

'''Germanic languages''' is a language family, and is part of the larger language family known as [[Indo-European language]]s. Germanic includes the following languages: [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Frisian language|Frisian]], [[Afrikaans]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]].

== List of Germanic languages ==
=== West Germanic languages ===
* [[English language|English]]
* [[German language|German]]
* [[Frisian language|Frisian]]
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
* [[Afrikaans]]

=== North Germanic languages ===

The North Germanic languages all descend from [[Old Norse]] which was the language used by the [[Viking]]s.

* [[Danish language|Danish]]
* [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
* [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
* [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
* [[Swedish language|Swedish]]

=== East Germanic languages ===
(All of which are extinct.)
* [[Gothic language|Gothic]]

== See also ==
*[[Indo-European languages]]

[[Category:Germanic languages| ]]

Waitress

2009-05-27T15:10:39Z

CherryS:

A '''waitress''' is the female eqiuivalent of a [[waiter]]. Some extreme [[feminist]]s and [[Liberals]] seeking to alter [[language]] and police [[thought]] wish to refer to both male and female table attendants in restaurants as waiters, as an expression of their desire to wipe all out distinctions between male and female. Some have even coined the "word" ''waitron'' to show their abhorrence of gender distinction!

The term '''server''' is now used as a "gender-neutral" term, though ironically this word derives from the gendered [[Latin]] ''servitor'' (masculine). The feminine term in [[Latin]] is ''servitrix''.

==See also==
*[[waiter]]

[[Category:Professions]]

Duck

2009-05-27T14:57:27Z

CherryS:

{{Taxonomy|image = Duck.jpg|kingdom = Animalia|phylum = Chordata|subphylum = Vertebrata|class = Aves|order = Anseriformes|suborder = |family = Anatidae| }}
'''Duck''' (Spanish: pato, French: canard, German: Ente, Greek: πάπια) wild or domesticated web-footed swimming [[birds]] of the family Anatidae.

Ducks are generally divided into two varieties, surface feeders who 'dabble' on the surface and bottom feeders who dive to the bottom of the body of water they reside on to feed there.

==Ducks as food==

Ducks are frequently [[hunt]]ed and raised as [[livestock]] for their meat. Since ducks are cleaner animals in general than [[chicken]]s their meat is much less likely to be infected with [[salmonella]] and as a result their meat can be served rare (like steak). It is much more aromatic and fatty than the meat of the chicken, and is preferred as an alternative by those who can afford it. A common analogy to describe the flavor of duck is that "duck is to chicken as [[lamb]] is to [[beef]]." Duck is common in cuisines throughout the world, notably the cuisines of [[France]] (such as in duck confit), [[China]] (in peking duck), [[Burma]], [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]] (in curries), [[Cambodia]]. The French often use duck fat in their cooking where British or American cuisine would call for [[lard]] (which is pork fat).

[[Category:Birds]]
[[Category:Ducks| ]]
[[Category:Livestock]]
[[Category:Meat]]

Ordnance

2009-05-27T14:44:16Z

CherryS: Created page with ''''Ordnance''' is a military and logistical term which refers to guns, artillery, and ammunition. Category:War Category:Weapons'

'''Ordnance''' is a military and logistical term which refers to [[gun]]s, [[artillery]], and [[ammunition]]. [[Category:War]] [[Category:Weapons]]

Ordinance

2009-05-27T14:43:13Z

CherryS:

An '''ordinance''' is a [[rule]] established by authority; may be a municipal statute of a city council, regulating such matters as zoning, building, safety, matters of municipality, etc. This term is sometimes confused with [[ordnance]]. [[Category:Legal Terms]]
== External links ==

*[http://dictionary.law.com/ Law Dictionary]
*[http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/ Glossary of Legal Terms]

Unity

2009-05-13T02:06:12Z

CherryS:

'''Unity''' is the state of being one by being in [[agreement]].

==Scientific usage==

The number [[one]] (and more generally, the identity element of a [[group]] or [[monoid]]) is sometimes referred to in [[mathematics]] as "unity," for example in "root of unity."

[[Category:Dictionary]]

Unity

2009-05-13T02:05:51Z

CherryS:

'''Unity''' is the state of being one by being in [[agreement]].

==Scientific usage==

The number [[one]] (and more generally, the identity element of a [[monoid]]) is sometimes referred to in [[mathematics]] as "unity," for example in "root of unity."

[[Category:Dictionary]]

Thesaurus

2009-05-13T01:57:27Z

CherryS:

A '''thesaurus''' lists [[synonym]]s and [[antonym]]s of index words. Peter Mark Roget published the first thesaurus, ''Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases'' in the 1850's, and current editions have become known simply as ''Roget's'' or ''Roget's Thesaurus'' <ref>http://www.beyondbooks.com/law81/1j.asp</ref>. Most thesauruses (or thesauri) list index words alphabetically like a [[dictionary]], but Roget organized the words topically.

==Etymology==

The word thesaurus comes from the greek θησαυρός, which means "treasury." Contrary to popular belief, the use of the -σαυρός suffix here is coincidental and unrelated to lizards.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.visualthesaurus.com/ Thinkmap Virtual Thesuarus]

[[Category:Books]]

Essay:Best New Conservative Words

2009-05-07T23:55:53Z

CherryS:

Each year the English language develops about a thousand new words. Over the course of a century, that amounts to 100,000 new words. Since the [[King James Version]] of the [[Bible]] was published in 1611, perhaps a half a million new English words have been developed.

[[Image:Tax-spend.jpg|thumb|480px|The "tax-and-spend" slogan stuck to Harry Hopkins like a well-fitted suit.]]
The inevitable triumph of conservatism over liberalism is apparent from comparing the rates of generation of new terms of each type, and the quality of the terms so generated. Conservative terms are being generated at a faster rate, and with much higher quality, than liberal terms are. In the 20th century, for example, more conservative terms were developed, and they were developed at a steadier pace. The new liberal terms were clustered in the 1920s and 1960s, were fewer in number, and lacked the same high quality.

Powerful, insightful new conservative terms have grown at a geometric rate, doubling every century. Here are some examples developed since the King James Version was published:
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!New Term
!Origin date
!Comments
|-
|[[accountability]]
|1794
|
|-
|alarmism
|1867
|needless warnings
|-
|[[American dream]]
|1911<ref>1911 is the date given by the "OED", which refers to the Oxford English Dictionary. The Merriam-Webster dictionary gives a date of 1931.</ref>
|
|-
|anti-Christian
|1900s
|about a million sites turn up in a Google search, yet the Merriam-Webster dictionary doesn't recognize this important term
|-
|assimilate
|late 1800s
|the desired absorption of immigrant groups into the culture and mores of the resident population
|-
|bailout
|1951
|wasting taxpayer money to rescue, temporarily, a failing company
|-
|biased
|1649
|
|-
|[[Blue Dog Democrat]]
|1995
|A person who adheres to conservative principles within the Democratic party, once called a Boll Weevil
|-
|bootstrap
|1856
|Unaided effort, personal merit, hard work
|-
|bork
|1988
|coined by William Safire to refer to how Democrats savage a conservative nominee, such as their defeat of Supreme Court nominee Robert H. Bork.
|-
|brinkmanship
|1956
|the art of displaying a willingness to use military force in order to obtain a just resolution to a conflict between nations
|-
|[[bureaucracy]]
|1818
|
|-
|Columbian
|1757
|relating to Christopher Columbus ''or the United States''
|-
|competitive
|1829
|
|-
|[[conservative]]
|1831
|
|-
|copyright
|1735
|extending private property to protect expressive works
|-
|constant
|1832
|(noun) something unchanging in value
|-
|counterexample
|1957
|an example that is contrary to the proposition
|-
|[[culture war]]
|1991
|widespread use after the book ''Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America'' by James Davison Hunter
|-
|death tax
|1989
|interesting, the term was coined by Canadians opposed to the high estate tax on their assets held in the United States
|-
|decrypt
|1935
|military code-breaking, which played an instrumental role in World War II in deciphering enemy codes that many felt were unbreakable
|-
|deflation
|1891
|an increase in the value of savings
|-
|demagogue
|1648
|
|-
|[[deregulation]]
|1963
|Reagan won in 1980 by campaigning on this.
|-
|design by committee
|before 1958
|Pejorative directed against collective production by a group
|-
|[[deterrence]]
|1861
|
|-
|domino effect
|1966
|how the fall of one nation to communism can result in its harmful spread to neighboring nations
|-
|double standard
|1894
|applying harsher criticism against one group, such as churchgoers, than against another group, such as atheists
|-
|dumb down
|1933
|
|-
|[[efficiency]]
|1633
|Ultimately from the Latin ''efficientem'', meaning ''"working out, or accomplishing"''<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=efficient Online Etymological Dictionary]</ref>
|-
|[[elementary proof]]
|1865
|a mathematical proof based on the minimum assumptions associated with real analysis; term probably does not predate [[complex analysis]] and its first use may have been the English mathematician James Joseph Sylvester's paper, "On an elementary proof and generalisation of Sir Isaac Newton's hitherto
undenionstrated rule for the discovery of imaginary roots."<ref>http://www.archive.org/stream/circular129johnuoft/circular129johnuoft_djvu.txt</ref>
|-
|[[elitism]]
|1950
|
|-
|[[entitlement]]
|1944
|
|-
|[[ethnic voting]]
|1900s
|widely recognized and even advocated by some,<ref>http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/5/2/3/4/p152345_index.html</ref> yet the dictionary doesn't yet recognize it
|-
|falsifiability
|1934
|first emphasized by Karl Popper in 1934, this helps define science: if a proposition is false, then it can be shown to be false. If not, then the proposition is not scientific.
|-
|[[family values]]
|1916
|widespread use after a speech by Vice President [[Dan Quayle]], 1992
|-
|[[fellow traveller]]
|1925
|May have existed earlier, but popularized in 1924 by Trotsky. Describes a sympathizer of a cause but who does not formally belong to the cause, such as a [[communist]] sympathizer who is not part of the communist party.
|-
|forward-looking
|1800
|planning for the future rather than dwelling on the past
|-
|[[free enterprise]]
|1820
|
|-
|free market
|1907
|
|-
|free world
|1949
|areas of the world free of communism
|-
|gateway drug
|1982
|abuse of alcohol/marijuana eventually leads to harder drugs cocaine/heroin
|-
|globalism
|1997
|MW states it was first used in 1943<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/globalism</ref> and the OED gives a date of 1965 for the exact term 'globalism'<ref>http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50095613/50095613se2?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=globalism&first=1&max_to_show=10&hilite=50095613se2</ref> the term "globalization" was first used in the mid-1980s in a different, complimentary sense.
|-
|go-getter
|1921
|
|-
|Good Samaritan
|1640
|how genuine charity is the best approach
|-
|[[grade inflation]]
|1975
|the tendency by Liberal educationalists and public schools to increase marks, irrespective of merit or actual achievement.
|-
|[[grassroots]]
|1901
|
|-
|Hawthorne effect
|1962
|the increase in achievement resulting merely from being observed; this was demonstrated by experiment at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric in Cicero, Illinois
|-
|[[homeschool]]
|1980<ref>The OED assigns a date of origin of 1850 to "homeschool".</ref>
|
|-
|identity politics
|1988
|exploiting politics for racial, ethnic, gender equality.
|-
|incompleteness
|1931
|a system of logic or mathematics that includes propositions that are impossible to prove or disprove; term coined as a result of [[Kurt Godel]]'s work in 1931
|-
|individualism
|1827
|values, rights and duties arise from the individual
|-
|inflationary
|1920
|policies causing inflation of the monetary supply
|-
|informed consent
|1967
|consent to surgery is meaningful only if informed, a requirement that should apply to abortion
|-
|initiative
|1793
|self-starting first step toward improvement
|-
|interventionism
|1923
|"governmental interference in economic affairs at home or in political affairs of another country"<ref>Merriam-Webster (1994).</ref>
|-
|invisible hand
|1776
|Coined by Adam Smith in the ''Wealth of Nations'' and widely used today, yet Merriam-Webster fails to recognize it!<ref>This term is absent from the 1994 print edition of the Merriam-Webster dictionary</ref>
|-
|Iron curtain
|1945
|coined by Winston Churchill in a speech in Missouri just after World War II, to describe the communist's figurative wall against freedom
|-
|judicial activism
|1947
|First coined in an article in ''Fortune'' magazine by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.,<ref>http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/278089</ref> and repeatedly used in U.S. Supreme Court opinions since 1967,<ref>''United States v. Wade'',
388 U.S. 218 (1967).</ref> yet as of 2009 [[Merriam-Webster]] dictionary still fails to recognize this widely used term.
|-
|judicial supremacist
|2004
|One who advocates that the courts should be supreme over the other branches of government for certain legal issues; first coined in a book by [[Phyllis Schlafly]]; first used by the judiciary by the Michigan Supreme Court in ''Paige v. City of Sterling Heights'', 476 Mich. 495 (2006).<ref>A similar yet different concept, "judicial supremacy," was coined by [[conservative]] Supreme Court Justice [[Robert H. Jackson]] as the title of his book,'' The Struggle for Judicial Supremacy: A Study of a Crisis in American Political Power'' (New York: Knopf, 1941).</ref>
|-
|junk science
|1962<ref>http://rated.com/dir/Society/Issues/Environment/Opposing_Views/Junk_Science</ref>
|the corruption of the scientific method to advance other goals
|-
|jury nullification
|1948
|the power of a jury to overrule the law and acquit an ostensibly guilty defendant; the power was established in the colonies in 1735 in the trial of [[John Peter Zenger]], but this term was first used in state court by Pfeuffer v. Haas, 55 S.W.2d 111 (Tex. Civ. App. 1932) and in federal court by ''Skidmore v. Baltimore & O. R. Co.'', 167 F.2d 54 (2nd Cir. 1948)
|-
|Kremlinology
|1958
|the study of the otherwise indecipherable behavior of the government of the [[communist]] [[Soviet Union]]. Refers to the Kremlin, the traditional seat of Russian government (Soviet or not).
|-
|laissez-faire
|1825
|opposing governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is minimally necessary
|-
|[[Essay:Liberal hysteria|hysteria]]
|1801
|From the Latin ''hystericus'', from Greek ''hystera '' meaning ''"womb"''<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hysteria Meriam Webster Dictionary]</ref> (an old notion that hysteria was caused by the [[womb]]).
|-
|local
|1824<ref>This date refers to its first usage as a ''noun'', which is an estimate of its adoption as a concept.</ref>
|common usage: "all politics is local"
|-
|[[microeconomics]]
|1947
|the study of the economics of the individual person or business
|-
|[[meritocracy]]
|1958
|
|-
|missile defense
|1980s
|popularized by President Ronald Reagan as part of [[SDI]]
|-
|mobocracy
|1754
|rule by a mob, as at Wikipedia
|-
|Murphy's Law
|1958
|if something can go wrong, then it will go wrong: that was a conservative insight by an engineer Edward Murphy
|-
|myopic
|1752
|originally a term in optometry, 1990's used to describe liberals lack of foresight
|-
|negativism
|1824
|mental attitude that tends that is skeptical about almost everything, except one's own views
|-
|newspeak
|1949
|political or media expressions using circumlocution and euphemisms to disguise or distract from the truth; first coined by [[George Orwell]] in ''[[1984]]''
|-
|non-justiciable
|1922<ref>Used by the state attorneys for West Virginia (including Philip Steptoe, founder of Steptoe & Johnson) in ''Pennsylvania v. West Virginia'', 262 U.S. 553 (1923): "It is not the 'subject of judicial cognizance,' Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 15; Louisiana v. Texas, 176 U.S 1, 15; Missouri v. Illinois, 180 U.S. 208, 233, or 'susceptible of judicial solution.' Louisiana v. Texas, 176 U.S. 1, 18, 22; Missouri v. Illinois, 180 U.S. 208, 233, 234."</ref>
|a difficult issue that the courts should not attempt to resolve, often because it is too political in nature
|-
|[[opportunity cost]]
|1911
|
|-
|originalism
|1985
|taken from original intent, The belief that the United States Constitution should be interpreted in the way the authors originally intended it
|-
|optimism
|1759
|
|-
|parenting
|1958
|Children raising
|-
|Parkinson's Law
|1955
|how bureaucracies expand regardless of the productivity, and how inefficient work expands to fill the time available for its completition
|-
|patriotism
|1726
|
|-
|[[personhood]] <ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/personhood Personhood] Dictionary.com</ref>
|1955
|Inherent rights guaranteed to all human beings from the beginning of their biological development, including the pre-born, partially born. Also, the state or fact of being a person.
|-
|[[phonics]]
|1684
|
|-
|[[politically correct]]
|1983
|This term originated among radicals at the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] to enforce radical orthodoxy, but immediately flipped in usage to become a term of mockery of radicals.<ref>For an early different usage of the word, see 1793 J. WILSON in U.S. Rep. (U.S. Supreme Court) 2 (1798) 462 Sentiments and expressions of this inaccurate kind prevail in our..language... ‘The United States’, instead of the ‘People of the United States’, is the toast given. This is not politically correct.</ref> The term may have come from Chairman Mao in 1936.
|-
|potential
|1817<ref>Usage here refers to "promise", not "possibility".</ref>
|
|-
|privatize
|1940
|to return a business or enterprise from state to private control; to de-nationalize.
|-
|productive
|1612
|
|-
|productivity
|1810
|the gap of about 200 years between the creation of "productive" and "productivity" is astounding
|-
|[[pro-life]]
|1960
|
|-
|property right
|1853
|
|-
|race card
|1995<ref>This is the date of its widespread familiarity.</ref>
|"Playing the race card" consists of relying on racial emotions or charges of racism in order to overcome the truth and logic in politics, legal proceedings, or otherwise; this term became familiar in the criticism of the defense and acquittal of O.J. Simpson for the murder of his ex-wife and her friend.
|-
|[[relativism]]
|1865
|the view that ethical truths are not absolute, but depend on the person or group that holds them
|-
|[[responsibility]]
|1737
|1787 HAMILTON Federalist No. 63 II. 193 Responsibility in order to be reasonable must be limited to objects within the power of the responsible party.
|-
|reverse discrimination
|1969
|the use of quotas or affirmative action to use race or gender to discriminate against a better qualified person
|-
|school choice
|1980
|popularized by Milton Friedman in his book, ''Free to Choose''
|-
|[[self-defense]]
|1651
|
|-
|[[Discipline|self-discipline]]
|1838
|
|-
|self-indulgence
|1753
|
|-
|self-reliant
|1848
|
|-
|slippery slope
|1900s
|term has been widely used for decades to expose the fallacy of "it doesn't hurt to try"
|-
|spend-and-tax
|2009<ref>http://blog.heritage.org/2009/03/02/morning-bell-the-obama-tax-and-spend-economy-is-here/</ref>
|a variation on "tax-and-spend" (see below), "spend-and-tax" consists of spending the money first and then trying to justify raising taxes based on the deficit created by the spending
|-
|straw man
|1896
|an imaginary argument or example set up for the purpose of easily knocking down, while distracting from valid arguments
|-
|tax-and-spend
|1937
|Not yet recognized by Merriam-Webster, it is included in dictionary.com and it means the liberal policy of raising taxes and increasing government spending
|-
|terrorism
|1795
|this was during the French Revolution
|-
|[[term limits]]
|1861
|can you believe this is not in the dictionary yet? Merriam-Webster omits it, but dictionary.com has it<ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/term+limit</ref>
|-
|trademark
|1838
|extends the concept of private property to the marks used by business
|-
|traditionalism
|1856
|"beliefs of those opposed to [[modernism]], [[liberalism]], or [[radicalism]]"
|-
|[[transaction cost]]
|1961
|Economist [[Ronald Coase]] won a [[Nobel Prize]] for this.
|-
|traditionalist
|1856
|"adherence to the doctrines or practices of a tradition...the beliefs of those opposed to modernism, liberalism, or radicalism"<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/traditionalist</ref>
|-
|tree huggers
|1970s
|still not recognized by the dictionary, this term criticizes extreme environmentalists, but they proudly use the term also to describe what they literally do
|-
|trust but verify
|1980s
|popularized by President Ronald Reagan as the approach to use towards communist [[deceit]]
|-
|vandalism
|1798
|malicious destruction of someone else's property
|-
|veracity
|1623
|devotion to truthfulness
|-
|victimization
|1840
|
|-
|wannabee
|1981
|a word that criticizes liberal [[status worship]]
|-
|War on Terror
|2001
|no listing at Merriam-Webster, Encyclopedia.com has an anti-American version <ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-waronterrorism.html war on terrorism] Encyclopedia.com</ref> February 2, 2009 Obama ends use of the conservative lexicon. <ref>[http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=17455 Obama administration drops 'war on terror' phrase] Pew Forum, February 2, 2009</ref>
|-
|work ethic
|1951
|a habit of working as a moral good
|-
|worldview
|1858
|a comprehensive way of looking at life and the world; sometimes used to criticize a liberal's irrational belief system
|-
|}

