Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Oyez

2012-01-15T22:37:27Z

ChuckN:

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''Oyez''', which is often pronounced as "Oh Yes," means "hear ye" and was traditionally used as an exclamation to attract everyone's attention to the beginning of a legal proceeding or the issuance of an official proclamation. In courtrooms, the [[bailiff]] would shout this out.

In modern times, courtroom proceedings are typically initiated with an exclamation by the [[bailiff]] or deputy clerk of "all rise" as the judge enters the courtroom, although proceedings at the [[United States Supreme Court]] open with "oyez" repeated three times.
[[Category:Legal Terms]]

Domitian

2012-01-15T22:37:24Z

ChuckN:

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[[Image:Bust Domitian Musei Capitolini.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bust of Domitian]]
'''Domitian''' Roman Emperor from 81 to 96 A.D. Son of the Emperor [[Vespian]] and brother of the Emperor [[Titus]], Domitian took over the Emperorship upon the death of his brother. Considered to be a difficult man and a poor ruler with questionable morals, he also enacted the first heavy persecution of [[Christians]] since [[Nero]] later in his reign. [[John_the_Apostle|The Apostle John]]'s exile to the island of Patmos took place under Domitian and many believe he wrote the book of [[Revelation]] around 95 A.D. during Domitian's reign.

[[Category:Roman History]]
[[category:religious Persecution]]

Warren Court

2012-01-15T22:37:21Z

ChuckN:

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The '''Warren Court''' was the activist [[U.S. Supreme Court]] led by Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] from 1953 to 1969. The Justices who voted consistently with Warren were [[William Brennan]], [[Hugo Black]], [[William O. Douglas]] and [[Abe Fortas]], who formed a powerful five-person majority capable of deciding any case regardless of what how other Justices held.

The Warren Court found many new rights not expressly in the [[U.S. Constitution]]. Among other important Warren Court decisions were the following:

:[[Miranda v. Arizona]] (1966) (established strict standards for how police could conduct custodial interrogations)

:[[Engel v. Vitale]] (limited mandatory school prayer in public schools)

:[[Griswold v. Connecticut]] (established a right to privacy for married couples)

:[[Brown v. Board of Education]] (1954) (overturned the ''[[separate but equal]]'' decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in [[Plessy v. Ferguson]])

:[[Berman v. Parker]] (allowed the taking by government of private property for private use)

:[[Cooper v. Aaron]] (established that Supreme Court precedents are binding on the states)

:[[Gideon v. Wainwright]] (1963) (established an indigent defendant's right to appointed counsel in felony cases)

:[[Reynolds v. Sims]] (1964)

Time magazine said this about the Warren Court in 1966:<ref>http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,840703,00.html</ref>

:In the not-so-distant past, the Supreme Court hewed to precedent and generally rebuffed all but the most monumental constitutional questions. But ever since Earl Warren became Chief Justice in 1953, a new "activist" court has thrown open its judicial windows to practically every ill and issue of U.S. life. In the face of what it regards as legislative inaction, the "Warren court" has desegregated schools, revolutionized criminal justice, rewritten the U.S. political system by plunging into the thicket of legislative reapportionment. To expand the long reach of the Constitution, it has imposed almost all of the Bill of Rights on the states as well as the Federal Government for the first time in U.S. history.

:Time and again, critics have blasted the Warren court for being more political than judicial; yet time and again, its controversial decisions have survived all efforts to override them by constitutional amendment. Not surprisingly, the nation's lawyers now figure that almost every case raises constitutional issues that may attract the court. They appeal more and more cases, and as a result, more and more decisions raise more and more issues. Over the years, the court's workload has risen steadily. In 1940 the court handled only 977 cases, in 1950 only 1,181. Last term it considered a total of 3,267 cases.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:law]]
[[Category: United States Supreme Court]]
[[category:judicial activism]]

Mann Act

2012-01-15T22:37:17Z

ChuckN:

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The '''Mann Act''' prohibits the transportation of women across state lines for immoral purposes. It is meant to cut down on [[prostitution]]. It is opposed by feminists.<ref>In theory, Ginsburg appeared to demand a doctrinaire equality,
opposing the Mann Act because it "was meant to protect weak women
from bad men," which she believed was demeaning to women. [http://www.ewtn.com/library/ISSUES/PS1296.TXT] </ref><ref>Broadly categorizing all prostitutes as trafficking victims means that police will go looking for victims who look and act like “victims,” allowing for even less focus on prostitutes who really have been abused in some way, but who have made the decision to enter into sex work . . . [http://www.feministing.com/archives/009350.html] </ref>

