Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

User:Chouston

2011-08-10T20:55:41Z

Chouston:

heheheh. '''large''' collection. geddit?

Talk:Essay:Politicians Who Had a Real Career

2011-08-08T03:19:23Z

Chouston: /* Obama ??? */

==This is interesting==
Just to clarify do you mean people who are not "career politicians"? [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 18:06, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:Oh yeah, I added Herman Cain. Would he qualify (don't know much about US politics). [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 18:09, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

== Significance, and alphabetization ==

The list is for ''significant'' politicians who have had some influence. Many who have been added do not qualify. They need to be moved to the lower category.

Also, why alphabetize rather than rank by influence?--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 20:33, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:What would qualify as significance? I moved Franken because, though his career was perhaps less-than-serious, as a senator, he makes law. Perhaps that could be the judge of influence? And I thought alphabetization would be effective for the purposes of locating a certain name following the explansion of the article. --[[User:Chouston|Chouston]] 21:03, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

::Good point about the value of alphabetization ... if there are enough names whereby it becomes an issue. Many of the names need to be moved to the "not significant" category. For example, unless you can identify a real influence that Al Franken has had, then he does not belong on the real list.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 21:08, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:::I moved Franken.--[[User:JamesWilson|JamesWilson]] 21:12, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::::(edit conflict) Until such a time, I think alphabetization is still desirable, to avoid getting into arguments over who is more influential than whom. Regarding Franken, he has presided over two Supreme Court Justice confirmations, intoduced [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:S1495: a bill] to provide service dogs to disabled veterans as well as an amendment to the appropriations bill regarding contract disputes, and was in the national news a good deal due to his election controversies. (This is assuming that the positivity or negativity of influence is moot). --[[User:Chouston|Chouston]] 21:17, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

== Land surveying ==

I see Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln were moved out of the list. Both were land surveyors for several years, which ''is'' a "real" job. They might not have been hugely successful at the position, but it is a job that has real responsibility and there are legal consequences if done incorrectly. Mount Rushmore have 3 surveyors on it - only Theodore Roosevelt had the poor judgement of not attempting the profession. --[[User:SharonW|SharonW]] 21:21, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

== Eisenhower ==

He was a five-star general in the Army and was very influential in WWII. He helped with the Invasion of Normandy.--[[User:JamesWilson|JamesWilson]] 21:22, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

== Obama ==

Whether you like him or hate him, he ''is'' the president of the United States. How can it be said he isn't "significant" in politics? What has all the fighting been about the past three years then? --[[User:SharonW|SharonW]] 21:24, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:Edited to add - if he's insignificant, why does CP have so many articles about him and his administration's policies? --[[User:SharonW|SharonW]] 21:30, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

== Obama ??? ==

[http://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Essay:Politicians_Who_Had_a_Real_Career&curid=114700&diff=898411&oldid=898410 I am curious about edit.] Obama had a very wealthy career as a attorney and author before stepping into the political fray. Why does it not count? [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 21:49, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
: (Edit conflict) Also, why would there be question marks by Obama's name, but attorney by Santorum's, despite Santorum only having 4 years under his law belt and Obama having 9+? --[[User:Chouston|Chouston]] 21:51, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::And what does "no clear influence in politics mean"? He's the president!!! Can't get much more influential than that! [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 22:08, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

:::Surely influence means more than someone's title or position. Otherwise, the 44 most influential people in American history would be the 44 presidents, which is obviously not the case.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 23:06, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::::But he has quite a clear influence. He is the President. [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 23:17, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:::::So Barack Obama is no longer destroying the country? What a glorious day for America. --[[User:Chouston|Chouston]] 23:19, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

User:Chouston

2011-08-08T02:12:30Z

Chouston: A Parthianing shot, methinks?

I knew that trying to make the patients sane wouldn't work, so I tried to at least clean up the asylum.

I failed. Now when the old guard burns... it'll be dusty.

--[[User:Chouston|Chouston]] 22:12, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

User:Chouston

2011-08-08T02:05:30Z

Chouston:

I knew that trying to make the patients sane wouldn't work, so I tried to at least clean up the asylum.

Talk:Question evolution! campaign

2011-08-08T02:03:10Z

Chouston: /* One Question for Creationists */ Talk Origins is best. They begin with questions and look for answers.

[[Talk Question evolution1 campaign archive 1|archive 1]]
== One Question for Creationists ==

How did God create DNA?

It's not a frivolous question. What were the steps (in whatever level of detail is known) that the Lord went through to plan, design and assemble the DNA that He put into all living things? --[[User:QPR|QPR]] 18:07, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:::Why don't you ask Him? I am sure if He finds your question to be important, He will gladly answer it. :) I would make sure that [[Resources for leaving atheism and becoming a Christian|you repent and become a Christian first (if you have not done so already),]] before you issue your petition. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 18:12, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:Conservative, instead of avoiding the question entirely, we should at least point him the right direction.
:God has woven each of us together, individually, since the time of conception. (Psalms 139) [[User:JonG|~ ]][[User_talk:JonG|JonG]][[Special:Contributions/JonG| ~]] 18:22, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:::Clarification: Why don't you ask Him? I am sure if He finds your question to be important, He will gladly answer it. :) I would make sure that [[Resources for leaving atheism and becoming a Christian|you repent and become a Christian first (if you have not done so already),]] before you issue your petition. With the indwelling of the [[Holy Spirit]] and asking for guidance about your petition, I am sure that you will not ask amiss. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 18:12, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
@JonG - thanks. That quotation does certainly suggest a Biblical awareness of DNA, but it's still really a restatement of the fact THAT God created DNA, not a description of HOW he created it. --[[User:QPR|QPR]] 18:28, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:Then, frankly, Conservative is correct. The "How" cannot be answered by us (or as far as I know, by The Bible). For that, you will have to ask the Creator himself. Keep your thirst for knowledge. [[User:JonG|~ ]][[User_talk:JonG|JonG]][[Special:Contributions/JonG| ~]] 18:31, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::So does that apply to other enquiries? Was Jenner wrong to work out how to vaccinate against smallpox for himself?--[[User:QPR|QPR]] 18:37, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::And if it is a mistake for me to ask this question, isn't it also a mistake for the Question Evolution campaign to ask precisely the same question?--[[User:QPR|QPR]] 18:40, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
First sox, then shoes. I would make sure that [[Resources for leaving atheism and becoming a Christian|you repent and become a Christian first (if you have not done so already),]] before you issue your petition. With the indwelling of the [[Holy Spirit]] and asking for guidance about your petition, I am sure that you will not ask amiss.[[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 19:49, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:Why have you never addressed the 15 answers to this campaign. 2 people have so far published answers in the talk archive page yet you keep talking as though no one can answer these questions. [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 19:57, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::Faux answers do not count. See: [[Evolution]] and [[Atheism and deception]].[[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 20:12, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:::What do you mean "faux answers"? What's faux about them? You haven't countered a single one of them. [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 20:16, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::::::Proverbs 26:5 [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 20:23, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:::::::"Answer a fool according to his folly, lest he be wise in his own conceit." Seems to mean avoid ad hominem attacks and go after the argument itself. --[[User:Chouston|Chouston]] 21:05, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::::::::that's not an answer. The way I see it (and I am no atheist) is that the 15 questions can and have been answered. Why not respond and rebut them? [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 21:33, 7
::Faux answers still do not count. See: [[Evolution]] [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 21:37, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:::What is faux about them? [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 21:39, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::::Max, why do you continue trying to engage "Conservative"? It's very clear he has no interest in honestly participating in any discussion. He's right. Everyone else is a fool. You've never gotten anything but deflection or sneering responses! [[User:NKeaton|Nate]] 21:51, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:::::Because I am genuinely interested. I want to know why the answers people have provided are incorrect. I am learning about creationism and i want to know why these answers do not satisfy creationists. [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 21:54, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::::::Then obviously he's the wrong person to help you. I've learned a lot from Talk Origins, EvoWiki, and Creation Ministries International. You can write to CMI and they have responded to my questions. [[User:NKeaton|Nate]] 21:59, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
:::::::I have written to CMI before to and received a very courteous reply. [[User:MaxFletcher|MaxFletcher]] 22:01, 7 August 2011 (EDT)
::::::::Because if you could satisfy creationists with correct, logical, scientific answers, then they wouldn't be Creationists. When you reverse the scientific method, no amount of answers derived from the correct order is going to convince them. He's not going to answer us according to our alleged folly, because it isn't folly. --[[User:Chouston|Chouston]] 22:03, 7 August 2011 (EDT)

Talk:Essay:Politicians Who Had a Real Career

2011-08-08T01:51:18Z

Chouston: /* Obama ??? */

Essay:Politicians Who Had a Real Career

2011-08-08T01:48:28Z

Chouston:

This is a list of significant politicians who had a real career (outside of politics):
*[[Jim Bunning]] - Hall of Fame Major League Baseball pitcher
*Jimmie Davis - accomplished singer ("You Are My Sunshine") who served two non-consecutive terms as governor of [[Louisiana]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - printer, author, postmaster, inventor
*[[Jack Kemp]] - star professional football player (quarterback)
*[[Rand Paul]] - physician (ophthalmologist)
*[[Ron Paul]] - physician (obstetrician)
*[[Ronald Reagan]] - actor, president of the [[Screen Actors Guild]], and spokesman for [[General Electric]]
*[[Rick Scott]] - former CEO of a major hospital network, now the Governor of [[Florida]]
*[[George Washington]] - successful military general, land surveyor <ref>[http://www.landsurveyor.us/learn_washington.htm George Washington as a Land Surveyor]</ref> and real estate investor

== No clear influence in politics ==

*[[Maria Cantwell]] - software company executive (Real Networks, who make RealPlayer)
*[[Clint Eastwood]] - actor, film director
*[[Mike Enzi]] - accountant
*[[Bill Foster]] - physicist at the government-subsidized Fermilab
*[[Al Franken]] - comedian (''Saturday Night Live'')
*[[John Glenn]] - Marine Corps pilot, astronaut
*[[Herbert Hoover]] - geologist, mining engineer
*[[Rush Holt]] - assistant director of the government-subsidized Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
*[[Barack Obama]] (see also below)
*[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] - professional bodybuilder, actor
*[[Rick Snyder]] - President and COO of Gateway during the 1990s, later elected Governor of Michigan in 2010

== Careers outside of government need further discussion ==

*[[Jimmy Carter]] - peanut farmer ... or was it mostly administrative work and local government positions?
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] - military general
*[[Thomas Jefferson]] - land surveyor <ref>[http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/surveying Surveying]</ref>
*[[Abraham Lincoln]] - land surveyor, tavern keeper, storekeeper, postmaster, lawyer <ref>[http://www.surveyhistory.org/abraham_lincoln_-_the_surveyor1.htm Abraham Lincoln - The Land Surveyor]</ref>
*[[Barack Obama]] - ???
*[[Rick Santorum]] - attorney
*[[George W. Bush]] - oil business, co-owner and managing general partner of the [[Texas Rangers]] ... Bush's business ventures before politics failed in many cases
(please add examples)

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:Politicians Who Had a Real Career

2011-08-08T01:26:16Z

Chouston: SharonW's point.