== Rate of Generation of Conservative Terms ==

The rate of generation of conservative terms is increasing at a remarkable geometric rate of growth, by doubling each century:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Century
!# New Conservative Terms
|-
|1600s
|7
|-
|1700s
|14
|-
|1800s
|28
|-
|1900s
|63
|-
|2000s
|3 (preliminary)
|-
|}

== Conservative Words Not Yet Recognized by the Dictionary ==

A thousand new words are developed in English each year. Here is a growing list of conservative concepts, each of which is not yet defined by a single word or two.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Not Yet Recognized Terms
!Suggestions
!Comments
|-
|9/10 mindset
|pre-9/11 thinking
|terror is jurisdiction of the courts
|-
|Unaffected by, or impervious to, the media
|mediaproof
|cf. bulletproof. ''Once John became aware of the extent of [[liberal deceit]], he set about mediaproofing his mind''.
|-
|easily amused by [[deceit]]
|dolophile
|from Greek/Latin root ''dolo-'' meaning guile, deceit, deception [http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/664]
|-
|morally bankrupt
|[[atheism]], self-void
|ethically and spiritually challenged souls
|-
|Hatred of one's country, refusal to recognize the good elements of it, or unreasonably critical of it
|Misopatria, misopatrist
|From Greek ''misein'', to hate, and Latin ''patria'', nation or homeland
|-
|true emergency
|life support
|meaning a high probability of serious injury or death to an individual or property. Emergency has been watered down, e.g. to be locked out of one's car.
|-
|the opposite of [[materialism]]
|spiritualism and idealism have been its philosophical opposites, historically
|[[dualism]] has been suggested, but it is not the ''opposite'' of [[materialism]]; "spiritualism" is not a common term and is the "opposite" of materialism
|-
|runaway jury
|
|The term has existed for decades, but Merriam-Webster has not recognized it yet.
|-
|[[Second generation atheist|second-generation atheist]]
|cradle atheist
|
|-
|denial that [[Hell]] exists
|Hell-denier? Antinfernal? (Should be "antihadessic" so as not to mix Hellenate and Latinate roots)
|
|-
|[[deliberate ignorance]]
|
|the term exists; the dictionary does not yet include it
|-
|proven wrong, a refusal to admit it
|mulism; heel-digger?
|cf. mulish. This refusal is what promoted the [[Parable of the Good Samaritan]].
|-
|[[Illegal Alien|illegal alien]]
|
|widely used in court decisions and political discourse for years, Merriam-Webster still does not recognize it is as a term.
|-
|strict constructionism
|
|an important term for over 200 years to describe adherence to the text of the Constitution, Merriam-Webster still does not recognize it.
|-
|[[abstinence denial|denier of the effectiveness of abstinence]]
|abstinence-denier?
|-
|anti-family
|tradition opposer, familiopathic
|
|-
|dramacast
|tabloid news
|mainstream media presents drama fluff stories as news, e.g. 20/20 - Dateline
|-
|[[militant gays]]
|intimidating homosexual
|
|-
|causing harm by spreading falsehoods
|
|e.g., denying or concealing disease and infertility caused by promiscuity
|-
|[[peer pressure]]
|
|can you believe that isn't recognized by Merriam-Webster?
|-
|modern idolatry
|"media idolatry"; "money idolatry"; "celebrity idolatry"
|idolatry conjures images of golden calves, and a modern version is needed
|-
|Rule of Law
|
|
|-
|[[schlockumentary]]
|propaganda film
|documentary films based falsehoods and half-truths
|-
|}

== New Liberal Terms ==

New liberal words often have deceptive, or nonsensical, meanings. Here are some new words created by liberals to combat [[conservatism]]:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!New Term
!Origin date
!Comments
|-
|[[Atheism|atheist]]
|1571
|useful and often deceptive alternative name for an anti-Christian
|-
|[[Big Bang theory|big bang]]
|1948
|term invented by the leading [[British]] physicist Sir [[Fred Hoyle]] to ''mock'' this suggestion of how the universe was formed
|-
|bilingual education
|1972
|a euphemism describing a costly and hurtful program that hinders the learning of English by foreign-born children in American [[public school]]s, which hurts their future opportunities
|-
|[[carbon footprint]]
|1999<ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carbon%20footprint</ref>
|term indicates an individual human's effect on the environment by production of carbon dioxide
|-
|chairperson
|1971
|Even Alice Sturgis, the leading parliamentarian of the 20th century, rejected this cumbersome form of political correctness.
|-
|check-off
|1911
|automatic deduction of union dues by the employer from the employee's paycheck, so he has no choice
|-
|[[class warfare]]
|
|first entered the political lexicon primarily as an attack by liberals against conservatives. <ref>[http://www.spinsanity.org/columns/20030115.html The art of "class warfare"], Ben Fritz, Spinsanity.org, January 15, 2003</ref>
|-
|[[communism]]
|1840
|
|-
|compassion fatigue
|1968
|Liberals, driven by materialistic self-interest, are likely to suffer from this.
|-
|[[condescension]]
|1647
|Treating another person as though they are inferior
|-
|[[creationism]]
|1880
|like most "isms", creationism is a derogatory term coined preferred most by opponents of it.
|-
|[[Dark Ages]]
|1730
|A term coined in the so-called [[enlightenment]] to disparage the period between the fall of the [[Roman Empire]] and c.1000, when the Christian faith, and its learning and culture, spread across Europe.
|-
|[[Dead white males|dead white males]]
|
|a disparaging term used of significant figures from previous generations by those who wish to undermine [[Cultural Literacy|cultural literacy]]
|-
|deconstruction
|1973
|a style of interpretation of texts that looks beyond the plain meaning of the text and instead infers social bias
|-
|diva
|1883
|modern use to describe female Hollywood/media personalities
|-
|[[Détente|detente]]
|1970s
|A euphemism referring to pacifist policy re. the Soviet Union
|-
|distributive justice
|
|A term used to redefine socialist abridgment of rights as "just"
|-
|[[enlightenment]]
|1669
|
|-
|[[Environmentalist|environmentalism]]
|1922
|a mixture of [[pseudoscience]] and neo-[[paganism]] used to justify the imposition of [[socialist]]ic controls.
|-
|freethinker
|1692
|the euphemism "free" hides the hostility towards faith, which is not free
|-
|[[fundamentalism]]
|1922
|"a movement in 20th century Protestantism emphasizing the literally interpreted Bible as fundamental to Christian life and teaching"<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fundamentalism</ref> From a series of pamphlets called "The Fundamentals" which outlined the movement. Perjorative usage started when the liberal [[Harry Emerson Fosdick]] began using the term in a straw man attack against [[Conservative Christianity]].
|-
|[[feminism]]
|1895
|notionally, "the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes"; in reality, the attempt to destroy traditional family, societal and religious values by erasing or undermining natural gender differences.
|-
|[[gay rights]]
|1969
|The movement for civil rights for homosexuals
|-
|glass ceiling
|1984
|the notion that an invisible barrier prevents women and ethnic minorities from reaching high office; an excuse for [[feminist]]s and others to demand [[affirmative action]]
|-
|[[global warming]]
|1969
|The baseless [[environmentalist]] mantra that the earth's temperature is rising, and that human intervention is the cause.
|-
|gun control
|1969
|a euphemism for restricting the right to keep and bear arms
|-
|[[homophobia]]
|1969
|used by Liberals to describe a failure to subscribe 100% to the [[homosexual agenda]].
|-
|[[humanism]]
|1808 <ref>http://newhumanist.org.uk/1740</ref>
|
|-
|[[imperialism]]
|1851
|a clever term later used by liberals to interfere with Christian missionaries and stopping anti-Christian tyranny
|-
|[[isolationism]]
|1922
|a pejorative term that is critical of American politicians putting America first in priorities
|-
|Keynesianism
|1946
|advocacy of 'tax and spend' policies as elaborated by the economist [[John Maynard Keynes]]; a [[euphemism]] for back-door [[Socialism]].
|-
|[[Living Constitution]]
|2000
|a continually evolving Constitution (first used by presidential candidate Al Gore, title of a 1936 book by Howard McBain)
|-
|McCarthyism
|1950
|Originally, investigations by Sen. Joe McCarthy of Communists working in sensitive USA government jobs. Later, it more broadly refers to holding radical leftists accountable for their beliefs and loyalties.
|-
|[[metrosexual]]
|1994
|fashion and glamour man
|-
|moderate
|late 1900s
|the original term dates from the French Revolution, but its meaning today is a euphemism for someone who favors abortion and/or supports censorship of Christianity in some ways.
|-
|nationalize
|1800
|a euphemism for the government taking over ownership and control of a large company or entire industry, as in socialism
|-
|natural selection
|1857
|a misleading and euphemistic term for the theory that genetic advantages and conflict dictate survival
|-
|[[population control]]
|1968
|the issue of population dates back to Confucius. Liberals promoted the term after the book The Population Bomb by Paul R. Ehrlich
|-
|[[pro-choice]]
|1975
|a euphemism for insisting on taxpayer-funded [[abortion]]; people who claim to be pro-choice typically oppose ''informed'' choice, which makes the "choice" meaningless
|-
|[[progressivism]]
|1892
|the progressive movement was not entirely liberal; it was started by a Republican and shared some goals with conservatives, and still does
|-
|[[psychoanalysis]]
|1906
|contributed to de-spiritualization of human beings
|-
|[[quote mining]]
|non-existent
|a term used by [[evolutionists]] to describe taking quotes out of context in order to damage the position of the quoted party.
|-
|[[racism]]
|
|If you don't support Barack Obama, you are guilty of....
|-
|[[Sexual Discrimination|sexism]]
|1968
|That which is practiced by those who do not give total support to [[feminism]].
|-
|situation ethics
|1955
|a euphemism for denying fixed ethical standards
|-
|strict liability
|1869
|court-imposed liability even when there is no evidence of any fault by the defendant
|-
|sustainability
|1727
|[[environmentalism|environmentalist]] buzzword
|-
|Swift-Boating
|2004
|Allegations of unfair campaign tactics.
|-
|undocumented immigrant
|2000
|a [[politically correct]] replacement for illegal alien.
|-
|unfair
|1700
|
|-
|union shop
|1904
|
|-
|[[Unitarian]]
|1687
|
|-
|will to power
|1907
|[[Nietzche]]'s concept of the drive of a superman to perfect himself by exercising creative power; it didn't catch on
|-
|}