{{quotebox|... the federal law referred to as the Mann Act, after James Robert Mann, a longtime Congressman from Illinois. It was passed in 1910, and its official name is the United States White-Slave Traffic Act. [http://www.lawkt.com/files/Mann_Act.html] }}

See:
*[[Child Custody Protection Act]]

==Notes==
<references />

[[category:Morality]]
[[category:feminism]]
[[category:United States Law]]

20th Century Studios

2012-01-15T22:37:14Z

ChuckN:

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''20th Century Fox''' is a major [[United States of America|US]] film corporation which has been owned since 1985 by the [[News Corporation]]. The company was formed in 1935 by the merger of Twentieth Century Pictures (founded 1933) and the Fox Film Corporation (founded 1915).

[[Category:Cinema]]

Asthma

2012-01-15T22:37:12Z

ChuckN:

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According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], '''Asthma''' is "a chronic medical condition where the [[bronchial tubes]] (in the [[lungs]]) become easily irritated. This leads to constriction of the airways resulting in wheezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and production of thick mucus. The cause of asthma is not yet known but environmental triggers, [[drugs]], [[allergies]], [[exercise]], [[infection]], and [[stress]] have all been implicated."<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/about/terms/glossary.htm</ref> There is also strong correlating evidence of a genetic defect.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Medicine]]

George Orwell

2012-01-15T22:36:39Z

ChuckN:

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[[Image:Hgdctuy6.jpg|right|thumb|George Orwell (Eric Blair)]]
'''George Orwell''', whose real name was '''Eric Arthur Blair''' (June 25, 1903 - January 21, 1950), was a leading and [[Open mind|open-minded]] English writer, essayist and journalist who became critical of his ideological allies on the left. He hated [[imperialism]]<ref>"I went to Burma and joined the Indian Imperial Police. This was an armed police, a sort of gendarmerie very similar to the Spanish Guardia Civil or the Garde Mobile in France. I stayed five years in the service. It did not suit me and made me hate imperialism" [http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/ukrainian-af-pref.htm]</ref> and grew increasingly [[conservative]] while maintaining his good standing among democratic socialists, which allowed him to continue his columns and while cleverly introducing them to conservative insights.<ref>"There are nevertheless four aspects of Orwell's later work which are more closely linked to conservative than to left-wing styles of thinking." [http://revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html?id=1391]</ref> The tension between the conservative Orwell grew to become, and the democratic socialist he still allowed others to view him as, may account for some of his interesting word inventions like "doublethink".

Unlike most writers, Orwell's greatest works came late in his life. He harshly criticized [[communism]] and [[totalitarianism]] in ''[[1984]]'', his finest novel, as well as in his shorter fictional work ''[[Animal Farm]]'', an allegorical reference to the [[Russian Revolution]]. These works were far more influential than his first novel, based on his experiences on the Imperial Police Force in Burma, ''[[Burmese Dаys]]'', which explored the evils of [[coloniаlism]]. His highly influential essay, "Politics in the English Language," attacked the [[liberal obfuscation]] which was already present in his day, and championed clear speech.

The inspiration for Orwell's growth into conservatism remains unexplored. Likely reasons include his open-mindedness, his adopting and then raising (due to his wife's untimely death) a child, and his disillusionment with leftists while fighting on their side in [[Spain]].

== Biography ==
Orwell's political views began to move away from the far left when he volunteered to fight the Spanish [[Nationalist]] forces to keep them from overturning the [[Soviet]]-backed revolutionary socialist government of Spain<ref>"Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the opening of state archives in Moscow, scholarship has considerably darkened the view of the Communist role in Republican Spain.... [The] Spanish government... was in no serious sense democratic.... [I]t was composed largely of revolutionary parties that showed no willingness to allow the right wing a political future in Spain, and it was extremely brutal in its treatment of clerics, landowners, and suspected Fascists.... [It] was probably headed toward Soviet-style totalitarianism before Franco ever launched his rebellion.... Stalin was among the Spanish government’s first arms suppliers of choice." George Packer, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books#ixzz0mOubjsda The Spanish Prisoner]," ''The New Yorker'', October 31, 2005. Cf. Stanley G. Payne, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mmfv1Z4Z18YC The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism]'' (Yale University Press, 2004) ISBN 030010068X</ref> in the [[Spаnish Civil War]] (1936-1939). He enlisted in the POUM (In English, Workers Party for Marxist Unity) Militia, and saw action on the Aragon front, where he fought side by side with Anаrchists and Communists, as well as Republican regulars.