This is a list of significant politicians who had a real career (outside of politics):
*[[Jim Bunning]] - Major League Baseball pitcher
*[[Jimmy Carter]] - peanut farmer
*Jimmie Davis - accomplished singer ("You Are My Sunshine") who served two non-consecutive terms as governor of [[Louisiana]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - printer, author, postmaster, inventor
*[[Jack Kemp]] - star professional football player (quarterback)
*[[Barack Obama]] (see also below)
*[[Rand Paul]] - physician (ophthalmologist)
*[[Ron Paul]] - physician (obstetrician)
*[[Ronald Reagan]] - actor, president of the [[Screen Actors Guild]], and spokesman for [[General Electric]]
*[[Rick Scott]] - former CEO of a major hospital network, now the Governor of [[Florida]]
*[[George Washington]] - successful military general, land surveyor <ref>[http://www.landsurveyor.us/learn_washington.htm George Washington as a Land Surveyor]</ref> and real estate investor

== No clear influence in politics ==

*[[Herman Cain]] - CEO of Godfathers Pizza and accomplished businessman
*[[Maria Cantwell]] - software company executive (Real Networks, who make RealPlayer)
*[[Mike Enzi]] - accountant
*[[Bill Foster]] - physicist at the government-subsidized Fermilab
*[[Al Franken]] - comedian (Saturday Night Live)
*[[Herbert Hoover]] - geologist, mining engineer
*[[Rush Holt]] - assistant director of the government-subsidized Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
*[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] - actor and steroid-taker
*[[Rick Snyder]] - President and COO of Gateway during the 1990s, later elected Governor of Michigan in 2010

== Careers outside of government need further discussion ==

*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] - military general
*[[Thomas Jefferson]] - land surveyor <ref>[http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/surveying Surveying]</ref>
*[[Abraham Lincoln]] - land surveyor, tavern keeper, storekeeper, postmaster, lawyer <ref>[http://www.surveyhistory.org/abraham_lincoln_-_the_surveyor1.htm Abraham Lincoln - The Land Surveyor]</ref>
*[[Barack Obama]] - attorney
*[[Rick Santorum]] - attorney

(please add examples)

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Essays]]

Upper Paleolithic

2011-08-08T01:24:59Z

Chouston:

The '''Upper Paleolithic''' is the [[scientific]] term for the late [[Stone Age]]. It is considered by some scientists a period of time which occurred from about 40,000 BC to 8,000 BC, although the methods used to date artefacts from the Upper Paleolithic have been shown to be [[Carbon dating|error-prone and unreliable]].

[[Young Earth creationism|Young-Earth creationists]] believe that there was no such thing as the Upper Paleolithic time period during which all peoples of the world had the same level of technology, but that primitive tools found at archaeological sites can be attributed to technologically less advanced tribes living alongside contemporaries with more sophisticated technology, just like today there are differences in how advanced different peoples are.<ref>Ham, Ken, Batten, Don, and Wieland, Carl, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3278/ ‘Stone age’ people] chapter 8 of One Blood.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[category:anthropology]]
[[Category:Archaeology]]

Essay:Politicians Who Had a Real Career

2011-08-08T01:21:01Z

Chouston: If attorney is not an acceptable position, then forgive me.

This is a list of significant politicians who had a real career (outside of politics):
*[[Jim Bunning]] - Major League Baseball pitcher
*[[Jimmy Carter]] - peanut farmer
*Jimmie Davis - accomplished singer ("You Are My Sunshine") who served two non-consecutive terms as governor of [[Louisiana]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - printer, author, postmaster, inventor
*[[Jack Kemp]] - star professional football player (quarterback)
*[[Rand Paul]] - physician (ophthalmologist)
*[[Ron Paul]] - physician (obstetrician)
*[[Ronald Reagan]] - actor, president of the [[Screen Actors Guild]], and spokesman for [[General Electric]]
*[[Rick Scott]] - former CEO of a major hospital network, now the Governor of [[Florida]]
*[[George Washington]] - successful military general, land surveyor <ref>[http://www.landsurveyor.us/learn_washington.htm George Washington as a Land Surveyor]</ref> and real estate investor

== No clear influence in politics ==

*[[Herman Cain]] - CEO of Godfathers Pizza and accomplished businessman
*[[Maria Cantwell]] - software company executive (Real Networks, who make RealPlayer)
*[[Mike Enzi]] - accountant
*[[Bill Foster]] - physicist at the government-subsidized Fermilab
*[[Al Franken]] - comedian (Saturday Night Live)
*[[Herbert Hoover]] - geologist, mining engineer
*[[Rush Holt]] - assistant director of the government-subsidized Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
*[[Barack Obama]] (see also below)
*[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] - actor and steroid-taker
*[[Rick Snyder]] - President and COO of Gateway during the 1990s, later elected Governor of Michigan in 2010

== Career outside of government needs further discussion ==

*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] - military general
*[[Thomas Jefferson]] - land surveyor <ref>[http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/surveying Surveying]</ref>
*[[Abraham Lincoln]] - land surveyor, tavern keeper, storekeeper, postmaster, lawyer <ref>[http://www.surveyhistory.org/abraham_lincoln_-_the_surveyor1.htm Abraham Lincoln - The Land Surveyor]</ref>
*[[Barack Obama]] - attorney
*[[Rick Santorum]] - attorney

(please add examples)

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Essays]]

Talk:Essay:Politicians Who Had a Real Career

2011-08-08T01:17:01Z

Chouston: /* Significance, and alphabetization */

Ship demurrage

2011-08-08T01:08:53Z

Chouston: Wikification and Markup.

A '''ship demurrage''' is charge for delaying a steamer beyond a stipulated period.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration [http://www.marad.dot.gov/publications/glossary/glossary.html]</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Shipping Terms]]

Gothic architecture

2011-08-08T01:07:15Z

Chouston: Markup.

'''Gothic architecture''' was originally the design style of the [[Goths]], which spread through Western Europe from A.D. 1200 to 1500. Its characteristics include:

*pointed arches
*flying buttresses
*ribbed vaulting

Initially Italians of [[the Renaissance]] used the term “Gothic architecture” in a pejorative sense, expressing contempt for such barbarism. But as the Franks, Anglo-Saxons, Normans and Teutonic peoples converted from paganism to Christianity, they adopted this style of architecture with great success. The nineteenth century saw the 'Gothic Revival', pioneered by architect [[Augustus Welby Pugin]], who saw Gothic as the only Christian architecture, and theorist [[John Ruskin]]. During the later nineteenth century Gothic architecture largely supplanted other stylistic forms as the chosen style of new Christian churches. Gothic architecture is considered by some Christian communities as a form of [[satan]]ic worship, closely linked with the goth lifestyle.

Gothic architecture is often called the “Catholic style.”

[[category:architecture]]

Copyright notice

2011-08-08T01:06:18Z

Chouston: Markup.

A '''copyright notice''' is a mark stating when an original work was first placed into a fixed form. The [[Berne Convention]] does not require a copyright notice on works created after 1989, but copyright notices are still widely used.

A copyright notice contains three pieces of information:

1. The symbol ©, or the word "Copyrighted", or the abbreviation "Copr."
2. The year of first publication (including first online publication).
3. The name of the author.

For example: "© 2002 by Jane Doe."
[[Category:Copyright]]

Talk:Question evolution! campaign

2011-08-08T01:05:15Z

Chouston: /* One Question for Creationists */

Talk:Essay:Politicians Who Had a Real Career

2011-08-08T01:03:06Z

Chouston: /* Significance, and alphabetization */ Explanation of alphabetization and significance.

Essay:Politicians Who Had a Real Career

2011-08-07T23:47:46Z

Chouston: Incorrect alphabetization on my part, fixed.

This is a list of significant politicians who had a real career (outside of politics):

*[[Jimmy Carter]] - peanut farmer
*Jimmie Davis - accomplished singer ("You Are My Sunshine") who served two non-consecutive terms as governor of [[Louisiana]]
*[[Al Franken]] - comedian (Saturday Night Live)
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - printer, author, postmaster, inventor
*[[Herbert Hoover]] - geologist, mining engineer
*[[Thomas Jefferson]] - land surveyor <ref>[http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/surveying Surveying]</ref>
*[[Jack Kemp]] - star professional football player (quarterback)
*[[Abraham Lincoln]] - land surveyor, tavern keeper, storekeeper, postmaster, lawyer <ref>[http://www.surveyhistory.org/abraham_lincoln_-_the_surveyor1.htm Abraham Lincoln - The Land Surveyor]</ref>
*[[Barack Obama]] - attorney
*[[Rand Paul]] - physician (ophthalmologist)
*[[Ron Paul]] - physician (obstetrician)
*[[Ronald Reagan]] - actor, president of the [[Screen Actors Guild]], and spokesman for [[General Electric]]
*[[Rick Santorum]] - attorney
*[[Rick Scott]] - former CEO of a major hospital network, now the Governor of [[Florida]]
*[[George Washington]] - successful military general, land surveyor <ref>[http://www.landsurveyor.us/learn_washington.htm George Washington as a Land Surveyor]</ref> and real estate investor

== Not yet influential in politics ==

*[[Herman Cain]] - CEO of Godfathers Pizza and accomplished businessman
*[[Maria Cantwell]] - software company executive (Real Networks, who make RealPlayer)
*[[Mike Enzi]] - accountant
*[[Bill Foster]] - physicist at the government-subsidized Fermilab
*[[Rush Holt]] - assistant director of the government-subsidized Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
*Rick Snyder - President and COO of Gateway during the 1990s, later elected Governor of Michigan in 2010

(please add examples)

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Essays]]

Essay:Politicians Who Had a Real Career

2011-08-07T23:44:57Z

Chouston: Alphabetized, added two, switched one.

This is a list of significant politicians who had a real career (outside of politics):

*[[Jimmy Carter]] - peanut farmer
*Jimmie Davis - accomplished singer ("You Are My Sunshine") who served two non-consecutive terms as governor of [[Louisiana]]
*[[Al Franken]] - comedian (Saturday Night Live)
*[[Benjamin Franklin]] - printer, author, postmaster, inventor
*[[Thomas Jefferson]] - land surveyor <ref>[http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/surveying Surveying]</ref>
*[[Jack Kemp]] - star professional football player (quarterback)
*[[Abraham Lincoln]] - land surveyor, tavern keeper, storekeeper, postmaster, lawyer <ref>[http://www.surveyhistory.org/abraham_lincoln_-_the_surveyor1.htm Abraham Lincoln - The Land Surveyor]</ref>
*[[Barack Obama]] - attorney
*[[Rand Paul]] - physician (ophthalmologist)
*[[Ron Paul]] - physician (obstetrician)
*[[Ronald Reagan]] - actor, president of the [[Screen Actors Guild]], and spokesman for [[General Electric]]
*[[Rick Santorum]] - attorney
*[[Rick Scott]] - former CEO of a major hospital network, now the Governor of [[Florida]]
*[[George Washington]] - successful military general, land surveyor <ref>[http://www.landsurveyor.us/learn_washington.htm George Washington as a Land Surveyor]</ref> and real estate investor

== Not yet influential in politics ==

*[[Maria Cantwell]] - software company executive (Real Networks, who make RealPlayer)
*[[Herman Cain]] - CEO of Godfathers Pizza and accomplished businessman
*[[Mike Enzi]] - accountant
*[[Bill Foster]] - physicist at the government-subsidized Fermilab
*[[Rush Holt]] - assistant director of the government-subsidized Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
*Rick Snyder - President and COO of Gateway during the 1990s, later elected Governor of Michigan in 2010

(please add examples)

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Essays]]

Underway

2011-08-06T03:27:04Z

Chouston: Markup.

A vessel is '''underway''' when it is not at anchor, made fast to the shore, or aground.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration [http://www.marad.dot.gov/publications/glossary/glossary.html]</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Shipping Terms]]

Warring States Period

2011-08-06T03:25:42Z

Chouston: Markup.

The '''Warring States Period''' was a period of war in China. Following lengthy fighting among seven states in [[China]] 480 BC-221 BC, the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] won control of China.