== Rate of Generation of Liberal Terms ==

The rate of generation of liberal terms is increasing:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Century
!# New Liberal Terms
|-
|1600s
|4
|-
|1700s
|2
|-
|1800s
|9
|-
|1900s
|26 (7 in the 1960s)
|-
|2000s
|3
|-
|}

== Terms Difficult to Classify ==

These new terms are difficult to classify:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Affirmative Action|affirmative action]]
|1961
|first used in [http://www.thecre.com/fedlaw/legal6/eo10925.htm JFK's Executive Order 10925] in 1961 and subsequently promoted by [[LBJ]].
|-
|Americanism
|1781
|Originally, a phrase unique to American English, later, loyalty to America and its principles
|-
|bipartisan
|1909
|emphasized by liberals when they are in the minority in power, but ignored by liberals when they are the majority in power
|-
|Cold War
|1947
|open hostilities and ideological driven differences between nations
|-
|smoke and mirrors
|1982
|describes the use of deceit, particularly in politics; probably a conservative term, but will await more etymology about it
|-
|telecommute
|1974<ref>This first use was in the British magazine ''The Economist''.</ref>
|a combination of a Greek root ("tele", which means "far off") and a Latin root ("commutare", which means "to exchange")
|-
|[[twilight zone]]
|1949
|the realm of imagination that seems impossible but is difficult to disprove, and which challenges ordinary views of reality; also the terminator between night and day on a planetary body
|-
|}

== Downgraded Conservative Terms ==

These conservative terms are less significant:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|byzantine
|1794<ref>The usage here -- in sense of complex governmental rules -- probably developed later.</ref>
|
|-
|[[entropy]]
|1868
|
|-
|[[filibuster]]
|1851
|
|-
|incandescent
|1794
|bright and radiant, conquering darkness, precursor to the invention of the incandescent lamp (light bulb)
|-
|Luddite
|1811
|one who opposes and even destroys technological advances
|-
|media
|1923
|
|-
|[[milquetoast]]
|1933
|
|-
|normalcy
|1920
|related to the election of [[Warren G. Harding]] by the largest margin yet in history
|-
|ne'er-do-well
|1736
|"an idle worthless person" - Merriam-Webster
|-
|reticent
|1834
|restrained in expression, presentation, or appearance
|-
|}

== Sources ==

*[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ Merriam-Webster dictionary]

== See also ==

*[[Essay:Surprising Dates of Origin for Terms]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Essays]]

Iceland

2009-05-07T23:21:42Z

CherryS:

{{Country
|name =''Lýðveldið Ísland''
|map =Iceland rel 81.JPG
|flag =Flag of Iceland.png
|arms =Arms of Iceland.png
|capital =Reykjavík
|capital-raw =
|government =Republic
|government-raw =
|language =Icelandic
|king =
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Geir H. Haarde
|pm-raw =
|area =39,600 sq mi
|pop =313,376
|pop-basis =2008
|gdp =$19.9 billion
|gdp-year =2007
|gdp-pc =$64,033
|currency =Icelandic króna
|idd =
|tld =
}}
'''Iceland''' is an [[island]] [[nation]] situated in the [[North Atlantic]], between [[Britain]] and [[Greenland]]. The capital is [[Reykjavik]]. Uninhabited until the tenth century, it was colonized by [[Vikings]] - the [[Icelandic]] language is still remarkably similar to [[Old Norse]], far more so than its cognate languages [[Norwegian]], [[Swedish]] and [[Danish]].

Iceland enjoys one of the highest standards of living on Earth, and has the oldest continuously functioning [[Parliament]]. It was traditionally ruled as part of Denmark until 1944, when it declared itself an independent republic. Iceland had been occupied by UK and US forces in 1940, following the German invasion of Denmark, to prevent its occupation by Germany.

==Geography==
Iceland is a volcanic island in the North Atlantic Ocean east of Greenland and immediately south of the Arctic Circle. It lies about 4,200 kilometers (2,600 mi.) from New York and 830 kilometers (520 mi.) from Scotland. About 79% of Iceland's land area, which is of recent volcanic origin, consists of glaciers, lakes, a mountainous lava desert (highest elevation 2,000 meters--6,590 ft.--above sea level), and other wasteland. About 28% of the land is used for grazing, and 1% is cultivated. The inhabited areas are on the coast, particularly in the southwest where about 60% of the population lives. Because of the Gulf Stream's moderating influence, the climate is characterized by damp, cool summers and relatively mild but windy winters. In Reykjavík, the average temperature is 11°C (52°F) in July and -1°C (30°F) in January.

Iceland's territory was augmented by the emergence of the island of [[Surtsey]] from beneath the waves in the years 1963-67, following submarine volcanic eruptions. The island is subject to erosion, and now occupies .54 square miles (1.4 km2), about half its area in 1967.
*Area: 103,000 sq. km. (39,600 sq. mi.); about the size of Virginia or slightly larger than Ireland.
*Cities: Capital--Reykjavík (pop. 117,898). Other towns--Kópavogur (28,665), Hafnarfjörður (24,895), Akureyri (17,278).
*Terrain: Rugged.
*Climate: Maritime temperate.
*Highest elevation: Hvannadalshnjúkur at Vatnajökull Glacier, at 2,110 meters (6,923 ft.).

==People==
Most Icelanders are descendants of Norwegian settlers and Celts from the British Isles, and the population is remarkably homogeneous. According to Icelandic Government statistics, 93% of the nation's inhabitants live in urban areas (localities with populations greater than 200) and about 60% live in the Reykjavík metropolitan area. Of the Nordic languages, the Icelandic language is closest to the Old Norse language and has remained relatively unchanged since the 12th century. About 91% of the population belongs to the state church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church, or other Lutheran Churches. However, Iceland has complete religious liberty, and about 20 other religious congregations are present.

Most Icelandic surnames are based on patronymy, or the adoption of the father's first given name. For example, Magnus and Anna, children of a man named Pétur, would hold the surname Pétursson and Pétursdóttir, respectively. Magnus' children, in turn, would inherit the surname Magnusson, while Anna's children would claim their father's first given name as their surname. Women normally maintain their original surnames after marriage. This system of surnames is required by law, except for the descendants of those who had acquired family names before 1913. Most Icelanders, while reserved by nature, rarely call each other by their surnames, and even phone directories are based on first names. Because of its small size and relative homogeneity, Iceland holds all the characteristics of a very close-knit society.
*Population (January 1, 2008): 313,376.
*Annual growth rate (2007): 1.8%.
*Ethnic group: Relatively homogenous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts.
*Religion: Evangelical Lutheran, 86%.
*Language: Icelandic.
*Education: Compulsory up to age 16. Attendance--99%. Literacy--99.9%.
*Health: Infant mortality rate (2001-2006 average)--2.4/1,000. Life expectancy (2006)--men 79.4 years, women 83 years.
*Work force (2007, 181,500): Commerce--32.4%; manufacturing--10.2%; fishing/fish processing--4.2%; construction--8.9%; transport and communications--6.3%; agriculture--3.4%; government, education, and health--27.3%; other services--7.1%. Unemployment (2007): 2.3%.

====Cultural Achievements====
The Sagas, almost all written between 1180 and 1300 A.D., remain Iceland's best-known literary accomplishment, and they have no surviving counterpart anywhere in the Nordic world. Based on Norwegian and Icelandic histories and genealogies, the Sagas present views of Nordic life and times up to 1100 A.D. The Saga writers sought to record their heroes' great achievements and to glorify the virtues of courage, pride, and honor, focusing in the later Sagas on early Icelandic settlers. The best-known Icelandic writer of the 20th century is the 1955 Nobel Prize winner Halldór Kiljan Laxness. The literacy rate is 99.9%, and literature and poetry are a legendary passion with the population. Per capita publication of books and magazines is the highest in the world.

Unlike its literature, Iceland's fine arts did not flourish until the 19th century because the population was small and scattered. Iceland's most famous painters are Ásgrímur Jónsson, Jón Stefánsson, and Jóhannes Kjarval, all of whom worked during the first half of the 20th century. The best-known modern sculptor, Ásmundur Sveinsson (1893-1982), drew his inspiration from Icelandic folklore and the Sagas for many of his works. Today, Kristján Jóhannsson is Iceland's most famous opera singer, while pop singer Björk and progressive rock band Sigur Rós are well known internationally.

==Government==
The president, elected to a 4-year term, has limited powers. When Iceland became a republic in 1944, the post of president was created to fill the void left by the Danish king. Although the president is popularly elected and has limited veto powers (he can force a public referendum on a proposed law by refusing to sign it--a power that has only once been exercised), the expectation is that the president should play the same limited role as a monarch in a traditional parliamentary system.

The prime minister and cabinet exercise most executive functions. The parliament is composed of 63 members, elected every 4 years unless it is dissolved sooner. Suffrage for presidential and parliamentary elections is universal for those 18 and older, and members of the parliament are elected on the basis of parties' proportional representation in six constituencies. The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, district courts, and various special courts. The constitution protects the judiciary from infringement by the other two branches.

===Principal Government Officials===
*President--Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
*Prime Minister--Geir H. Haarde
*Foreign Minister--Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir
*Minister of Finance--Árni M. Mathiesen
*Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs--Björn Bjarnason
*Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries--Einar Kristinn Guðfinnson
*Minister of Communications--Kristján L. Möller
*Minister of Industry and Nordic Cooperation--Össur Skarphéðinsson
*Minister for the Environment--Þórunn Sveinbjarnardóttir
*Minister of Commerce--Björgvin G. Sigurðsson
*Minister of Health--Guðlaugur Þór Þórðarson
*Minister of Social Affairs--Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir
*Minister of Education, Science and Culture--Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir
*Speaker of Althingi--Sturla Böðvarsson
*Ambassador to the U.S.--Albert Jónsson
*Ambassador to the UN--Hjálmar W. Hannesson
*Ambassador to NATO--Thorsteinn Ingólfsson
*Ambassador to the EU--Stefán Haukur Jóhannesson

===Political Conditions===
Iceland's current government coalition was formed after the May 2007 parliamentary elections by the conservative Independence Party (IP) and the center-left Social Democratic Alliance. The two parties hold a large majority in parliament, with 43 out of 63 seats.

The current government replaced a coalition of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party (PP) that had been in power since 1995. Longtime IP leader Davíð Oddsson was Prime Minister 1991-2004, making him the longest-serving prime minister in Europe (from 1991 to 1995, the IP was in coalition with the Social Democratic Party). IP Deputy Chair Geir Haarde succeeded Oddsson as party chair when the latter retired from politics in 2005. At the same time, Haarde took over as Foreign Minister, and on June 15, 2006 he became Prime Minister when the PP leader and Prime Minister Halldór Ásgrímsson also left the political scene. In May 2007 the Independence Party and the Social Democratic Alliance formed a new government after an abysmal showing by the Progressive Party. Geir Haarde continued as Prime Minister, and Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir, chairman of the Social Democratic Alliance took over as Foreign Minister.

The centrist agrarian Progressive Party has been a party to government for over 30 years in the past four decades. Its support dropped from 23% in the 1995 parliamentary election to 12% in 2007. The party has dealt with internal instability in the past few years, and power struggles have lead to frequent change in the party's leadership. Chairman Jón Sigurðsson stepped down after the 2007 elections and was replaced by Deputy Chairman Guðni Ágústsson.

Three left-wing parties--the Social Democratic Party, the People's Alliance, and the Women's List--formed an electoral coalition prior to the 1999 parliamentary election in the hope of mounting a credible challenge to the long-dominant Independence Party. But the dream of creating a united left coalition failed when disaffected leftists formed a new splinter party called the Left Green Movement, led by former deputy People's Alliance leader Steingrímur Sigfússon. With this defection, the left coalition won a disappointing 27% of the vote (17 seats) in the 1999 election, four percentage points below what the three parties had won running separately in 1995. Their 31% (20 seats) showing in 2003 recaptured this ground but did not suffice to topple the government. The Left Greens won a respectable 9% of the vote (5 seats) in 2003, but in the 2007 election they improved significantly, with 14% of the total vote (9 seats). Another new faction, the Liberal Party, won just over 7% (4 seats) in 2003 based on its strong opposition to the current fishing management system, and clung to roughly 6% in 2007.

Despite the poor electoral showing in 1999, the three left-wing parties decided to merge formally in 2000, creating a new party, the Social Democratic Alliance, led by Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir. The party has found it difficult to reconcile the widely varying foreign policy views of its members, which range from strong support for NATO membership to pacifism and a desire for neutrality.

Iceland's current President is Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, a former political science professor who led the far-left People's Alliance in 1987-95 and served as Finance Minister in 1988-91. Although Grímsson won office with only a 41% plurality in 1996, he was not challenged for re-election in 2000. He was re-elected again on June 26, 2004. In 2008 Grímsson was re-elected by default, as no other candidate declared their intention to run against him. Since no opposition candidate was declared, the presidential election scheduled for June 28 was cancelled. This follows a well-established tradition of giving deference to sitting presidents. Once in office, a president can generally count on serving as many terms as he or she likes, assuming good behavior. Reflecting the belief that the president is "above politics," presidential candidates run for election as individuals--since 1952, political parties have played no role in nominating or endorsing candidates. President Grímsson has occasionally drawn criticism that he breaches the bounds of presidential etiquette by being too outspoken on sensitive political issues.

