Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

American History Homework Four Answers - Model

2011-08-31T01:07:03Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
{{HS_American_History}}{{DEFAULTSORT:American History Homework Model Answers 04}}
[[American History Lecture Four|Lecture]] - [[American_History_Homework_Four|Questions]] - [[American History Homework Four Answers|Student Answers]]

1. What was the "Revolution of 1800"?

:The Revolution of 1800 was the first peaceful change in power by a vote. It was a change from Adams to Jefferson. (Isaac Z.)

:The “Revolution of 1800” was the presidential election of 1800; the first peaceful change in authority due to an election in modern history between Adams and Jefferson. The group with power, the Federalist Party, with John Adams as their leader, was defeated by a group not in power, the Democratic-Republican Party, whose leaders were Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. What I found interesting was that John Adams’ own vice president, Jefferson, was running against him. Adams must have been even more frustrated with Jefferson when he won the election. (Veronika F.)

2. If you were the president, would you have approved the Louisiana Purchase? Explain.

:... [B]ack then the Constitution was new. Perhaps because the men who wrote it were still alive, and still in power, taking a bit of liberty with it would be allowed. I'm not saying the Constitution is evolving, but right after a house is finished and the occupants move in is when the most projects need to be done. There were one or two things they forgot to put in the Constitution, and its best that they took care of them while it was still new. No one today can take liberty with the Constitution, or read between the lines, they weren't around when it was written. (Steven M.)

: I would not have approved the purchase. It may be constitutionally sound but I don't think the government should unnecessarily work to expand its jurisdiction. My solution would have been for Napoleon to abandon the territories ...." (Daniel N.)

: Yes, it was a great deal. The land was cheap, and it could have held great natural resources. (Steve H.)

3. Identify a cause of the War of 1812.

: One of the causes of the War of 1812 was England harassing American sailors and forcing them to sail English ships. (Olivia F.)

:One of the reasons was the impressment of sailors into the British fleets, when the British would sometimes round up American sailors and force them to work on their ships. Another reason was that there were many unresolved issues from the Revolutionary War. (Joseph M.)

:The cause of the War of 1812 was the thought that England was provoking Indians to attack the United States. (Leonard G.)

:The war in 1812 first started when the British attacked the American Ships by boarding them and harassing the American sailors. The war continued for quite sometime until England wanted to fight no more. On Christmas Eve, England agreed to end the war with the Treaty of Ghent, and the United States ended up not having to give up any of its land. (Amanda S.)

:It started when some members of Congress accused it of starting Indian attacks against the United States. As an insult to injury, the English [later] came and burnt down the Capitol Building and White House. (Bethany S.)

:The "war hawks." (Karen N.) Teacher's note: The war hawks were about a dozen congressmen, led by Henry Clay, who demanded war with England for the reasons mentioned in the answers above.

: The ... growth of the American frontier. (Kara L.)

4. Describe what you like most about the Monroe Administration.

:I appreciate the Monroe Administration for its conservative values the progress and peace associated with the times, but I believe that its most important accomplishment was effectively establishing the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine essentially told Europe to leave the Americas alone. This was one of the first important foreign policy moves that our country made, and to this day it is often cited. (Rachel N.)

: The best part about the Monroe Administration to me, was his 'Monroe Doctrine' because not only was it necessary, it shows how he took the initiative to take on the Europeans without causing conflict. The fact that it is still cited today is proof of its effectiveness. (Danielle R.)

:One of the most lasting things about the Monroe Administration was the Rush-Bagot Treaty between the United States and Canada, which completely demilitarized the United States-Canadian border. This treaty continues today, and saves the United States millions in military costs and enables us to use our military in other, more necessary, spots. (Duncan B.)

:Monroe's administration was a period of great diplomacy. ... In 1819, American diplomats negotiated with Spain to give up its claims to Oregon. In addition, Russia agreed to a similar pact in 1824. (Meredith Y.)

:... America prospered under his leadership. (Steve H.)

5. Explain what is meant by "Jacksonian Democracy."

:Jacksonian Democracy refers to the political movement of President Andrew Jackson and his supporters. This movement valued greater rights for the common man and was opposed to any signs of aristocracy in the nation. Jacksonian democracy was aided by the feeling of equality among the people of the newer settlements in the South and West. It was also aided by the extension of the vote in eastern states to men without property; in the early days of the United States, many places had allowed only male property owners to vote. Jacksonian Democracy favored geographical expansion. (Natalie D.)

:The Jacksonian Democracy included these beliefs
::a. Jacksonians believed voting rights to be extremely important.
::b. Jacksonians had the belief that it was American’s "destiny" to settle the west.
::c. Jacksonians believed that the rotation of political appointees was very important and that it would help the common man to become more involved.
::d. Jacksonians believed in a Federal Government with limited power.
::e. Jacksonians were extremely opposed to banks (The national bank in particular) (Jess S.)

:The Jacksonian Democracy was when Andrew Jackson won the presidential election of 1828 by drawing in the votes of the middle and lower class. He was the first President who was born in a log cabin and advertised how he could relate to the common man. Sarah Palin is now doing this in the 2008 Presidential elections by showing how she can relate to the general public. (Jenna N.)

: Jacksonian Democracy seems to be a system where certain ethnic groups [the Scotch-Irish] vote for someone of the same ethnicity. [Jackson was Scotch-Irish] (Daniel N.)

6. Explain what the Marshall Court is known for.

:The Marshall Court is known for the outrageous expansion of federal power. Almost every one of Chief Justice Marshall's noteworthy decisions expanded the power of the federal government with no 'check and balance' exercised until the end of his thirty-five year service. (Katie B.)

:Expansion of federal power. ''Marbury v. Madison'' established judicial power in declaring an Act of Congress unconstitutional. (Will M.)

:The Marshall Court achieved many things under Chief Justice John Marshall. It's known for making many important decisions, including cases that expanded federal power, established that a state law could be invalidated if it was unconstitutional, established that federal banks could not be taxed by a state, and many others. (Kara H)

:The Marshall Court is known for expanding the Supreme Court’s power. The Marshall Court established many important decisions, such as the power of judicial review to declare an Act of Congress, or a state law, unconstitutional. (Sarah W.)

7. Identify the figures in the cartoon, provide an approximate date, and describe the likely viewpoint of the cartoonist:
[[Image:Bruin.jpg|right]]
The text in the cartoon from left to right (clockwise direction) is:

:John Bull: Pray Mr Bruin try if you can make up this little Difference between us-The Wasps and Hornets have Stung me so hard I wish I had never disturbed their Nests.

:Columbia: I thank you Mr Bruin but I cannot trust the Bull. 'Tho he has promised to draw his HORNS he must be safe bound to the Stake before I treat with him.

:Bruin: Let me unite your hands Madam-Johny and I have been very friendly since I sent him my Fleet to take care of----

::In the cartoon, the figure on the left is John Bull, the British national symbol (much like Uncle Sam is for the United States). His weight makes it clear that the cartoon was not drawn by an Englishman.<ref>Note to readers: you can see a normal drawing of John Bull at http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/JohnBull.htm.</ref> (Duncan B.)

::The cartoon was engraved by William Charles in New York around 1813. It refers to the English-Russian War of 1812. Charles depicts John Bull (Britain), Columbia (the United States) and a bruin (the bear traditionally representing Russia). William Charles shows that he believes that the United States does not need Britain or Russia to succeed. In fact, Britain has stayed past her welcome. Now the only thing that Britain has in the United States is her ‘horns’ which need to be withdrawn. (Jenna N.)

::bull=England, bear=Russia, woman with American flag=America. The cartoonist must have been an American describing how Russia is trying to make a treaty between America and England and America refuses to comply until England's "horns are bound to the stake." At the same time England is begging to make peace and America (the wasps and hornets) is stinging him so hard he wishes he hadn't disturbed them. (Will M.)

::... It was probably drawn by a very pro-American cartoonist, who wanted the treaty to be tough on England. When "John Bull" says "The wasps and hornets have stung me so hard I wish I had never disturbed their nests," I think he is referring to Britain being beaten by America, which did not happen. The lady saying "Though he has promised to draw his horns he must be safe bound to the stake before I treat with him" refers to America wanting the treaty to be tough on England. (Addison D.M.)

:: ... The viewpoint is Democratic-Republican, not Federalist .... (Aran M.) Teacher's note: Can you figure out why?<ref>Because the Federalists were ''pro''-British, and the cartoon is ''anti''-British.</ref>

:: ... "... The Wasps and Hornets have stung me so hard ..." which likely symbolizes the victory that the Americans ''believed'' they had achieved. (Anna M.) (emphasis added)

:: ... The “Wasps and Hornets” John Bull speaks of are probably the privateers licensed by the United States Government to commit piracy against the British. Despite the increase in competence displayed by the American forces in the latter stages of the fighting, it was the privateers who had truly brought the war to Britain. Because of the piracy British trade was crippled. The resulting shortage of goods infuriated the British people (they had not counted on feeling the effects of an actual war) and they quickly called for an end to the conflict, wishing they “had never disturbed (the) Nests.” ... (Joe B.)

== Honors Questions ==

H1. Jefferson seems to receive better treatment by historians than he deserves. Why?

:The most blatant and obvious answer to this question is that Jefferson was a old day liberal, and liberals like to exalt other liberals, even if the recognition is not valid. Now, I am by no means denying that Thomas Jefferson was a brilliant man, and one of the more brilliant founding fathers for that matter, which is an accomplishment in a league of its own. However, I am saying that by the time Jefferson’s second term was finished, his popularity ratings were not very good indeed, mostly for his LOSS in the “First Barbary” War (or the War with Tripoli). I am not anti-American by any standards, in fact I am extremely pro-USA. But to make it sound like we won a war, when we really did not is wrong. The fact that Jefferson was a liberal is one of the ONLY reasons that they did this. I say this because if Jefferson claimed to be a Conservative, he would have been charged with overseeing one of the biggest losses in American War history. (Jonathan L.)

H2. Explain the impact of the War of 1812 on the Federalist Party.

:The Federalist Party was effectively ended after the War of 1812, because many Federalists gathered at the Hartford Convention in 1814 drawing up plans to leave the United states, because they were friends of the English, but at the same time, the United States signed a peace treaty with England, making the Federalists look like idiotic traitors. ... (Christina F.)

H3. Discuss any debate topic or mystery related to 1800-1840.

:Is it wrong for a politician to cut a deal with another politician like the "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Clay? Compromise is common in politics. If politicians never made deals very little would be accomplished. But bargains quickly become dishonest when men exclude a particular man or group to overcome him. During an election it is not moral to cut a deal in order to cause an outcome that the people voted against. (Steven M.)

:States can nullify an Act of Congress that is deemed unconstitutional. Whether or not states can secede from the United States depends on how they were created, and whether our country consists of separate states united to make a country, or if the states are divisions of land within a country. Many of the states began as land bought by the US. government, and can be considered states that are owned by the government, or in debt by the amount of money the government has spent on them .... (Cole N.)

H4. How did the North and South feel about tariffs, and why?