He became disillusioned with the Spanish government's policy of withholding arms from the POUM and the Anarchists, which he saw as an attempt by the Communists to water down the revolutionary nature of the Anti-Fascist resistance, and centralize power in the hands of the Moscow-backed Communist Party. Taking a bullet through his neck but surviving, Orwell was invalided to Barcelona, where he witnessed the [[Stalin]]ist repression of [[Trotsky]]ist and [[Anarchist]] parties. Orwell and his wife were forced to escape from Spain as fugitives, after the POUM was banned by the increasingly repressive regime.

Despite his persecution, Orwell initially continued to support the Republic upon his return to England, viewing a Communist dominated Spain as better than a Nationalist Spain. He recounted his experiences in Spain in the book ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]''.<ref>[http://www.george-orwell.org/Homage_to_Catalonia/index.html]</ref> He remained a socialist, and was for a time in the late 1930s a member of the [[Independent Labour Party]], although he split from the ILP over its opposition to the [[Second World Wаr]]. Orwell served in the [[Home Guаrd]] during the war.

In 1941, Orwell wrote his essay “The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius”, in which he summarised Britain’s wartime situation, and expressed his political opinions. He called for a particularly English form of socialism, which would democratically replace the capitalist model and create a fairer society, while being informed by the most attractive English characteristics, such as love of privacy and law abidance.

Orwell had only ten years left in his life when he returned. During that period he and his wife adopted a baby boy, but Orwell's wife died shortly thereafter.

In those ten years Orwell wrote his famous anti-communist fictional works, demonstrating how much his views had moved to the right from his youth. First he spent three years writing ''Animаl Farm'' (1944), and then perhaps five years on the longer novel ''1984'' (1949). Orwell continued to espouse forms of [[sociаlism]]<ref>[http://www.orwell.ru/library/articles/As_I_Please/english/eaip_03]</ref> right up to his death, but utilized his position as a regular columnist for the left-labor ''Tribune'' paper to strongly criticize the USSR. Such criticism was unusual for a [[left-wing]]er of the period, but Orwell was so well respected that his position was secure. "I belong to the left and must work with it," he declared in 1945.<ref>http://revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html?id=1391</ref> He died of [[tuberculosis]] in 1950.

==Views on Socialism==

* Up to 1930 I did not on the whole look upon myself as a Socialist. In fact I had as yet no clearly defined political views. I became pro-Socialist more out of disgust with the way the poorer section of the industrial workers were oppressed and neglected than out of any theoretical admiration for a [[planned society]]. [http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/ukrainian-af-pref.htm]

==Quotes==

*"In a time of universal deceit telling the truth is a revolutionary act."

*"In our age there is no such thing as 'keeping out of politics.' All issues are political issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred, and schizophrenia."<ref>http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwell46.htm</ref>

*"It cannot be said too often—at any rate, it is not being said nearly often enough—that collectivism is not inherently democratic, but, on the contrary, gives to a tyrannical minority such powers as the Spanish Inquisitors never dreamt of."<ref>George Orwell, "Review, ''The Road to Serfdom'' by F. A. Hayek," The London ''Observer'', April 9, 1944, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=fCRLPIbLP8IC The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 3: As I Please, 1943-1945]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921353, p. 118</ref>

*"To this day it gives me a faint feeling of sacrilege not to stand to attention during ‘God save the King’. That is childish, of course, but I would sooner have had that kind of upbringing than be like the left-wing intellectuals who are so ‘enlightened’ that they cannot understand the most ordinary emotions."<ref>George Orwell, "My Country, Right or Left," ''New Folios of Writing'', Autumn 1940, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), [http://books.google.com/books?id=0j2qODEJkdoC ''The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 1: An age like this, 1920-1940]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921337, p. 540</ref>

*"It is all very well to be 'advanced' and 'enlightened,' to snigger at Colonel Blimp and proclaim your emancipation from all traditional loyalties, but a time comes when the sand of the desert is sodden red and what have I done for thee, England, my England? As I was brought up in this tradition myself I can recognise it under strange disguises, and also sympathise with it, for even at its stupidest and most sentimental it is a comelier thing than the shallow self-righteousness of the left-wing intelligentsia."<ref>George Orwell, "The Limit to Pessimism," ''New English Weekly'', April 25, 1940, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), [http://books.google.com/books?id=0j2qODEJkdoC ''The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 1: An age like this, 1920-1940]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921337, p. 535</ref>