===Foreign Relations===
Iceland maintains diplomatic and commercial relations with practically all nations, but its ties with other Nordic states, with the United States, and with the other NATO member states are particularly close. Icelanders remain especially proud of the role Iceland played in hosting the historic 1986 summit in Reykjavík between President Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War.

Iceland has greatly increased its international profile since the early 1990s. Since the mid-1990s, Iceland has opened a number of missions overseas for a total of 22, including an embassy in Beijing, giving Iceland a diplomatic presence in all five permanent member countries of the UN Security Council. Not coincidentally, it has announced its candidacy to serve on the UN Security Council in 2009-2010. In the past few years, Iceland has also established missions to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg and to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Vienna. In 1998, it bolstered its delegation to NATO, assigning a permanent representative to the military committee for the first time ever.

Notwithstanding its status as an unarmed nation, Iceland has been eager to do its part to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security. One of the niches it is helping to fill is in civilian peacekeeping and crisis management. It took a significant step forward in this area in 2001 by launching its Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU). In setting up the ICRU, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs established a roster of over 100 experts in various occupations (police officers, nurses, doctors, lawyers, engineers, journalists, etc.) who will be specially trained and prepared to deploy to trouble spots abroad on short notice.

Peacekeeping has been a permanent item in the Icelandic state budget since 1994, and Iceland has been an active member of the UN Peacekeeping Committee since 1997. With the formal establishment of the ICRU, the government decided to increase the number of deployed peacekeepers to 50, though the timeline for that goal has shifted. The key emerging niche capability of the ICRU is airport administration following the successful management of the airport in Pristina, Kosovo, in 2003 and of the airport in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 2004-2005.

Icelanders have a strong emotional bond with the Baltic states, and Iceland prides itself on being the first country to have recognized these countries' claim for independence in 1991.

====Membership in International Organizations====
Iceland is a member of the following organizations: Arctic Council, Barents Euro-Arctic Council; Council of Baltic Sea States; Council of Europe; European Economic Area; European Free Trade Organization; EFTA Court; EFTA Surveillance Authority; North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; International Criminal Police Organization; International Council for the Exploration of the Sea; International Hydrographic Organization; International Maritime Satellite Organization; International Union for the Publication of Custom Tariffs; Nordic Council; North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission; North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization; the International Whaling Commission; and the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission.

It also is a member of the United Nations and most of its related organizations, specialized agencies, and commissions, including the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, World Tourism Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development; Industrial Development Organization; International Labor Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunications Union, UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Universal Postal Union, World Health Organization, and World Meteorological Organization; World Intellectual Property Organization; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency and International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes; UN Conference on Disarmament; Economic Commission for Europe; UN High Commissioner for Refugees; Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights; Commission of Human Rights; UN Conference on Trade and Development.

==Defense==
The U.S. and Iceland signed a bilateral agreement in 1951 stipulating that the U.S. would make arrangements for Iceland's defense on behalf of NATO and providing for basing rights for U.S. forces in Iceland. In March 2006 the U.S. announced it would continue to provide for Iceland's defense but without permanently basing forces in the country; Naval Air Station Keflavik closed in September 2006 after 55 years. The Government of Iceland expressed disappointment, and even opposition politicians opposed to the U.S. military presence criticized the manner of the closing, but bilateral discussions ensued to explore new ways of ensuring the country's security, with an emphasis on a "visible defense." Negotiations concluded with a Technical Agreement on base closure issues (e.g., facilities return, environmental cleanup, residual value) signed on September 29, 2006, and a "Joint Understanding" on future bilateral security cooperation (focusing on defending Iceland and the North Atlantic region against emerging threats such as terrorism and trafficking) signed by the Secretary of State, Prime Minister Haarde, and Foreign Minister Valgerdur Sverrisdóttir in Washington on October 11, 2006. The United States also cooperated with local officials to mitigate the impact of job losses at the Air Station, notably by encouraging U.S. investment in industry and tourism development in the Keflavík area. The Government of Iceland announced in spring 2007 that a large portion of the former base site would be converted into the university-level "Atlantic Center of Excellence" with operations commencing in fall 2007.

Cooperative activities in the context of the new agreements began almost immediately, with the arrival of the amphibious ship USS Wasp in Reykjavík on October 12, 2006 (the first U.S. Navy port visit since 2002) to demonstrate the Navy's rapid reaction capability and to support counterterrorism training by units of Iceland's Coast Guard and police. In November 2006 a U.S. Navy P-3 patrol aircraft arrived at Keflavík for joint search and rescue, disaster surveillance, and maritime interdiction training. Northern Viking 2007, a U.S.-led air defense exercise, took place in August 2007, and planning for subsequent joint endeavors is underway.

The 2008 budget for the Government of Iceland is the first in the country's history to include funding for defense ($8.2 million); the money is earmarked for support of cooperative defense activities, military exercises in Iceland, and maintenance of defense-related facilities. This funding is in addition to roughly $12 million in new expenditures for the operation of the Iceland Air Defense System radar sites, which the United States handed over to Iceland on August 15, 2007.

The Government of Iceland contributes financially to NATO's international overhead costs and recently has taken a more active role in NATO deliberations, planning, and peacekeeping. Iceland hosted the NATO Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Reykjavík in June 1987 and again in May 2002. Iceland hosted the NATO Military Committee in April 2007 and hosted the NATO Parliamentary Assembly in October 2007.

==Economy==
Traditionally marine products have accounted for the majority of Iceland's exports of goods, but for the first time ever, in 2008 aluminum exports will exceed marine product exports. Other important exports include ferro-silicon alloys, equipment and electronic machinery for fishing and fish processing, and pharmaceuticals. The vast majority of Iceland's exports go to the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries, followed by the United States and Japan. The U.S. is by far the largest foreign investor in Iceland. Iceland's relatively liberal trading policy was strengthened by accession to the European Economic Area in 1994 and by the Uruguay Round agreement, which also brought significantly improved market access for Iceland's exports, particularly seafood products. The agricultural sector, however, remains heavily subsidized and protected. Iceland became a full member of the European Free Trade Association in 1970 and entered into a free trade agreement with the European Community in 1973. Under the European Economic Area agreement, which took effect January 1, 1994, there is basically free cross-border movement of capital, labor, goods, and services between Iceland, EU, and EEA countries.
*GDP (2007): $19.9 billion.
*GDP growth rate (2005): 5.8%; (2006): 4.2%; (2007) 3.8%.
*Per capita GDP (2007): $64,033.
*Inflation rate (2007): 5.1%; (June 2008, 12-month change): 12.7%.
*Central government budget (2007): $6.3 billion; (projected 2008): $6.7 billion.
*Annual budget surplus (2006): 1.4% of GDP.
*Net central government debt (2007): 4.9% of GDP.
*Natural resources: Marine products, hydroelectric and geothermal power.
*Agriculture: Products--potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, carrots, roses, livestock.
*Industry: Types--aluminum smelting, fishing and fish processing technology, ferro-silicon alloy production, hydro and geothermal power, tourism, information technology.
*Trade: Exports of goods (2007)--$4.8 billion: marine products 41.8% industrial products 38.9%, agriculture 1.1%, and miscellaneous 18.2%. Partners--EEA 78.4% (Netherlands 21.3%, Germany 13.4%, U.K. 13.2%, Ireland 7.6%, Spain 4.6%, Norway 3.8%, Denmark 3.3%); U.S. 5.3% ($250 million); Japan 4.2%. Imports (2007)--$6.7 billion: industrial supplies 26.7%; capital goods, parts, accessories 21.5%; consumer goods 15.7%; transport equipment 20.5%; food and beverages 6.8%; fuels and lubricants 8%. Partners--EEA 64.6% (Germany 12.1%, Sweden 10%, Denmark 7.4%, Netherlands 5.6%, U.K. 5.4%, Norway 4.6%, Italy 3.4%); U.S. 13.5% ($208 million); China 5.1%; Japan 4.7%.

Iceland's economy was historically prone to inflation due to periods of rapid growth and its dependence on a few key export sectors, such as fish, which could fluctuate significantly in quantity and price from one year to the next. For example, inflation exceeded 43% in 1974 and 59% in 1980, before falling to 15% in 1987, and then rising to 30% in 1988, which resulted in devaluations of the krona. In the 1990s and continuing until 2006, Iceland experienced several years of strong economic growth, thanks to economic reforms, deregulation, and low inflation, averaging around 4%. The economy suffered a setback in spring 2006 when credit rating agencies and other international financial firms released a number of reports raising questions about the activities and stability of Iceland's major banks and the state of the Icelandic economy. These reports were widely covered in the international financial press, causing a marked drop in the value of shares listed on the Icelandic stock exchange and of the Icelandic krona. The market recovered as reforms were made in the banking sector. The financial sector was hit hard by the global credit crisis beginning in 2007. Although Icelandic banks had limited sub-prime mortgage market exposure, they were affected by the general lack of available capital. In the first six months of 2008, the Icelandic krona was devalued by 30% and inflation rose to nearly 12%. Because of Iceland's high current account deficit, high inflation, and high private sector debt levels, the global financial community and the foreign media closely monitored the situation. In turn, the Icelandic Government has carefully followed foreign confidence in the Icelandic economy because access to foreign capital, which Icelandic business people have used aggressively in overseas investments, is extremely important. Wealthy Icelanders have heavily invested in the retail and real estate markets in Denmark and the U.K. and telecom, pharmaceutical, banking, and financial sectors in Eastern Europe. Their success, beginning in the late 1990s, created for the first time a "super-rich" elite in Icelandic society.

Iceland has few proven mineral resources, but has abundant hydroelectric and geothermal energy resources. These clean energy sources provide for nearly 100% of electricity generation and home heating. Iceland's energy resources support power-intensive export industries, such as aluminum smelting. The Kárahnjúkar hydroelectric project is the largest single electrical station in the country, with capacity of 690 megawatts (mw). Other major hydroelectric stations include Búrfell (270 mw), Hrauneyjarfoss (210 mw), Sigalda (150 mw), and Blanda (150 mw). Iceland-based Nordural Aluminum is a wholly owned investment of Century Aluminum of Monterey, California. The plant employs more than 450 people and recently expanded its production capacity to 220,000 tons per year. A new smelter owned by Alcoa, another U.S.-owned aluminum company, began operations in June 2007 and will have a production capacity of 346,000 tons per year when fully operational. The Kárahnjúkar hydroelectric power plant, completed in early 2007, was built to provide power to the Alcoa smelter. Over $2 billion was invested to build the power plant and smelter, making the combined project the largest in Icelandic history.

Iceland has no railroads. Organized road building began about 1900 and has greatly expanded in the past decade. The current national road system connects most of the population centers along the coastal areas and consists of about 13,000 kilometers (8,125 mi.) of roads, of which about 4,800 kilometers (2,982 mi.) are paved. Regular air and sea service connects Reykjavík with the other main population centers.

==History==
Iceland was settled in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, principally by people of Norse origin. In 930 A.D., the ruling chiefs established a republican constitution and an assembly called the Althingi (Alþingi) the oldest parliament in the world. Iceland remained independent until 1262, when it entered into a treaty establishing a union with the Norwegian monarchy. Iceland passed to Denmark in the late 14th century when Norway and Denmark were united under the Danish crown.

In the early 19th century, national consciousness revived in Iceland. The Althingi had been abolished in 1800 but was reestablished in 1843 as a consultative assembly. In 1874, Denmark granted Iceland limited home rule, which was expanded in scope in 1904. The constitution, written in 1874, was revised in 1903, and a minister for Icelandic affairs, residing in Reykjavík, was made responsible to the Althingi. The Act of Union, a 1918 agreement with Denmark, recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state united with Denmark under a common king. Iceland established its own flag, but Denmark continued to represent Icelandic foreign affairs and defense interests.

German occupation of Denmark in 1940 severed communications between Iceland and Denmark. Consequently, Iceland moved immediately to assume control over its own territorial waters and foreign affairs. In May 1940, British military forces occupied Iceland. In July 1941, responsibility for Iceland's defense passed to the United States. Following a plebiscite, Iceland formally became an independent republic on June 17, 1944. In October 1946, the Icelandic and U.S. Governments agreed to terminate U.S. responsibility for the defense of Iceland, but the United States retained certain rights at Keflavík. Iceland became a charter member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. After the outbreak of hostilities in Korea in 1950, and pursuant to the request of NATO military authorities, the United States and Iceland agreed that the United States should again make arrangements for Iceland's defense. A bilateral defense agreement signed on May 5, 1951, remains in force, even though the U.S. military forces are no longer permanently stationed in Iceland. Iceland is the only NATO country with no standing military of its own.

During the 2009 economic crisis, the then-current [[prime minister]] Geir Haarde stepped down, and [[lesbian]] Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir took control of the Icelandic parliament (or Althing). At the time she was the only "out" [[homosexual]] head of government, though she was not elected. However, she was recently re-elected by the Icelandic people, highlighting the radical left-leanings of this country and its culture.

{| style="width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"
!colspan=2 style="width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; "|'''Copyright Details'''
|-
!style="background-color: #000088; color:white;"|License:
|style=" background-color: none;"| This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code
|-
!style=" background-color: #000088; color:white;"|Source:
|style="background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black"| File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3396.htm]}}}.
|}

[[Category:European Countries]]
[[Category:Nordic Countries]]
[[Category:NATO members]]
[[Category:Islands]]

Oprah Winfrey

2009-05-07T23:14:29Z

CherryS:

{{bio
|name=Oprah Winfrey
|image=Oprah closeup.jpg
|image-width=150px
|yob=1954
|dob=29 January
|yod=
|dod=
|age={{age|1954|1|29}}
|husband=
|husband-raw=
|birthplace-raw=Kosciusko, Mississippi
}}

'''Oprah Winfrey''' is a successful talk show host, and is one of the richest [[African-American]]s of all time, and is considered one of the most influential.

Winfrey is a liberal [[Democrat]], and has donated money to the [[Democratic Party]], but received some praise in 2000 for allowing both presidential candidates, [[George W. Bush]] and [[Al Gore]], to appear on her show in a fairly balanced manner, despite her personal views.<ref>[http://www.american-partisan.com/cols/rollins/092100.htm]</ref> Winfrey has been a strong supporter of [[Barack Obama]] during the [[2008 Presidential Election|2008 Presidential campaign]]<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071208/ap_po/oprah_obama Oprah's star power to shine for Obama]</ref> and has said she would like to have [[Sarah Palin]] on her talk show but only after the election.<ref>[http://drudgereport.com/flash3os.htm Drudge Report]</ref>

==Origin of Name==

Oprah's name was actually supposed to be that of the biblical figure [[Orpah]]. However, it was misspelled on her birth certificate. <ref>[http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/win0int-1]</ref> It might also be an example of [[metathesis]], since the consonant cluster 'pr' is considered easier to pronounce than 'rp.'