:The North liked tariffs because it was mainly businesses and high tariffs meant less competition with their products from imports. The South disliked the tariffs because it was made up of farms and plantations and tariffs meant that they had to pay more money for materials and equipment and didn’t make it any easier for them to sell cotton. (Katie B.)

:The North supported tariffs, the South opposed them. The North believed tariffs were a good idea because they dissuaded importation of goods, therefore prompting Americans to create industry in America. The North also supported them because they made domestic products more affordable than imported ones and protected domestic industry. ... (Addison D.M.)

:The North felt that the tariffs were good, a stone hitting two birds simultaneously, for not only did it bring a profit to America directly through the tariff, but it also improved the chances of homeland businesses by making foreign products more expensive. (Cole N.)

:... The South didn't like tariffs because tariffs didn't help them sell more cotton. (Kara L.)

H5. How did slavery begin to affect other constitutional rights, such as freedom of speech? Do you see an issue today causing a similar infringement of the right to free speech?

:Several students commented on how abortion and gay rights today cause an infringement on the free speech of people who criticize these activities as immoral. Several students observed that "hate speech" laws are an example of infringement of free speech today similar to efforts to censor abolitionists before the Civil War.

== References ==

<references/>
[[Category:American History lectures]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:American History Homework Model Answers 04}}

Homework Two Answers - Student Sixteen

2011-08-31T01:06:59Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
2. The first and most commonly stated reason is the French and Indian war. It helped cause the revolution because it encouraged Indian attacks and hurt the English economy. The second reason is the way England exercised control over the colonies. The French and Indian war had shown the military power of the colonies and England wanted to slow down the colonies' growth but the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment had made that impossible to do.

:Interesting point about the Enlightenment, but I'm not sure how much of a role it really played. It is emphasized by historians who want to downplay the significance of Christianity. Excellent answer overall.

3. Vermont was not a state until 1791.in the opening days of the revolution Ethan Allen led a small band of men to take Fort Ticonderoga. They burnt the fort and used the fort's cannons to drive the British out of Boston.

:Terrific, and may use as a model answer.

4. The “Tea Party” gets its name from the Boston Tea Party. They have little to do with each other because the original Tea Party was about government monopolies while the new tea party is about taxes.

:Superb insight. You may well be right about this, despite the popular perception of a similarity.

5. As the Great Awakening spread without regard to borders it made the colonist realize that they had things in common and it promoted religious freedom.

:Superb, but mention a bit more detail (such as the time period). (Minus 1)

6. The French and Indian war was aptly named despite the fact that the British won. The war decided once and for all that Americans would speak English. It also strengthened the British hold on North America.

:Excellent answer.

7. The two most inflammatory laws that the British passed were Tea Act and the Coercive Act. The Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on tea. The Coercive Act shut down Boston harbor and installed a military governor.

:Superb answer again. Good choice of the two most important laws.

H1. In order for political cartoons to be effective one needs to be up on current events. As most people at the time were well informed of the state of affairs the political cartoon was effective in uniting the colonist. The cartoon was drawn to unite the colonist during the French and Indian war but its greatest effect was in the American Revolution.

:Fantastic, may use as a model answer.

H4. One of the two similarities is the assumption of human rights. The second one is the free market economy. The most striking difference was land ownership. In England it was rare for someone to own land but in America it was easy to own land. Another difference was work ethic as the working class British had lost the ability to better themselves.

:Terrific analysis which I had not heard before. Could use this as a model answer.

H5. George Washington was great but he is considered great for the wrong reasons. The current picture of George Washington is a great general and president. In reality he was one of the worst generals in American history. His few victories were a result of his quartermasters’ ability to move men and supplies. The thing that makes him truly great is his leadership and his ability to judge men.

:Yes, you're the first to observe that Washington was not really a great general. But his leadership was unparalleled in all of world history. Good point about his ability to judge men too.

AnthonyF

:Grade: 89/90. Several of your answers are truly outstanding. Very well done!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 16:20, 20 February 2011 (EST)

Bear market

2011-08-31T01:06:55Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
A '''bear market''' is a [[market]] in which, in a time of falling prices, [[shareholder]]s may rush to sell their stock shares, adding to the downward momentum. It is the opposite of a [[bull market]].

==Sources==
http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/oecon/chap12.htm

[[Category:Stock market]]

Sentiment

2011-08-31T01:06:53Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
A '''sentiment''' is a mental feeling, [[attitude]], [[opinion]] or [[emotion]]. So "to express one's sentiments" is to say how one really feels about something. It may also have more distinct connotations so that in [[music]], [[art]] and [[literature]] it is the expression of delicate and sensitive feeling. However, it may also imply thoughts or attitudes that are based mainly on emotion rather than [[logic]] and reason.

[[Category:Dictionary]]

Underworld

2011-08-31T01:06:51Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
An '''underworld''' can refer to any sizeable place situated below ground, but is most commonly used to describe [[myth]]ical subterranean realms. In [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Roman mythology]], the underworld was known as [[Hades]], and was home to the dead.
[[Category:Mythical Places]]

Rotten borough

2011-08-31T01:06:49Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Rotten boroughs''' were districts in [[England]] in the early 1800s in which relatively few residents had the power to elect a representative with the same vote as much bigger districts. This gave the residents of the rotten boroughs greater relative voting power.

For example, [[Newtown]] (located on the [[Isle of Wight]] in Britain) had been a thriving market town but by 1832 it consisted merely of a village of 14 houses. Worse, there was no secret ballot then, so it was common for one man, the patron, to control all the votes.

In the Reform Bill of 1832, [[Parliament]] redistricted the cities to eliminate rotten boroughs to reflect the growing and shifting populations.

[[Category:British Politics]]

Pale-billed sicklebill

2011-08-31T01:06:47Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
{{Taxonomy
|name=Pale-billed Sicklebill
|image=
|caption=
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Animalia
|subkingdom=Bilateria
|branch=Deuterostomia
|superphylum=
|phylum=Chordata
|subphylum=Vertebrata
|infraphylum=Gnathostomata
|microphylum=
|superdivision=
|division=
|subdivision=
|superclass=Tetrapoda
|class=Aves
|subclass=Neornithes
|infraclass=Neoaves
|superorder=Passerimorphae
|order=Passeriformes
|suborder=Passeri
|infraorder=
|superfamily=Passeroidea
|families=
|family=Paradisaeidae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=Paradisaeini
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Drepanornis
|subgenus=
|species=D. bruijnii
|binomialname=
|syn=
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=
}}

[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Perching Birds]][[Category:Birds of Paradise]]

Debate:Does Conservapedia censor opponents the way Expelled says ID advocates are censored?

2011-08-31T01:06:43Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
== EXPELLED from CONSERVAPEDIA ==

3+ times now, you've kicked out a user for pointing out that you... kick out users for asking damaging questions. I just want you to know how badly that looks. It looks like you're admitting that CP is guilty of the same crime which Ben Stein (falsely) alleges "Big Science" of committing. What's there to hide? Why shirk from debate? Sigh.-[[User:Exfcp|Exfcp]] 16:57, 21 April 2008 (EDT)

:Article talk pages are about improving the article - other comments can go on the project director's talk page, or even [[Talk:Main Page]]. All others may be moved or deleted. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 17:04, 21 April 2008 (EDT)
::Sure, talking about it here seems reasonable. However, I'd worry about it being randomly deleted if things get uncomfortable. We both know that happens.
::Anyways, I pretty much agreed with everything the users who tried to discuss this said. You can look [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk%3AExpelled%3A_No_Intelligence_Allowed&diff=436348&oldid=436295 here].-[[User:Exfcp|Exfcp]] 17:18, 21 April 2008 (EDT)
:::You are the "users" (user) who tried to "discuss" it. Which was basically the liberal see how much mud you can throw and force people to try to clean it up. Rather than ask questions, you made truth by proclamation, and went outside of the article bounds or even what was being discussed. And it's not wise to set up the equivalent of "You wouldn't dare block me!" -- Yes we will. Now try and find something constructive to do in life. Here, we'd like to work on an Encylopedia. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 17:43, 21 April 2008 (EDT)
:::An encyclopedia. That's funny. I think what this debate should really be about is what comes first. Conservative or encyclopedia. Because right now this is one massive conservative/YEC blog. Make a choice opinions or facts. [[User:Rellik|Rellik]] 20:25, 21 April 2008 (EDT)

::::In this "blog" are several articles on topics related to the [[orgins debate]].. We try to cover all 4 major perspectives: naturalistic evolution, intelligent design, old earth & young earth creationism. If you're having trouble locating articles which take a perspective other than YEC, I can help you find them. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 17:18, 22 April 2008 (EDT)

LT, I'm throwing mud for your benefit. This is a problem you should confront, because it makes your "encyclopedia" (1) hypocritical and (2) EMPTY. Look at the active users. They're all sysops, trolls, or sockpuppets. There's no exchange of ideas. There's no discussion. There's only one party line and that's it. It's stiflingly boring. It is a blog.-[[User:Chimera1|Chimera1]] 16:42, 22 April 2008 (EDT)
:The point, though, is not that your encyclopedia is failing. It's that you're guilty of the same crime you accuse "BIG SCIENCE" of (without cause, I might add). And you've yet to rebut that claim.-[[User:Chimera1|Chimera1]] 16:44, 22 April 2008 (EDT)
[[Category:Debates about Conservapedia]]

Yongzheng

2011-08-31T01:06:40Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
The second emperor of the [[Qing Dynasty]].

[[Category:Chinese Emperors]]

Violent crime

2011-08-31T01:06:38Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Violent crime''' is committed more by [[marriage|unmarried]] young adult men than by married young adult men.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24761-2004Jul2.html]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Violence]]
*[[Crime]]

==Notes==
<references />

[[Category:Crime]]

Ehud Olmert

2011-08-31T01:06:36Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
[[Image:Olmert ehud.jpg|right|thumb|Ehud Olmert]]

'''Ehud Olmert''' was the previous Prime Minister of [[Israel]]<ref>
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7534750.stm (BBC)]</ref>
<ref>[http://reveillez.blogspot.com/2008/08/olmert-resigns-peace-at-hand.html Religious commentary on Olmert's resignation]</ref>
and former leader of the [[Kadima]] party. He assumed the position after the vacancy left by [[Ariel Sharon]]'s stroke. Olmert's standing plummeted after Israel's botched war in [[Lebanon]] in 2006 and the corruption probes launched by Israeli police, largely relating to his political career before he became prime minister.<ref>http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/59f7ead4-5e98-11dd-b354-000077b07658.html</ref> He is the subject of at least five investigations, and while none have led to an indictment, the continuous pressure and scrutiny impacted his ability to govern and in July 2008 he announced his resignation.

Olmert's resignation came in the form of a statement that he would not be a candidate in the September 2008 Kadima party primaries, and that he would resign as prime minister to make way for the new party chief, Tzipi Livni, who would run against [[Likud]] head [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], but eventually lost to him.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==

*[[Golda Meir]]
*[[Barry Goldwater]]
*[[Margherita Grassini]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Olmert, Ehud}}
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Israel]]

Bobby Rush

2011-08-31T01:06:33Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Bobby Rush''', born November 23, 1946 (age {{age|1946|11|23}}), is a congressman from the South Side of Chicago. He supported [[Illinois]] Governor [[Rod Blagojevich]]'s nomination of Roland Burris to the [[U.S. Senate]] in December 2008, after President-Elect [[Barack Obama]] vacated that seat.