This period is remembered not only for the violent political struggles, but also for the philosophical schools that flourished and competed during this time. In fact, it was during this era that [[Confucius]] said: "Let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools of thought contend". In addition to [[Confucianism]], other important philosophical schools of this period included [[Legalism]], [[Mozi|Moism]] (named after the philosopher, Mozi), [[Nihilism]], and various varieties of [[Daoism]].

Art and culture also flourished in some areas of China during this period. Porcelain produced during this period (the namesake and model for later Ming vases) were of high quality and are still highly valued today. Bronze work also reached a great technological height during this period, producing some of the finest practical and ornamental bronzes of ancient China.

[[Category:China]]
[[Category:Chinese History]]

User talk:LowKey

2011-07-30T04:26:25Z

Chouston: Fixed.

== I think we would all appreciate it ==

If you didn't suddenly destroy a conversation--[[User:SeanS|SeanS]] 10:35, 28 July 2011 (EDT)
:Conservapedia has a policy against negative personal comments. LowKey was within his rights to remediate that unseemly conversation. [[User:NKeaton|Nate]] 10:47, 28 July 2011 (EDT)
::And we all know that conversation isnt going to go away because a user decided to replace a bunch of comments with "personal attack removed". Besides, If they are personal attacks, that would be hiding the evidence they existed, forcing a judging synop to go through the history to see the original remarks,. --[[User:SeanS|SeanS]] 10:56, 28 July 2011 (EDT)
:::Believe what you like, SeanS. No judging sysop except RobSmith has yet gone through any history in the last 8 months of people complaining about "Conservative's" behavior, including his most recent tear of really nasty comments against individuals (editors here and otherwise) and whole organizations (the Catholic Church). I don't expect anything to change since multiple discussions of this nature have occurred on Andy Schlafly's talk page and the Community Portal and he's declined to intervene. LowKey might as well put a better face on an awfully unseemly discussion that is going nowhere. [[User:NKeaton|Nate]] 11:16, 28 July 2011 (EDT)
::::If conservative is so uncaring about the rules, why would hiding his comments do anything? That conversation won't disappear because you hide them, and it isn't going to have a change in tone or words because you hide them, all it'll do is get you to be an enemy of conservative. --[[User:SeanS|SeanS]] 11:28, 28 July 2011 (EDT)

SeanS, I replaced the personal attacks with the template that is prescribed by policy. If you disagree with that policy, then take it up with the policy makers. Your assertion about "hiding the evidence" makes little sense, as no-one was seeking censure ''for'' the personal remarks, but simply annihilating them for the sake of civility. I am a completely disintereted party who read through the "conversation", saw the civility policy invoked, read said policy and enacted it as written. I do not think I should be the one criticised for the fact that up unitl then everyone failed to follow the policy. [[User:LowKey|LowKey]] 23:13, 28 July 2011 (EDT)

== Slight change. ==

I think it would be fair to say I [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Scientific_controversy&action=historysubmit&diff=894934&oldid=894584 clarified] your [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Scientific_controversy&diff=prev&oldid=894584 edit]. What say you? --[[User:Chouston|Chouston]] 00:24, 30 July 2011 (EDT)

User talk:LowKey

2011-07-30T04:24:29Z

Chouston: /* Slight change. */ new section

== I think we would all appreciate it ==

If you didn't suddenly destroy a conversation--[[User:SeanS|SeanS]] 10:35, 28 July 2011 (EDT)
:Conservapedia has a policy against negative personal comments. LowKey was within his rights to remediate that unseemly conversation. [[User:NKeaton|Nate]] 10:47, 28 July 2011 (EDT)
::And we all know that conversation isnt going to go away because a user decided to replace a bunch of comments with "personal attack removed". Besides, If they are personal attacks, that would be hiding the evidence they existed, forcing a judging synop to go through the history to see the original remarks,. --[[User:SeanS|SeanS]] 10:56, 28 July 2011 (EDT)
:::Believe what you like, SeanS. No judging sysop except RobSmith has yet gone through any history in the last 8 months of people complaining about "Conservative's" behavior, including his most recent tear of really nasty comments against individuals (editors here and otherwise) and whole organizations (the Catholic Church). I don't expect anything to change since multiple discussions of this nature have occurred on Andy Schlafly's talk page and the Community Portal and he's declined to intervene. LowKey might as well put a better face on an awfully unseemly discussion that is going nowhere. [[User:NKeaton|Nate]] 11:16, 28 July 2011 (EDT)
::::If conservative is so uncaring about the rules, why would hiding his comments do anything? That conversation won't disappear because you hide them, and it isn't going to have a change in tone or words because you hide them, all it'll do is get you to be an enemy of conservative. --[[User:SeanS|SeanS]] 11:28, 28 July 2011 (EDT)

SeanS, I replaced the personal attacks with the template that is prescribed by policy. If you disagree with that policy, then take it up with the policy makers. Your assertion about "hiding the evidence" makes little sense, as no-one was seeking censure ''for'' the personal remarks, but simply annihilating them for the sake of civility. I am a completely disintereted party who read through the "conversation", saw the civility policy invoked, read said policy and enacted it as written. I do not think I should be the one criticised for the fact that up unitl then everyone failed to follow the policy. [[User:LowKey|LowKey]] 23:13, 28 July 2011 (EDT)

== Slight change. ==

I think it would be fair to say I clarified [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Scientific_controversy&action=historysubmit&diff=894934&oldid=894584 your edit]. What say you? --[[User:Chouston|Chouston]] 00:24, 30 July 2011 (EDT)

Scientific controversy

2011-07-30T04:21:47Z

Chouston: Clarification

'''Scientific controversy''' exists when multiple scientists assert different viewpoints on a scientific matter.

[[Politicized science]] often takes the viewpoint that there is a [[scientific consensus]] on an issue and use this stance as a justification for suppressing [[scientific debate]]. In extreme cases, advocates for one point of view have engaged in [[character assassination]].

Scientific controversy is the driving force of scientific advancement. Historically, paradigm-shifting scientific "breakthroughs" have almost by definition been scientific controversies. The existing majority view becomes a [[ruling paradigm]] and the fact of controversy is often denied, with dissenting views ridiculed and relegated to the fringe. In successful cases the fringe becomes a controversy and the controversy establishes a new majority view.

[[Stephen C. Meyer]] wrote:
* Scott and Branch attempt to associate our position with that of [[holocaust deniers]] and [[creation scientists]]. They also repeatedly use the perjorative term ‘[[anti-evolutionist]]’, thereby confusing the issue and mischaracterizing the motives and rationale of those of us who want to see students informed of the scientific controversies that exist within and about aspects of contemporary [[darwinism]].
* Teaching students about scientific controversies is less a matter of fairness (still less, to religious sensibilities as they imply) than it is a matter of full [[scientific disclosure]]. [http://www.arn.org/docs/meyer/sm_scientificdissent.htm]

[[Category:Science]]

Plimsoll mark

2011-07-19T01:01:45Z

Chouston: Formatting

A '''Plimsoll marl''' is a series of horizontal lines, corresponding to the seasons of the year and fresh or saltwater, painted on the outside of a ship marking the level which must remain above the surface of the water for the vessel’s stability.<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration [http://www.marad.dot.gov/publications/glossary/glossary.html]</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Shipping Terms]]

User:Chouston

2011-07-19T01:00:49Z

Chouston: Created page with "Social liberal, fiscal moderate, atheist. Mostly click "random page" and look for grammar and formatting fixes."

Social liberal, fiscal moderate, atheist. Mostly click "random page" and look for grammar and formatting fixes.

Verizon Communications

2011-07-19T00:48:15Z

Chouston:

'''Verizon Communications''' is the second largest telephone company in the United States, following [[AT&T]]. It was formed in 2000 with the merger of Bell Atlantic and GTE Corporation. It offers traditional [[landline]] [[telephone]] service, [[DSL]], and a [[fiber to premises]] service known as FiOS, which carries phone, internet, and [[cable television]] services. The company is currently headquartered in [[New York, New York]]. Verizon received a taxpayer bailout in 2008-09.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106870.html Washington Post; Fed aid in financial crisis went beyond U.S. banks to industry, foreign firms]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.verizon.com Verizon Website]

[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Technology]]

32-bit Windows

2011-07-19T00:40:28Z

Chouston: Formatting

'''32-bit Windows''' is a version of [[Windows]] by [[Microsoft]] that uses 32 bits of data to be processed in parallel.
All versions of Windows from 98 SE through to [[Windows XP|XP]] were 32-bit. [[Windows 95]] was 16-bit, and Windows Vista and 7 come in both 32 and 64-bit versions.
'''Am I running 32-bit Windows?'''
* Users ask this question when downloading software, if there are separate versions for 64-bit and 32-bit Windows.
* In Vista, open the System control panel by right-clicking Computer and choosing Properties (either on the Start Menu or in Windows Explorer)

[[Category:Operating Systems]][[Category:Microsoft]]

Bivalve

2011-07-19T00:37:18Z

Chouston: Formatting

A '''bivalve''' is a [[mollusc]] belonging to the class ''[[Bivalvia]]'', including [[clam|clams]], [[oyster|oysters]], and [[scallop|scallops]].<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998</ref> Bivalves are found worldwide in aquatic habitats, including many freshwater varieties.

The word '''bivalve''' means having two shells. The two bivalve shells are hinged together at one place and can be closed tightly by a powerful muscle, the ''adductor.''

Although it is not obvious, the shells of bivalves have an exponential spiral form just like those of gastropods ([[snail]]s). It is not obvious because the mathematical relationships between the change in angle and change in size are such that a bivalve shell only involves a small angle, and the shell is almost flat.

Bivalves are mostly [[sessile]] filter-feeders; they move water rapidly over surfaces covered with [[cilia]] and strain out anything that can be used for food. One consequence of this is that bivalves concentrate any kind of [[pollution]] in the surrounding water. This is why it is so dangerous to eat clams or oysters from polluted waters, and why there are strict laws regulating the harvesting of these animals. Two main forms of shellfish poisoning can be contracted from bivalves, the painful [[paralysis|paralytic]] shellfish poisoning (PSP) and the unpleasant [[diarrhoea|diarrhoeic]] shellfish poisoning (DSP). Bivalves are declared unclean in the Bible. (Leviticus 11:10)

The largest bivalve is the [[giant clam]], feared for its ability to close its shell upon unwary divers and [[drowning|drown]] them; however no genuine records of such attacks are known.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Molluscs]]

Fork

2011-07-19T00:35:08Z

Chouston: Reference formatting

[[Image:Forks.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Assorted forks]]
A '''fork''' is a utensil with two or more prongs used in the serving, or eating of food. It is thought to have been invented in ancient [[Persia]].<ref>[http://research.calacademy.org/research/anthropology/utensil/index.html History of Eating Utensils]</ref>

==Types==

There are many different kinds of forks used for different occasions. There are different forks for eating [[salad]], [[shrimp]], [[fish]], and [[relish]]. Forks are typically made of metal but can be made of other materials as well, such as plastic.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Cutlery]]

Israel Asper

2011-07-19T00:30:08Z

Chouston: Tense

[[Image:Titlephoto.jpg|right|thumb|300px]]
'''Israel Harold Asper''' (August 11, 1932 - October 7, 2003) was a Canadian tax lawyer, media magnate, and founder of CanWest Global Communications Corp. Asper is a [[libertarian]] on most social issues and advocates laissez-faire economy. He is also a fervent [[Zionist]] and supporter of [[Israel]]'s right-wing [[Likud Party]]. Asper has often accused the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] of having a pro-[[Palestinian]] bias.