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winfrey, Oprah}}

[[Category:Talk Show Hosts]]
[[Category:Women]]

Clothing

2009-05-07T23:08:25Z

CherryS:

Clothing, in the broadest sense, refers to materials that cover the body which provide [[warmth]], [[shelter]], [[hygiene]], and/or [[modesty]]. Clothing can be made of any number of materials, including plant fibers (such as [[cotton]]), animal hides or fibers (such as [[wool]] or [[fur]]), and artificial textiles (such as [[polyester]] or [[spandex]]). The vast variety of clothing speaks to the diversity of human [[culture]]s and [[behavior]], with different modes of clothing being reserved for [[work]], certain socioeconomic [[class]]es, and [[children]].

== Clothing During the Middle Ages ==

The Clothing of the European [[Medieval]] period is a fascinating development from simple garments which were universal to all classes into complex, and often restrictive fashions, which varied for each class. We will begin around 900 AD and continue to 1600, focusing on the clothing of the [[British Isles]].

== Anglo-Saxon England - 900 AD ==
----

[[Image:Women900.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Woman from 900 AD]]
The clothing of Pre-Norman [[England]] was very simple, existing primarily for protection and warmth with little or no interest in [[fashion]]. All [[class]]es wore garments of similar type. Distinctions of rank were shown in the quality of the fabric and in the person's [[jewelry]]. [[Wool]] and [[linen]] were the most common [[fabric]]s. Both were dyed in basic, natural colors. Upper class women might occupy their spare time by working [[embroidery]], but such adornment was rare.

Women wore two long [[gown]]s with tight-fitting [[sleeves]] as basic [[undergarment]]s. Over these, was worn a super-[[tunic]], a loose gown with moderately flared sleeves which reached a few inches past the elbow and were turned back into a cuff. The super-tunic was hitched up at the sides to around knee length to keep it free of dirt. Unmarried women always covered their heads unless they were slaves. The head-dresses were nothing more than a simple draped cloth or a hood attached to the cloak. The cloak was a large semi circle of fabric which was draped around the shoulders and tied or pinned with a brooch.

[[Image:Men900.jpg|thumb|150px|A man from 900 AD]]
Men wore a tight fiting [[shirt]] as an undergarment. Over the shirt, they wore a tunic, which was like a woman's super-tunic, but shorter. On their legs, they wore loose [[trousers]] called braes, which were bound tight to the leg with thongs of leather. Men's [[cloak]]s could be in a variety of shapes including square, oblong, and semicircular.

[[Shoe]]s for men and women were fairly simple. They were really no more than [[slipper]]s, with soft soles that offered minimal protection or support. Many of the poor simply went barefoot. Shoes were little more than ornaments for the rich. [[Boot]]s were also available, but again they were flimsy by modern standards.

== Anglo-Norman England - 1000 AD ==
----
[[Image:Women1000.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Women's clothing from 1000 to 1100 AD. Note the tight fitting sleeves. Also, the super tunic is no longer hitched up, but hangs long.]]
The [[Norman Conquest]] brought many changes in the clothing of the English people. Embroidered and appliqued borders became popular for men and women as did the wearing of [[belt]]s. Square necklines gained popularity and became as common as the old round style. The [[Normans]] also transmitted their attention to cleanliness and personal appearance to the English. Soon most English [[comb]]ed their hair and bathed quite frequently and owned several sets of clothing. The Normans also started a trend of fine fabrics and clothes decorated to an absurd degree.

Women's clothes went through two notable changes during this period. First, the sleeves of the super-tunic were no longer flared, but fit tight to the wrist. Second, the super tunic was no longer hitched up but hung long. Women continued to keep their heads covered.

[[Image:Men1000.jpg|thumb|150px|Man from 1000 to 1100 AD.]]For men, the tunic was still popular, and often ornamented with trim or expensive [[fur]]s. Towards the end of the century, a garment much like modern [[shorts]] became popular for a short time (see illustration). Long tunics began to be used on formal occasions. The braccos began to be cut tighter, changing into more of [[leggings]], but the old style bound to the leg remained popular as well.

Shoes were still flimsy by modern standards, and like the rest of English costume became increasingly ornamented.

== England - 1100 AD ==
----

[[Category:Clothing]]

Coconut

2009-05-07T23:03:47Z

CherryS:

[[Image:CoconutPalm.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Coconut Palm with hanging fruit.]]

A '''Coconut''' is a [[fruit]] grown on [[coconut trees]], largely grown in hot, [[tropical]] areas. It has a thick shell. A falling coconut can often cause serious injury to a person's head, back, and shoulders, and even death.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6502774&dopt=Abstract</ref>
Coconuts can also be used to make [[musical instruments]] and occasionally, [[clothing]]. The coconut volume is mostly 'milk,' a drinkable fluid composed mostly of water.<ref>http://www.geocities.com/~olelo/o-h-instruments.html</ref> Coconut juice, milk, and cream are used in [[Thai]] cuisine as a base for [[curry]].

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Fruits]]

Batsman

2009-05-06T02:40:21Z

CherryS:

In [[cricket (game)|cricket]], the '''batsman''' is the person who tries to hit the [[cricket ball|ball]]. They are basically meant to defend the [[cricket stumps|stumps]] from being hit by the ball. A batsman is a very important person in cricket.

The batsmen take "turns" to bat. Once a batsman goes out, he/she is replaced by another. This is done until all batsmen on the team are out.

==See also==
* [[Batter]]
* [[Batman]]

{{stub}}

[[category:Cricket]]

User talk:CherryS

2009-05-01T16:53:50Z

CherryS:

{{welcome}} [[User:Bugler|Bugler]] 15:12, 11 June 2008 (EDT)

==Generalizations==
"Must make sure 'erotic' is not subjective, as homosexuals find many innocent non-erotic things erotic (ie, the military, cowboys, etc)." - please avoid senseless generalizations like this. [[User:Wandering|Wandering]] 15:46, 13 June 2008 (EDT)
:I'm not saying that all homosexuals find the military erotic, but many I have witnessed do. The military and cowboys (for example in Brokeback Mountain) are major themes in many "gay" media productions. [[User:CherryS|CherryS]] 14:48 13 June 2008 (CDT)

==Katakana==
Hi! Thank you for the addition to the katakana entry - always nice to know one isn't doing these things alone :) Arigatou! [[User:JessicaT|JessicaT]][[User talk:JessicaT|''Ohayo gozaimasu!'']] 18:33, 14 June 2008 (EDT)

==George Bush Sewage Plant==

<nowiki>::blinks eyes::</nowiki> I almost can't believe that's true. WOW. They really will stoop to any depth. Thanks for the contribution. -[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 13:02, 27 September 2008 (EDT)

== [[Tofu]] ==

I fixed up the references for you. :) --[[User:Kata|Kata]] 12:44, 31 October 2008 (EDT)

: Thanks so much! --[[User:CherryS|CherryS]] 12:04, 31 October 2008 (EDT)

== I look forward to reading your upcoming material ==

I see you have an interest in early Christianity. I look foreward to reading your upcoming material having to do with the early church (for example, people like [[Luke]], [[Papias]], [[Justin Martyr]], etc.). [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 22:06, 30 April 2009 (EDT)

: Ha, well, I'm no expert! But I can make it a project, certainly. I'll try to get started as soon as my finals are over. :) --[[User:CherryS|CherryS]] 12:04, 1 May 2009 (EDT)

Homosexual intimidation

2009-05-01T00:57:30Z

CherryS:

'''Homosexual intimidation''' refers to several tactics employed by [[homosexuals]] with the intention of furthering the [[homosexual agenda]]. The use of [[violence]] appears to be preferable for homosexuals, however, issuing false claims of discrimination and spreading political slander seems to work for them too.

The following are examples of homosexual intimidation:
* Acts of violence and vandalism directed at Christian institutions after the passage of [[Proposition 8]].
* The depiction of homosexual men in the popular media as better-looking, better-dressed, more "sensitive," and sometimes even "hyper-masculine" in comparison to their heterosexual counterparts.

[[Category: Homosexuality]]

Tenure

2009-05-01T00:44:58Z

CherryS:

'''Tenure''' is a permanent position on the faculty of a teaching institution. It ordinarily refers to teachers who have attained the highest level of distinction of [[professor]], but it can also refer to lesser academic positions that are permanent.

It typically requires approval by a vote of other tenured faculty members.

Though initially touted as promoting academic independence from orthodoxy and established lines of research, the success of the tenure system in modern academia has been hotly debated.
[[Category:education]]

Menticide

2009-04-24T18:05:31Z

CherryS:

'''Menticide''' is the systematic breaking down of the beliefs and loyalties of a person through psychological and physical means, in order to substitute other [[belief]]s and loyalties. It is more commonly referred to as brainwashing. The term originates from the greek for "mind-killing."
[[category:psychology]]

Talk:Metathesis

2009-04-03T18:20:26Z

CherryS:

What about the Narnian who heard Lucy say "War Drobe" (for [[wardrobe]])? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 14:05, 3 April 2009 (EDT)
:I'm afraid not, since it doesn't switch the sounds, it just puts a space between them. I don't think that has a name in linguistics, though maybe I just haven't learned enough... :) --[[User:CherryS|CherryS]] [[User talk:CherryS|Talk]] 14:20, 3 April 2009 (EDT)

Lexicon

2009-04-03T18:08:02Z

CherryS: New page: The '''lexicon''' is the collection of words in a language. Category:Linguistics

The '''lexicon''' is the collection of words in a [[language]].

[[Category:Linguistics]]

Urban English

2009-04-03T18:06:41Z

CherryS: New page: '''Urban English''' (also referred to as '''Urban Vernacular English''', or '''Jive''') is a variant or dialect of English spoken by historically segregated minorities in urban com...

'''Urban English''' (also referred to as '''Urban Vernacular English''', or '''Jive''') is a variant or [[dialect]] of English spoken by historically segregated minorities in [[urban]] communities (or cities) across the [[United States]], predominantly [[African-American]]s. While mutually intelligible with English, it can sometimes be difficult to understand a person speaking urban English if one is not familiar with the particulars of its structure and [[pronunciation]]. Urban English has its roots in the [[Creole]] tongue which was spoken in the South among slaves, and hence some of the differences between it and standard English can be attributed to the adaptation of native [[African]] phonological processes and syntax to an [[English]] [[lexicon]].

==Changes in pronunciation==

* Using D for soft TH, such as "this" pronounced more like "dis."
* Develarization of final NG: "singing" becomes "singin'."
* Use of [[metathesis]]ed forms, such as "aks" for "ask." Common patterns of metathesis in Urban english include
** SC to CS at the end of a word where C denotes any [[plosive]].
** RC to CR before a [[vowel]] anywhere in a word, though this occurs less regularly.
* Some forms are non-[[rhotic]], in that R's are sometimes dropped if not occuring before a vowel. This is similar to the pronunciation of R in [[British]] English.
* Lowering of some vowels, like ING to ANG, "thing" to "thang."

[[Category:Linguistics]]

Fricative

2009-04-03T17:49:38Z

CherryS: New page: A '''fricative''' sound in phonetics, also referred to sometimes as a ''spirant'' or ''sibilant'', is a sound produced by holding the mouth in a particular position and releasing air i...

A '''fricative''' sound in [[phonetics]], also referred to sometimes as a ''spirant'' or ''sibilant'', is a sound produced by holding the mouth in a particular position and releasing air in a continuous uninterrupted stream. Examples of fricatives in English are S, Z, F, and V. The ''ch'' in Scottish ''loch'' and German ''nacht'' are also fricative sounds, though they do not occur in English.

[[Category:Linguistics]]

Plosive

2009-04-03T17:46:56Z

CherryS:

A '''plosive''' sound in [[phonetics]] is a sound produced by holding the mouth in a certain position and then suddenly releasing a puff of air. Examples of plosives in [[English]] are P, B, T, D, K, and hard G.

[[Category:Linguistics]]

Plosive

2009-04-03T17:46:44Z

CherryS: New page: A '''plosive''' sound in Phonetics is a sound produced by holding the mouth in a certain position and then suddenly releasing a puff of air. Examples of plosives in English are P, ...

A '''plosive''' sound in [[Phonetics]] is a sound produced by holding the mouth in a certain position and then suddenly releasing a puff of air. Examples of plosives in [[English]] are P, B, T, D, K, and hard G.

[[Category:Linguistics]]

Spirantization

2009-04-03T17:45:34Z

CherryS: New page: '''Spirantization''' is a phonological process by which a plosive sound (or stop) becomes a fricative in the same place of articulation. An example is the shift from P to F in many...

'''Spirantization''' is a phonological process by which a [[plosive]] sound (or stop) becomes a [[fricative]] in the same place of articulation. An example is the shift from P to F in many Germanic languages during the Antiquity.

[[Category:Linguistics]]

Labial

2009-04-03T17:43:59Z

CherryS: New page: In phonetics, a '''labial sound''' is one produced predominantly using the lips, such as V, F, P, B and W. Distinctions are made between sounds using one lip (''unilabial'' or ''labiod...

In [[phonetics]], a '''labial sound''' is one produced predominantly using the lips, such as V, F, P, B and W. Distinctions are made between sounds using one lip (''unilabial'' or ''labiodental'' if the teeth are also involved) such as V and F, and those using both lips, ''bilabial.''

[[Category:Linguistics]]

Metathesis

2009-04-03T17:41:31Z

CherryS: We really don't have any pages at all on phonological processes? Yikes... I'll fill this gap.

Metathesis is a phonological process by which two circant (adjacent or near-adjacent) [[phone]]s (or sounds) switch places. Despite its strange definition, metathesis is a fairly common phenomenon in historical sound changes observed in [[linguistics]].

==Examples==

A historical example is the development of the english word "wolf" from the [[Indo-European]] root LUP:

LUP > ULP > ULF > WOLF

The first sound change is metathesis of U and L, the second is [[labial]] [[spirantization]] (occurred in Germanic languages, compare with Lat. ''pater'' to Germ. ''vater''), and the last change U > WO was common in the shift from Old German to Old English. Interestingly, the metathesis here is thought to be motivated by superstitions that naming a wolf by its "true name" LUP would bring bad luck. It is an example of [[taboo]] language.

Examples in modern English are exhibited in both infantile and [[urban English]]. For example, "aminal" for "animal," "enemy" for "emeny," "pasghetti" for "spaghetti," and "aks" for "ask."

[[Category:Linguistics]]

Orpah

2009-04-03T17:30:43Z

CherryS:

'''Orpah''' was the daughter-in-law of [[Naomi]] who went back to her own people at Naomi's request after her husband had died as recorded in the [[Ruth (Biblical book)|Book of Ruth]] in the [[Bible]].

It was through a misspelling of this name that [[Oprah Winfrey]] received her first name. This is an example of [[metathesis]], a phonological process common in some variants of [[urban English]].

