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Sigmund Freud

2012-06-27T22:27:49Z

DFWilson: /* Religious studies */ grammar

[[Image:freud-thumb.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Sigmund Freud in his study]]
'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856–1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[atheist]] and [[pseudoscientist]]. Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled Vienna and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939.

== Religious studies==
Freud wrote two works on the psycological dimension of religion, ''Moses and Monotheism,'' and ''The Future of an Illusion.''<ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 49.</ref> Both, particularly the second, were attacks on religion.

== Theories ==
Today Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[repression]]; his symbolic interpretation of dreams; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic technique, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the symbolic interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into [[unconscious desire]]s.<ref> [http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 See also The Unconscious Before Freud, by Lancelot Law Whyte, 1979]</ref>

Freud proposed that the human [[psyche]] consists of three parts -- [[ego]], [[super-ego]], and [[id]] -- and that [[defense mechanism]]s are an attempt by the mind to resolve conflicts between the super-ego and the id. According to Freud's personality theory, the id represents the innate animal-like drives and instincts of the human being, consisting primarily of sexual and aggressive impulses. The super-ego consists of the learned rules and norms of the human being in their environment, derived from sources such as parental values, societal expectations, and religious teachings. When the id introduces impulses into the consciousness that are in conflict with the "rules" of the super-ego, anxiety can arise. For example, if one feels sexually attracted to the spouse of a family member, the super-ego promptly springs to action to remind us that these impulses are entirely unacceptable and offensive. The conflict between the id and the super-ego is thus born and the ego must resolve it or experience great anxiety.

Freud originally postulated childhood sexual abuse as the cause of neurosis. But he retracted this theory and replaced it with the Oedipus complex in the 1890s.

== Science issues==
Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963) </ref> Adolf Grünbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grünbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>Grünbaum, Adolf, ''Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis'', pp 320-321)</ref>

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy. As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy. (Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006). Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are talk therapy (simply talking through problems), free association (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and transference (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology | clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other talk therapies.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref>

Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

==World War II==
In order to prevent [[Nazis]] from banning psychoanalysis as "Jewish science", Sigmund Freud thought he needed a non-Jewish spokesperson for the psychoanalysis movement. He choose [[Carl Jung]], an early supporter who later partially diverged from Freud's [[psychiatric]] theories.

== External links ==

*[http://www.jewishmag.com/71mag/freud/freud.htm The Jewish Side of Freud.]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freud, Sigmund}}
[[Category:psychologists]]
[[category:atheists]]

Sigmund Freud

2012-02-27T21:12:01Z

DFWilson: /* Theories */

[[Image:freud-thumb.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Sigmund Freud in his study]]
'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856–1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[atheist]] and [[pseudoscientist]]. Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled Vienna and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939.

== Religious studies==
Freud wrote two works on the psycological dimension of religion, ''Moses and Monotheism,'' and ''The Future of an Illusion.''<ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 49.</ref> Both, particularly the second one, were attacks on religion.

== Theories ==
Today Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[repression]]; his symbolic interpretation of dreams; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic technique, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the symbolic interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into [[unconscious desire]]s.<ref> [http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 See also The Unconscious Before Freud, by Lancelot Law Whyte, 1979]</ref>

Freud proposed that the human [[psyche]] consists of three parts -- [[ego]], [[super-ego]], and [[id]] -- and that [[defense mechanism]]s are an attempt by the mind to resolve conflicts between the super-ego and the id. According to Freud's personality theory, the id represents the innate animal-like drives and instincts of the human being, consisting primarily of sexual and aggressive impulses. The super-ego consists of the learned rules and norms of the human being in their environment, derived from sources such as parental values, societal expectations, and religious teachings. When the id introduces impulses into the consciousness that are in conflict with the "rules" of the super-ego, anxiety can arise. For example, if one feels sexually attracted to the spouse of a family member, the super-ego promptly springs to action to remind us that these impulses are entirely unacceptable and offensive. The conflict between the id and the super-ego is thus born and the ego must resolve it or experience great anxiety.

