Harry Potter

2007-07-02T02:51:12Z

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[[Image:67486ruy.jpg|right|thumb|Cover of '''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'''.]]
'''Harry Potter''' is the hero of a series of novels by [[J. K. Rowling]], about an orphan boy who finds that his parents were [[wizard (fiction)|wizard]]s. Harry then goes to Hogwarts, a boarding school for young wizards, and has many adventures there learning magic and using it to fight the forces of the [[Voldemort|wizard]] who killed his parents when he was an infant. Along the way, Harry learns about life and death and grapples with questions of morality and friendship. As of 2007, the series is projected to consist of seven novels, of which six have been published, with the seventh to be released in July of 2007.

The books have been fabulously successful, selling 300 million copies, and Forbes estimates that they have made Rowling the first billion-dollar author in history.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/maserati/billionaires2004/cx_jw_0226rowlingbill04.html J. K. Rowling And The Billion-Dollar Empire].</ref> To date, four of them have been made into movies, the fifth to be released July 2007, and the sixth to begin filming September 2007.

The Harry Potter series of books are sizeable volumes. The 870 pages of ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix,'' even though printed in large type, contain 255,000 words—about twice as long as ''A Tale of Two Cities.'' The "Lexile" measure of reading level puts the series between 880L and 950L,<ref>For comparison: Charlotte's Web 680L, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 890L, Moby Dick 1200L</ref> comparable to sixth-grade texts<ref>[http://www.lexile.com/DesktopDefault.aspx?view=fa&tabindex=4&tabid=22 The Lexile framework for reading].</ref> On July 20, 2005 [[Tony Blair]], the [[Prime Minister]] of England, joined the [[House of Commons]] in lauding J.K. Rowling for her contribution to the education of British young minds.

==Criticisms==

The English "public" schools Hogwarts resembles are ostensibly Anglican institutions; but at Hogwarts, chapel is conspicuously absent. A failure to mention [[Christianity]], other than a celebration of [[Christmas]], combined with the presence of wizardry, have led some to wonder whether Rowling is substituting [[paganism]] for Christianity. The books have also been accused of promoting witchcraft or [[wicca]].<ref>[http://www.chick.com/catalog/videos/potter.asp]</ref> <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1735623.stm]</ref> <ref>[http://www.chick.com/catalog/videos/0127.asp]</ref> <ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/recens/potter_06.htm]</ref>

In 2002, a Presbyterian publishing house published ''The Gospel According to Harry Potter: Spirituality in the Stories of the World's Most Famous Seeker,'' in which "glimmers of the Gospel" are illustrated by reference to the Potter books. The author acknowledges she was "replicating the techniques used by anti-Potter critics to look for exactly the opposite of what they were looking for." She notes that Rowling, although "reserved" in announcing her religious beliefs, "openly declares her faith in God and attends the Church of Scotland."<ref>Neal, Connie (2002), ''The Gospel According to Harry Potter: Spirituality in the Stories of the World's Most Famous Seeker,'' Westminster John Knox Press (an imprint of Presbyterian Publishing, Inc.), ISBN 0-664-22601-9; "replicating the techniques of anti-Potter critics," p. xiv; Rowling's beliefs, p. xii.</ref>

In 2003, a [[Vatican]] representative said the books, "aren't serving as the banner for an anti-Christian theology.... I don't think there's anyone in this room who grew up without fairies, magic, and angels in their imaginary world." <ref>Sink, Mindy (2003), "The Split Verdict on Harry Potter,"
''The New York Times,'' March 8, 2003, p. B6; representative quoted is Rev. Don Peter Fleetwood, who "helped draft a Vatican document on New Age phenomena."</ref>

Some expect children's' literature to present characters that are idealized role models, and to teach simple, explicit life lessons. However, the world of Harry Potter is one in which adult authority figures are complex, imperfect, and occasionally ludicrous (as they are in ''Alice in Wonderland.''). Some teachers in the series are boring, or outright incompetent, while others are supportive and protective (like [[Dumbledore]] and [[Lupin]]).

Harry is what can be called a "good" person, following the tradition of a [[tragic hero]] from [[Greek Tragedy]]. As a whole, students at Hogwarts study hard, but are not above cheating, goofing off, or skipping class.