{{DEFAULTSORT: Asper, Israel}}
[[Category:Business People]]

Mystery:Why is England More Liberal than the United States?

2011-07-19T00:24:11Z

Chouston:

Reasons for why [[England]] is substantially more [[liberal]] than the [[United States]] include:

*England lacks socially [[conservative]] intellectuals, perhaps due to its [[atheist]]ic-controlled university system
*Workers unions are far more powerful in England than in the United States
*[[gun control|Gun control]] dominates England -- negating a healthy attitude of [[self-defense]] -- in contrast with the United States
*People in England believe in the [[theory of evolution]], unlike most of the United States
*Churches have been in sharp decline in England, causing people to worship government instead
*A state-run church that became a social bureaucracy over time
*Lack of freedom of speech that fully protects criticism of public officials and everyone else
*The United States began as a rebellion against liberalism in England, both when the colonies were settled and by the [[American Revolution]]
*The welfare state in England is so thoroughly entrenched and used by people dependent on the government that any attempt by a conservative to reform it is met with hostility.
*England has never been as [[isolationist]] as the US and participates more in socialist-leaning groups like the [[European Union]] where it could be influenced. The US's characteristic way of being different allows for a more conservative view point.
*Unlike the [[federalism]] and decentralized government in the United States, England has centralized government that enables a small number of liberals to exercise more influence.
*They are a much older country, and humans naturally adapt and become more open and accepting of new ideas with time.
[[Category:Mystery]]

Djembe

2011-06-14T06:14:59Z

Chouston:

A '''Djembe''' is a type of [[hand]] [[drum]]. It is usually able to play both high and low tones.

[[Category:Drums]]

Mitt Romney

2011-06-14T06:10:37Z

Chouston: Removed quotation around "Mitt". Based on the State of Mass. website, it's a middle name, not a nickname.

{{Officeholder
|name=Mitt Romney
|image=MittPortrait.jpg‎
|party=[[Republican]]
|spouse=[[Ann Romney]]
|religion=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
|offices=

{{Officeholder/governor
|state=Massachusetts
|terms=January 2, 2003 – January 4, 2007
|preceded=[[Jane Swift]]
|former=n
|succeeded=[[Deval Patrick]]
}}
}}

'''Willard Mitt Romney''' (born March 12, 1947), former Republican governor of Massachusetts and wealthy U.S. businessman, is best-known for his run as a serious contender during the [[2008 Presidential Election]]. He lost the nomination but if he had been elected, he would have become the first [[Mormon]] president. His father [[George Romney]], a governor of Michigan, was a candidate in the 1960s. On June 2nd, 2011, Romney announced that he would again run for the Republican nomination for the 2012 US Presidential election<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romney-announces-2012-presidential-bid/2011/06/02/AG05iJHH_story.html?hpid=z1</ref>.

Before entering politics Romney was an established businessman in Boston, having served as CEO of Bain & Company, a management consulting firm. His political start began during the financially unsteady 2002 Winter Olympics. Romney became President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee and quickly made the games a huge success. He gained popularity in Massachusetts, a state known for its tepid [[Republican]] support, and was elected governor in 2002. His record as governor demonstrated his financial skill, but often was at odds with the state's voters on social issues. He declined to run for reelection and announced his candidacy for President.

During his campaign for the Republican nomination in 2008, Romney was widely supported as a staunch conservative and ran on his business experience in the private sector. Romney fought a rough battle against Senator [[John McCain]] in Florida, Michigan, and other key states, but large losses on the Super Tuesday primaries ended his campaign. Romney dropped out of the race and endorsed Senator John McCain on February 14, 2008. His name was circulated as a potential running mate for McCain as their relationship improved.

== Personal Life ==
[[Image:MittRomneyYouth05.jpg|thumb|Ann Lois Davies and Willard Mitt Romney]]
Romney is the scion of an old Mormon family. His grandparents were polygamists who fled the United States in the early 20th century when the Mormon Church repudiated polygamy; his father was born in Mexico. The Romneys returned to the U.S. in 1911 when a violent civil war broke out in Mexico.

Mitt Romney is a devout member of the Mormon Church (the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter-Day Saints) and spent time during his youth converting Catholics and Agnostics to Mormonism in France. In fact, his time as a student and missionary helped defer him from military service during the Vietnam draft,<ref>Michael Kranish, "The Making of Mitt Romney: Mormon church obtained Vietnam draft deferrals for Romney, other missionaries" June 24, 2007. The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part1_side_2/?page=1 </ref> but he stated during interviews that "he had longed to join the soldiers in Vietnam and support the war effort." His father had stated in 1967 that he felt "brainwashed" by U.S. officials over the justification of the prolonged Vietnam war. This statement had been very costly in George Romney's 1968 campaign for President against Richard Nixon.

Romney maintains a stable marriage with his wife Ann, with whom he has five children. Conservatives applaud him for being such a devoted husband and family man. Conservatives also disliked his Presidential competitors, namely John McCain, Rudy Giuliani, and Fred Thompson, for their divorces.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/08/AR2007060802781_pf.html</ref>

Romney is the son of former [[Michigan]] Governor and presidential candidate George Romney, a "Rockefeller Republican,"<ref>Lisa McGirr, ''Suburban Warriors''(2001) pp. 141, 222.</ref> who amassed a large fortune as an automobile industry magnate during World War II.  George Romney was popular among moderates during his Presidential run and was well-equipped for victory; many of his political advisors had come from Nelson Rockefeller's 1964 campaign.

==Business Career==
From 1978 to 1984, Romney was a vice president of Bain & Company, Inc. a worldwide management consulting firm, and in 1984, Romney co-founded a spin-off called Bain & Company. He invested in or bought many well-known companies such as Staples, Brookstone, Domino's, Sealy Corporation and Sports Authority. Critics say he advised corporations to cut their U.S. taxes by reincorporating in Caribbean tax havens such as the Caymen Islands, while maintaining their operations in the U.S.

==Record as Governor==
Romney served as governor of Massachusetts (2003-2007), with a generally [[conservative]] record that included economic expansion. He balanced the budget every year of his administration with out increasing taxes or increasing state dept. Romney turned a $3 billion budget deficit into a $500 million surplus by reducing government spending and added 80,000 new jobs by the end of his term. In 2004, 2005, and 2006 Governor Romney proposed cutting the state income tax from 5.3% to 5.0% <ref>http://www.clubforgrowth.org/2007/08/mitt_romneys_record_on_economi.php</ref>. Although the Democratic super majority in the state legislator refused to budge. Romney vetoed 844 pieces of legislation, with over 700 overridden. <ref>http://www.ontheissues.org/Governor/Mitt_Romney_Government_Reform.htm</ref> He vetoed an increase in the minimum wage, saying "there's no question raising the minimum wage excessively causes a loss of jobs." <ref>Telegram & Gazette, 08/01/06</ref> Under Governor Romney the state abolished a retroactive capital gains tax that would have forced nearly 50,000 taxpayers to pay additional taxes and fees. <ref>http://www.americansformitt.com/</ref> Massachusetts Citizens For Limited Taxation Executive Director Barbara Anderson praised Romney, saying "There was no one else out on the horizon and with the legislature almost entirely Democratic, we felt it was necessary to have a grown-up in the corner office. … And we were right to back him. He's been a really good friend to the taxpayers."

However, some of the actions Governor Romney took received criticisms from conservatives, such as supporting moderate fee increases and creating and the nation's first universal [[health care]] program. During his 2002 gubernatorial campaign Romney supported [[abortion]], his views evolved and would later take [[pro-life]] positions such as vetoing emergency contraception and vetoing [[stem-cell research]] that would allow cloning of human embryos. In 2006, Governor Romney testified before the [[United States]] [[Senate]] to support the Federal Marriage Amendment, which would limit marriage to one man and one woman. Additionally, Romney filed legislation to reinstate [[capital punishment]], but was defeated in the Massachusetts House of Representatives on a 99-53 vote.

Mitt Romney made no pardons as governor, "My conclusion was, if somebody has been convicted by a jury of their peers, and they’ve been prosecuted and the police were able to get the evidence necessary to put them behind bars, why in the world would I step in and reverse that sentence?" <ref>http://hotair.com/archives/2009/12/04/romney-on-huckabee-unlike-some-people-i-never-pardoned-anyone/</ref>

On [[Education]] Romney called for the privatization of the University of Massachusetts medical school<ref>Telegram & Gazette, 02/27/03</ref>. In 2004, he established the John and Abigail Adams Scholarship Program, which rewarded the top 25 percent of Massachusetts high school students with tuition-free scholarship to any Massachusetts public [[university]] or [[college]]. In August 2006, Governor Romney refused to allow former Iranian President Mohammed Khatami, an outspoken opponent of the [[United States]] and [[Israel]], state police escorts during his speech at [[Harvard University]]. <ref>http://www.nysun.com/editorials/khatemi-at-harvard/38903/</ref>

In December 2006, Romney signed a memorandum of agreement with the federal government that would allow state troopers to enforce federal immigration laws <ref>http://www.iowapolitics.com/index.iml?Article=96543</ref>, however was revoked when Democrat Deval Patrict took office as Governor in January 2007.

== Political Views ==

===Abortion===
"I am [[pro-life]]. I believe that [[abortion]] is the wrong choice except in cases of incest, rape, and to save the life of the mother. I wish the people of America agreed, and that the laws of our nation could reflect that view. But while the nation remains so divided over abortion, I believe that the states, through the democratic process, should determine their own abortion laws and not have them dictated by [[judicial mandate]]." ([[Boston]] Globe, Mitt Romney Editorial, July 26, 2005)
<ref>[http://www.mittromney.com/Issue-Watch/Values America's Culture and Values] mittromney.com</ref> 

Despite having a largely pro-life record as governor, in a 1994 debate with Senator [[Edward Kennedy]], Romney said that abortion should be legal, declaring that "regardless of one's beliefs about choice, you would hope it would be safe and legal." "Many years ago, I had a dear, close family relative that was very close to me who passed away from an illegal abortion", Romney said. "It is since that time my mother and my family have been committed to the belief that we can believe as we want, but we will not force our beliefs on others on that matter. And you will not see me wavering on that."<ref>http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/07/03/clarity_sought_on_romneys_abortion_stance/?page=2</ref>

In his campaign literature for the 2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Romney expressed a willingness to defend that State's pro-choice status quo.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20021218005104/www.romneyhealey.com/issues/4</ref>

===Civil Unions===
Romney is opposed to the idea of [[gay marriage]], however he has voiced support for domestic partnership benefits and equal rights for [[homosexuals]].<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20021218005104/www.romneyhealey.com/issues/3</ref>

===Economic Agenda===
As President, Romney promised to pursue a conservative, pro-growth economic agenda. His number one economic priority would be to grow the economy — helping to create good jobs, raise incomes and preserve American strength. He says he would work to rein in excessive government spending and reform entitlements. To ensure America's continued economic growth, he promises to cut taxes — such as the Death Tax, savings taxes, corporate taxes and marginal tax rates.

Romney says he would also promote trade, bring market forces to bear in health care, pursue national tort and liability reform, eliminate excessive regulations that put a burden on our economy and strengthen American families.

===Immigration===

<blockquote>Immigration has been an important part of our nation's success. The current system, however, puts up a concrete wall to the best and brightest, yet those without skill or education are able to walk across the border. We must reform the current immigration laws so we can secure our borders, implement a mandatory biometrically enabled, tamper proof documentation and employment verification system, and increase legal immigration into America. [http://www.mittromney.com/Issue-Watch/Immigration]</blockquote>
*[http://desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070323/NEWS09/703230396/-1/politics Des Moines Register: Romney: Reform Immigration, Allow Students To Stay]
*[http://www.iowapolitics.com/index.iml?Article=91722 IowaPolitics.com: Romney Touts Strong Stance On Illegal Immigration]

:On 5/24/07, Romney spoke about how he was tolerant about gays and then he discussed the current illegal immigration bill before Congress:
<blockquote>He expressed less tolerance for illegal immigrants, and said he and President Bush have a difference of opinions on a bill that would provide a path toward legalization for an estimated 12 million people unlawfully in the country.