Freud originally postulated childhood sexual abuse as the cause of neurosis. But he retracted this theory and replaced it with the Oedipus complex in the 1890s.

== Science issues==
Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963) </ref> Adolf Grünbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grünbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>Grünbaum, Adolf, ''Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis'', pp 320-321)</ref>

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy. As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy. (Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006). Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are talk therapy (simply talking through problems), free association (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and transference (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology | clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other talk therapies.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref>

Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

==World War II==
In order to prevent [[Nazis]] from banning psychoanalysis as "Jewish science", Sigmund Freud thought he needed a non-Jewish spokesperson for the psychoanalysis movement. He choose [[Carl Jung]], an early supporter who later partially diverged from Freud's [[psychiatric]] theories.

== External links ==

*[http://www.jewishmag.com/71mag/freud/freud.htm The Jewish Side of Freud.]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freud, Sigmund}}
[[Category:psychologists]]
[[category:atheists]]

Sigmund Freud

2012-02-27T21:11:16Z

DFWilson: /* Religious studies */

[[Image:freud-thumb.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Sigmund Freud in his study]]
'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856–1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[atheist]] and [[pseudoscientist]]. Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled Vienna and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939.

== Religious studies==
Freud wrote two works on the psycological dimension of religion, ''Moses and Monotheism,'' and ''The Future of an Illusion.''<ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 49.</ref> Both, particularly the second one, were attacks on religion.

== Theories ==
Today Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[repression]]; his symbolic interpretation of dreams; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic technique, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the symbolic interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into [[unconscious desire]]s. <ref> [http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 See also The Unconscious Before Freud, by Lancelot Law Whyte, 1979]</ref>

Freud proposed that the human [[psyche]] consists of three parts -- [[ego]], [[super-ego]], and [[id]] -- and that [[defense mechanism]]s are an attempt by the mind to resolve conflicts between the super-ego and the id. According to Freud's personality theory, the id represents the innate animal-like drives and instincts of the human being, consisting primarily of sexual and aggressive impulses. The super-ego consists of the learned rules and norms of the human being in their environment, derived from sources such as parental values, societal expectations, and religious teachings. When the id introduces impulses into the consciousness that are in conflict with the "rules" of the super-ego, anxiety can arise. For example, if one feels sexually attracted to the spouse of a family member, the super-ego promptly springs to action to remind us that these impulses are entirely unacceptable and offensive. The conflict between the id and the super-ego is thus born and the ego must resolve it or experience great anxiety.

Freud originally postulated childhood sexual abuse as the cause of neurosis. But he retracted this theory and replaced it with the Oedipus complex in the 1890s.

== Science issues==
Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963) </ref> Adolf Grünbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grünbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>Grünbaum, Adolf, ''Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis'', pp 320-321)</ref>

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy. As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy. (Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006). Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are talk therapy (simply talking through problems), free association (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and transference (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology | clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other talk therapies.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref>

Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

==World War II==
In order to prevent [[Nazis]] from banning psychoanalysis as "Jewish science", Sigmund Freud thought he needed a non-Jewish spokesperson for the psychoanalysis movement. He choose [[Carl Jung]], an early supporter who later partially diverged from Freud's [[psychiatric]] theories.

== External links ==

*[http://www.jewishmag.com/71mag/freud/freud.htm The Jewish Side of Freud.]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freud, Sigmund}}
[[Category:psychologists]]
[[category:atheists]]

Sigmund Freud

2012-02-27T21:09:36Z

DFWilson: /* Science issues */

[[Image:freud-thumb.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Sigmund Freud in his study]]
'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856–1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[atheist]] and [[pseudoscientist]]. Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled Vienna and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939.

== Religious studies==
Freud wrote two works on the psycological dimension of religion, ''Moses and Monotheism,'' and ''The Future of an Illusion.'' <ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 49.</ref> Both, particularly the second one, were attacks on religion.