As an incumbent, Bobby Rush defeated [[Barack Obama]] by more than a 2-1 margin in the primary in 2000.<ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364</ref>

He has called [[Cuba]]'s dictator, [[Raul Castro]], "down-to-earth and kind".<ref>“Raul Castro was a very engaging, down-to-earth and kind man, somone who I would favor as a neighbor. It was almost like visiting an old friend.” - Bobby Rush, May 25, 2009 [http://www.aim.org/wls/ What Liberals Say]</ref>

== References ==

<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rush, Bobby}}
[[Category:110th United States Congress]]

Mafic volcano

2011-08-31T01:06:31Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Mafic volcanoes''' typically erupt for brief time intervals (weeks to perhaps centuries), but some can grow almost as large as composite [[volcano|volcanoes]]. Subsequent eruptions in the region typically issue from new vents and, over tens to hundreds of thousands of years, build broad fields of many volcanoes. (Scott, et.al., 2001) <ref>[http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/volcano_terminology.html Glossary of Volcano and Related Terminology]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[category:geology]]

Economics Homework Three Answers - Student Two

2011-08-31T01:06:28Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
Seth P.

1.Pizza is an example of a good that has a large price elasticity, meaning that a small decrease in price causes a big increase in demand.

:Excellent, could use as a model answer.

2.An example of the concept of income elasticity is, if someone had a job making $7.50 an hour. Then if they get a promotion to $8 an hour they could buy more stuff or save that extra .50 for later. So income elasticity is if you get more money you have a choice to make.

:Good answer, but not quite complete. Income elasticity is specific to a particularly good, like price elasticity. Income elasticity (of demand) is the change in demand for a particular good due to the change in income of the consumers of that good. (Minus 1).

3.A nearly perfectly elastic demand curve is nearly horizontal line in shape; a nearly perfectly inelastic demand curve is nearly vertical line in shape.

:Correct.

4.A necessity is something you have to buy no matter what the price is because you can't live with out it like clothes, food, housing, gas. A luxery is stuff you can get but you don't really need. You can live without them, like video games, a beach front house, eating out.

:Good, but incomplete. (Minus 1). There is a specific economic meaning for each: a necessity is a good that has an income elasticity (of demand) that is less than 1. A luxury (note spelling) is a good that has an income elasticity (of demand) of greater than 1.

5.At McDonald's a substitute for french fries would be apple fries. A compliment for french fries is a hamburger.

:Superb, but note spelling: complement (with two "e"s), not "compliment".

6.A normal good is something that people buy more of when their income is high like steak. An inferior good is something people buy less of when their income is high like beans.

:Correct, except rather than saying "income is high" say "income increases." It's the change in income, not its absolute value, that matters here.

7.A price ceiling that is set below the equilibrium price would cause a shortage, because the demand exceeds the supply. A price ceiling made the price really cheap so people are going to rush to buy. So the supply is going to run out way quicker than the demand.

:Right, except note that making the price cheaper due to a price ceiling both reduces supply as well as increases demand. Be sure to realize the real reduction in supply that occurs, independent of the increase in demand. (Minus 1).

11.There are so many factors to minimum wage, it is pretty much impossible to say that it is a good thing or a bad thing because on one side its a good thing because the person that gets the job will have enough money to live on in some cases. Then again on the other hand, it's also bad because store owners can't hire as many people because they can't afford to give out that much money to employees. So it lessens the amount of jobs. So this is a hard subject and there is not any right answer or wrong answer. But in my opinion, minimum wage being a good thing or a bad thing depends on how old you are and what your living conditions are. So for someone like a teenager to young adult, it would be a great thing and make their life easier. But someone else like an older adult, would find it being not enough to live on. I guess my view on minimum wage is right now it would be a good thing for me and I like it but when I get older I'm not going to like it as much because I'm going to need more to live on.

:Interesting discussion about the different perspectives based on age. Only two points deducted for lack of more economic analysis.

:Good answers and overall high quality homework. Score: 67/70 + 38/40 = 105/110. Well done!

[[Category: Economics Homework Three Answers]]

Policy evaluation

2011-08-31T01:06:26Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Policy Evaluation''' is the process by which official examine how well a [[Public Policy]] is working. If Policy Evaluation shows that policies are ineffective or lack support, they are terminated.<ref>US Government and politics</ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:United States Government]]

Mensa (organization)

2011-08-31T01:06:24Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Mensa''' is a prominent high-intelligence [[organization]]. Its only entry requirement is an [[IQ]] in the top 2% of the population.<ref>http://www.mensa.org/index0.php?page=10</ref>
==References==
<references />
[[category:organizations]]

Edit conflict

2011-08-31T01:06:22Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
An '''edit conflict''' occurs when two users try to edit the same wiki page at the same time. Whoever hits "Save page" first wins, but this is not always the best outcome. The other user needs to know how to recover from an edit conflict, so they don't lose their work.

For example:
* '''John''' clicks Edit on an [[article]].
* '''Mary''' clicks Edit on the same article.
* '''John''' finishes editing, clicks Save page and the article now contains his version.
* '''Mary''' finishes editing, clicks Save page and is presented with the "Edit Conflict" page. This shows the current source of the page on top (in this case, John's version), followed by the new edits (in this case, Mary's version). This enables the editor to merge the changes manually.

A similar situation would have happened if Mary had saved her version of the page first, since when John clicked Save page his edits would then conflict with the current version of the page.

In practice, manual [[merging]] is not always necessary as the [[Conservapedia]] system is able to resolve many potential edit conflicts automatically, if the edits were made to different paragraphs or sections of a page. The edit conflict page normally only appears when two people were editing the same few lines and automatic merging cannot tell which words or lines to save.

A great way to avoid edit conflicts on talk pages is to communicate off the wiki; see [[instant messaging]].

[[Category:MediaWiki]]

Triangle

2011-08-31T01:06:19Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
[[Image:Triangle.png|right]]
A '''triangle''' is a three-sided [[geometric]] [[shape]].
In [[Euclidean geometry]], each side of a triangle is perfectly straight, and the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is always 180º.
A triangle is defined by any three points that are not [[collinear]].

==Naming conventions==
Usually, the vertices of a triangle are counter-clockwise denoted by big Latin letters, while small Latin letters are used for the sides: Each side will have the same letter as the opposite vertex.
The angles are denoted by Greek letters, if possible, the letter of an angle will correspond to the letter of the adjacent vertex.
Often, the sides will be referenced by the adjacent vertices: in the triangle on top of this page, we have <math>a = \overline{BC} = \overline{CB}, b = \overline{CA} = \overline{CA}, c = \overline{BA} = \overline{AB} </math>.
Similarly, the angles are denoted as <math>\alpha = \angle CAB, \beta = \angle ABC, \gamma = \angle BCA</math>.

==Types of triangles==
A [[right triangle]] has one 90º angle. Right triangles have special properties (see [[trigonometry]]).

An [[isosceles triangle]] has two equal angles, and two equal sides.

An [[equilateral triangle]] has three equal sides, and three 60º angles.

If a triangle is not one of the above, it is a '''scalene triangle''' -- that is, a triangle with no [[congruent]] angles.

An '''obtuse triangle''' has one angle that measures more than 90o.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Image:Right-triangle.png|150px]]
|[[Image:Isoscles-triangle.png|150px]]
|[[Image:Equilateral-triangle.png|150px]]
|[[Image:Obtuse-triangle.png|150px]]
|-
|Right Triangle
|Isosceles Triangle
|Equilateral Triangle
|Obtuse Triangle
|-
|<math>\angle CBA =90^\circ = \pi/2</math>
|<math>\angle BCA = \angle CAB </math>
|<math>\angle ABC = \angle BCA = \angle CAB</math>
|<math>\angle ACB > 90^\circ</math>
|}

==Congruence of triangles==
Triangles can be proven [[congruent]] in the following ways:

'''Side-Angle-Side (SAS)''': If two sides are equal and the included angle is equal to another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. 
'''Side-Side-Side (SSS)''': If three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. 
'''Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)''': If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal the ones of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. 
'''Angle-Angle-Side (AAS)''': If two angles and a side that is not included are equal to the ones of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. 
The SSA (Side-Side-Angle) cannot prove triangles congruent unless it is a right angle, where it is known as the HL (Hypotenuse-Leg) Theorem. AAA (Angle-Angle-Angle) cannot prove triangles congruent either. In [[hyperbolic geometry]], however, it does prove congruence.

==See also==
*[[polygon]]
*[[Pascal's triangle]]
*[[Sierpinski triangle]]
*[[Bermuda Triangle]]

[[Category:Geometry]]

Antikythera mechanism

2011-08-31T01:06:17Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
[[File:Antikythera mechanism.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The Antikythera mechanism]]
The '''Antikythera mechanism''' was recovered from an ancient shipwreck off the [[Greece|Greek]] island of Antikythera in 1900. Thought to be over 2,000 years old, [[gamma ray]] analysis has revealed an intricate [[astronomy|astronomical]] device utilising "calibrated differential gears"<ref>http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rrice/usna_pap.html</ref> and capable of predicting the movements of the [[sun]] and [[moon]]. Remarkably, it pre-dates instruments of similar complexity by around a thousand years.

==History==
Diving for [[sponge]]s and black [[coral]] at a depth of 140ft, Elias Stadiatos reported disturbing visions of "dead, naked women".<ref>http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rrice/usna_pap.html</ref> Subsequent dives discovered a treasure trove of ancient [[marble]] statues. The Greek [[government]] was informed of the find and many artifacts were recovered from the wreck the following year. The haul included the [[statue]]s, jewelry, and what appeared to be several pieces of corroded [[bronze]]. Under the belief that these pieces were fragments of a larger statue, they were filed away in the depths of the National Archaeological Museum in [[Athens]], while the rest of the artifacts were placed on display. It would be years later that the shipwreck and cargo would be dated to about 65 B.C., sinking off Antitythera while on a voyage from the eastern Greek islands of Rhodes or Cos; it had been speculated that the ship may have been bound for Rome<ref>http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_4.htm</ref>.

==References==
<references/>

==Links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLPVCJjTNgk ''The Antikythera mechanism in LEGO'']
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiQSHiAYt98&NR=1 ''Antikythera Mechanism Part 1, by Nature Video'']
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znM0-arQvHc&feature=relmfu ''Antikythera Mechanism Part 2, by Nature Video'']
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqhuAnySPZ0&feature=related ''Virtual model by Mogi Vicentini and Michael Wright'']
[[Category:Archaeology]]
[[Category:Astronomy]]

Worship

2011-08-31T01:06:15Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Worship''' is the act of reverent activities to [[God]] (or other [[deity|deities]], depending on the religion), including [[praise]], [[prayer]], [[devotion]]s, reading from the [[scripture]]s, [[liturgy]], and [[hymn]]s. A [[church]] service is often referred to as a worship service, or just a service. Worship can be done in a group setting such as a church service, in a small group setting such as a [[family]], or individually.