"He has his view, and other people have their views and I have my own," Romney said. "This is for all intents and purposes a form of amnesty in that everyone who is here illegally today will be able to stay under this bill."

The bill is unfair to people who are trying to come to the country legally, he said. People here illegally should be able to apply to come to the United States, but under the same terms as everyone else and behind those who have already applied.

"I don't think that we're going to round up 11 or 12 or however many million people and bus them out of the country. That's not what I'm talking about," Romney said. "Those who committed felonies, of course, would be deported. Those who require government assistance to stay here would surely need to get off government assistance and ultimately could not remain here on government assistance."[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007May24/0,4670,RomneyGays,00.html]</blockquote>

===Stem Cell Research===
Mitt Romney supports the right of scientists to research on embryos created during fertility treatments.[http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/diseases/articles/2007/02/11/romneys_stem_cell_view_may_upset_the_right/]

==2008 Presidential Campaign==
''Main Article: [[Mitt Romney 2008 Presidential Campaign]]''

[[Image:Dude and mitt romney.jpg|right|180px]] As chairman of the [[Republican Governors Association]], Romney campaigned nationwide for GOP gubernatorial candidates in 2006, building up a network of allies and supporters. While he did not run for reelection as governor, in 2004 Romney set up a federal political action committee (PAC) called the Commonwealth PAC, which raised $2.71 million during the 2006 election cycle. On January 3, 2007, his next-to-last day in office as governor of Massachusetts, Romney filed to form a presidential exploratory committee with the Federal Election Commission. He officially announced his candidacy for President a month later. Romney was the first candidate in either party to start running television and radio ads. The ads focused mainly on his record as governor, running the 2002 Salt Lake Olympics, and his work as a very successful businessman. Romney's five sons had been actively campaigning for their father, traveling around in a campaign bus called the "Mitt Mobile, A Five Brothers Bus."

As a presidential candidate Romney sought the support of the business community and social conservatives. He reversed moderate positions on abortion and gay rights to take a hardline conservative position on them, and on opposition to illegal immigrants. Opponents charged he changed too often. Romney was a leader in fund-raising, augmented by over $35 million from his own fortune. However he was little known outside of Massachusetts, so his strategy was to play for early wins in Iowa and New Hampshire, then "sling-shot" the momentum into national visibility. Romney won the Michigan primary on January 16th, 2008, with 39% of the vote, edging out McCain with 30% and Huckabee with 16%. Romney was favored to win in the state of his birth, where his father, [[George Romney]] was governor from 1963-1969. After losing both the Iowa caucus and the New Hampshire primary (to Huckabee and McCain, respectively), Romney won a low-publicized Wyoming caucus. On January 19, Romney easily won the [[Nevada]] caucuses by 37 percentage points when there were seven candidates on the ballot, however, on that same day he placed a distant fourth in the [[South Carolina]] primary. After a disappointing performance on Super Tuesday, Romney announced the suspension of his campaign on Thursday 7th February. He expressed his wishes not to divide the Republican party and later endorsed Senator [[John McCain]] of [[Arizona]]. Commentators speculated on his chances for a return effort in 2012.

===Fundraising===
Mitt Romney had done well in fund raising. During his first fund raiser as a presidential candidate, he raised $6.5 million dollars compared to an original goal of only $1 million. During the first quarter Romney raised more money then any other Republican presidential candidate with $23 million. However, a substantial portion of his funds ($17 million) came from his own personal wealth. [http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/16/top_spender_romney_could_soon_run_short/]

==Endorsements==
===Congressional===
* Former [[Speaker of the House]] [[J. Dennis Hastert|Dennis Hastert]]
* Senator [[Bob Bennett]] of [[Utah]]
* Senator [[Orrin Hatch]] of [[Utah]]
* Senator [[Larry Craig]] of [[Idaho]]
* Senator [[Jim DeMint]] of [[South Carolina]]
* Senator [[Wayne Allard]] of [[Colorado]]
* Senator [[Judd Gregg]] of [[New Hampshire]]
* Former Sen. [[Jim Talent]] of [[Missouri]]
* Former Sen. [[Rick Santorum]] of [[Pennsylvania]]
* Representative [[Tom Tancredo]] of [[Colorado]]
* Representative [[Marsha Blackburn]] of [[Tennessee]]

===Governors===
* Missouri Governor [[Matt Blunt]]
* Former Colorado Governor [[Bill Owens]]
* [[Rhode Island]] Governor [[Donald Carcieri]]
* Former South Carolina Governor James B. Edwards
* Former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld
* Former Montana Governor Tim Babcock

===Talk Radio===
* [[Rush Limbaugh]] <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/ThisHour.asp#Limbaugh Endorses Romney Limbaugh Endorses Romney], [[Melanie Hunter]], ''[[CNSNews]]'', February 05, 2008</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mittromney.com Mitt Romney for President 2008]
*[http://www.ldslivingonline.com/article.php?articleId=17633 Mitt Romney: proudly, quietly Mormon]
*[http://www.evangelicalsformitt.org/ Evangelicals for Mitt]
*[http://sparklepony.blogspot.com/2007/03/fresh-mitt-romney-juvenalia-hot-off.html Fresh Mitt Romney Juvenalia] Pics - Comments.
*[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YjE4MmMyMzVkZjlhZGQzNzlhZjdmMDEzNjI3MzM4ZTA= Mitt Romney: “I Changed My View. Is that So Difficult to Understand?”] The candidate talks about his efforts to convince voters that his pro-life conversion is real. Byron York, National Review Online, November 20, 2007
*[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=Y2ZkMWNkZDkzOTk1YTM0NTNkNmJlZThmYjJmM2ZmOGE= Did Mitt Romney Push Poll Himself?] Mark Hemingway, National Review Online, November 19, 2007
*[http://corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=Y2EzODZjY2UxZTRhMWE2ZDk1ZWE5MGI0ZmRjMDViZTI= Team Romney on Push-Poll Connections] After reading the Hemingway piece, Kevin Madden, Romney for President campaign spokesman replies. Kathryn Jean Lopez, National Review Online, November 19, 2007
*[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MzliMDgzOWVlOGEwYThlMzc5ZDVlNzM2YjA4M2ZkYTg= Romney Stands for Faith] The candidate pushes back against push-poll attacks. Larry Kudlow, National Review Online, November 16, 2007
*[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MGQ4YmM4Y2U3Yjc3MzYzNDQwYzk3YTVjMTI5YTkwNzg= Romney’s Religion], The Editors, National Review Online, November 16, 2007

==Blogs==
*[http://www.mymanmitt.com/mitt-romney/ My Man Mitt]
*[http://libertariansformitt.wordpress.com/ Libertarians for Romney]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romney, Mitt}}
[[Category:Massachusetts Governors]]
[[Category:Republican Governors]]
[[Category:2008 Presidential Candidates]]
[[Category:Business People]]
[[Category:Featured articles]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]

Breakfast

2011-06-14T06:04:36Z

Chouston: Grammar

In societies that have multiple planned meals within a day, '''breakfast''' is the first meal of the day.

Most [[Americans]] eat foods such as [[Breakfast cereals|cereal]], [[bacon]], sausage, eggs, [[pancake]]s,
[[toast]] or [[ham]], together with orange juice and coffee. In the 19th century Europeans were astonished to discover Americans ate such heavy meat-filled breakfasts, which usually featured pork that was overcooked and covered in gravy or syrup, washed down with strong coffee and perhaps whiskey.

[[Image:KELLOGG2.JPG|thumb|250px|1910 magazine ad]]

The $10 billion-a-year [[Breakfast cereals|breakfast cereals industry]] is of major importance in shaping the American early morning diet, with a heavy advertising budget. Since the 1980s Americans have been going much more often to restaurants for breakfast. The [[Hamburgers|fast food chains]] now open early to serve the clientele, complete with drive through windows for commuters who eat on the highway.

In other countries, breakfast can consist of very different food items. In [[Germany]], for example, a breakfast of cold meat and cheese with bread is often popular, while a "continental" breakfast common in [[France]] can consist of pastries, preserves and other sweet foods.

Common drinks served with breakfast include tea, coffee and juice. [[Alcohol]]ic drinks are uncommon.

==See Also==
* [[Breakfast cereals]]
* [[Lunch]]
* [[Dinner]]
==Further reading==
* Harvey A. Levenstein. ''Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet'' (2003) 275 pages; [http://books.google.com/books?id=NXULJejXRWoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:american+intitle:diet&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]

[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Roman Kingship

2011-06-14T06:04:07Z

Chouston: Style

{{Rome}}
The '''Roman Kingship''' is an ill-understood period of Roman history encompassing the period from the foundation of Rome to the expulsion of [[Tarquin the Proud]], the last King of Rome, by the first [[Brutus]]. It is governed largely by mythology, but many of its themes had great impact on the later periods of Roman history.

== The Myth of Romulus and Remus ==
According to legend, [[Romulus and Remus]] were the twin sons of Mars, the god of war. They were rescued from the mighty [[Tiber River]] by a mother wolf. She nursed them back to health, and raised the two boys. In 753 BC, Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome. <ref>Spodek, Howard. ''The World's History''. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006. 163-164.</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category: Ancient Rome]]

John Penn

2011-06-14T06:00:54Z

Chouston:

{{Founding Fathers
|image=John_Penn.jpg
|State:=North Carolina
|Religion:=Christian- Episcopalian <ref>http://www.adherents.com/gov/Founding_Fathers_Religion.html</ref>
|Founding Documents:=[[Declaration of Independence]], [[Articles of Confederation]]
}}

''Not to be confused with [[William Penn]]''

'''John Penn''' (1741-1788) was an early American statesman and signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]] from [[North Carolina]]. He served in the [[Continental Congress]] for six years. Also, he signed the [[Articles of Confederation]] and the Halifax Resolves (North Carolina's first Constitution).

==Early Life==
Penn was born on May 17, 1741 in Port Royal, Caroline County, Virginia, the only child of Moses Penn and Catherine (Taylor) Penn. The descendants of his great-grandfather James Taylor, became presidents of the United States—[[James Madison]] and [[Zachary Taylor]]. <ref>[http://www.dsdi1776.com/Signers/John%20Penn.html Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence]</ref> At age 18 his father died and he would be in charge of the family farm. He would study law under the tuteledge of his uncle Edmund Pendleton, known as the greatest orator of the colonies. Three short years later he would have his law license.

==Continental Congress==
Penn would be charged in court for his disrespectful and treasonous remarks about King George. He was convicted by a fearful jury but the judge fined him just 1 cent in a spite to King George. Penn would never pay the fine. In 1774, Penn moved to Williamsboro, North Carolina to set up his law practice. The following year he was elected to be one of the delegates to represent North Carolina at the Continental Congress. Arriving in Congress later in the year, Penn declared, {{cquote|My first wish is for America to be free.}} North Carolina legislature led all the other colonies in declaring for a complete separation from [[Great Britain]]. Penn became the leader of a three-man Board of War in North Carolina to prepare for the British invasion. He would raise recruits, found funding for the military, provided transportation and supplies, disarmed [[Tories]], and generally spurred the people into action.