== Theories ==
Today Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[repression]]; his symbolic interpretation of dreams; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic technique, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the symbolic interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into [[unconscious desire]]s. <ref> [http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 See also The Unconscious Before Freud, by Lancelot Law Whyte, 1979]</ref>

Freud proposed that the human [[psyche]] consists of three parts -- [[ego]], [[super-ego]], and [[id]] -- and that [[defense mechanism]]s are an attempt by the mind to resolve conflicts between the super-ego and the id. According to Freud's personality theory, the id represents the innate animal-like drives and instincts of the human being, consisting primarily of sexual and aggressive impulses. The super-ego consists of the learned rules and norms of the human being in their environment, derived from sources such as parental values, societal expectations, and religious teachings. When the id introduces impulses into the consciousness that are in conflict with the "rules" of the super-ego, anxiety can arise. For example, if one feels sexually attracted to the spouse of a family member, the super-ego promptly springs to action to remind us that these impulses are entirely unacceptable and offensive. The conflict between the id and the super-ego is thus born and the ego must resolve it or experience great anxiety.

Freud originally postulated childhood sexual abuse as the cause of neurosis. But he retracted this theory and replaced it with the Oedipus complex in the 1890s.

== Science issues==
Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963) </ref> Adolf Grünbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grünbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>Grünbaum, Adolf, ''Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis'', pp 320-321)</ref>

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy. As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy. (Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006). Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are talk therapy (simply talking through problems), free association (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and transference (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology | clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other talk therapies.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref>

Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

==World War II==
In order to prevent [[Nazis]] from banning psychoanalysis as "Jewish science", Sigmund Freud thought he needed a non-Jewish spokesperson for the psychoanalysis movement. He choose [[Carl Jung]], an early supporter who later partially diverged from Freud's [[psychiatric]] theories.

== External links ==

*[http://www.jewishmag.com/71mag/freud/freud.htm The Jewish Side of Freud.]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freud, Sigmund}}
[[Category:psychologists]]
[[category:atheists]]

Sigmund Freud

2012-02-27T21:05:43Z

DFWilson: removed absurd quote from Zilboorg from the lead. Saying, "Freud set back psychoanalysis" is the equivalent of saying "Muhammad set back Islam"

[[Image:freud-thumb.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Sigmund Freud in his study]]
'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856–1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[atheist]] and [[pseudoscientist]]. Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled Vienna and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939.

== Religious studies==
Freud wrote two works on the psycological dimension of religion, ''Moses and Monotheism,'' and ''The Future of an Illusion.'' <ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 49.</ref> Both, particularly the second one, were attacks on religion.

== Theories ==
Today Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[repression]]; his symbolic interpretation of dreams; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic technique, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the symbolic interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into [[unconscious desire]]s. <ref> [http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 See also The Unconscious Before Freud, by Lancelot Law Whyte, 1979]</ref>

Freud proposed that the human [[psyche]] consists of three parts -- [[ego]], [[super-ego]], and [[id]] -- and that [[defense mechanism]]s are an attempt by the mind to resolve conflicts between the super-ego and the id. According to Freud's personality theory, the id represents the innate animal-like drives and instincts of the human being, consisting primarily of sexual and aggressive impulses. The super-ego consists of the learned rules and norms of the human being in their environment, derived from sources such as parental values, societal expectations, and religious teachings. When the id introduces impulses into the consciousness that are in conflict with the "rules" of the super-ego, anxiety can arise. For example, if one feels sexually attracted to the spouse of a family member, the super-ego promptly springs to action to remind us that these impulses are entirely unacceptable and offensive. The conflict between the id and the super-ego is thus born and the ego must resolve it or experience great anxiety.

Freud originally postulated childhood sexual abuse as the cause of neurosis. But he retracted this theory and replaced it with the Oedipus complex in the 1890s.

== Science issues==
Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963) </ref> Adolf Grunbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grunbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>''Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis'', pp 320-321)</ref>

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy. As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy. (Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006). Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are talk therapy (simply talking through problems), free association (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and transference (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology | clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other talk therapies.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref>

Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

==World War II==
In order to prevent [[Nazis]] from banning psychoanalysis as "Jewish science", Sigmund Freud thought he needed a non-Jewish spokesperson for the psychoanalysis movement. He choose [[Carl Jung]], an early supporter who later partially diverged from Freud's [[psychiatric]] theories.