[[Category: Religion]]

Right of way

2011-08-31T01:06:12Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
A '''right of way''' is the right of a party to pass over the [[land]] of another. [[Category:Legal Terms]]

Ha Tikvah

2011-08-31T01:06:09Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Ha Tikvah''' ([[Hebrew]]: הַתִּקְוָה‎, "The Hope") is the [[national anthem]] of the State of [[Israel]]. It was written by Naftali Herz Imber (1856-1909), who settled in [[Palestine]] in 1882 from Galicia (now divided between [[Poland]] and the [[Ukraine]]). The musical arrangement is by Samuel Cohen, an immigrant from [[Moldavia]], from a theme in Smetana's ''Moldau'' which was itself partly based on a [[Scandinavia]]n folk song.

Ha Tikvah expresses the hope of the [[Jewish]] people that they would return to the land of their forefathers as prophesied in the [[Bible]]. During the two thousand years of exile, the Jewish people said daily [[prayer]]s for return to Israel while facing the East in the direction of [[Jerusalem]]. Zion is synonymous with Israel and Jerusalem.

==Lyrics==
{| cellpadding="5" style="border-style: none; width: auto; margin: 0 auto;"
| style="text-align: right; direction: rtl;" xml:lang="he" | כל עוד בלבב פנימה נפש יהודי הומיה, ולפאתי מזרח קדימה, עין לציון צופיה,
| style="text-align: left; font-style: italic; direction: ltr;" xml:lang="he-Latn" | Kol od baleivav p'nimah Nefesh y'hudi homiyah Ulfa'atei mizrach kadimah Ayin l'tziyon tzofiyah
| style="text-align: left; direction: ltr;" xml:lang="en" | As long as in the heart, within, A Jewish soul is yearning, And to the edges of the East, forward, An eye watches towards Zion,
|-
| style="text-align: right; direction: rtl;" xml:lang="he" | עוד לא אבדה תקוותנו, התקווה בת שנות אלפים, '''להיות עם חופשי בארצנו,''' ארץ ציון וירושלים.
| style="text-align: left; font-style: italic; direction: ltr;" xml:lang="he-Latn" | Od lo avdah tikvateinu Hatikvah bat sh'not alpayim '''Lihyot am chofshi b'artzeinu''' Eretz tziyon viyrushalayim
| style="text-align: left; direction: ltr;" xml:lang="en" | Our hope is not yet lost, The hope of two thousand years, '''To be a free nation in our own land,''' The land of Zion and Jerusalem.
|}

==External links==
*[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Pages/MediaPlayer.aspx?MediaUrl=/NR/rdonlyres/77B8C90C-0A37-48D6-8F3B-D1837BACBF06/0/HATIKVA.WAV&LANGUAGE_NAME=En Listen to Ha Tikvah] (hosted at the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JTmoJXcpyA YouTube]: Ha Tikvah sung by [[Barbra Streisand]] at the conclusion of the 1978 Stars Salute Israel show
*[http://www.wejew.com/media/1192/Al_Jolson_Sings_Hatikvah/] Rare recording of [[Al Jolson]] singing Ha Tikvah

[[Category:National Anthem|Ha Tikvah]]

The Bacchae

2011-08-31T01:06:08Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''''The Bacchae''''' "is a bitter allegory on the [[degeneration]] of [[society]]" [http://books.google.com/books?id=z--HMbPXdD0C&dq=Lord+of+the+Flies&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=DtjkHq1BpE&sig=YYrJLuNcPbNDhaVMgzWCwOWzPZo&hl=en&ei=hI-hSf_vHYimtgOr5rzaDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPR16,M1] which may have informed [[William Golding]]'s writing of ''[[Lord of the Flies]]''.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bacchae, The}}
[[Category:Plays]]

Tumulus

2011-08-31T01:06:06Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
[[Image:Tumulus.jpg|thumb|300px|Tumulus about 30 m in diameter on the Hilina Pali road on the south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i.]]The surfaces of [[pahoehoe]] flows on flat or gentle slopes often exhibit elliptical, domed structures called '''tumuli'''. A tumulus is created when the upward pressure of slow-moving molten [[lava]] within a flow swells or pushes the overlying crust upward. Since the solid crust is brittle, it usually breaks to accommodate the "inflating" core of the flow. Such fractures generally extend along the length of a tumulus, and are frequently accompanied by smaller irregular cracks down the sides. Lava commonly squeezes out through these fractures, and sometimes drains from the tumulus to leave a hollow shell.<ref>http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/tumulus.html</ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Geology]]

Robert Spencer

2011-08-31T01:06:03Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
[[File:Robert Spencer.jpg|left|100px]]
'''Robert Bruce Spencer''' (b. 1962), is an American blogger and author of articles and books relating to [[Islam]]ic terrorism ([[Jihad]]). He is demeaned by his critics as an Islam hater <ref> [http://www.cairchicago.org/2009/07/09/cair-chicago-asks-library-group-to-drop-anti-muslim-bigot-from-panel/ CAIR-Chicago Asks Library Group to Drop Anti-Muslim Bigot from Panel] </ref> <ref> [http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2009/07/07/german-islam-hater-murders-pregnant-muslim/ Tikun Olam-תקון עולם: Make the World a Better Place.] Essays on politics, culture and ideas about Israeli-Arab peace. </ref>. Spencer is the founder director of [[Jihad Watch]], a program of the David Horowitz Freedom Center.

Spencer is author of ten books, including the [[New York Times]] bestsellers ''The Truth About Muhammad and The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades)''. He is also a weekly columnist for Human Events and FrontPage Magazine.

The David Horowitz Freedom Center, was founded in 1988 by David Horowitz (born 1939), who is an American neo-conservative writer (member of the New Left in the late 1960s) who was born to a Jewish family in Forest Hills.

<blockquote>
Spencer has studied Islam for 20 years, largely, it seems, to prove that it is an inherently violent religion. He is a hero of the American right and author of the US bestseller ''The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam''. Like any book written in hatred, his new work is a depressing read. Spencer makes no attempt to explain the historical, political, economic and spiritual circumstances of 7th-century Arabia, without which it is impossible to understand the complexities of [[Muhammad]]’s life. Consequently he makes basic and bad mistakes of fact. Even more damaging, he deliberately manipulates the evidence. <ref> [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/4a05a4a4-f134-11db-838b-000b5df10621.html Balancing the Prophet] Published: April 27 2007 </ref>
</blockquote>

[[Benazir Bhutto]] (1953 - 2007) called Spencer a "radical intellectual" and accused him of "falsely constructing a divide between Islam and West."

People as Walid Phares, Bruce S. Thornton, Steve Emerson, Habib C. Malik, [[Ann Coulter]], Don Feder, [[Michelle Malkin]], Rabbi David G. Dalin, Serge Trifkovic, Cal Thomas, Damian Thompson of the Telegraph, Andrew McCarthy of National Review, had praise of his work; ''No mention of Dennis Prager's praise of Spencer and Jihad Watch on CNN when Ibrahim Hooper was defaming him.'' <ref> [http://www.jihadwatch.org/2008/03/wikipedia-and-robert-spencer.html Wikipedia and Robert Spencer.] </ref>

== See also ==

*[[John L. Esposito]]
*[[Arab American]]
*[[Martin Buber]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.jihadwatch.org/about-robert-spencer.html About Robert Spencer] Jihad Watch.
*[http://reason.com/archives/2006/06/06/the-jihad-against-muslims The Jihad Against Muslims]
*[http://www.jihadwatch.org/2006/01/what-is-a-moderate-muslim.html What is a moderate Muslim?]
*[http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-spencer121902.asp Islam Soft and Hard] By Robert Spencer.
*[http://www.loonwatch.com/tag/jewish-information-committee/ Robert Spencer Whines and Whimpers After Being Exposed.]
*[http://www.globalpolitician.com/24455-islam Islam in the Age of Extremism.] by Abukar Arman.
*[http://www.islamophobia.org/news.php Islamophobia]

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Islam]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:Conservatives]]

Dow Constantine

2011-08-31T01:05:59Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Dow Constantine''' (born November 1961) is a local [[Seattle]], Washington state resident, appointed to the King County Council in January 2002. He is a [[progressive]] politician and Seattle's King County Executive.<ref name=AV>Angie Vogt. [http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/south_king/fwm/opinion/62474342.html The trouble with Dow Constantine], Sep 28 2009.</ref> Dow graduated in 1980 from West Seattle High School, where he remains an active volunteer. After serving as a legislative intern to 34th District State Sen. Phil Talmadge, he graduated from the [[University of Washington]] with a degree in [[political science]]. He continued his studies at the UW, earning a [[law]] degree in 1989 and a master's degree in urban planning in 1992. As a King County Councilmember, Dow is a supporter of the environment, salmon recovery, and expanding transit mobility.<ref>http://www.dowconstantine.com/index.php?page=display&id=1</ref>

== Progressivism ==
Dow Constantine is a strong proponent of big-government, higher [[tax]] policies. He is also strongly backed by the powerful [[Service Employees International Union]].<ref> Keith Ervin. [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politicsnorthwest/2009477068_seiu_endorses_constantine.html SEIU endorses Constantine], ''The Seattle Times'', July 15, 2009.</ref> [[Susan Hutchison]] has emphasized a few of the problems that Constantine's policies have created over the years:
{{Cquote|With hundreds of millions in projected deficits and critical services on the chopping block, our county's financial house is in disorder. We need a new direction in King County, with new leadership that does not believe the answer to every problem is a new fee or a higher tax.<ref name=PRN>[http://www.entrepreneur.com/PRNewswire/release/138194.html Susan Hutchison to Run for King County Executive], Entrepreneur.com, ''PRNewswire'', April 8, 2009.</ref>}}

Dow Constantine has demonstrated a commitment to [[liberal]] groups such as [[Planned Parenthood]] and is aligned with Planned Parenthood's commitment to providing reproductive healthcare choices for Washington.<ref>http://www.dowconstantine.com/index.php?page=display&id=87</ref>

== Shady connections ==
Constantine's treasurer, Jason Bennett, worked as a paid staffer to the political campaign. Bennett, in turn Constantine, also appeared to have violated campaign finance reforms that were enacted in 2002; under section 28 for RCW 42.17.020 and WAC 390-05-210, the law forbids a candidate, the candidate's campaign staff or any agent of that campaign, from purchasing advertising for that candidate or against the candidate's opponent.<ref>Derek Erwin. [http://derekerwin.blogspot.com/2009/11/violations-nationwide-same-seiu-thugs.html Violations Nationwide, Same SEIU Thugs], ''A 1-In-100 Blogger'', November 16, 2009.</ref> Ads against [[Susan Hutchison]] were funded by two SEIU locals, Washington PAC and Washington Machinists Council, both of which also gave a combined $49,606 for pro-Constantine advertising. The smear ads were dubbed as an "independent" campaign against Hutchison; however, as it turned out, the SEIU political action committee has something in common with Constantine's own campaign: treasurer Jason Bennett.<ref>Keith Ervin. [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009599772_seiu05m.html Labor unions back county exec candidate Dow Constantine], ''Seattle Times'', August 5, 2009.</ref><ref name=AV/>