==Death==
John Penn died on September 14, 1788 and was buried at his home a few miles northeast of Stovall in Granville County, North Carolina. On April 25, 1894 his remains were re-interred under the Signers Monument, together with the remains of [[William Hooper]].

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Penn, John}}
[[Category:Founding Fathers]]
[[Category:American Revolution]]

Baranof

2011-06-14T05:59:09Z

Chouston: Style

[[USS]] '''Casco''' a steel hulled, twin screw motor vessel built at Long Beach, [[California]], by the Long Beach Shipbuilding Co. and completed in 1920 for commercial service--was acquired by the Navy on 14 March 1942; classified YAG 11; renamed '''Baranof''' on 30 April 1942; and fitted out at Seattle. Some records indicate that she was placed in commission on 22 May 1942, but her extant logs do not commence until 1 July.

Baranof was assigned to the Sitka sector of the Alaskan local defense forces, based at Kodiak. She loaded cargo on 30 August at the Naval Supply Depot and, now commanded by Lt. George Jessen, USNR, commenced shuttling passengers and cargo between Alaskan bases. Her ports of call included Sitka, Ketchikan, and Kodiak, as well as the Navy section bases at Port Althorp, Port Armstrong, and Sand Point on the islands of Chichagof, Baranof, and Popof. She also serviced the Army airfields at Yakutat and Annette Island that afforded limited facilities to Navy patrol planes. Her cargo included building materials, machinery, and equipment, and her passengers included soldiers and sailors as well as civilian construction workers and elements of the Navy’s Construction Battalions (“Seabees”).

Baranof lay moored to a dock at Kodiak on 13 October 1942 when Ensign Edward J. Keenan, Jr., USNR, of VS-1-D13, with Seaman 1st Class Harry L. Lawrence as his passenger, took off in a Naval Aircraft Factory OS2N-1 (BuNo 01316) for a convoy patrol flight. Keenan’s Kingfisher became airborne but a strong gust of wind forced it back into the water, the impact tearing the left wingtip float from the plane. Efforts to keep the plane upright proved insufficient and it capsized. Baranof’s fire and rescue party picked up pilot and passenger wet but unharmed; her launch brought the OS2N-1 alongside so that Baranof could hold it afloat with her forward cargo boom until the seaplane wrecking derrick YSD 18 could arrive on the scene to salvage the plane.

Within two months, another Kingfisher figured in the ship’s existence. Baranof reached Sitka at 1915 on 20 December with a load of cargo from the section base at Port Althorp. Two days later, at 1525 on 22 December, the ship got underway with orders to search for a lost seaplane, most likely the Vought OS2U-3 (BuNo 09687) flown by Ensign James A. Wainwright, USNR, who, with Seaman 1st Class Bernard Sullivan as his passenger, had taken off from Port Armstrong earlier that day but had broken away from his experienced wingman shortly before they reached the vicinity of Sitka. A little over an hour later, at 1635, Baranof sighted a wing float from a Kingfisher and lowered a small boat, whose crew retrieved the piece of wreckage. She continued the search under snowy conditions with poor visibility, but the sea yielded no further wreckage; neither Wainwright nor Sullivan were ever found. Baranof shaped a course for Port Althorp, continuing the search until satisfied she had done her utmost, and ultimately headed for Sitka, reaching that port on the afternoon of the 23d.

Upon arrival, she embarked passengers bound for Tyee, Alaska. Underway at 1740 on Christmas Eve, Baranof proceeded to her destination with a salvage party to secure cargo from the grounded merchantman Port Orford. Falling in with the Coast Guard cutter McLane on Christmas Day, Baranof moored at Tyee that afternoon to await more favorable weather. On 27 December, she recovered material from Port Orford and then headed for Petersburg, Alaska.

Early in 1944, Baranof received orders to proceed to San Francisco, Calif., and report to the Commandant, 12th Naval District, for duty. Underway from Alaskan waters on 10 January, she reached San Francisco on the 16th. Baranof was docked and undocked in the floating drydocks ARD-15 and ARD-47 apparently to give their crews practice in those operations and conducted training cruises in [[San Francisco Bay]] for engineering students from the naval base at Oakland.

Baranof moored at Treasure Island on 19 February 1944 to be prepared for inactivation. She was decommissioned on 2 March 1944. While little is recorded of her employment thereafter, on 7 February 1945 the Chief of Naval Operations recommended that the names of certain miscellaneous district auxiliary craft (YAG) be cancelled. This received Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal’s approval, and Baranof became simply YAG 11 on 1 March 1945. Six months later, even this alphanumeric “name” was struck from the Navy list in September 1945, and she was placed in reserve at Puget Sound. Turned over to the War Shipping Administration for disposition in January 1947, the ship was acquired by the Washington Fish and Oyster Co., of Seattle, in 1948 and resumed mercantile operations as Western Trader. She retained that name under a succession of owners until disappearing from the [[American Bureau of Shipping]] Register in 1968.<ref>Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b2-list.htm]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Ships]]

Spoon

2011-06-14T05:58:21Z

Chouston: Silly, potentially vulgar thing about Brad Pitt.

[[Image:Spoon.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
A '''spoon''' is an eating utensil characterized by its smooth concave surface (from the eater's point of view).

==Types==

There are various types of spoons, including soup spoons (a mid-size spoon with with a round bowl), dessert spoons (a mid-size spoon with an oval bowl), serving spoons (a large usually oval spoon used for conveying food from a serving dish to a plate or bowl), teaspoons (small oval spoons), coffee spoons (even smaller oval spoons), egg spoons (often made of horn), grapefruit spons (an oval spoon with a deep bowl and a sharp edge), and jam spoons (which have cutaways like a violin on each side of the bowl).

A [[spork]] is a cross between a spoon and a [[fork]].

==Other Uses==

A [[spoonerism]] is created when a speaker switches the consonants between two words. For example: "shake a tower" as a substitution for "take a shower." The [[Shel Silverstein]] book [[Runny Babbit]] is another famous example.
[[Category:Cutlery]]

Jawaharlal Nehru

2011-06-14T05:54:11Z

Chouston: Link

'''Jawaharlal Nehru''' (1889-1964) was an [[India|Indian]] statesman who succeeded [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] as leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] after Gandhi's assassination.<ref>The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History, Bulliet et al, 2005</ref> Following the work that Gandhi had already put in motion, he negotiated the end of British colonial rule in [[India]] and became India's first prime-minister. Nehru was educated in [[England]] at [[Trinity College]] and was a classmate of [[St. John Philby]]. <ref>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press (2004).</ref>

==References==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Jawaharlal}}

[[Category:Indian History]]
[[Category:British Empire]]

Syllogism

2011-06-14T05:52:11Z

Chouston: Changed name of hypothetical cat. At first glance, "Fluffy" read like an adjective.

A '''syllogism''' is a [[logic]]al [[argument]] that necessarily follows if two [[premise]]s are true.

:"All cats are mammals."
:"Roger is a cat."
:Therefore
:Roger is a mammal.

As [[linguistic]] tools, syllogisms are built from category words such as "all" "none" "some".
:"No conservative voted for Obama"
:"Andy is a conservative"
:therefore,
:"Andy did not vote for Obama".

One has to be careful, however, what categories are applied and assumed.

:"No conservative voted for Obama"
:"John did not vote for Obama"
:Therefore
:"John is a conservative." is an example of an incorrect syllogism, as the exclusive category "no Conservative" does not rule out other people not voting for Obama.

==External Links==
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/ Aristotle's Logic] - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[[Category: Logic]]

Medulla

2011-06-14T05:50:32Z

Chouston: Added ref tag

The [[lobe]]s that coordinate vital functions, such as those of the [[circulatory system|circulatory]] and [[respiratory system|respiratory]] systems, and transport signals from the [[brain]] to the [[spinal cord]].<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia
Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998</ref>

==References==

* Martin, JH (2003). Neuroanatomy text and atlas 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.

* Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (2000). Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.

<references>
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Neuroscience]]

Review

2011-06-14T05:49:24Z

Chouston:

A '''review''' is a critical article or report, such as one would find in a periodical, criticizing a [[book]], play, recital, or the like.

[[Category:Dictionary]]

Cheerleading

2011-06-14T05:48:10Z

Chouston: Redundant and unnecessary.

[[File:PCHS Girls.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Cheerleaders from Port Charlotte High School in Port Charlotte, [[Florida]]. Not all cheerleaders are [[obnoxious]] and indecent.]]
'''Cheerleading''' is a [[sport]] in which performers cheer on sports teams at games or compete in cheerleading competitions. Participants in cheerleading are known as '''cheerleaders'''. A popular implement for gaining cheer is the pom-pom.
==Indecency of cheerleading==
The sport is sometimes criticized as public indecency because some cheerleading uniforms include very short skirts and otherwise excessively expose the participants' skin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://christwire.org/2009/02/are-modern-college-cheerleader-uniforms-too-slutty/|title=Are Modern College Cheerleader Uniforms Too Slutty?|date=2008-02-18|accessdate=2009-12-27|publisher=Christwire.org}}</ref> In 2007, varsity cheerleaders at a [[California]] high school were suspended from school for lifting their skirts to show "Indians #1" spelled out on their undergarments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcra.com/news/14612729/detail.html|title=Ripon Cheerleaders Suspended For Showing Bloomers|date=2007-11-15|accessdate=2009-12-27|publisher=Internet Broadcasting Systems, Inc.}}</ref> Some network administrators have even blocked access to websites related to cheerleading due to concerns of indecency. It is important to note, however, that some cheerleading squads have made good-faith efforts to reduce indecency. Despite indecency concerns, many Christian schools have cheerleading squads. There are many cheerleaders themselves who are Christians.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Sports]]

William Ellery

2011-06-14T05:46:42Z

Chouston:

{{Founding Fathers
|image=Ellery.jpg
|State:=Rhode Island
|Religion:=Christian- Congregationalist <ref>http://www.adherents.com/gov/Founding_Fathers_Religion.html</ref>
|Founding Documents:=[[Declaration of Independence]]
}}

'''William Ellery''' (b. December 22, 1727; d. February 15, 1820) a founding father of [[America]], a [[lawyer]], a Supreme Court judge of [[Rhode Island]], represented Rhode Island in the [[Continental Congress]] in 1776 and signed the [[Declaration of Independence]].

==Early Life==
William was born to the prominent Benjamin Ellery, who had immigrated from Bristol, [[England]]. He received much education from his father, a Harvard graduate. Like his father, William would also attend Harvard, at age 16. He became fluent in Greek and Latin. At age 20, William returned to his home in Newport and studied law. He worked as merchant, then a collector of customs, and later as the Clerk of the Rhode Island General Assembly. <ref>[http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/ellery.htm William Ellery, USHistory.org]</ref> In 1770, Ellery started his law practice at the age of 43.

==Continental Congress==
Ellery was successfully elected to the Continental Congress in 1776, replacing Samuel Ward who had died. He was immediately appointed to the Marine committee and served on several committees that dealt with Foreign Relations. In 1777, the [[British]] army under General Piggot took possession of Newport. Many of Newport's residents suffered including Ellery. His house was burned down and possessions looted.

Mr. Ellery continued as a member of congress until the year 1785, then retired to Rhode Island. The people of Rhode Island elected Ellery to the office of chief justice of their superior court. <ref>[http://www.laughtergenealogy.com/bin/histprof/founders/ellery.html William Ellery, laughtergenealogy.com]</ref>

==Death==
On the 15th of February, 1820, William died at the age of 92 years old.

==Notable==
*In 1785, Ellery became a strong and vocal advocate for the abolition of slavery.
*[[George Washington]] appointed Ellery first customs Collector of the port of Newport, a position he held until his death.