[[Category:Biblical Women]]

Eve

2009-04-03T17:26:18Z

CherryS:

'''Eve''' is the name of the first woman on the earth as recorded in the [[Bible]] in the book of [[Genesis]]. It is a common woman's name and in [[Hebrew]] is ''Chavah'', derived from the verb ''to breathe'', or the word ''life''.

[[God]] made Eve from one of [[Adam]]'s ribs when he was asleep and became his helpmate and companion. Together she and Adam lived in the [[Garden of Eden]]. Eve was approached by the serpent ([[Satan]]) and gave in to the serpent's temptation to eat the [[forbidden fruit]]. Eve then had Adam do so as well. Both knew they were breaking God's command. As punishment for Eve's sin, women were made subject to men and were forced to endure painful childbirth. Men were also punished and together they were forced out of the garden. This first breaking of God's commandment is the origin of the concept of [[Original sin]].

Eve gave birth to many children. The three mentioned in the Bible are [[Cain]], [[Abel]], and [[Seth]]

==Evolutionary term==

The term "mitochondrial Eve" is used in evolutionary biology to identify our matrilineal most recent common ancestor. She is believed to have existed some 160,000 years ago on the [[Africa]]n continent. See [[Mitochondria#Mitochondria_Inheritance|Mitochondria Inheritance]].

[[Category:Biblical Women]]
[[Category:Book of Genesis Persons]]

Mitochondrion

2009-04-03T17:19:55Z

CherryS: /* Mitochondria Inheritance */

'''Mitochondria''' (singular: '''mitochondrion'''), are rod-shaped [[organelle]]s that can be considered the power generators of the cell, converting [[oxygen]] and nutrients into [[adenosine triphosphate]] (ATP). [[ATP]] is the chemical energy "currency" of the cell that powers the cell's metabolic activities. This process is called [[aerobic respiration]] and is the reason animals breathe oxygen. Without mitochondria, higher animals would likely not exist because their cells would only be able to obtain energy from [[anaerobic respiration]], a process much less efficient than [[aerobic respiration]]. In fact, mitochondria enable cells to produce 15 times more [[ATP]] than they could otherwise, and complex animals, like humans, need large amounts of energy in order to survive.

The number of mitochondria present in a [[cell]] depends upon the metabolic requirements of that [[cell]], and may range from a single large mitochondrion to thousands of the [[organelle]]s. Mitochondria, which are found in nearly all [[eukaryote]]s, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists, are large enough to be observed with a light microscope and were first discovered in the 1800s.

==Etymology==
The name of the [[organelle]]s was coined to reflect the way they looked to the first scientists to observe them, stemming from the Greek words for "thread" and "granule." For many years after their discovery, mitochondria were commonly believed to transmit hereditary information. It was not until the mid-1950s when a method for isolating the organelles intact was developed that the modern understanding of mitochondrial function was worked out.

==Structure==
The elaborate structure of a mitochondrion is very important to the functioning of the [[organelle]]. Two specialized membranes encircle each mitochondrion present in a cell, dividing the organelle into a narrow intermembrane space and a much larger internal matrix, each of which contains highly specialized proteins. The outer membrane of a mitochondrion contains many channels formed by the protein [[porin]] and acts like a sieve, filtering out molecules that are too big. Similarly, the inner membrane, which is highly convoluted so that a large number of infoldings called [[cristae]] are formed, also allows only certain molecules to pass through it and is much more selective than the outer membrane. To make certain that only those materials essential to the matrix are allowed into it, the inner membrane utilizes a group of transport proteins that will only transport the correct molecules. Together, the various compartments of a mitochondrion are able to work in harmony to generate [[ATP]] in a complex multi-step process.

[[Image:Mitochondriafigure1.jpg]]

Mitochondria are generally oblong [[organelle]]s, which range in size between 1 and 10 micrometers in length, and occur in numbers that directly correlate with the cell's level of metabolic activity. The organelles are quite flexible, however, and time-lapse studies of living cells have demonstrated that mitochondria change shape rapidly and move about in the cell almost constantly. Movements of the [[organelle]]s appear to be linked in some way to the [[microtubule]]s present in the cell, and are probably transported along the network with motor proteins. Consequently, mitochondria may be organized into lengthy traveling chains, packed tightly into relatively stable groups, or appear in many other formations based upon the particular needs of the cell and the characteristics of its microtubular network.

==Mitochondrial DNA==
The mitochondrion is different from most other [[organelle]]s because it has its own circular [[DNA]] (similar to the [[DNA]] of [[prokaryote]]s) and reproduces independently of the cell in which it is found; an apparent case of [[endosymbiosis]]. Evolutionists hypothesize that millions of years ago small, free-living [[prokaryote]]s were engulfed, but not consumed, by larger [[prokaryote]]s, perhaps because they were able to resist the digestive enzymes of the host organism. The two organisms developed a symbiotic relationship over time, the larger organism providing the smaller with ample nutrients and the smaller organism providing [[ATP]] molecules to the larger one. Eventually, according to this view, the larger organism developed into the [[eukaryotic cell]] and the smaller organism into the mitochondrion.

Mitochondrial [[DNA]] is localized to the matrix, which also contains a host of enzymes, as well as [[ribosome]]s for [[protein synthesis]]. Many of the critical metabolic steps of [[cellular respiration]] are catalyzed by enzymes that are able to diffuse through the mitochondrial matrix. The other proteins involved in respiration, including the enzyme that generates [[ATP]], are embedded within the mitochondrial inner membrane. Infolding of the [[cristae]] dramatically increases the surface area available for hosting the enzymes responsible for [[cellular respiration]].

==Similarities to Chloroplasts==
Mitochondria are similar to plant [[chloroplast]]s in that both [[organelle]]s are able to produce energy and metabolites that are required by the host cell. As discussed above, mitochondria are the sites of respiration, and generate chemical energy in the form of [[ATP]] by metabolizing sugars, fats, and other chemical fuels with the assistance of molecular oxygen. [[Chloroplast]]s, in contrast, are found only in plants and algae, and are the primary sites of [[photosynthesis]]. These [[organelle]]s work in a different manner to convert energy from the sun into the biosynthesis of required organic nutrients using carbon dioxide and water. Like mitochondria, [[chloroplast]]s also contain their own [[DNA]] and are able to grow and reproduce independently within the cell.

==Mitochondria Inheritance==
In most animal species, mitochondria appear to be primarily inherited through the maternal lineage, though some recent evidence suggests that in rare instances mitochondria may also be inherited via a paternal route. Typically, a sperm carries mitochondria in its tail as an energy source for its long journey to the egg. When the sperm attaches to the egg during fertilization, the tail falls off. Consequently, the only mitochondria the new organism usually gets are from the egg its mother provided. Therefore, unlike [[nuclear DNA]], [[mitochondrial DNA]] doesn't get shuffled every generation. However, the mt genome has a higher rate of mutation, and consists of only some sixteen thousand base pairs. Hence, it is often more useful to gauge the "genetic distance" between two persons (since sequencing after DNA isolation is much quicker and it provides a finer genetic comb). It is also useful for the study of human [[evolution]]. [[Mitochondrial DNA]] is also used in forensic science as a tool for identifying corpses or body parts, and has been implicated in a number of genetic diseases, such as [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[diabetes]].

Evolutionary biologists posit the existence of a mitochondrial [[Eve]], the most recent progenitor of all our mitochondrial DNA. That is, this individual is the single individual from whom all persons existing today have a totally matrilineal line of descent. Given two persons A and B, mitochondrial Eve E is "the mother of the mother of ... the mother of A," as well as "the mother of the mother of ... the mother of B" for some numbers n(A) and n(B) of iterations of "the mother of", where n(A) need not equal n(B). This theory does not imply that Eve was the *only* female human existing in her time, just that if a modern human A can trace his ancestry to a contemporary of Eve, F, then any line of desent from F to A must include a male. Evolutionists believe that mitochondrial Eve existed some 160,000 years ago in [[Africa]]. Analogously, the Y chromosome is passed only patrilineally, so her male counterpart is referred to as Y-chromosomal [[Adam]].

==Ethnic Differences==
Because of this slower mutation rate within mitochondrial DNA, human lineages can be more directly traced back through these inherited genes. ''Computational Cell Biology'' by Christopher Fall and Eric Marland indicates that this more-direct linkage allows for a correlation to be drawn between descent and certain traits, such as intelligence:

"The lineal descent of this genetic material makes it possible to more directly trace genetic links and indicates a strong correlation with traits, most interestingly intelligence. This indicates a link between genetic strains that can be measured objectively, although many researchers view such endeavors with distaste in fears of encouraging racist prejudices."<ref>Fall, Christopher, et. al. Computational Cell Biology. Boone, NC: Appalachian State University Press, 2002. 314.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cellular Biology]]

Mitochondrion

2009-04-03T17:11:24Z

CherryS: /* Mitochondria Inheritance */

'''Mitochondria''' (singular: '''mitochondrion'''), are rod-shaped [[organelle]]s that can be considered the power generators of the cell, converting [[oxygen]] and nutrients into [[adenosine triphosphate]] (ATP). [[ATP]] is the chemical energy "currency" of the cell that powers the cell's metabolic activities. This process is called [[aerobic respiration]] and is the reason animals breathe oxygen. Without mitochondria, higher animals would likely not exist because their cells would only be able to obtain energy from [[anaerobic respiration]], a process much less efficient than [[aerobic respiration]]. In fact, mitochondria enable cells to produce 15 times more [[ATP]] than they could otherwise, and complex animals, like humans, need large amounts of energy in order to survive.

The number of mitochondria present in a [[cell]] depends upon the metabolic requirements of that [[cell]], and may range from a single large mitochondrion to thousands of the [[organelle]]s. Mitochondria, which are found in nearly all [[eukaryote]]s, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists, are large enough to be observed with a light microscope and were first discovered in the 1800s.

==Etymology==
The name of the [[organelle]]s was coined to reflect the way they looked to the first scientists to observe them, stemming from the Greek words for "thread" and "granule." For many years after their discovery, mitochondria were commonly believed to transmit hereditary information. It was not until the mid-1950s when a method for isolating the organelles intact was developed that the modern understanding of mitochondrial function was worked out.

==Structure==
The elaborate structure of a mitochondrion is very important to the functioning of the [[organelle]]. Two specialized membranes encircle each mitochondrion present in a cell, dividing the organelle into a narrow intermembrane space and a much larger internal matrix, each of which contains highly specialized proteins. The outer membrane of a mitochondrion contains many channels formed by the protein [[porin]] and acts like a sieve, filtering out molecules that are too big. Similarly, the inner membrane, which is highly convoluted so that a large number of infoldings called [[cristae]] are formed, also allows only certain molecules to pass through it and is much more selective than the outer membrane. To make certain that only those materials essential to the matrix are allowed into it, the inner membrane utilizes a group of transport proteins that will only transport the correct molecules. Together, the various compartments of a mitochondrion are able to work in harmony to generate [[ATP]] in a complex multi-step process.

[[Image:Mitochondriafigure1.jpg]]

Mitochondria are generally oblong [[organelle]]s, which range in size between 1 and 10 micrometers in length, and occur in numbers that directly correlate with the cell's level of metabolic activity. The organelles are quite flexible, however, and time-lapse studies of living cells have demonstrated that mitochondria change shape rapidly and move about in the cell almost constantly. Movements of the [[organelle]]s appear to be linked in some way to the [[microtubule]]s present in the cell, and are probably transported along the network with motor proteins. Consequently, mitochondria may be organized into lengthy traveling chains, packed tightly into relatively stable groups, or appear in many other formations based upon the particular needs of the cell and the characteristics of its microtubular network.

==Mitochondrial DNA==
The mitochondrion is different from most other [[organelle]]s because it has its own circular [[DNA]] (similar to the [[DNA]] of [[prokaryote]]s) and reproduces independently of the cell in which it is found; an apparent case of [[endosymbiosis]]. Evolutionists hypothesize that millions of years ago small, free-living [[prokaryote]]s were engulfed, but not consumed, by larger [[prokaryote]]s, perhaps because they were able to resist the digestive enzymes of the host organism. The two organisms developed a symbiotic relationship over time, the larger organism providing the smaller with ample nutrients and the smaller organism providing [[ATP]] molecules to the larger one. Eventually, according to this view, the larger organism developed into the [[eukaryotic cell]] and the smaller organism into the mitochondrion.

Mitochondrial [[DNA]] is localized to the matrix, which also contains a host of enzymes, as well as [[ribosome]]s for [[protein synthesis]]. Many of the critical metabolic steps of [[cellular respiration]] are catalyzed by enzymes that are able to diffuse through the mitochondrial matrix. The other proteins involved in respiration, including the enzyme that generates [[ATP]], are embedded within the mitochondrial inner membrane. Infolding of the [[cristae]] dramatically increases the surface area available for hosting the enzymes responsible for [[cellular respiration]].

==Similarities to Chloroplasts==
Mitochondria are similar to plant [[chloroplast]]s in that both [[organelle]]s are able to produce energy and metabolites that are required by the host cell. As discussed above, mitochondria are the sites of respiration, and generate chemical energy in the form of [[ATP]] by metabolizing sugars, fats, and other chemical fuels with the assistance of molecular oxygen. [[Chloroplast]]s, in contrast, are found only in plants and algae, and are the primary sites of [[photosynthesis]]. These [[organelle]]s work in a different manner to convert energy from the sun into the biosynthesis of required organic nutrients using carbon dioxide and water. Like mitochondria, [[chloroplast]]s also contain their own [[DNA]] and are able to grow and reproduce independently within the cell.

==Mitochondria Inheritance==
In most animal species, mitochondria appear to be primarily inherited through the maternal lineage, though some recent evidence suggests that in rare instances mitochondria may also be inherited via a paternal route. Typically, a sperm carries mitochondria in its tail as an energy source for its long journey to the egg. When the sperm attaches to the egg during fertilization, the tail falls off. Consequently, the only mitochondria the new organism usually gets are from the egg its mother provided. Therefore, unlike [[nuclear DNA]], [[mitochondrial DNA]] doesn't get shuffled every generation. However, the mt genome has a higher rate of mutation, and consists of only some sixteen thousand base pairs. Hence, it is often more useful to gauge the "genetic distance" between two persons (since sequencing after DNA isolation is much quicker and it provides a finer genetic comb). It is also useful for the study of human [[evolution]]. [[Mitochondrial DNA]] is also used in forensic science as a tool for identifying corpses or body parts, and has been implicated in a number of genetic diseases, such as [[Alzheimer's disease]] and [[diabetes]].