Angie Vogt of ''Federal Way Mirror'' filed a complaint with the state Public Disclosure Commission against the campaign of Dow Constantine. No further information has been revealed on the labyrinth of these shady connections.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constantine, Dow}}
[[Category:Liberals]]

Pullman Strike

2011-08-31T01:05:55Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
The '''Pullman Strike''' of 1894 was the biggest strike in American history. The upstart American Railway Union (ARU), led by [[Eugene Debs]], was supporting a factory strike in Chicago against the makers of Pullman cars. The nation was in the midst of a deep depression, the [[Panic of 1893]], and the strike in Chicago was failing. Debs escalated it by having his ARU members refuse to handle trains that carried Pullman cars (which were luxury passenger cars, and also carried the U.S. mail.) The railroads fired the ARU members, the ARU then tried to shut down the national railroad system in July, 1894. It largely succeeded west of Detroit (but failed in the East and South because it had few members there). The federal government under President [[Grover Cleveland]], a [[Bourbon Democrat|conservative Democrat]] went to federal court to get an injunction against Debs and the ARU, noting federal responsibility to move the mails. They ignored the injunction and Cleveland sent in the U.S. Army to enforce the law, move the mail, and break the strike. Disorganized violence by strikers against the army and the railroads broke out in many rail centers from Chicago to the West Coast, but the army got the job done and the strike soon ended.
==Montana==
The strike was based in Chicago but affected the entire west, especially the Northern Pacific Railroad routes in Montana. The Great Northern and Union Pacific railroads experienced less disruption. The disruptions lasted several weeks in summer 1894. Violent union activists from the newly formed American Railway Union in Billings, Livingston, Butte, Helena, and Missoula tried to stop the movement of trains operated by workers who belonged to the older established railroad brotherhoods. President Cleveland sent in troops from the 22d US Infantry to patrol Northern Pacific tracks and depots. Union activists threatened and actually attacked the troops in Livingston. Unionized miners from western Montana supported A.R.U. efforts. After the strike collapsed, N.P. and U.P. officials blacklisted many Montana railroad employees. Six A.R.U. leaders were also convicted of violating an anti-strike injunction. The Pullman Strike was a central event in the labor turbulence and political activism, which swept Montana during the 1890s, fostered by strong anti-railroad populism among some farmers and many miners in the state.<ref> W. Thomas White, "Boycott: the Pullman Strike in Montana." ''Montana: the Magazine of Western History'' 1979 29(4): 2-13 </ref>

==Cleveland==
Noting that the mail is a constitutional duty of the federal government, Cleveland rejected the demands by Illinois Governor [[John Peter Altgeld]], a fellow Democrat, to stay out. Altgeld, with ties to the labor unions, was a leader of the radical left wing of the party, and was using states rights arguments favored by southerners who wanted no federal protection of the voting rights of blacks. "If it takes the the entire army and navy . . . to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered." he promised. Cleveland ignored Altgeld and the states rights argument --and indeed consulted with no one outside his cabinet--and sent in the army to take control of the rail yards in Chicago and dozens of other major cities. Cleveland had the strike leaders arrested as strikers attacked the army violently in numerous cities. The army reopened the rail system, ended the strike, and broke the union. Cleveland had made the most dramatic intervention of federal power into local affairs since the end of [[Reconstruction]], and was bitterly resented by states-rights elements.

==Aftermath==
The aftermath was complex. Debs went to prison (for violating a court order) and his ARU disappeared. The traditional railroad brotherhoods, which had not supported the strike, went back to work, but ARU activists were blacklisted and could not get jobs on any railroad. The Democratic party was ripped apart. Governor [[John Peter Altgeld]] of Illinois, a left-wing Democrat, denounced President Cleveland and started organizing the forces that defeated Cleveland's supporters at the 1896 Democratic convention. It seemed for a while that the big winners were the Populists ([[Populist Party]]) who endorsed the ARU, and their vote increased in the fall 1894 elections for Congress. However they were splitting the Democratic vote, and the conservative Republicans, led by Ohio Governor [[William McKinley]] scored the biggest landslide in Congressional history. In New England, for example, the Democrats elected only one member of Congress.

The strike permanently shaped American labor relations, with the government demonstrating it would not tolerate a shutdown of the national transportation grid (in the days before automobiles and trucks, railroads were essential.) The [[AFL]] unions refused to support the strike and now moved to close cooperation with business and the GOP, as typified by the [[National Civic Federation]]. The next wave of major strikes hit the country in 1919, and again unions were badly hurt by their rash actions.

==Further reading==
* Lindsey, Almont. ''The Pullman Strike'' (1943)
* Lindsey, Almont. "Paternalism and the Pullman Strike," ''American Historical Review,'' Vol. 44, No. 2 (Jan., 1939), pp. 272-289 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1839019 in JSTOR]
* Papke, David Ray. ''The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America'' (1999), focus on legal dimension
* Rondinone, Troy. "Guarding the Switch: Cultivating Nationalism During the Pullman Strike," ''Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era'' 2009 8(1): 83-109 27p.
* Schneirov, Richard, et al. eds. ''The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics'' (1999)

==see also==
* [[Panic of 1893]]
====references====
<references/>
[[category:Gilded Age]]
[[category:Labor Unions]]
[[category:Strikes]]

Functor

2011-08-31T01:05:51Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
The term '''functor''' has two distinct meanings.

==In Pure Mathematics==
In [[category theory]], a '''functor''' is a map between categories satisfying certain relations. Functors can be thought of as expressing relations between categories, and have a wide range of applications. For example, given a problem about topological spaces, one might apply some functor (say, taking the homology groups), and obtain an equivalent problem about vector spaces. Since problems about vector spaces are generally much easier to answer than those about general topological spaces, this may make it easier to understand the original problem.

Functors, in a sense, provide for categories what group [[homomorphism|homomorphisms]] do for groups. To be precise, a function <math>F : \mathcal C \to \mathcal D</math> between two categories associates to each object <math>X \in \textrm{Ob } \mathcal C</math> an object <math>F(X) \in \textrm{Ob } \mathcal D</math>, and to each morphism <math>f \in \mathcal C(X,Y)</math> a morphism <math>F(f) \in \mathcal D(FX,FY)</math> such that:
:<math>F(\textrm{id}_X) = id_{F(X)}\,</math>
:<math>F(g \circ f) = F(g) \circ F(f)</math>.
Functors are the fundamental objects used to relate structures between different categories.

The traditional terminology for the above is a "covariant functor", to distinguish it from "contravariant functors", which reverse the direction of compositions, and instead satisfy
:<math>F(g \circ f) = F(f) \circ F(g)</math>.
We will see an example of this below.

=== Examples ===
Algebraic topology was the first field in which the usefulness of the notion of a functor was recognized. A basic example is the [[fundamental group]] functor <math>\pi_1 : \textbf{Top}* \to \textbf{Grp}</math>. The action on objects is defined by sending a topological space to its fundamental group <math>\pi_1(X)</math>. Recall that a map between two topological spaces <math>f : X \to Y</math> induces a map <math>f_* : \pi_1(X) \to \pi(Y)</math> by <math>f_*([\gamma]) = [f \circ \gamma]</math>. Set <math>\pi_1(f) = f_*\,</math> so defined. The functoriality of <math>\pi_1</math> boils down to the fact that <math>F(\textrm{id}_X) = \textrm{id}_{\pi_1(X)}</math>, that is, the identity map on a topological space induces the identity map on its fundamental group, together with the fact that <math>F(g \circ f) = F(g) \circ F(f)</math>, explained at [[fundamental group]].

A simple example arises in the category of vector spaces. Fix a vector space <math>V</math>. We can define a functor <math>\textrm{Hom}(V,-) : \textrm{Vect}_k \to \textrm{Vect}_k</math> by
#An object <math>A</math> (that is a vector space) is sent to <math>\textrm{Hom}(V,A)</math>, the vector space of linear maps from <math>V</math> to <math>A</math>. We can think of these linear maps as matrices.
#A linear transformation <math> \phi : A \to B</math> (i.e., an element of <math>\textrm{Hom}_{\textrm{Vect}_k}(A,B)</math> is sent to a linear transformation <math>\textrm{Hom}(V,A) \to \textrm{Hom}(V,B)</math> by setting <math>\textrm{Hom}(V,-)(\phi) = (f \mapsto \phi \circ f)</math>. I other words, the image of <math>\phi</math> is supposed to be a linear transformation from <math>\textrm{Hom}(V,A)</math> to <math>\textrm{Hom}(V,B)</math>: it is defined by sending a linear transformation <math>f : V \to A</math> to <math>\phi \circ f : V \to B</math>.

We can similarly obtain a contravariant function <math>\textrm{Hom}(-,V)</math> by
#An object <math>A</math> is sent to the vector space of linear maps <math>\textrm{Hom}(A,V)</math>.
#A map <math>\phi \in \textrm{Hom}(A,B)</math> is sent to a linear map <math>\textrm{Hom}(B,V) \to \textrm{Hom}(A,V)</math> by <math> \phi \mapsto (f \mapsto f \circ \phi)</math>. Given a linear map from B to V, we get one from A to V by composing with <math>\phi</math>. Note that morphisms now compose in the opposite direction: that is why this is a contravariant functor.

==In Computer Science==
In computer science, the term "functor" is short for "function operator", also called a "function object". It is essentially a class method with no name. Many modern programming languages support this. For example, in [[C++]] one can define a function object with the "operator()" notation, that is, a definition of what parentheses mean after an object.
class C {
public:
int operator()(int i, int j) { return k+i*j; }
int k;
.....
};

.....
C MyObject;
MyObject.k = 3;
int r = MyObject(4,5);
.....

We have effectively defined a nameless method for class C. Instead of making a named invocation like "MyObject.func(4,5)", we just write "MyObject(4,5)".

[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Computer Science]]

Tangent approximation

2011-08-31T01:05:46Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
The '''tangent approximation''' method is a method in [[Calculus]] employed to find the equation of a line tangent to the curve. One must know the slope of the curve and a point on the curve. The slope is usually found by taking the derivative of the equation and equating it to the change in ''y'' over the change in ''x'':

<math> \frac{dy}{dx}\ = \frac{rise}{run}\ = \frac{y - y'}{x - x'}\ </math>

Utilizing cross-multiplication, this yields:

<math> y - y' = \frac{dy}{dx}\ x - x'</math>

When ( ''x' '', ''y' '') is a known point on the line.