==References==
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ellery, William}}

[[Category:Founding Fathers]]
[[Category:American Revolution]]

Ecliptic

2011-06-14T05:45:46Z

Chouston: Removed strangely placed brackets, colon markup spaces

'''Ecliptic''' is the plane in space which contains the [[Sun]], [[Earth]], and the other major planets:<ref>http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Secliptc.htm</ref>

The solar system is rather flat, with all its major parts moving in nearly the same plane.

The path of the Sun across the celestial sphere is very close to that of the planets and the moon. After clocks became available, it was a relatively straightforward job for astronomers to relate the path of the Sun in the daytime to the one of stars at night, and to draw it on their star charts. Because of its relation to eclipses, that path is known as the ecliptic.

== References ==

<references/>
[[category:astronomy]]

Elena Kagan

2011-06-14T05:44:27Z

Chouston: Link

{{Officeholder
|name=Elena Kagan
|image=Elena Kagan Harvard.jpg
|party=
|spouse=
|religion=Judaism
|offices=
{{Officeholder/Supreme Court Justice
|role=Associate
|nominator=[[Barack Obama]]
|terms=August 7, 2010-present
|preceded=[[John Paul Stevens]]
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
}}

'''Elena Kagan'''<ref>[http://patriotpost.us/alexander/2010/05/13/komrade-kagan/ Komrade Kagan,] By Mark Alexander · Thursday, 13 May 2010. Retrieved from the Patriot Post 15 May 2010.</ref> is currently an Associate Justice on the [[United States Supreme Court]], having been nominated by President [[Obama]] on May 10, 2010 to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. Previously she served as [[Solicitor General]] of the United States, confirmed in 2009 by a vote of 61-31.<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00107 On the Nomination (Confirmation Elena Kagan, of Massachusetts, to be Solicitor General)], United States Senate</ref> She was born April 28, 1960, to a [[lawyer]] father and school teacher mother, and has never married.

==Education==
* 1981 – Earned her Bachelor’s Degree from [[Princeton University]], summa cum laude.
* 1983 – Earned her Master of [[Philosophy]] degree from Worcester College at Oxford University
* 1986 – Received her Juris Doctor at [[Harvard]] Law School

==Professional Achievements==
* 1987 – Served as judicial clerk for Abner Mikva, U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] in the D.C. circuit.
* 1988 – Served as judicial clear for Justice [[Thurgood Marshall]] of the [[Supreme Court]].
* 1991 – Became assistant professor at the University of [[Chicago Law School]]. Met Barack Obama.
* 1995-99 – Employed as Associate [[White House]] Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy under President [[Bill Clinton]].
* 1999 – Nominated to the U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] for the District of Columbia Circuit.
* 1999-2001 – Harvard Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Appointed as first female dean at Harvard Law School, after nomination by then Harvard University president [[Lawrence Summers]].
* 2005-2009 – Began service as a member of the Research Advisory Council of the Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute.
* 2009 – Became the first woman to hold the position of [[Solicitor General]] of the U.S. <ref>[http://faithfulinprayer.wordpress.com ''Who is Elena Kagan''], May 12, 2010</ref><ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

==Affection for Barack Obama==
In a rare video record of her speaking, in 2005, Kagan expressed her affection for Barack Obama, stating,
<blockquote>
And its that passion for service, ya know, that commitment, to be of use, to give back, to make a real difference in the world, that's what makes Barack Obama - Barack Obama. And thats what makes Barack Obama for me and for so many others, a hero." “But the night that Barack Obama spoke - not then even Senator Obama - [pause] he opened his mouth, he said a few words, and the place was mesmerized. You could hear a pin drop. In part, that is because of all these, well of, you know, rock star qualities he has: the eloquence, the magnetism, the great looks, the brilliance. But just as much, its because when Barack Obama speaks, when he opens up his mouth, you, you know you’re getting the real deal..." "And I think everybody in that room, and in that great hall, felt privileged, felt privileged to be at the coming out party of someone who will be, someone who deserves to be, and someone who the rest of us needs to be; one of the truly great political figures, one of the truly great public servants, of our time."<ref>http://marklevinshow.com/goout.asp?u=http://www.verumserum.com/?p=14638</ref></blockquote>

==Nomination to the Supreme Court==
On May 10, 2010, President Obama nominated Kagan to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. The 50 year old (in 2010) Kagan has years of experience in the legal field but had never served on the judicial bench, until her swearing in on August 7 , 2010 as a Supreme Court justice. Kagan is the third woman currently seated on the court, and her confirmation marks the the first time in [[American history]] that the Supreme Court has no [[Protestant]] members, as the Jewish Kagan replaced the sole [[Protestant]], Stevens. <ref>ABC news, ''The Conversation: Elena Kagan Nominated to Supreme Court'', May 10, 2010</ref> Due to her young age, Kagan could potentially serve decades on the Court.<ref>God allowing.</ref>

Documents from Kagan's service in the Clinton White House have served to reinforce the conception that Kagan is "a politically savvy, sometimes hard-edged strategist whose views of the Constitution are at odds with those of conservatives", and that she is possessed with "a sharp intellect and somewhat territorial; highly opinionated but eager to facilitate consensus."

Working with former President Bill Clinton, the Obama White House sought to ensure that no revelation from the documents harmed Kagan's confirmation chances.<ref>Associated Press, ''Kagan unscathed after revelations from past'', June 19. 2010</ref> While many liberals fear that Kagan is not liberal enough,<ref>Glenn Greenwald, ''The case against Elena Kagan'', Salon.com, April 13, 2010</ref> Republicans expressed concern that records would not be fully produced in time for the committee to conduct a proper review before her confirmation hearings, which were scheduled to begin June 28, 2010.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', Associated Press, June 13, 2010</ref> Alabama Sen. Jeff Sessions, the top Republican on the Judiciary Committee, stated that there appeared to be 1,600 withheld documents which were not released, apparently due to confidentiality concerns.<ref>[http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=5CF71115-18FE-70B2-A8AEC01EF27C77B2 ''GOP may boycott Kagan hearings''] June 21, 2010</ref>

===Preparation by Bill Clinton===
As a result of a request by senators who would vote on her nomination, 90,000 pages of records from the Clinton White House were released which revealed that Kagan played a role in crafting former [[President Bill Clinton]]’s policies on abortion, assisted suicide, religious freedom, gun control, welfare reform and tobacco. In addition, they also show that Kagan was part of Clinton's small army of lawyers which unsuccessfully sought to postpone Paula Jones’ sexual harassment lawsuit against him. As a result of her work, Clinton sought to gain her a seat on the federal appeals court in Washington, often a steppingstone to the Supreme Court, an appointment which the [[Republican]]-controlled Senate opposed. In response to Kagan's note of thanks, the former President stated, "I was honored to nominate you - you will be a wonderful judge if we can get you through - and young enough to have a profound impact."<ref>[http://dailycaller.com/2010/06/12/documents-show-kagan-a-political-pragmatist/print/ ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', [[Associated Press]] June 12, 2010</ref>

==Confirmation==
On August 5, 2010, by a vote of 63-37 the Senate confirmed Elena Kagan as the Supreme Court's 112th justice and fourth woman, replacing retired Justice John Paul Stevens. Five Republicans and all but one Democrat voted for Kagan, along with the Senate's two independents. In a ritual reserved for the most historic votes and that has rarely been practiced, the senators sat at their desks and stood to cast their votes with "ayes" and "nays."

Kagan is the first Supreme Court justice in nearly 40 years with no experience as a judge, and after her swearing-in on August 7 it marks the first time in history in which the nine-member court has had three women serving together, joining Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Sonia Sotomayor, President Obama's first nominee.

Due to her liberal ideology Republicans overall opposed Kagan. Jeff Sessions of Alabama, the top Republican on the Judiciary Committee, stated that Kagan,
{{cquote|is truly a person of the political left - now they call themselves progressives - one who has a history of working to advance the values of the left wing of the Democratic Party, and whose philosophy of judging allows a judge to utilize the power of their office to advance their vision for what America should be.}}

Kagan was also criticized for revealing little about what kind of justice she would be in weeks of private meetings with individual senators and many days of testimony before the Senate Judiciary panel, although she had penned a law review article criticizing Supreme Court nominees for obfuscating their views before the Senate. Kagan avoided questions about her personal beliefs on a variety of critical issues and repeatedly refused to give her opinion on Supreme Court rulings. <ref>CBS news, ''Elena Kagan Confirmed as Supreme Court Justice'', Aug. 5, 2010</ref>

==Activity and ideology==
In 1987, Kagan was a law clerk for Judge Abner Mikva, a far-left judge on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, and in 1988 she served justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. The latter is considered by some to be the most [[liberal]] Supreme Court justice in American history, and that Kagan called him her legal hero is troubling to conservatives.<ref>''Why Ultra-Liberal Obama Needs Kagan On the Court'', Fox News, May 10, 2010</ref>

At Princeton, Kagan was see as a reserved and and discreet person, politically "progressive and thoughtful but well within the mainstream of the ... sort of liberal, democratic, progressive tradition, and everything with lower case.” Kagan, future N.Y. Governor Elliot Spitzer and certain other campus leaders were members of the ''Coordinating Council of the Campaign for a Democratic University'', which saw the administration as taking too much authority upon themselves, and signed a manifesto opposing it which appeared in the university paper, the ‘Prince.’ The group sought to “effect a fundamental restructuring of University governance,” and charged that “the administration rules this campus by decree. <ref>http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26081/print ''Reserved passion: Kagan ’81'', The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

On November 10, 1980, a week after Ronald Reagan’s presidential victory, Kagan submitted to ''The Daily Princetonian'' a personal essay titled, “Fear and Loathing in Brooklyn,” in which she explains that having worked some 14 hours a day, six days a week for the election of liberal candidate Liz Holtzman, she wept when the candidate lost.” She expressed that due to her background, "I absorbed such liberal principles early; more to the point, I have retained them fairly intact to this day." Reflecting on Reagan's win and the liberal loss, she stated,
<blockquote>
Looking back on last Tuesday [election day], I can see that our gut response -- our emotion-packed conclusion that the world had gone mad, that liberalism was dead and that there was no longer any place for the ideals we held or the beliefs we espoused -- was a false one. In my more rational moments, I can now argue that the next few years will be marked by American disillusionment with conservative programs and solutions, and that a new, revitalized, perhaps more leftist left will once again come to the fore...But somehow, one week after the election, these comforting thoughts do not last long. Self-pity still sneaks up, and I wonder how all this could possibly have happened and where on earth I’ll be able to get a job next year.