*"One sometimes gets the impression that the mere words 'Socialism' and 'Communism' draw towards them with magnetic force every fruit-juice drinker, nudist, sandal-wearer, sex-maniac, Quaker, 'Nature Cure' quack, pacifist and feminist in England."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://www.feedbooks.com/book/1259.pdf The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 115</ref>

*"The truth is that to many people calling themselves Socialists, revolution does not mean a movement of the masses with which they hope to associate themselves; it means a set of reforms which 'we,' the clever ones, are going to impose upon 'them,' the Lower Orders."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://www.feedbooks.com/book/1259.pdf The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 119</ref>

*"[T]he intellectual, book-trained Socialist... is drawn... entirely from... a rootless town-bred section of the middle class.... [I]t includes—so much so that to an outsider it even appears to be composed of—... the foaming denouncers of the bourgeoisie, and the more-water-in-your-beer reformers of whom [[George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]] is the prototype, and the astute young social-literary climbers who are Communists now, as they will be Fascists five years hence, because it is all the go, and all that dreary tribe of highminded women and sandal-wearers and bearded fruit-juice drinkers who come flocking towards the smell of 'progress' like bluebottles to a dead cat."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://www.feedbooks.com/book/1259.pdf The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 121</ref>

*"If only the sandals and pistachio-colored shirts could be put in a pile and burnt, and every vegetarian, teetotaler and creeping Jesus sent home to Welwyn Garden City to do his yoga exercises quietly. As with the Christian religion, the worst advertisement for Socialism is its adherents."<ref>George Orwell, ''[http://www.feedbooks.com/book/1259.pdf The Road to Wigan Pier]'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 147</ref>

*"The word ''Fascism'' has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies 'something not desirable'.... Since you don't know what Fascism is, how can you struggle against Fascism?"<ref>George Orwell, "[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/orwell46.htm Politics and the English Language]," ''Horizon'', vol. 13, issue 76 (April 1946), reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), [http://books.google.com/books?id=0j2qODEJkdoC ''The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 4: In Front of Your Nose, 1946-1950]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921337, pp. 132-139</ref>

*"[T]here is a minority of intellectual pacifists whose real though unadmitted motive appears to be hatred of western democracy and admiration for totalitarianism. Pacifist propaganda usually boils down to saying that one side is as bad as the other, but if one looks closely at the writings of younger intellectual pacifists, one finds that they do not by any means express impartial disapproval but are directed almost entirely against Britain and the United States."<ref>George Orwell, "Notes on Nationalism," ''Polemic'', October 1945, reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=fCRLPIbLP8IC The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 3: As I Please, 1943-1945]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921353, p. 374</ref>

*"Fifteen years ago, when one defended the freedom of the intellect, one had to defend it against Conservatives, against Catholics, and to some extent—for they were not of great importance in England—against Fascists. Today one has to defend it against Communists and ‘fellow travellers’"<ref>George Orwell, "The Prevention of Literature," ''Polemic'', No. 2 (January 1946), reprinted in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zaxG_3ivhVAC The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters of George Orwell, Vol. 4: In Front of Your Nose, 1946-1950]'' (London: David R. Godine Publisher, 2000) ISBN 1567921361, p. 62</ref>

*"War against a foreign country only happens when the moneyed classes think they are going to profit from it."

*"The nationalist not only does not disapprove of atrocities committed by his own side, he has a remarkable capacity for not even hearing about them."

*"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against [[totаlitarianism]] and for [[democratic socialism]], as I know it."

*"I have no particular love for the idealized 'worker' as he appears in the bourgeois Communist's mind, but when I see an actual flesh-and-blood worker in conflict with his natural enemy, the policeman, I do not have to ask myself which side I am on."

*"If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear."

==Bibliography==
===Books===
*[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London/english/ ''Down and Out in Paris and London''] (1933)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Burmese_Days/ ''Burmese Days''] (1934)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/A_Clergymans_Daughter/ ''A Clergyman's Daughter''] (1935)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying/ ''Keep the Aspidistra Flying''] (1936)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier/ ''The Road to Wigan Pier''] (1937)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Homage_to_Catalonia/ ''Homage to Catalonia''] (1938)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Coming_up_for_Air/ ''Coming Up for Air''] (1939)
*''[[Animal Farm]]'' (1945)
*''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' (1949)