[[Category:Calculus]]

University of Connecticut

2011-08-31T01:05:43Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
{{University
|name=University of Connecticut
|image=UConn1.gif
|text=white
|background=rgb(1,24,68)
|type=Public
|city=Storrs, Connecticut
|sports=baseball, basketball, cross country, field hockey, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball<ref name="sports">http://www.uconnhuskies.com/</ref>
|colors=navy blue, gray, white
|degrees=Associate, Bachelor's, Master's, Doctoral<ref>{{cite web|work=College Board|format=HTML|language=English|accessdate=May 28, 2010|title=College Search - University of Connecticut - UConn - At a Glance|url=http://collegesearch.collegeboard.com/search/CollegeDetail.jsp?collegeId=492}}</ref>
|mascot=Jonathan the Husky
|website=http://www.uconn.edu/
}}
The '''University of Connecticut''' (or UConn) is a [[Connecticut]] [[public school|public]] [[university]] founded in 1881.<ref>http://www.uconn.edu/about/index.php</ref> The school is located in Storrs, Connecticut. It ranked #64 in US News's 2008 "National [[University|Universities]]: Top Schools" list.<ref>http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php</ref>
==Athletics==
[[Image:UConn2.jpg|100px|left|thumb|The UConn Huskies]]
Connecticut currently has 10 men's and 12 [[Title IX|women's]] [[sports]] teams.<ref name="sports"/> The football program has won three bowl games (while losing two and tying none).<ref>http://www.collegefootballpoll.com/bowl_history_connecticut.html</ref> The men's basketball program has won three national championships,<ref>http://www.ncaa.com/history/basketball-men/d1</ref> and the women's team has won six.<ref>http://www.ncaa.com/history/basketball-women/d1</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Nb_US_universities|Connecticut‎}}

Plus/minus

2011-08-31T01:05:39Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
The '''plus/minus (+/-)''' stat is used to determine the goal differential when a certain player is on the ice. If said player's team scores an [[even strength goal|even-strength]] or [[shorthanded goal]] while he is on the ice, he would be a +1. If that same player's team is scored against while he is on the ice, he would be a -1. The plus/minus is never affected when either team scores a [[power play goal]]. So, if a player enters a game with a rating of +3 and is scored against twice, he is then a +1. If he enters with a +3 and his team scores even-strength twice, he is a +5.

The plus/minus stat is usually used to determine the effectiveness of a defender, though the stat is available for most hockey players.

[[Category:Sports]]
[[Category:National Hockey League]]

Ecstasy

2011-08-31T01:05:36Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Methylenedioxymethamphetamine''' (commonly abbreviated MDMA), which is widely referred to as '''Ecstasy''', is a psychedelic drug that is illegal in the [[United States]]. It is considered to be an empathogenic-enactogen. It is usually taken in pill form, although it can also be insufflated.

The drug first achieved wide-spread popularity when a former seminary student, Michael Clegg, residing in Texas, was inspired by his first experience with the drug. He claimed that he had always wanted to know "the thoughts of God". At a time when the substance was unscheduled and unregulated, he began giving the drug away for free, but started selling it when the cost of production became "prohibitively expensive". <ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1564288654365150131&hl=en-GB Link to Google Video] of '''Ecstasy Rising''' by Peter Jennings</ref>

Recently, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) has received FDA-approval for research into the possible benefits of MDMA in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. The results thus far have been uniquely promising. <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/20/AR2007112001777_pf.html The Peace Drug]</ref>

==Effects of MDMA==
MDMA produces a euphoric "high" that lasts several hours by releasing serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin amongst other neurotransmitters. Users become extraordinarily peaceful and friendly as almost all hostility is repressed as long as the drug is unadultered with other substances such as [[amphetamine]]. Appreciation of music and texture is heightened and is often used by people in clubs and at raves.
A short period of diminished mood and a general feeling of malaise are a common once the high diminishes, although many users report little or no negative after-effects.

At high doses, MDMA may elevate heart rate and blood pressure significantly, cause dehydration, and hyperthermia. When used repeatedly on the order of several times a month, depression, persistent anxiety, and short-term memory loss may result. Whether or not these effects are reversible remains an area of ongoing research. There is enough evidence to suggest that long term use of ecstasy at high doses can cause nerve damage in a number of users. Taking ecstasy during pregnancy can increase the risk of [[congenital trait|congenital abnormalities]] by a factor of 8.

==References==

<References/>

[[Category:Illegal Drugs]]

Sir Joshua Reynolds

2011-08-31T01:05:33Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
[[Image:Reynolds Self Portrait.jpg|left|100px]]
Sir '''Joshua Reynolds''' (Plympton, Devon 1723- London 1792) was an English [[Rococo]] Era [[Painting|Painter]] and distinguished member of London's intellectual society. In 1764 he founded the Literary Club.

In [[Rome]], ''he remained for two years devoting himself to studying the great masterpieces of ancient Greco-Roman sculpture and of [[Italian]] painting... While returning home via Florence, Bologna, and Venice, he became absorbed by the compositions and colour of the great [[Renaissance]] Venetian painters of the 16th century: [[Titian]], [[Tintoretto|Jacopo Tintoretto]], and [[Paolo Veronese]]. The Venetian tradition's emphasis on colour and the effect of light and shading had a lasting influence on Reynolds, and, although all his life he preached the need for young artists to study the sculptural definition of form characteristic of Florentine and Roman painters, his own works are redolent of the Venetian style.'' [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/r/reynolds/biograph.html Web Gallery of Art] (Emil Kren and Daniel Marx)

Reynolds was the first president of the Royal Academy. He was knighted by King [[George III]] in 1769.

== See also ==

*[[English Painting]]
*[[Painting Schools]]
*[[Antony van Dyck]]
*[[William Turner]]
*[[John Constable]]
*[[Henry William Beechey]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/psearch?Request=S&imageset=1&Person=26400 Sir Joshua Reynolds] National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
*[http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/reynolds_sir_joshua.html Sir Joshua Reynolds] Artcyclopedia.

== Petite Gallery ==
<center>
<gallery>
Image:Reynolds Mrs Francis Beckford.jpg|Mrs. Francis Beckford
Image:Reynolds John Musters.jpg|John Musters
Image:Reynolds Lady Caroline Howard.jpg|Lady Caroline Howard
Image:Reynolds Miss Mary Pelham.jpg|Portrait of Miss Mary Pelham

</gallery>
</center>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reynolds, Sir Joshua}}

[[Category:Painters]]

Chimera

2011-08-31T01:05:31Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
[[Image:Chimera.jpg|200px|thumb]]

The '''Chimera''' or '''Chimaera''' (pronounced keye-MIR-uh) was "a fire-breathing she-monster in [[Greek mythology]] having a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail."<ref>http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chimera</ref> The monster was slain by [[Bellerophon]], riding the winged horse, [[Pegasus]].

The term has multiple uses in modern [[biology]]. One prominent definition is an animal that has multiple different populations of genetically distinct [[cell]]s that originated from different [[zygote]]s. Some humans are naturally chimeric, sharing cells from a twin (often one that was never born) or a parent.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2003/11/27/1069825920727.html </ref>

In popular usage, a chimera means something deliberately created with a combination of human and animal [[cell]]s. Such combination is often opposed on [[religious]] and [[ethical]] grounds. Some [[Catholic]] bishops have argued that such [[embryo]]s should not be created but should be brought to term if created in contrast to proposed legislation in [[Great Britain]] which would allow both the creation of chimeras and outlaw the implantation of a chimera once created.<ref>http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/06/uk-catholic-bis.html </ref><ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/26/nchimera126.xml </ref>

== References ==

<references/>

[[category:Greek Mythology]]
[[category:biology]]

Dowager

2011-08-31T01:05:29Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
A '''dowager''' is a [[woman]] who holds title or property as the [[widow]] of her deceased [[husband]]. For example, an empress dowager is the widow of an [[emperor]]. The word is also used for an elderly woman of stately dignity.
==References==
*[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dowager Dowager, from Dictionary.com]
[[Category:Genealogy]]

Hygd

2011-08-31T01:05:27Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
In the Medieval poem [[Beowulf]], '''Hygd''' is [[Hygelac]]'s wife and queen.

[[category:Literary Figures]]
[[Category:Beowulf]]

Point du Hoc

2011-08-31T01:05:23Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
==The Objective==
Pointe du Hoc was located on the coast to the west of the Omaha beach landings and was the position of six 155mm cannons with a range of 25,000 yards. These cannons had a commanding view of both Omaha and Utah beaches and the potential to cause much damage to the invading force. The area had been bombed since May and then grew in intensity during the three days and nights before D-Day. During D-Day, the USS Texas bombarded the point as did 18 medium bombers of the Ninth Air Force at H-20.

[[Image:point_du_hoc.jpg]]

The point stood on cliffs between 85 to over 100 feet high at whose base was a very small rocky beach that offered no protection. Because the point was positioned on near impregnable cliffs, the Germans had concentrated their defenses in anticipation of a ground assault from inland. Above were heavily fortified concrete casements interlaced with tunnels, trenches, and machine-gun positions around the perimeter. Although the 716th Infantry Division was thinly stretched along 30 miles of the shoreline, approximately 200 German troops (125 infantry and 85 artillery men) were garrisoned in or around the point.

The task fell to Lt. Col. James Earl Rudder's 2nd Ranger Battalion and called for 3 Companies (D, E, and F) of the battalion to scale the heights. Company D was to approach the heights on the west, while E and F were to attack on the east. The main Ranger force (5th Battalion and Companies A and B of the 2nd) were to wait off shore for signal of success and then land at the Point. In addition to destroying the guns, the Rangers were to move inland and cut the coastal highway that connected Grandcamp and Vierville. They were then to wait for the arrival of the US 116th Infantry from Omaha Beach to the east - scheduled to relieve them at noon on the 6th. Once linking up with the main force, they were then to move on Grandcamp and Maisy to the west in order to attempt to link up with the forces that were to land at Utah beach.

==The Landing==
H-Hour was scheduled for 0630 on June the 6th. The Rangers approached the point with their ten landing craft and four DUKW's, but the seas were rough and one LCA sank after taking on excessive water. Ten minutes later, a supply craft sank leaving only one survivor. In the confusion and strong tide, they approached the beach near Pointe de la Percée, at over 3 miles east of their objective. Rudder immediately realized his error and headed west toward the point, but not before losing another DUKW to 20mm fire. The error proved to be costly because the Rangers were now 35 minutes behind schedule at which time the defenders at the point were able to reenter their positions after the bombardment. The main Ranger force was to wait until 0700 at which time if the landing was successful, they would follow the landings at Pte-du-Hoc. If not, they would land on the western side of Omaha and fight their way westward to the point. The designated time came and went and word was given to land at Omaha - Rudder and his Rangers were on their own.

The Rangers headed for the cliffs, but now they found themselves only on the Eastern side of the point when the plan called for landings on both sides. The beach at the base of the cliff was only 30 yards wide and heavily cratered from the bombardment. In order to climb the heights, the Rangers' LCA's were equipped with rocket-fired grappling hooks and the DUKW's were fitted with fireman ladders. But, because of the shelling from the USS Texas and others, earth had piled up at the base of the cliff and the DUKW's couldn't approach close enough to the cliff to effectively use their ladders. On the other hand, the piling at the base gave the men somewhat cover from enemy fire and also made the height to climb less.

[[Image:ladders_at_du_hoc.jpg]]

After several failed attempts (due to the weight of soaked ropes) and due to the assistance of naval artillery (especially the British destroyer the Talybont), the Rangers finally struggled to the top after incurring only 15 casualties. As men reached the top, they went off in small groups to accomplish their missions.