==Ethnic Differences==
Because of this slower mutation rate within mitochondrial DNA, human lineages can be more directly traced back through these inherited genes. ''Computational Cell Biology'' by Christopher Fall and Eric Marland indicates that this more-direct linkage allows for a correlation to be drawn between descent and certain traits, such as intelligence:

"The lineal descent of this genetic material makes it possible to more directly trace genetic links and indicates a strong correlation with traits, most interestingly intelligence. This indicates a link between genetic strains that can be measured objectively, although many researchers view such endeavors with distaste in fears of encouraging racist prejudices."<ref>Fall, Christopher, et. al. Computational Cell Biology. Boone, NC: Appalachian State University Press, 2002. 314.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cellular Biology]]

The Coen Brothers

2009-04-02T01:39:15Z

CherryS:

'''The Coen Brothers''' are the collective name for the film makers Joel and Ethan Coen. They have written and directed a number of critically acclaimed movies since their debut ''Blood Simple'' in 1984. Their most recent film ''No Country For Old Men'' won the Academy Award for best movie of 2007.

Their movies are noted for their black humour and frequently bloody violence. They are [[Jewish]] and their movies exhibit a typical [[Hollywood]] [[liberal bias]] of celebrating deviancy and disrespect for the military e.g The Dude in the Big Lebowski is a sympathetically drawn 60's dropout but his friend Walter, a Jewish Vietnam veteran, is portrayed as belligerent and stupid. Christians are often portrayed as hypocritical and self-serving.

Noted collaborators include [[liberals]] [[George Clooney]], [[Brad Pitt]], and [[Tim Robbins]].
[[Category:Directors]]

Interbreed

2009-03-31T00:59:47Z

CherryS:

'''Interbreeding ''' occurs when two nonhuman plants or animals belonging to different species produce viable offspring.<ref>The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/interbreeding"Interbreeding"]</ref> Examples of these offspring include common animals such as the [[mule]] and more obscure animals like the [[wholphin]] and [[liger]].

==References==
<references/>

[[category:genetics]]

Whale

2009-03-31T00:36:59Z

CherryS: /* The Bible */

[[Image:800px-Baleen Whale Physical Characteristics svg.png|right|thumb|400px]]
'''Whales''' are marine mammals of the order [[Cetacea]].

== Description ==
Whales are separated into the toothed whales (which includes [[dolphin]]s, [[porpoise]]s, [[narwhal]]s, [[beaked whale]]s and [[sperm whale]]s) and the whalebone, or baleen, whales. The latter are cetaceans, mostly very large, which, instead of teeth, have baleen (whalebone) to filter small prey from the water; they are what people generally think of when the word whale is used. The whalebone whales include the rorquals - the [[blue whale]], fin whale, sei whale, Bryde's whale, [[minke whale]], [[grey whale]]; the [[humpback whale]]; and the various [[right whale]]s.

Although whales are famed for the massive size reached by some species, such as the blue whale (the largest animal to ever live), others are relatively small, like the pygmy right whale which grows to about 20 feet <ref> [http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/PygmyRightWhale.htm]American Cetacean Society website</ref>. Though whales have many traits in common with fish (including fins and tails) they are [[classification system|classified]] as [[mammal|mammals]] under the [[Linnaean taxonomy]] classification system because they breathe air and lactate. Whales have a number of remarkable features including:

* they decide when to breathe, rather than breathing unconsciously
* they sleep 8 hours a day, yet need to be conscious to breathe
* they can communicate with each other by making remarkably loud noises
* these extraordinary noises can travel for miles under water
* the females nurse their calves while swimming underwater
* the males have a unique cooling system for their internal reproductive organs
* whales, along with humans and horses, are some of the few mammal species that do not possess [[baculum]] (penile bone)
* some have two blow-holes, but others only have one
* the blow-holes pass air above water, yet resist intense pressure underwater
* they have massive brains, much larger than the brains of other mammals

=== Taxonomy ===
There are two kinds of whales: toothed whales of the suborder Odontoceti (which includes [[dolphins]] and [[porpoise]]s), and whalebone (baleen) whales of the suborder Mysticeti.

Toothed whales include:
* [[Orca|Killer whales]]
* [[Sperm whale]]s
* [[Narwhal]]s
* [[Pilot whale]]s

Baleen whales include:
* [[Blue whale]]s
* [[Gray whale]]s
* [[Humpback whale]]s
* [[Fin whale]]s
* [[Right whale]]s
* [[Minke whale]]s

== Origins ==
The question of how whales and their relatives could have evolved from terrestrial [[mammal]]s has taxed evolutionary biologists since [[Charles Darwin|Darwin's]] suggestion that they may have evolved from ancient bears.
In more recent times molecular and fossil evidence has been used to suggest that modern whales and their relatives arose from ancient [[Artiodactyla|artiodactyls]] (even-toed ungulates) with the closest living relative of all whales being [[hippopotamus|hippopotami]].<ref>[http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/41080/molecular_clock_divergence_estimates_and_the_fossil_record_of_cetartiodactyla/index.html] Theodore, JM (2004) Molecular Clock Divergence Estimates And The Fossil Record Of Cetartiodactyla The Journal Of Paleontology 78:39-44</ref>
This kinship has been termed the whippo hypothesis.<ref>http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/pdfs/data/1999/15619/15619-10.pdf</ref>
Evolutionary biologists estimate the last ancestor of whales and hippos lived about 25 million years ago,<ref> [http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/lines/IAtransitional.shtml] UCLA Berkley Understanding Evolution for Teachers website</ref> which contrasts with the [[Young earth creationism|young earth creationist]] position that whales were [[creation|created]] about 6000 years ago when [[God]] created the [[earth]].<ref>Sarfati, Jonathan [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3834/106/ Whale evolution?] ''Refuting Evolution'', Chapter 5.</ref><ref>Batten, Don, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1776 A whale of a tale?] ''Journal of Creation'' 8(1):2–3, April 1994.</ref><ref>Williams, Alexander, and Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1862 Not at all like a whale], ''Creation'' 27(2):20–22, March 2005.</ref>

==Whaling industry==
see [[Whaling]]

== Whales in literature ==

=== The Bible ===

{{Bible quote|Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.''|book=Jonah|chap=1|verses=17|version=KJV}}

The great fish that swallowed [[Jonah (prophet)|Jonah]] is often thought of as being a whale, although the translation of 'great fish' is not a precise designation of species but may indicate any physically large, ocean-going creature. The physical difficulty of having a human be swallowed by a whale and survive the intense pressure of diving, lack of air and acidic environment of the stomach, and the fact that the Bible says that God "prepared" the fish has led some to suggest the creature may be uniquely and specially prepared by [[God]] for the purpose. Alternatively, Jonah may have been simply protected by supernatural means.

Whales are mentioned in three other places in the King James Version of the Bible:
* Genesis 1:21: "And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good."
* Job 7:12: "Am I a sea, or a whale, that thou settest a watch over me?"
* Ezekiel 32:2: "Son of man, take up a lamentation for Pharaoh king of Egypt, and say unto him, Thou art like a young lion of the nations, and thou art as a whale in the seas: and thou camest forth with thy rivers, and troubledst the waters with thy feet, and fouledst their rivers.

=== Fiction ===

Arguably the most famous book about whales is [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick|Moby Dick]]'', about a whaling-ship captain obsessed with hunting down the sperm whale (Moby Dick) which had bitten off one of his legs.

== See Also ==
*[[Orca]]
*[[Dolphin]]
==Further reading==
* Carwardine, Mark. ''Whales & Dolphins'' (Smithsonian Handbooks) (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Whales-Dolphins-Smithsonian-Handbooks-Carwardine/dp/0789489902/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226789849&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Creighton, Margaret S. ''Rites and Passages: The Experience of American Whaling, 1830-1870.'' (1995). 233 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Rites-Passages-Experience-American-1830-1870/dp/0521484480/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207603299&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Dolin, Eric Jay. ''Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America'' (2007) 480 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Leviathan-History-Eric-Jay-Dolin/dp/0393060578/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207596886&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Ellis, Richard. ''Men and Whales.'' (1991). 542 pp.
* Papastavrou, Vassili. ''Whale'' (DK Eyewitness Books) (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Whale-Eyewitness-Books-Vassili-Papastavrou/dp/0756607396/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1226789849&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Stoett, Peter J. ''The International Politics of Whaling'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/read/57120862?title=The%20International%20Politics%20of%20Whaling online edition]

== References ==
<references/>

{{Nb zm whales}}

Oracle

2009-02-27T22:24:26Z

CherryS:

In [[mathematics]], an [[oracle]] is a black box posited in [[logic]] which, without revealing the methods of [[proof]], can decide whether a statement is [[true]] or [[false]]. In higher [[computability]] theory, one often makes use of oracles that can solve the [[Halting problem]] to deduce the [[undecidable|undecidability]] of [[computing]] problems.

The term ''oracle'' is taken from the Greek [[Oracle at Delphi]], a pagan priestess, who, when drugged appropriately, could see the future. The oracle is a central part of many Greek myths, and is often used to teach the lesson that "no man can escape his fate" (see also [[hubris]]).

[[category:logic]][[category:mathematics]]

Oracle

2009-02-27T22:20:48Z

CherryS:

In [[mathematics]], an [[oracle]] is a black box posited in [[logic]] which, without revealing the methods of [[proof]], can decide whether a statement is [[true]] or [[false]]. In higher [[computability]] theory, one often makes use of oracles that can solve the [[Halting problem]] to deduce the [[undecidable|undecidability]] of [[computing]] problems.

The term ''oracle'' is taken from the Greek [[Oracle at Delphi]], a pagan temple prostitute, who, when drugged appropriately, could see the future. The oracle is a central part of many Greek myths, and is often used to teach the lesson that "no man can escape his fate" (see also [[hubris]]).

[[category:logic]][[category:mathematics]]

Star Trek franchise

2009-02-06T23:26:56Z

CherryS: I believe it is entirely relevant. In addition to providing context for a paragraph about extra-heterosexual relationships in the show, it provides an important plot detail for TNG.

''This article is an overview of all the Star Trek productions. For the original television series, see [[Star Trek (original series)]]''
[[Image:startrektoscast.jpg|thumb|right|The crew of the Enterprise from the original 1960s show.]]
'''Star Trek''' is a number of [[television]] series and [[movie]]s set in the future when mankind is exploring the [[galaxy]] in [[spaceship]]s and joining with other [[sentience|sentient]] inhabitants of the galaxy.

''Star Trek'' began with a television series produced by [[Gene Roddenberry]] in 1966, and was followed by several other series and movies until the present time.
''Star Trek'' has a large following among [[science fiction]] fans, with [[book]]s, [[magazine]]s, [[website]]s, and [[convention]]s devoted to the imaginary universe.

== The series ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right"
|-
! Series name || Original air dates || Number of episodes
|-
| [[Star Trek (original series)|Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS)]] || 1966-1969 || style="text-align:right" | 80  
|-
| Star Trek: The Animated Series (TAS) || 1973-1974 || style="text-align:right" | 22  
|-
| Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) || 1987-1994 || style="text-align:right" | 178  
|-
| Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9) || 1993-1999 || style="text-align:right" | 176  
|-
| Star Trek: Voyager (VOY) || 1995-2001 || style="text-align:right" | 172  
|-
| Star Trek: Enterprise (ENT) || 2001-2005 || style="text-align:right" | 98  
|}

Five live-action series have been made, plus one animated series.

=== The original series ===
{{main|Star Trek (original series)}}

The [[Star Trek (original series)|original series]] has the mostly-[[human]] crew of the ''U.S.S. Enterprise'' exploring the galaxy and performing various missions for ''Starfleet'', the authority which controls the ship.
These missions may be diplomatic or defensive, particularly in connection with the hostile races, the [[Extraterrestrial life in Star Trek#Klingon|Klingon]]s and the [[Extraterrestrial life in Star Trek#Romulan|Romulan]]s.

=== The Next Generation ===
''The Next Generation'' followed the theme of the original series, but set some years later with a new crew and a new ship, also named the ''U.S.S. Enterprise''.
By this time, the Klingons were at peace with the Federation, and the crew included a Klingon security officer, as well as various other non-human races.
Also on the crew was ''Data'', an android.

A major foe introduced with this series was the [[Borg]], a "collective" of [[drone]]s, beings from various races who were "assimilated" into the collective.
When encountering another spaceship, the Borg would often introduce themselves with a statement like "''We are Borg. You will be assimilated. Resistance is futile.''". The "resistance is futile" phrase has since entered popular culture.

=== Deep Space Nine ===
Unlike each of the other series, ''Deep Space Nine'' was set on a space station near the planet Bajor, around the time that the ''Next Generation'' series finished.
The station, originally built by the Cardassians, was administered by Starfleet and with a mixed Starfleet and Bajoran workforce.

The space station protected the only known stable [[wormhole]] through which ships could pass to another part of the galaxy.
One of the characters on the space station was a "shape-shifter", a being that could assume any form.

=== Voyager ===
''Voyager'' was the name of a Starfleet ship that became trapped in another part of the galaxy, and the series revolved around the crew's attempts to return home, encountering many new races along the way.
The series was set around the same time as ''Deep Space 9''.

The part of the galaxy ''Voyager'' was trapped in was also the part of the galaxy from which the Borg originated, and the Borg is an enemy they encounter numerous times.
Additionally, one of the characters who joins the series part way through is "Seven of Nine", a former Borg drone, originally human, who is successfully largely transformed back into a human, although retaining some of the Borg implants and struggling to adapt to human society, having been assimilated into the Borg at a young age.

=== Enterprise ===
''Enterprise'' is set prior to any other series, at the time when humans are first starting to travel well beyond Earth, and develop much of the technology that would be common-place in series set later.
The mostly-human crew travel in a ship also named ''Enterprise''

== The movies ==

Ten Star Trek movies have been produced, with an eleventh due out in May 2009.

The first six follow on from the original television series.
The seventh (''Generations'') was made after ''The Next Generation'' series, but includes a "crossover" from the original series.
The eighth to tenth movies follow on from ''The Next Generation'' series.
The eleventh movie is a prequel to the original series.

{| class="wikitable"
!Movie Name || Year of Release || MPAA Rating
|-
|Star Trek: The Motion Picture || 1979 || PG
|-
|Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan || 1982 || PG
|-
|Star Trek III: The Search for Spock || 1984 || PG
|-
|Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home || 1986 || PG
|-
|Star Trek V: The Final Frontier || 1989 || PG
|-
|Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country || 1991 || PG
|-
|Star Trek: Generations || 1994 || PG
|-
|Star Trek: First Contact || 1996 || PG-13
|-
|Star Trek: Insurrection || 1998 || PG
|-
|Star Trek: Nemesis || 2002 || PG-13
|-
|Star Trek || 2009 || N/A
|}

== Extraterrestrial life ==
{{main|Extraterrestrial life in Star Trek}}

The drama of the shows typically arises from the crew's contact with various forms of [[extraterrestrial life]], mostly, but not always, [[humanoid]] (e.g. the "Crystalline Entity"). In various ways, the [[premise]] of the [[ancient astronaut theory]] is used to assert the seeding of [[life]] throughout the [[galaxy]] as brought up in ''The Next Generation'', although not to the overt extent of a later, unrelated, TV series, [[Stargate SG-1]].