===Essays===
*[http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/spike.htm ''The Spike''] (1931)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/hanging/ '' A Hanging''] (1931)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/elephant/ ''Shooting An Elephant''] (1936)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/dickens/ ''Charles Dickens''] (1939)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/boys/ ''Boys' Weeklies''] (1940)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/whale/ ''Inside The Whale''] (1940)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/lion/english/ ''The Lion and The Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius''] (1941)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/wells/ ''Wells, Hitler and the World State''] (1941)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/McGill/ ''The art of donald McGill''] (1941)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/Spanish_War/ ''Looking back on the Spanish War''] (1943)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/yeats/ ''W. B. Yeats''] (1943)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/dali/ ''Benefit of Clergy: Some notes on Salvador Dali''] (1944)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/koestler/ ''Arthur Koestler''] (1944)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/ ''Notes on Nationalism''] (1945)
*[http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/nicecupoftea.htm ''A Nice Cup of Tea''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/Poor_Die/ ''How The Poor Die''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/swift/ ''Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/politics/ ''Politics and the English Language''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/burnham/ ''Second Thoughts on James Burnham''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/decline/ ''Decline of the English Murder''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/articles/Common_Toad/ ''Some Thoughts on the Common Toad''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/vicar/ ''A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/plum/ ''In Defence of P. G. Wodehouse''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/wiw/ ''Why I Write''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/prevention/ ''The Prevention of Literature''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/joys/english/ ''Such, Such Were the Joys''] (1946)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/essays/lear/ ''Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool''] (1947)
*[http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/gandhi/ ''Reflections on Gandhi''] (1949)
*[http://www.george-orwell.org/Bookshop_Memories/0.html ''Bookshop Memories''] (1936)
*[http://www.whitebeertravels.co.uk/orwell ''The Moon Under Water''] (1946)

===Poetry===
*Romance
*A Little Poem
*Awake! Young Men of England
*Kitchener
*Our Minds are Married, But we are Too Young
*The Pagan
*The Lesser Evil
*Poem From Burma

=== See also ===
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926380-6,00.html That Year Is Almost Here] by Paul Gray, Time Online.

[[Category:Authors|Orwell, George]]
{{Conservatism}}

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orwell, George}}

[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Totalitarianism]]

Theodore Hall

2012-01-15T22:36:29Z

ChuckN:

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'''Theodore Alvin Hall''' (1925-1999) was a teenager hired to work on the [[Manhattan Project]], who passed top-secret details about the "[[Fat man]]" plutonium bomb to the [[Soviet Union]].

Hall was a [[physics]] prodigy who graduated [[Harvard]] at age 18, where he had become a good friend of another [[communist]] sympathizer. On a vacation back in [[New York]], he visited the Soviet consulate and initiated contact to pass [[atomic]] secrets.

Hall was questioned by the [[FBI]] in 1951 but wasn't charged due to FBI decision that the [[Venona project]] would be [[inadmissible]] [[hearsay]] and not worth compromising the program. <ref>[http://cryptome.org/fbi-nsa.htm FBI memo, Belmont to Boardman, February 1, 1956]</ref>

Hall switched to [[biology]] after the Manhattan Project and eventually settled in [[England]].

== References ==

<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hall, Theodore}}
[[Category:KGB Agents and Sources]]

Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt

2012-01-15T22:36:27Z

ChuckN:

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'''Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt''' (1900-1973) was a [[German]] [[conductor]] and [[composer]]. He studied [[music]] and composition in [[Berlin]], and began his conducting career in the opera houses of Wuppertal, Rostock and Darmstadt. He was appointed Principal Conductor of the Hamburg State Opera in 1935, and Director of the Deutsches Opernhaus (Berlin) in 1943. In 1945 he joined Radio Hamburg and was invited by the Allies to found the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk Symphony Orchestra. He was also Principal Conductor of the Stockholm Philharmonic (1954-63), and has appeared as guest conductor with orchestras throughout the world.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schmidt-Isserstedt, Hans}}
[[Category:Composers]]

South America (region)

2012-01-15T22:36:24Z

ChuckN:

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[[Image:South america ref02.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Political map of the countries of South America]]
'''South America''' is a geographical and geopolitical term for nations of [[South America]]. It includes:

*[[Argentina]]
*[[Bolivia]]
*[[Brazil]]
*[[Chile]]
*[[Colombia]]
*[[Ecuador]]
*[[Falkland Islands]]
*[[French Guiana]]
*[[Guyana]]
*[[Paraguay]]
*[[Peru]]
*[[Suriname]]
*[[Uruguay]]
*[[Venezuela]]

[[Category:Regions of the World]]
[[Category:South America]]