They reached the gun emplacements only to find that they had been removed and telephone poles had been temporarily installed. Lt. Col. Rudder then split his command into two. One group stayed behind to establish a command posts, while the other went in search of the missing guns. The second group headed south and found the guns in an apple orchard, where they had been removed in order to be saved from the bombardment. They were unguarded and were destroyed with thermite grenades. The primary mission of the Rangers had been accomplished.

[[Image:Soldiers_at_Pointe_du_Hoc.jpg]]

Up to this point, the German defenders had not yet recovered from their initial confusion. They were slowly regrouping and assembling, and later that day the 916th and 726th counterattacked the Ranger positions. Throughout the day, the USS Satterlee, Barton, and Thompson gave fire support to the Rangers when possible. By nightfall, the Ranger were forced back into a 200 yard wide defensive position inside the battery. The Rangers had lost 1/3 of the men first deployed and ammunition was running low.

By June 7th, the next day, of his original 225 men, Rudder had fewer than 100 and almost no food.
[[Image:Hoc2.jpg]]

Despite attempts of the 5th Ranger Battalion that had landed at Omaha Beach four miles to the east, the Rangers remained under siege. By the 8th of June, the 5th Ranger Battalion finally relieved Rudder's position. They were almost 2 days behind schedule.

In the end, Rudder's Rangers had suffered 70 percent casualties and held off five German counterattacks. Rudder was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross]] for his service at Point du Hoc and went on to command the 109th Infantry Regiment later in the war.

[[category:World War II]]

Pastoral

2011-08-31T01:05:21Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Pastoral''' is a [[genre]] of literature that centers around the lives of country folk and simple people. The world seems timeless, painless, and full of beauty, romance, happiness, and music. Good examples of pastoral literature are ''[[Jane Eyre]]'' and ''[[Wuthering Heights]]''.

[[Category:Literary genres]]

Charles Simonyi

2011-08-31T01:05:19Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Charles Simonyi''' was Chief Software Architect at [[Microsoft]] from 1981-1991. <ref>http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/simonyi/index.shtml</ref>

==References==

<References/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simonyi, Charles}}

[[Category:Computers]]

Isobel Baillie

2011-08-31T01:05:16Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Isobel Baillie''' (9 March, 1895, [[Hawick]], [[Scottish Borders]] -
24 September, 1983 – [[Manchester]], [[England]]) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[soprano]], popular in [[opera]], [[oratorio]] and [[lieder]].

Her favourite work was [[George Frederick Handel]]'s [[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]; she sang in it over a thousand times, from the age of 15.

In 1921 she was invited to appear with the [[Hallé Orchestra]], and she made her first, highly successful, London appearance in 1923.

Widely praised for the purity and clarity of her tone, she was in demand for choral works; apart from the Messiah, she was noted in [[Joseph Haydn]]'s [[The Creation]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]]'s [[Elijah]], and [[Johannes Brahms]]'s [[German Requiem]]. In 1933 she became the first British performer to sing in the [[Hollywood Bowl]] in [[California]] when [[Arturo Toscanini]] chose her to sing Brahms's Requiem. Her performances of [[Gluck]]'s ''[[Orfeo ed Euridice|Orpheus]]'' (always in English, so not ''Orfeo ed Euridice'') and [[Charles Gounod]]'s ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' were very popular.

However, her forte was British music, including [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]]' ''[[Serenade to Music]]'' (of which she was one of the original singers) and [[Edward Elgar]]'s ''[[The Kingdom (Elgar)|The Kingdom]]''.

She taught at the [[Royal College of Music]] (1955-1957, 1961-1964), [[Cornell University]] (1960-1) and the [[Manchester School of Music]] (from 1970). She gave a few lessons to [[Kathleen Ferrier]], and often sang with her.

In 1951 she was made a Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]]; in 1978 she was made a Dame Commander of that order.

She said that the best advice she had ever been given was "never sing louder than lovely", and she made that the title of her autobiography.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baillie, Isobel}}
[[Category:Women Singers]]

Parochial School

2011-08-31T01:05:13Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
A '''parochial school''' in the United States is a private elementary or high school run by a church. They do not receive any federal, state or local funds, but parents may receive [[School vouchers]] good for tuition. Most are operated by the [[Catholic Church]], but Lutherans, Reformed and Jews operate some schools. By convention, private Christian schools run by Baptists and evangelicals are not called "parochial."

In 1890 parochial schools came under political attack by Republicans in Wisconsin. Democrats defended the schools and won the election. See [[Bennett Law]]
==Catholic schools==
Since the 1960s the number of students in parochial schools in the [[United States]] has been declining, and many have closed.

The number of students in Catholic schools is only 2.27 million, compared with 5.25 million in the 1960s. Now there are only 7,378 '''parochial school'''s, while in the 1960s there were 12,893.<ref>http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/C/CATHOLIC_SCHOOL_CLOSURES?SITE=NCAGW&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT</ref>

The decline is accelerating. About 1,267 Catholic schools have closed since 2000 and enrollment nationwide has dropped by 382,125 students, or 14 percent, according to the National Catholic Education Association."<ref>http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/C/CATHOLIC_SCHOOL_CLOSURES?SITE=NCAGW&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT</ref>

Catholic nuns ("sisters") traditionally filled many of teaching positions at parochial schools, which typically were controlled by the parish and supervised by the diocese. In 1965, 104,000 teaching sisters educated students in parochial schools in the United States. By 2007, that number had declined by 94%, such that there are only 8,200 teaching sisters.<ref>Hilary White, "Vatican Cardinal Criticizes U.S. for not Funding Catholic Schools," The Wanderer, pp. 1 and 7, Vol. 140, No. 49 (Dec. 6, 2007).</ref>

* see also [[Bennett Law]]

== References ==

<references/>

[[category:Schools]]

United States v. Munsingwear

2011-08-31T01:05:11Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
In '''''United States v. Munsingwear, Inc.''''', 340 [[U.S.]] 36 (1950), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] dismissed an appeal for mootness.

This is the classic precedent for dismissal of cases on appeal when the controversy is rendered moot, as when a party dies. ''See, e.g.'', ''Claiborne v. United States'', 127 S. Ct. 2245 (2007).
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]

Mushy peas

2011-08-31T01:05:09Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
[[ Image:Carlins.jpg |200px|thumb| Carlin peas simmering in a pan]]

'''Mushy peas''' are dried marrowfat [[pea]]s which have been soaked overnight and then boiled. They are a great favourite of the north of [[England]] and are a traditional accompaniment to [[battered fish| fish]] and [[chip]]s, and normally purchased from a local [[chip shop]]. Local variations include [[Lancashire]] 'black peas' which are an acquired taste<ref> see
http://music.musictnt.com/biography/sdmc_Black_Peas for recipes and directions for eating</ref>. Black peas bear similarities to [[Carlin]] or [[Carling]] peas served in the north-east of England.

Canned peas have extra colouring added and appear to be emerald green. Home-cooked peas tend to be a pale grey-green colour but their taste can rival the finest [[hummus]] or foul medames.

Mushy peas are best served with [[salt]] and lashings of [[vinegar]].

===References===

<references/>

[[Category:Vegetables]]
[[Category:Fast Foods]]

18 U.S.C. 1464

2011-08-31T01:05:07Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''18 U.S.C. § 1464''' is the law which gives the [[Federal Communications Commission]] the authority to police indecent speech on television and radio:
{{cquote|"Whoever utters any obscene, indecent, or profane language by means of radio communication shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both."}}
[[Category:Law]]

Christmas in Germany

2011-08-31T01:05:04Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
'''Christmas in Germany''' is an important holiday, just as it is in America. The words Merry Christmas in German are Froehliche Weihnachten.

In [[Germany]] there are several different celebrations in December including [[advent]], the countdown to Christmas Day; Nikolaustag (St. Nicholas Day) on the 6th; Heilgabend (Holy Eve, German equivalent of Christmas Eve) on the 24th; Weihnachten ([[Christmas]] Day) on the 25th; zweite Weihnachtstag (Second Christmas Day) on the 26th; and Silvester ([[New Year]]'s Day) on the 31st. Much like our Christmas, Christmas in Germany is about spending time with the family, sharing gifts, eating good food and celebrating the birth of [[Jesus]].

== Traditions ==

During the four months before Christmas, Germans celebrate advent with the usual advent calendar, which has been around since 1851. Every day until Christmas, a little window of the advent calendar is opened revealing a candy or other little token. In many cities in Germany, the town hall acts as a large advent calendar. Every day a lit window is revealed showing a decorative painted picture. <ref>http://www.germany-tourism.de/ENG/culture_and_events/christmas_markets_offers.htm?op=getBrauchtum</ref> Also for advent, special wreathes are hung with four candles, one for each week before Christmas.

December 6th is Nikolaustag, St. Nicholas Day. It is a Christian holiday based on a 16h century tradition. The night of the 5th, children set out their shoes in hopes that the next morning the shoes are filled with candy, toys and gifts by St. Nikolaus if they have been good children. If they have not been good, the shoes are filled with twigs. <ref>http://www.californiamall.com/holidaytraditions/traditions-germany.htm</ref>

Heilgabend (Christmas Eve) is the main Christmas celebration rather than Christmas Day. On the evening of the 24th the Christmas tree, called the Tannenbaum, is set up. The children of the household are not allowed to see the tree until it is fully decorated and trimmed. They are brought into a separate room while the parent decorates the tree. It is a wonderful surprise when the bell is rung for the kids to enter the room and see the tree, decked out with real candles or lights, little treats and candies, trinkets and other fun things. Also in the evening Christian families go to church for a special mass. Then they eat a giant feast, which may consist of foods such as suckling pig, "reisbrei" (a sweet cinnamon), white sausage, macaroni salad, and many regional dishes.<ref>http://www.californiamall.com/holidaytraditions/traditions-germany.htm</ref> Also popular in Germany are Nativity scenes.

And now we are brought to Christmas Day, Weihnachten, itself. This day is spent with close family (other relatives usually come over on the Second Day of Christmas). On Christmas Eve children have written letters to either the Christkindl (Christ Child, a Protestant figure), a girl with wings, a crown and a white robe; or Weihnachtsmann, [[Santa Claus]]. Then on the morning of Christmas children can unwrap the presents that have been left under the tree by one of these figures. Some families hire college students or ask a relative to dress up as Christkindl or Santa. The kids then sing a song or read a poem for their guest. After the presents are unwrapped the family eats a traditional German dinner, which might include fish like carp or salmon, sausages and potato salad, goose or duck with potato dumplings and gravy.

Christmas is such a significant holiday to Germans that there is even a second Christmas Day, zweite Weihnachtstag, with more food and more family.

A notable part of Christmas in Germany are the many Christmas markets and fairs open every day from the last week of November to around Christmas Eve. These festive markets are full of handmade novelties and food, wonderfully lit with Christmas lights, and they attract more and more tourists every year.