== External links ==

*[http://www.jewishmag.com/71mag/freud/freud.htm The Jewish Side of Freud.]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freud, Sigmund}}
[[Category:psychologists]]
[[category:atheists]]

Conversion therapy

2012-02-27T21:02:46Z

DFWilson:

'''Reparative therapy''' is a controversial therapeutic approach in psychology that is intended to help [[homosexual]]s get rid of their unwanted same-sex longings.<ref>Linda Nicolosi wrote, "... their efforts have a demonstrable track record of treatment success." [http://www.narth.com/docs/lcreview.html]</ref> While its usage is endorsed by some conservative psychologists and scholars, the majority of the psychological profession is opposed to its usage, due to the commonly held belief among psychologists that homosexuality is not a mental disorder. Still, some therapists consider homosexuality a "[[same sex attachment disorder]]" (SSAD) and offer help to those who want to change.

Joseph Nicolosi wrote:

:The fact that so many men continue to feel "dis-eased" by their homosexuality can be explained in one of two ways. Either society and the [[Judeo-Christian]] ethic have coerced these individuals into thinking they have a problem; or, the homosexual condition itself is inherently problematic.<ref>http://www.narth.com/docs/repair.html</ref>

For those seeking to leave the homosexual lifestyle, [[Exodus International]] is one example of a [[Christian]] group that helps practicing homosexuals by giving them freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ.<ref>http://exodus.to/content/view/736/0/</ref>

* All treatment must overcome some form of resistance against growth. We may say very simply that the treatment of homosexuality is the undoing of the resistance of [[defensive detachment]] from males.

==Scientific studies==

Opponents of reparative therapy have argued that no scientific studies have ever been done on its effectiveness, but Spitzer conducted a study. His study was published in a scientific journal two years later.<ref>Arch Sex Behav. 2003 Oct;32(5):403-17; discussion 419-72.</ref>

* "In 1990, the American Psychological Association stated that scientific evidence does not show that conversion therapy works and that it can do more harm than good."<ref> [http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_expr.htm Statements by professional organizations on Reparative Therapy]</ref>

* In 1994, therapy opponents began declaring, "There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of 'reparative therapy' as a treatment to change ones sexual orientation."

* It was not until 2001 that Robert Spitzer did a study (and it took until 2003 for him to find a publisher).

==Refusal to study reparative therapy scientifically==
In general, the therapeutic community in the United States has refused to consider the possiblity that RT is effective:
{{cquote|"NARTH offered to join with the American Psychological Association (APA) in conducting a detailed study of the effectiveness of reparative therapy. The APA refused to cooperate."<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_nart.htm#study Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]</ref>}}

==A landmark scientific study==

* "The current scientific context contains explicit or implicit universal claims that sexual reorientation therapy is unhelpful and/or harmful. Spitzer's study offers prima facie exceptions that cast doubt on these generalizations" (Wakefield). [http://www.rca.org/page.aspx?pid=3088 RCA - Perspectives: Essay: Changing Sexual Orientation]

==Christian ideas==

[[Peter LaBarbera]] is the President of [[Americans for Truth]] which is a organization which counters the [[homosexual agenda]]. LaBarbera stated the following regarding Christian ex-homosexuals who reported being transformed by the power of God:
{{cquote|Another factor from my experience as a close observer of the “ex-gay” phenomenon is that many former homosexuals do not linger in “reparative therapy” programs, or participate in them at all. They attribute their dramatic and (relatively) rapid transformation to the power of God, and likely would not show up in a study of this kind. In fact, these “unstudied” overcomers would appear to be the most successful ex-homosexuals because they’ve moved on with their lives — as “reborn” Christians move on after overcoming any besetting sin.<ref>http://www.americansfortruth.com/news/landmark-study-change-for-homosexuals-is-possible.html</ref>}}