== Religion in Star Trek ==
As a [[humanist]], Gene Roddenberry infused Star Trek with humanism's dream of a world (or galaxy in this case) where humanity (and many other intelligent beings) were constantly improving the life quality of all beings both through improving technology and improving societal conditions.
People worked together for the common good, rather than for money, and without any class or other distinctions.
This is a small part of what is expected in the Christian view of [[heaven]], except that humanism believes that mankind can achieve this through its own efforts, rather than with the help of God.

Roddenberry rarely had the shows overtly reject religion, although some episodes would make reference to it as a part of culture. For instance in an episode with a man who could not die, it was noted that in one of his personas in Earth history he had been [[Lazarus]] (who [[Jesus]] raised from the dead). In another episode a world where the [[Roman Empire]] never fell was now chasing down followers of "the son" (which the crew mistook to be "sun") and their message of peace and love instead of violence and oppression.

Later series, under the control of other producers particularly after Roddenberry died, also brought religious concepts into the show, but seldom with the same direct references to Christianity, but rather to more generic religious thought.

=== The Next Generation ===

An episode of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' has one major example of anti-religion bias. The third-season episode entitled "Who Watches the Watchers," implies that an alien culture discarding religious beliefs is a positive development.
In the episode "Tapestry", Captain Picard dies and goes to the "afterlife" where he meets his erstwhile adversary "Q" who implies that he is God. Picard refuses to believe this, and makes a comment that "The Universe is not so badly run." This suggests that Picard was aware of the concept of God, but does not indicate that he believed in God. That phrase might be pointed more toward the character of Q controlling the universe than God's existence. However the majority of episodes remain silent on religion. In another episode where the ship is trapped and an alien will perform experiments that will kill up to half the crew, Picard discusses with 'Data' (actually the alien in disguise) what happens after one dies and says some believe in a god who keeps them in their present form forever and others believe that this is all there is. When questioned further, he says that he finds the universe is too orderly to believe that this is all there is and thinks that we will go on existing in a reality that we can not currently comprehend.<ref>Episode [http://memory-alpha.org/en/wiki/Where_Silence_Has_Lease Where Silence has Lease] on Memory-Alpha.</ref><ref>[http://tng.trekcore.com/episodes/scripts/128.txt Episode Script]</ref>

=== Bajoran religion ===

''Star Trek: Deep Space 9'' included religion more than any other series. An overarching theme of the series was the relation of the main character, Captain Benjamin Sisko, to the Bajoran religion in his role as the emissary to the Bajoran prophets. The prophets were beings who lived in a stable wormhole (a unique phenomenon in the Star Trek universe referred to by the Bajorans as the Celestial Temple) that perceived all of time as a single event with no concept of past, present, or future. Despite their immense dissimilarity to other races in the galaxy, the Prophets took unusual interest in Bajor, sending 'orbs' which were used as tools of prophecy by the Bajoran clergy, and in Sisko who it is revealed exists solely to fulfill a predetermined historical path in an Armageddon-like showdown as the avatar of the prophets against the 'Pah Wraiths' (aliens like the Prophets who were expelled from the Celestial Temple).

=== Other religions ===

''Star Trek: Deep Space 9'' also had the Dominion, in which the Founders (shape-shifting aliens sometimes called changelings) are treated as living gods by the races under their control.

The Klingon religion in various series suggests that the first Klingons realized they had no need for their gods, and killed them, although they still hold to an afterlife where the honorable dead join with the deified Kahless and the dishonorable dead are forced to spend eternity on the Barge of the Dead with the demon-like figure Fecklarr.

The Ferengi (mainly in ''Star Trek: Deep Space 9'') had a religion of sorts based on the concept of The Great River (as shown in "Faith, Treachery and The Great River"), which was similar to "[[The invisible hand]]" a phrase coined by [[Adam Smith]]. Ferengi also hold that if they achieve enough profit during their lives, they will meet the Blessed Exchequer who will grant them access to the Divine Treasury, whereas an unsuccessful Ferengi may find himself left in the Vault of Eternal Destitution.

== Relationship Views ==

In addition to his views on religion, Gene Roddenberry had views on relationships which were considered controversial at the time the Original Series was on air, and even today. In fact, a historic event—the first interracial kiss on network television—was between Uhura ([[Nichelle Nichols]]) and Captain Kirk ([[William Shatner]]).<ref>''Plato's Stepchildren'', originally aired Nov. 22, 1968</ref>

Gene Roddenberry was also supportive of same-sex relationships, and wanted to integrate homosexual characters into his second series, ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', reasoning that by the 24th century "no one would care." However, this proposal was met with resistance by [[Paramount Studios]] who reasoned that because the show would eventually be syndicated, it would be accessible to young children for whom such material would be extremely inappropriate.

Despite the absence of major homosexual characters, several storylines have indirectly depicted homosexual and other relationships in a positive, or at the very least ambiguous light. For example, in ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'', Commander William Riker (presumed heterosexual from a previous relationship with Deanna Troi) falls in love with an individual from an androgynous race.<ref>''The Outcast'', originally aired Mar. 16, 1992.</ref>
In ''Star Trek: DS9'', Lieutenant Commander Jadzia Dax (a [[Trill]], a being comprising a humanoid host of a member of another, asexual, species) briefly resumes a relationship with a wife from a previous lifetime (a male host of the same symbiont), and they are shown kissing on screen.<ref>''Rejoined'', originally aired Oct. 30, 1995.</ref>

== Institutions ==

The ''United Federation of Planets'' is the multi-world government based on [[Earth]], and under which auspices Starfleet operates.

''Starfleet'' is the exploratory and defensive organisation which operates the various starships.

The ''Academy'' is where Starfleet officers and crew are trained.

== Technology ==
The universe of Star Trek has an array of advanced technology, some of which has foreshadowed real developments.
This technology includes computer speech recognition, atom-level fabrication, massive energy production, and faster-than-light travel.

All Starfleet members from the time of ''The Next Generation'' on wear broach-size devices on their uniforms which allow instant two-way communication between crew-members or between the crew-member and the ship's computer.

The ''transporters'', being developed at the time of ''Enterprise'', disassemble and reassemble inanimate and animate things, including people, allowing them to be transported over moderate distances. For example, transporters are frequently used to send people from a spaceship in orbit to the surface of a planet and return.

''Replicators'', introduced in ''The Next Generation''{{fact}} use similar technology to fabricate inanimate objects from a molecular or atomic level.
This includes spare parts for the ships.
Specialised ''food replicators'' can fabricate a wide variety of food, which is suitable for everyday use, but can on occasions not be quite as good as the real thing.

''Holodecks'' and ''holosuites'' (the latter on Deep Space Nine) are rooms containing ''holoprojectors'' that project holographic images with solidity, allowing people to interact with the images. A computer controls the images, which includes holographic people who appear just like real people.
The ''Voyager'' series introduced an "emergency medical hologram", a holographic doctor which could be activated in the case of an emergency.
In this case, the ship's real doctor was killed, and the holographic doctor was a regular character, with enhanced abilities including being able to activate and deactivate himself.
He also managed to acquire a portable holographic projector that he could wear, allowing him to leave the confines of the ship's sick bay and its fixed holographic projectors.

''Phasers'' are the classic "ray gun", emitting a beam that, depending on the setting, was capable of stunning or killing the person on the receiving end.

''Tricorders'' were hand-held devices combining the functions of a computer, communicator, and laboratory for sensing and testing objects.
Specialised ''medical tricorders'' were also used by medical officers.

''Warp drives'' allow spaceships to travel vast distances by creating a sub-space 'bubble' around the ship, allowing faster-than-light travel, a necessity when travelling around the galaxy as part of a day's work.

== The Prime Directive ==
Starfleet had The Prime Directive which said that they should not interfere with the natural progression of a species. The directive sometimes clashed with morality or common sense and on many occasions was ignored by Starfleet officers. There was also a Temporal Prime Directive which said that when going into the past (by various means) they should not try to alter the course of history. When someone from Starfleet (or elsewhere) violated the directive officers were justified in working to stop them as long as they did not violate the directive themselves.

== Star Trek in culture ==

[[image:284699main image 1204 946-710.jpg|300px|thumb|Gene Roddenberry and original series cast members at the launch of the space shuttle ''Enterprise''.]]
Various concepts from Star Trek have entered popular culture, including the following:
* The [[Extraterrestrial life in Star Trek#Vulcan|Vulcan]] greeting, ''Live long and prosper''.
* The [[Borg]] warning that ''resistance is futile''.
* The [[Klingon]] language has been developed as a complete artificial language.
* The first [[space shuttle]], ''Enterprise'', was named for the ship in [[Star Trek (original series)|the original series]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Television Shows]]
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Science fiction]]
[[Category:Star Trek| ]]

Ketchup in the Culture Wars

2008-12-03T00:21:00Z

CherryS:

America's culture wars have had a food fight over ketchup. Democratic holdovers in the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture during the early early days of the Reagan Administration sought to embarrass the President's budget proposals in the [[liberal media]] by reclassifying ketchup as a vegetable and alleging this was an effort to starve America's school children through the federally funded hot lunch program, "so public schools could include it in their balanced meal plan." Liberal critics seized upon the [[disinformation]] and charged that it would allow schools to count ketchup as a vegetable in place of "real" vegetables like potatoes and the like in meeting a mandatory quota. After a [[volcano]] of negative publicity, the USDA stopped referring to condiments as vegetables. <ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924901,00.html A Chance to Feast on Reagan], [[Time (magazine)|Time]], 1981-10-12</ref> <ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/040716.html Did the Reagan-era USDA really classify ketchup as a vegetable?], [[The Straight Dope]], 2004-07-16</ref>

Four years after inheriting the Heinz Ketchup fortune of $500 million, Teresa Heinz married Senator [[John Forbes Kerry]] (later the 2004 Democratic Presidental nominee). According to the G2 Bulletin, an online intelligence newsletter of WorldNetDaily, in the years between 1995-2001 Mrs. Heinz gave more than $4 million to an organization called the Tides Foundation. Other recipients of the ketchup fortune were:

# Numerous anti-war groups, including former Johnson Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]]'s International Action Center. Clark offered to defend [[Saddam Hussein]] when at trial.
# The Democratic Justice Fund, a joint venture of the Tides Foundation and billionaire [[George Soros]]. The Democratic Justice Fund seeks to ease restrictions on Muslim immigration from terrorist states.
# The Council for American-Islamic Relations, whose leaders are known to have close ties to the terrorist group [[Hamas]].
# The [[National Lawyers Guild]], organized as a communist front during the Cold War era. One of their attorneys, Lynne Stewart, was arrested for helping a client, Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman, communicate with terror cells in Egypt. He is the convicted mastermind of the 1993 [[World Trade Center]] bombing.
# [[Planned Parenthood]], the National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL), and the Abortion Action Project.
# The most violent of all homosexual action groups, ACT-UP.
# The "Barrio Warriors," a radical Hispanic group whose primary goal is to return all of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas to Mexico.

==See Also==
*[[Ketchup]]

==References==
<references/>

[[category:politics]]

Ant

2008-12-03T00:18:44Z

CherryS:

'''Ants''' are social [[insects]] that live in highly organized colonies that include workers, drones, and [[queen]]s. Considered a highly successful insect, ants have colonized all parts of the world except for [[Greenland]], [[Antarctica]] and [[Iceland]]. Ants form part of the ''Hymenoptera'' family of species with [[bee]]s and [[wasp]]s and this close relation can be observed in their similar social structure. There are over 12,000 known species of ants in the world [http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/tsa.sppcount?the_taxon=Formicidae].

== Colony Organization ==

Highly organized, ant colonies are coordinated by the release of [[pheromones]] - chemical signals passed between individuals that allow information to be passed around the colony. Pheremones can be used for such diverse purposes as: marking trails, identifying which task group an ant belongs to, triggering alarms, and even spreading confusion among invading colonies.

== Relationship with People ==

While commonly seen as pests, ants actually have many benefits for human agriculture including pest control, and aerating soil, and even collecting seeds for farmers. They also regarded as food by many cultures - ant larvae known as ''escamoles'' in parts of Mexico are regarded as a kind of [[caviar]], and can sell for as much as $80 per kilo [http://cornellcollege.edu/biology/insects2005/9richardisaac/e%20is%20for%20escamoles.htm]. Remarkably, in some parts of the world Army Ants are even used as rudimentary sutures, their powerful jaws clamping wounds together to assist healing [http://www.ewma.org/pdf/fall04/Historical_Aspects.pdf].

== Intelligent Design ==

Creation scientists see the complex social behavior of ants to be evidence for an [[intelligent design]]er. <ref>[http://www.christiananswers.net/kids/insects.html Incredible insects of the rain forest]</ref>

== Ants in Fiction and the Bible ==

Ants have often been cited in [[pagan]] [[parable]]s as well as [[secular]] stories for their hard work. For example, in Aesop's fable about the ant and the grasshopper. They are also mentioned in the Bible:
<blockquote>
''Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: Which having no guide, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat in the summer, and gathereth her food in the harvest.'' [[Proverbs]] 6:6-8 (KJV)
</blockquote>
Observe that the Bible gets the gender of worker ants correctly whereas Aesop's ant character was originally personified using the incorrect masculine pronouns.

[[Category: Insects]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/hymenoptera.html Hymenoptera: ants, bees and wasps]

Hanoi Hilton

2008-12-03T00:03:50Z

CherryS:

The '''Hanoi Hilton''' was the ironic nickname given by [[American]] [[POW]]s to the Hoa Lo Prison in [[Hanoi]], then capital of [[North Vietnam]], where they were held in captivity between 1964 and 1973. The name is a backhanded tribute to the appalling conditions and routine brutality that they suffered there.

The first US prisoner to be held at the prison was Lieutenant Everett Alvarez, an [[A-4 Skyhawk]] pilot shot down in 1964, who was incarcerated for almost nine years; its most famous inmate was [[Republican]] [[Senator]] and [[Presidential candidate]], [[John McCain]].

==Further Information==
http://www.vietnamwar.com/hanoihilton.htm

[[Category:Vietnam War]][[Category:Vietnam]][[Category:War]]

Hanoi Hilton

2008-12-03T00:03:37Z

CherryS:

The '''Hanoi Hilton''' was the ironic nickname given by [[American]] [[POW]]s to the Hoa Lo Prison in [[Hanoi]], then capital of [[North Vietnam]], where they were held in captivity between 1964 and 1973. The name is a backhanded tribute to the appalling conditions and routine brutality that they suffered there.

The first US prisoner to be held at the prison was Lieutenant Everett Alvarez, an [[A-4 Skyhawk]] pilot shot down in 1964, who was incarcerated for almost nine years; its most famous inmate was [[Republican]] [[Senator]] and [[Presidential candidate]], [[Senator]] [[John McCain]].

==Further Information==
http://www.vietnamwar.com/hanoihilton.htm

[[Category:Vietnam War]][[Category:Vietnam]][[Category:War]]