=== The Christmas Tree ===

The Christmas tree is an important holiday tradition in countries all over the world, and is a tradition that originated in Germany. The fir tree has a long association with Christianity that began in Germany almost 1,000 years ago when St Boniface, who converted the German people to Christianity, was said to have come across a group of [[pagans]] worshiping an oak tree. In anger, St Boniface is said to have cut down the oak tree and to his amazement a young fir tree sprung up from the roots of the oak tree. St Boniface took this as a sign of the Christian faith. But it was not until the 16th century that fir trees were brought indoors at Christmas time.
The Hessian soldiers brought the Christmas tree tradition to America during the [[Revolutionary War]].
The Christmas carol "O, Christmas Tree" is also of German origin. The best known version of "O, Tannenbaum" was written in 1824 by a composer named Ernst Anschutz. The melody is an old folk tune.

== See also ==
*[[Christmas]]
*[[Germany]]
*[[Christmas in Sweden]]
*[[Advent]]
*[[The Nativity]]
*[http://www.santas.net/germanchristmas.htm Christmas in Germany at Santa's Net]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christmas]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Christmas Worldwide]]

Betweenness of Points Theorem

2011-08-31T01:05:01Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
The '''Betweenness of Points Theorem''' is a [[theorem]] which states that: If A-B-C, then AB + BC = AC.

[[Image:BPT.jpg|300px]]

==See also==
*[[Betweenness]]
*[[Betweenness of Rays Theorem]]

[[Category:Plane Geometry]]

Two and a half men

2011-08-31T01:04:59Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
Emmy Award-nominated TWO AND A HALF MEN has been the #1 comedy on television for the past two seasons.<ref>www.AngusJones.com</ref> It’s a comedy about men, women, sex, dating, divorce, mothers, single parenthood, sibling relations, surrogate families, money and, most importantly, love. More specifically, it's about the lives of two brothers, one brother's son and the many women who surround them. Charlie Harper (Charlie Sheen) is a well-to-do bachelor with a house at the beach, a Mercedes in the garage and an easy way with women. His casual Malibu lifestyle is interrupted when his tightly wound brother, Alan (Jon Cryer), and Alan's son, Jake ( [http://www.angusjones.com Angus T. Jones] ), come to stay with him. Complicating matters further are Charlie and Alan's narcissistic, emotionally toxic mother, Evelyn (Holland Taylor); Alan's deeply neurotic ex-wife, Judith (Marin Hinkle) and Charlie's domineering, unapologetically blue-collar housekeeper, Berta (Conchata Ferrell). Despite the complexities of their lives and their own strained relationship, Charlie and Alan have one thing in common--they both love Jake and want what's best for him. As a result, they manage to create a little family unit that promises to make each of them a better man. <ref>csb.com</ref>

== Angus Turner Jones ==

[[http://www.angusjones.com Angus Turner Jones] was born in Austin, Texas to Kelly Charles Jones and Carey Lynn Claypool.<ref>www.angusjones.com</ref> He began his career at age 4 with television commercials. His first movie was the French movie [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html Simpatico] where he played a small part. His breakthrough hit however occurred when he was cast as James in the hit movie [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html See Spot Run] alongside David Arquette.

After [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html See Spot Run], he began to move more into TV and started this with guest appearances in [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html Dinner With Friends], [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html ER], [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html Audreys Rain] and [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html The Christmas Blessing].

In 2002, [http://angusjones.com/filmography Angus] appeared in another movie, this time the hit, [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html The Rookie]. In 2003 he was cast as Georgey in [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html Bringing Down the House] and George Jr in [http://angusjones.com/filmography/index.html George of the Jungle 2].

In 2003 he was cast as http://angusjones.com/212men/index.html Jake Harper] in the CBS comedy http://angusjones.com/212men/index.html Two and a Half Men] alongside Charlie Sheen and Jon Cryer. Now in its fourth season, http://angusjones.com/212men/index.html Two and a Half Men] continues to be a satisfying watch for many viewers.

He currently lives in Los Angeles with his parents, baby brother, dog, cat and bird.<ref>www.tv.com</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Television]]

Hillary Clinton 2008 Exploratory Committee

2011-08-31T01:04:54Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
The '''Hillary Clinton for President Exploratory Committee''' is the organization Senator [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] had set up to begin [[fundraising]] and preparation for a bid for the 2008 [[Democratic party]] Presidential nomination.

==Infighting==

According to the ''New York Post'', "serious tensions" existed between Hillary Clinton's Washington-based presidential campaign staff and her organization in New York. "Her New York crew is fighting like hell with her D.C. folks, and it's worse than the normal stuff, real serious tensions...The New York folks are the ones who got her elected to begin with. They've done it and know what to do. The D.C. folks are the 'geniuses' who do 'national elections' and think everyone here is a rube." <ref>[http://www.nypost.com/php/pfriendly/print.php?url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/05282007/news/columnists/new_york_d_c__feud_rattles_clinton_campaign_columnists_fredric_u__dicker.htm Feud Rattles Clinton Campaign], Fredric U. Dicker, ''New York Post'', 28 May 2007.</ref>

According to ''Newsmax'' in June 2007, Hillary Clinton appointed [[Alcee Hastings]], a former U.S. District Court judge who was removed from the bench, as co-chair of the Committee. Hastings was U.S. District Court judge for the Southern District of Florida from 1979 to 1989, until he was impeached and removed from office for corruption and perjury. He was only the sixth federal judge to be impeached and removed from office in American history. He ran successfully for the U.S. House in 1992.
<ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2007/6/10/115916.shtml?s=al&promo_code=353D-1 Hillary Names Impeached Judge as Co-Chair], ''NewsMax.com'', June 10, 2007.</ref> Confusion has arisen over the Clinton Campaigns claim to have received endorsements from influential congressional members who have the refuted the idea. The ''Miami Herald'', citing “sources close to the campaigns” reported that Rep. [[Kendrick Meek]] of Florida had endorsed Clinton. Meek, who represents a district with the highest concentration of black voters in Florida, fired off a quick letter to Patti Solis Doyle, Clinton’s campaign manager, stating that he had not endorsed Clinton and that therefore “the Hillary for President Campaign is not authorized to use my name, image or this incorrect news report in any of your campaign literature.” <ref>[http://thehill.com/campaign-2008/confusion-arises-over-clintons-florida-supporters-2007-06-11.html Confusion arises over Clinton’s Florida supporters], By Alexander Bolton, ''The Hill'', June 11, 2007.</ref>

==Unelectable polls==

A concern in the Hillary camp were polling numbers that stated Hillary Clinton was unelectable; a poll by Mason-Dixon Polling and Research found that 52 percent of Americans would not consider voting for Clinton. <ref>[http://www.contracostatimes.com/portlet/article/html/fragments/print_article.jsp?articleId=6260144&siteId=571 More than half of Americans won't vote for Clinton], By William Douglas, Contra Costa Times. Retrieved 11 July 2007.</ref> An Electability Poll in which the participants are asked in no certain order, a list of candidates from both parties, whether they would vote for candidate X or prefer someone else. At the time, polling revealed, of all major presidential candidates from both parties, Hillary Clinton was the only candidate to whom a majority (52%) would not vote for, or would prefer someone else. <ref>[http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/06/28/248165.aspx Poll: Is Hillary Electable?], by Mark Murray, ''NBC News'', June 28, 2007. Retrieved from MSNBC.com June 29, 2007.</ref>

The poll results showed majorities would consider voting for all other major presidential candidates or possible candidates:

{| style="background:white; color:blue" border="1" class="wikitable"
|+ Electability Poll
|''Who would you vote for, the candidate or somebody else?''
|-
! Candidate
! Results
|-
| Rudy Giuliani
| 64% - 36%
|-
| Fred Thompson
| 62% - 38%
|-
| Michael Bloomberg
| 61% - 39%
|-
| Barack Obama
| 60% - 40%
|-
| John Edwards
| 59% - 41%
|-
| John McCain
| 58% - 42%
|-
| Joseph Biden
| 57% - 43%
|-
| Bill Richardson
| 57% - 43%
|-
| Mike Huckabee
| 56% - 44%
|-
| Mitt Romney
| 54% - 46%
|-
| Hillary Clinton
| 48% - 52%
|}

The poll also revealed that Hillary Clinton was the only candidate to whom more voters viewed her unfavorably than favorably. 39% said they recognize Clinton favorably, while 42% say they recognized her unfavorably. By contrast, every other candidate had a net-positive favorable rating:

{| style="background:white; color:blue" border="1" class="wikitable"
|+ Favorability Poll
|''Do you view the candidate favorably or unfavorably?''
|-
! Candidate
! Results
|-
| Rudy Giuliani
| 43% - 17%
|-
| Barack Obama
| 36% - 21%
|-
| John McCain
| 33% - 28%
|-
| John Edwards
| 32% - 28%
|-
| Fred Thompson
| 25% - 12%
|-
| Mitt Romney
| 24% - 20%
|-
| Joseph Biden
| 21% - 20%
|-
| Michael Bloomberg
| 20% - 18%
|-
| Bill Richardson
| 19% - 15%
|-
| Mike Huckabee
| 16% - 12%
|-
| Hillary Clinton
| 39% - 42%
|}

The poll had a margin of error of +/- 4%.

[[Image:Obamaflyer.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The flyer attacks Democratic candidate Sen. Barack Obama over the accusation he “voted to give criminal sexual abusers early release from prison” and claims that he “is a threat to our safety and security.”]]

==Accusations of using Willie Horton tactics==
A flyer circulating in South Carolina just prior to the Democratic presidential debate in July 2007 attacking presidential candidate Sen. Barack Obama (D-Ill.) over the accusation that he “voted to give criminal sexual abusers early release from prison,” <ref>[http://www.palmettoscoop.com/2007/07/24/dems-play-dirty-in-charleston/ Dems play dirty in Charleston], July 24, 2007.</ref> had been attributed to the Hillary Clinton campaign. In the flyer, Obama was compared to former Mass. Gov. Michael Dukakis - who came under fire during his 1988 presidential run for his release of convicted murderer William Horton who later committed rape and assault - and claimed that the Illinois Senator “is a threat to our safety and security.”

At the bottom of the leaflet was the statement “Mike Dukakis, Willie Horton, Barack Obama, wrong for South Carolina, wrong for America.”

==References==
<references/>

==External link==
*[http://judicialwatch.org/hillarywatch.shtml Judicial Watch Monitors Hillary Clinton's Campaign for Election]
*[http://herndon1.sdrdc.com/cgi-bin/cancomsrs/?_06+S0NY00188 FEC Summary Report on Hillary Clinton]
[[Category:United States Presidential Election, 2008]]

Rickets

2011-08-31T01:04:50Z

Cukuplz:

{{User talk:Rsmitchell}}
According to Medline Plus, "'''Rickets''' is a disorder primarily caused by lack of [[vitamin D]], [[calcium]], or [[phosphate]], which leads to softening and weakening of the [[bone]]s."<ref name=medline>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/article/000344.htm]</ref> "Rickets is rare in the United States."<ref name=medline>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/article/000344.htm]</ref> "The disorder may be corrected with replacement of deficient minerals and vitamin D."<ref name=medline>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/article/000344.htm]</ref> "Rickets may be avoided by maintaining an adequate intake of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D."<ref name=medline>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/article/000344.htm]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[category:diseases]]