Peter LaBarbera's statement above concerning [[Overcoming Homosexuality|overcoming homosexuality]] certainly has [http://www.conservapedia.com/Ex-homosexuals#Reparative_Therapy some evidence supporting it]. In addition, in 1980 a study was published in the ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' and eleven men participated in this study. The aforementioned study stated that eleven homosexual men became heterosexuals "without explicit treatment and/or long-term psychotherapy" through their participation in a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] church.<ref>E.M. Pattison and M.L. Pattison, "'Ex-Gays': Religiously Mediated Change in Homosexuals," American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 137, pp. 1553-1562, 1980</ref>

The opposition to reparative therapy is sometimes ideologically based, and it directs attention away from the harm that [[gay affirmative therapy]] can cause.
The ''American Journal of Psychotherapy'' published a case study about a client who was supposedly harmed by treating him for "[[internalized homophobia]]".<ref>[http://www.narth.com/docs/lcreview.html]</ref>

Currently, the [[American Medical Association]]<ref>[http://www.narth.com/docs/correctionletter2.html]</ref>, [[American Psychiatric Association]]<ref>[http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/56/10/883]</ref>, and [[American Psychological Association]] uniformly discourage therapeutic or pharmacologic attempts at altering sexual orientation, going so far as to say that it can harm the individual.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2000-02/APA-tdiw-0302100.php]</ref><ref>[http://psycnet.apa.org/?fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.249]</ref>

==Quotes==

* There is much controversy within the field of CRT, and interested researchers and laypeople alike clearly declare themselves as proponents for or opponents against CRT. There does not appear to be any middle ground. Virtually every discussion of CRT centers around two issues: the effectiveness of CRT and the ethicality of CRT. ([https://portfolio.du.edu/portfolio/getportfoliofile?uid=10771 Philip Osteen])

== External links ==

[[File:Book by Arthur Goldberg about homosexuality.jpg|thumb|Book by Arthur Goldberg about homosexuality healing.]]
*[http://jonahweb.org/sections.php?secId=2 JONAH, Jews Offering New Alternatives for Healing.]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{homosexualityb}}
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Conversion therapy

2012-02-27T07:53:15Z

DFWilson: format

'''Reparative therapy''' is a controversial therapeutic approach in psychology that is intended to help a [[homosexual]] get rid of his unwanted same-sex longings.<ref>Linda Nicolosi wrote, "... their efforts have a demonstrable track record of treatment success." [http://www.narth.com/docs/lcreview.html]</ref>. While its usage is endorsed by some conservative psychologists and scholars, the majority of the psychological profession is opposed to its usage, due to the commonly held belief among psychologists that homosexuality is not a mental disorder. Still, some therapists consider homosexuality a "[[same sex attachment disorder]]" (SSAD) and offer help to those who want to change.

Joseph Nicolosi wrote:

:The fact that so many men continue to feel "dis-eased" by their homosexuality can be explained in one of two ways. Either society and the [[Judeo-Christian]] ethic have coerced these individuals into thinking they have a problem; or, the homosexual condition itself is inherently problematic.<ref>http://www.narth.com/docs/repair.html</ref>

For those seeking to leave the homosexual lifestyle, [[Exodus International]] is one example of a [[Christian]] group that helps practicing homosexuals by giving them freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ.<ref>http://exodus.to/content/view/736/0/</ref>

* All treatment must overcome some form of resistance against growth. We may say very simply that the treatment of homosexuality is the undoing of the resistance of [[defensive detachment]] from males.

==Scientific studies==

Opponents of reparative therapy have argued that no scientific studies have ever been done on its effectiveness, but Spitzer conducted a study. His study was published in a scientific journal two years later.<ref>Arch Sex Behav. 2003 Oct;32(5):403-17; discussion 419-72.</ref>

* "In 1990, the American Psychological Association stated that scientific evidence does not show that conversion therapy works and that it can do more harm than good."<ref> [http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_expr.htm Statements by professional organizations on Reparative Therapy]</ref>

* In 1994, therapy opponents began declaring, "There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of 'reparative therapy' as a treatment to change ones sexual orientation."

* It was not until 2001 that Robert Spitzer did a study (and it took until 2003 for him to find a publisher).