Even after the returns came in, I found it hard to conceive of the victories of these anonymous but Moral Majority-backed opponents of Senators Church, McGovern, Bayh and Culver, these avengers of 'innocent life' and the B-1 Bomber, these beneficiaries of a general turn to the right and a profound disorganization on the left.<ref> [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26082/print/ “To the Final Conflict: Socialism in New York City,] 1900-1933,</ref>
</blockquote>

For her senior college thesis at Princeton, she analyzed the failure of socialism in New York in the early 20th century, a movement which her father and older brother sympathized with. Although the 153-page paper, ''To the Final Conflict: [[Socialism]] in New York City, 1900-1933,'' was written while Kagan was only 22, and was more of a dispassionate examination of the internal divisions in the movement that led to its decline, <ref>''For Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan, a history of pragmatism over partisanship'', Washington Post, May 11, 2010</ref> some perceive it as lamenting "the non-existence of a viable socialist movement in the U.S."<ref>http://www.examiner.com/x-2581-St-Louis-Gun-Rights-Examiner~y2010m4d10-How-Justice-Stevens-retirement-might-benefit-gun-rights</ref>Statements that some see as showing sympathy with socialism include:
<blockquote>
Through its own internal feuding, then, the SP [Socialist Party] exhausted itself forever and further reduced labor radicalism in New York to the position of marginality and insignificance from which it has never recovered. The story is sad but also a chastening one for those who, more than a half century after socialism’s decline, still wish to change America.<ref>The thesis has been removed from the Princeton University site, and electronic dissemination prohibited, while a fee of $54.60 is charged for purchase: http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/news/kagan.pdf</ref>
</blockquote>

However, history professor Sean Wilentz, who advised Kagan on her senior thesis, believes Kagan was adept at removing her personal beliefs from her academic research on labor and radical history, and is far from being a socialist.<ref>The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

An associate White House counsel beginning from 1995-99, Kagan recommended that the federal government support a case in favor of [[religious freedom]]. The California Supreme Court had ruled that a landlord violated a state law prohibiting housing discrimination by refusing to rent an apartment to an unwed couple because she considered sex outside marriage to be a sin. Kagan rejected the California justices’ rationalization used in ruling against the landlord, that the landlord’s religious freedom was not burdened because she could get another job.<ref>'Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

In an abortion case pertaining to a prisoner who sought the state to pay for her murder of the preborn infant, Kagan sought to persuade then president Clinton to choose a version of the bill that would pass, while protecting a woman's right to abortion.<ref>''Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

Marjorie Dannenfelser, the leader of the Susan B. Anthony List, explained that:<ref>http://www.lifenews.com/nat4932.html</ref>
{{cquote|In the past Kagan has been a strong supporter of the pro-abortion agenda. She has vigorously opposed the de-funding of taxpayer-funded clinics which promote abortions, despite the fact that a majority of Americans do not want their tax dollars to fund abortion providers.}}

Anne-Marie Slaughter, who became friendly with Kagan when both were Sachs Scholars at Oxford, and later taught with her at Chicago and Harvard law schools. opined that Kagan “knows how to pick her battles and stand up for what she needs to stand up for without alienating people unnecessarily. That’s a very valuable skill set, particularly at a place as political as Harvard Law School.” Early in her tenure Kagan pleased students by renovating both the student center and the out-of-date gymnasium, and by ensuring that free coffee and hot chocolate were available in the main classroom building and in the library.

Also while at Harvard, Kagan supported a censorship and banning of participation by the United States Armed Forces in recruitment that is made available to hundreds of other employers. She signed onto a law brief in 2004 urging the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] to overturn the [[Solomon Amendment]], a law that denies federal funding to any university that “has a policy or practice … that either prohibits, or in effect prevents” military personnel “from gaining access to campuses, or access to students … on campuses [including Harvard Law Schoo], for purposes of military recruiting that they not discriminate against recruitment by the U.S. Armed Forces.''<ref>Rumsfeld v. FAIR, Docket No. 04-1152, 2004 U.S. Briefs 1152</ref>. A federal appeals court judged the law to be unconstitutional, but the U.S. Supreme Court rejected her argument by a vote of 8-0. But Harvard University continues to ban [[ROTC]] to this day.<ref>http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/service-academy-parents/724749-interesting-article-about-rotc.html</ref>

Kagan opposed military recruiters from being at Harvard because of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy which attempted to prevent homosexual relations in the military. She characterized it as “a profound wrong—a moral injustice of the first order … a wrong that tears at the fabric of our own community, because some of our members cannot, while others can, devote their professional careers to their country.”<ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

Some have charged Kagan with duplicity in this issue, for not opposing a $20 million from a prince in Saudi Arabia in 2005, a country in which homosexual acts are punishable by death or flogging." The funds were used to create the ''Center for Islamic Studies'' in honor of Saudi Arabian Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/16/senate-republican-accuses-kagan-staying-silent-saudi-gift-harvard/print ''Senate Republican Accuses Kagan of Staying Silent on Saudi Gift to Harvard']', Fox News, June 16, 2010</ref>

Regarding [[Capital Punishment]], In her Solicitor general confirmation hearing, 2009, Kagan also stated, “I am fully prepared to argue, consistent with Supreme Court precedents, that the death penalty is constitutional.”<ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p303</ref>

Kagan also apparently supports greater Presidential power. In a June, 2001 Harvard Law Review article,<ref>http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/04/12/kagan/Kagan-_Presidential_Administration.pdf</ref> Kagan defended the Clinton administration's assertion of the right to direct federal regulatory agencies without congressional or court involvement. In review of this, William F. West, a professor who specializes in federal administration at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M, stated, "She is certainly a fan of presidential power."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2009/01/06/obama_taps_harvard_law_school_dean_as_solicitor_general?mode=PF Boston Globe], January 6, 2009</ref> Neal Katyal, who has succeeded Kagan as Solicitor General, also was critical of her support of expanded executive power. <ref>http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/115-9/Katyal.pdf</ref> However, in an 2001 article in the Harvard Law, Kagan wrote that while she largely welcomed Clinton's expanded presidential control, she cautioned, “President Clinton’s assertion of directive authority over administration, more than President Reagan’s assertion of a general supervisory authority, raises serious constitutional questions.”<ref>New York Times, Politics, ''Kagan's Notable Statements and Writings'', May 9, 2010</ref>

In 2003, Elena Kagan presented an oral argument before the U.S. Supreme Court, defending the government' federal campaign finance law in ''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'', in which the FEC had outlawed corporations, including non-profits, from spending funds from their general treasuries to pay for campaign ads. The specific cause was government opposition to a 90-minute documentary by the non-profit organization, [[Citizens United]], opposing [[Hillary Clinton]], then candidate for president. The Court rejected the government's argument and invalidated the law as unconstitutional, <ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/08-205%5bReargued%5d.pdf Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]</ref> with Chief Justice [[John Roberts]] commenting, "we don't put our First Amendment rights in the hands of FEC bureaucrats."<ref>David N. Bossie, ''Elena Kagan: Hostile to free speech?'', The Washington Post, Friday, May 21, 2010; A17 </ref>

Kagan has extensive ties to Goldman-Sachs, a financial institution under federal investigation.<ref>http://www.mainjustice.com/2010/04/27/kagan-sat-on-goldman-sachs-board/</ref>

Concerning [[Constitutional Theory]], the interpretive basis used for deciding what the [[Constitution]] means, at her Solicitor General hearing Elena Kagan testified in favor of the use of foreign law to interpret the [[U.S. Constitution]].<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20283.html</ref> She also wrote, “I think a judge should try to the greatest extent possible to separate constitutional interpretation from his or her own values and beliefs. In order to accomplish this result, the judge should look to constitutional text, history, structure and precedent." And that "The Constitution generally imposes limitations on government rather than establishes affirmative rights and thus has what might be thought of as a libertarian slant. I fully accept this traditional understanding, and if I am confirmed as solicitor general, I would expect to make arguments consistent with it."<ref>[http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p306 Written answers to Senate questions during her confirmation for solicitor general (2009)]</ref>

Relating to judicial activism, Kagan stated in her Oxford thesis, “Judges will often try to mold and steer the law in order to promote certain ethical values and achieve certain social ends. “Such activity is not necessarily wrong or invalid.” However, at her 2009 confirmation hearing for Solicitor General, she stated, “I think it is a great deal better for the elected branches to take the lead in creating a more just society than for courts to do so.” <ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p305</ref>

Due to her involvement in a number of cases involving key issues, it is expected that Kagan may have to recuse herself from 11 of the 24 cases which the court has consented to hear beginning in October. Additionally, it is speculated that Kagan might eventually have to step aside from two to three dozen cases over the next few years.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan confirmation would affect major tobacco case'', Associated Press, June 14, 2010</ref>

As of mid-January 2007, Kagan was considered a strong candidate to become the next president of Harvard University.

==Publications==
* “The Development and Erosion of the American Exclusionary Rule: A Study in Judicial Method.” 1983
* ''The Changing Faces of First Amendment Neutrality: R.A.V. v St. Paul, Rust v Sullivan, and the Problem of Content-Based Underinclusion'', * * 1992 Supreme Court Review 29 (1992)
* ''Regulation of Hate Speech and Pornography After R.A.V'', 60 University of Chicago Law Review 873 (1993)
* ''A Libel Story: Sullivan Then and Now'', 18 Law and Social Inquiry 197 (1993) (book review)
* ''For Justice Marshall'', 71 Texas Law Review 1125 (1993)
* ''Confirmation Messes, Old and New'', 62 University of Chicago Law Review 919 (1995) (book review).
* ''When A Speech Code Is A Speech Code: The Stanford Policy and the Theory of Incidental Restraints'', 29 University of California at Davis Law Review 957 (1996)
* ''Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine'', 63 University of Chicago Law Review 413 (1996) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112 Harvard law School]</ref>
* ''Presidential Administration'',114 Harvard Law Review 2245 (2001)
* ''Chevron's Nondelegation Doctrine'', with David Barron, 2001 Supreme Court Review 201 (2001) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112&show=bibliography Harvard University]</ref>

==Further reading==
* [http://www.americanthinker.com/printpage/?url=http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/06/now_he_tells_us.html Lawrence J. Siskind, ''Now He Tells Us!''], American Thinker June 20, 2010

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Supreme Court|roberts=y}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kagan, Elena}}
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Obama Presidency]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]

Battle of Clark's Mill

2011-06-14T05:43:39Z

Chouston: Added small introduction and categorization.

{{ACWbattle
|name=Battle of Clark's Mill Vera Cruz
|image=
|begin=November 7, 1862
|end=Same day
|place=Douglas County, Missouri
|theater=Trans-Mississippi Theater
|campaign=Operations North of Boston Mountains
|result=Confederate victory
|combatants1=10th Illinois Cavalry Missouri State Militia
|combatants2=cavalry brigade
|commanders1=[[Hiram E. Barstow]] Captain, USA
|commanders2=[[John Q. Burbridge]] Colonel, CSA [[Colton Greene]] Colonel, CSA
|strength1=100
|strength2=1,000
|casualties1='''113'''
|casualties2=Unknown
}}
'''The Battle of Clark's Mill''' was a confict during the [[Civil War]] that took place on November 7, 1862 in Douglas County, [[Missouri]].

==Military Strategy==
Having received reports that Confederate troops were in the area, Capt. Hiram E. Barstow, Union commander at Clark’s Mill, sent a detachment toward Gainesville and he led another southeastward. Barstow’s men ran into a Confederate force, skirmished with them and drove them back. His column then fell back to Clark’s Mill where he learned that another Confederate force was coming from the northeast. Unlimbering artillery to command both approach roads, Barstow was soon engaged in a five-hour fight with the enemy. Under a white flag, the Confederates demanded a surrender, and the Union, given their numerical inferiority, accepted. The Confederates paroled the Union troops and departed after burning the blockhouse at Clark’s Mill. Clark’s Mill helped the Confederates to maintain a toehold in southwest Missouri. (''NPS summary'')

{{Template:Campaignbox Boston Mountains}}
{{Template:ACW Battles of 1862}}

[[Category:American Civil War Battles]]

Charles Fort

2011-06-14T05:40:13Z

Chouston: Cleaned up the grammar a bit.

'''Charles Fort''' (August 6, 1874 – May 3, 1932) was an American writer and researcher of [[Anomaly|anomalies]] (anomalies are observations and facts that challenge prevailing scientific [[paradigm]]s).

After his death the Fortean Society was founded and more recently the ''Fortean Times'' magazine.

== See also ==

*[[William R. Corliss]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.forteana.org/ Charles Fort Institute]
*[http://www.forteans.com/ International Fortean Organization]
*[http://www.forteantimes.com/ Fortean Times magazine]

[[Category: Authors]]