===Notable Ban Attempts===
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On the week of April 10, 2006, Georgia mother of four, Laura Mallory, filed an appeal with the Gwinnett Board of Education in an attempt to remove the Harry Potter series from Gwinnett schools. Ms. Mallory (Who, by her own admission, has never read any of the Harry Potter books) stated on the appeal form that she wished the books removed due to their "evil themes, witchcraft, demonic activity, murder, evil blood sacrifice, spells and teaching children all of this.".<ref>[http://www.gwinnettdailypost.com/index.php?s=&url_channel_id=32&url_subchannel_id=&url_article_id=14074&change_well_id=2]</ref> The local board of education denied the request, as they felt the banning of Harry Potter would necessitate the banning of all books with reference to witches, including plays like [[Macbeth]] and even stories like [[Cinderella]].<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15127464/ Georgia mom seeks ban on Harry Potter]</ref> Ms. Mallory has since appealed the ruling twice to no avail.<ref>[http://www.wtvm.com/Global/story.asp?S=5022462&nav=8fap]</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16204853/from/]</ref><ref>[http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/education/stories/011807dnentpotterprotest.a89cec.html]</ref>

==Series titles==
*Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (original title as published in England and all other English speaking countries other than U.S.A: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)
*Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
*Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
*Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
*Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
*Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
*Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (announced)

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Book]]
[[Category:Fantasy]]

Dueling

2007-07-02T02:50:01Z

Comma:

Dueling was a savage practice requiring, as a matter of honor, a man to fight to the death anyone who challenged him. The challenge to a duel would typically arise from a perceived injury to one’s reputation, business, or personal life. An insult to one’s girlfriend or wife was also a common spark for dueling.

By tradition the person challenged to a duel had the choice of weapons, most commonly pistols but alternatively swords.

Although dueling was strictly prohibited by the [[Catholic Church]], it was common elsewhere in Europe and the United States until around the time of the [[Civil War]]. Prosecutions for murder of persons victorious in duels is credited with ending the practice.

Participants in duels include:

*[[Alexander Hamilton]], who refused to shoot and was killed by [[Aaron Burr]]
*Alexander Hamilton’s son.
*[[Andrew Jackson]], who won several duels by killing his opponents.
*[[Abraham Lincoln]], who selected swords as the weapon and deliberately fought to a draw.
*[[Evariste Galois]], a brilliant mathematician killed at age 20 in his duel
*[[Stonewall Jackson]] refused to duel a military academy student who challenged him
[[category:History]]

African Americans

2007-07-02T02:46:01Z

Comma: /* Intelligence */

"African American" is the term used to describe the ethnic background of Americans with African ancestry. Because many African Americans are descended from Africans brought to America as slaves beginning four centuries ago, the vast majority of African Americans today have [[European]] and [[American Indian]] ancestry as well as African{{fact}}.

==History==

Black people were originally brought to America to serve as slaves in southeastern states where large-scale agriculture was predominant. During the [[Civil War]], the slaves in states in "open rebellion" were freed by the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], which was signed by President [[Abraham Lincoln]]. Freedom, however, did not necessarily bring an improvement in conditions, as the system of [[sharecropping]] instituted after the end of the war left many ex-slaves in a continuing cycle of poverty. In large part as a result, many African Americans migrated in the early twentieth century to the northeastern and midwestern states, where they could find wage-paying jobs.

==Religion==

The majority of African Americans are members of Christian congregations, with [[Baptist]], [[Pentecostal]], and [[Methodist]] affiliations being among the most common. Some also belong to [[Islamic]] organizations, including the [[Nation of Islam]] founded by [[Elijah Muhammed]], to which group [[Malcolm X]] belonged to until the last years of his life.

==Intelligence==
A gap in [[IQ score]]s of 12 to 18 points (compared with whites and Asians) has been variously attributed to innate ability (see [[Eugenics]]) or to the cultural and educational legacy of [[slavery]].{{fact}}
For a scientific treatment, see ''[[The Bell Curve]]''.

==References==
* [http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html National Survey of Religious Identification (NSRI]
[[category:United States]]

Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Harry Potter

Dueling

African Americans