==Refusal to study reparative therapy scientifically==
In general, the therapeutic community in the United States has refused to consider the possiblity that RT is effective:
{{cquote|"NARTH offered to join with the American Psychological Association (APA) in conducting a detailed study of the effectiveness of reparative therapy. The APA refused to cooperate."<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_nart.htm#study Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]</ref>}}

==A landmark scientific study==

* "The current scientific context contains explicit or implicit universal claims that sexual reorientation therapy is unhelpful and/or harmful. Spitzer's study offers prima facie exceptions that cast doubt on these generalizations" (Wakefield). [http://www.rca.org/page.aspx?pid=3088 RCA - Perspectives: Essay: Changing Sexual Orientation]

==Christian ideas==

[[Peter LaBarbera]] is the President of [[Americans for Truth]] which is a organization which counters the [[homosexual agenda]]. LaBarbera stated the following regarding Christian ex-homosexuals who reported being transformed by the power of God:
{{cquote|Another factor from my experience as a close observer of the “ex-gay” phenomenon is that many former homosexuals do not linger in “reparative therapy” programs, or participate in them at all. They attribute their dramatic and (relatively) rapid transformation to the power of God, and likely would not show up in a study of this kind. In fact, these “unstudied” overcomers would appear to be the most successful ex-homosexuals because they’ve moved on with their lives — as “reborn” Christians move on after overcoming any besetting sin.<ref>http://www.americansfortruth.com/news/landmark-study-change-for-homosexuals-is-possible.html</ref>}}

Peter LaBarbera's statement above concerning [[Overcoming Homosexuality|overcoming homosexuality]] certainly has [http://www.conservapedia.com/Ex-homosexuals#Reparative_Therapy some evidence supporting it]. In addition, in 1980 a study was published in the ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' and eleven men participated in this study. The aforementioned study stated that eleven homosexual men became heterosexuals "without explicit treatment and/or long-term psychotherapy" through their participation in a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] church.<ref>E.M. Pattison and M.L. Pattison, "'Ex-Gays': Religiously Mediated Change in Homosexuals," American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 137, pp. 1553-1562, 1980</ref>

The opposition to reparative therapy is sometimes ideologically based, and it directs attention away from the harm that [[gay affirmative therapy]] can cause.
The ''American Journal of Psychotherapy'' published a case study about a client who was supposedly harmed by treating him for "[[internalized homophobia]]".<ref>[http://www.narth.com/docs/lcreview.html]</ref>

Currently, the [[American Medical Association]]<ref>[http://www.narth.com/docs/correctionletter2.html]</ref>, [[American Psychiatric Association]]<ref>[http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/56/10/883]</ref>, and [[American Psychological Association]] uniformly discourage therapeutic or pharmacologic attempts at altering sexual orientation, going so far as to say that it can harm the individual.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2000-02/APA-tdiw-0302100.php]</ref><ref>[http://psycnet.apa.org/?fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.249]</ref>

==Quotes==

* There is much controversy within the field of CRT, and interested researchers and laypeople alike clearly declare themselves as proponents for or opponents against CRT. There does not appear to be any middle ground. Virtually every discussion of CRT centers around two issues: the effectiveness of CRT and the ethicality of CRT. ([https://portfolio.du.edu/portfolio/getportfoliofile?uid=10771 Philip Osteen])

== External links ==

[[File:Book by Arthur Goldberg about homosexuality.jpg|thumb|Book by Arthur Goldberg about homosexuality healing.]]
*[http://jonahweb.org/sections.php?secId=2 JONAH, Jews Offering New Alternatives for Healing.]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{homosexualityb}}
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Conversion therapy

2012-02-27T07:52:24Z

DFWilson: /* Christian ideas */ format

'''Reparative therapy''' is a controversial therapeutic approach in psychology that is intended to help a [[homosexual]] get rid of his unwanted same-sex longings.<ref>Linda Nicolosi wrote, "... their efforts have a demonstrable track record of treatment success." [http://www.narth.com/docs/lcreview.html]</ref>. While its usage is endorsed by some conservative psychologists and scholars, the majority of the psychological profession is opposed to its usage, due to the commonly held belief among psychologists that homosexuality is not a mental disorder. Still, some therapists consider homosexuality a "[[same sex attachment disorder]]" (SSAD) and offer help to those who want to change.

Joseph Nicolosi wrote:

:The fact that so many men continue to feel "dis-eased" by their homosexuality can be explained in one of two ways. Either society and the [[Judeo-Christian]] ethic have coerced these individuals into thinking they have a problem; or, the homosexual condition itself is inherently problematic. <ref>http://www.narth.com/docs/repair.html</ref>

For those seeking to leave the homosexual lifestyle, [[Exodus International]] is one example of a [[Christian]] group that helps practicing homosexuals by giving them freedom from homosexuality through the power of Jesus Christ.<ref>http://exodus.to/content/view/736/0/</ref>

* All treatment must overcome some form of resistance against growth. We may say very simply that the treatment of homosexuality is the undoing of the resistance of [[defensive detachment]] from males.

==Scientific studies==

Opponents of reparative therapy have argued that no scientific studies have ever been done on its effectiveness, but Spitzer conducted a study. His study was published in a scientific journal two years later.<ref>Arch Sex Behav. 2003 Oct;32(5):403-17; discussion 419-72.</ref>

* "In 1990, the American Psychological Association stated that scientific evidence does not show that conversion therapy works and that it can do more harm than good."<ref> [http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_expr.htm Statements by professional organizations on Reparative Therapy]</ref>

* In 1994, therapy opponents began declaring, "There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of 'reparative therapy' as a treatment to change ones sexual orientation."

* It was not until 2001 that Robert Spitzer did a study (and it took until 2003 for him to find a publisher).

==Refusal to study reparative therapy scientifically==
In general, the therapeutic community in the United States has refused to consider the possiblity that RT is effective:
{{cquote|"NARTH offered to join with the American Psychological Association (APA) in conducting a detailed study of the effectiveness of reparative therapy. The APA refused to cooperate."<ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_nart.htm#study Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance]</ref>}}

==A landmark scientific study==

* "The current scientific context contains explicit or implicit universal claims that sexual reorientation therapy is unhelpful and/or harmful. Spitzer's study offers prima facie exceptions that cast doubt on these generalizations" (Wakefield). [http://www.rca.org/page.aspx?pid=3088 RCA - Perspectives: Essay: Changing Sexual Orientation]

==Christian ideas==

[[Peter LaBarbera]] is the President of [[Americans for Truth]] which is a organization which counters the [[homosexual agenda]]. LaBarbera stated the following regarding Christian ex-homosexuals who reported being transformed by the power of God:
{{cquote|Another factor from my experience as a close observer of the “ex-gay” phenomenon is that many former homosexuals do not linger in “reparative therapy” programs, or participate in them at all. They attribute their dramatic and (relatively) rapid transformation to the power of God, and likely would not show up in a study of this kind. In fact, these “unstudied” overcomers would appear to be the most successful ex-homosexuals because they’ve moved on with their lives — as “reborn” Christians move on after overcoming any besetting sin.<ref>http://www.americansfortruth.com/news/landmark-study-change-for-homosexuals-is-possible.html</ref>}}

Peter LaBarbera's statement above concerning [[Overcoming Homosexuality|overcoming homosexuality]] certainly has [http://www.conservapedia.com/Ex-homosexuals#Reparative_Therapy some evidence supporting it]. In addition, in 1980 a study was published in the ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' and eleven men participated in this study. The aforementioned study stated that eleven homosexual men became heterosexuals "without explicit treatment and/or long-term psychotherapy" through their participation in a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] church.<ref>E.M. Pattison and M.L. Pattison, "'Ex-Gays': Religiously Mediated Change in Homosexuals," American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 137, pp. 1553-1562, 1980</ref>

The opposition to reparative therapy is sometimes ideologically based, and it directs attention away from the harm that [[gay affirmative therapy]] can cause.
The ''American Journal of Psychotherapy'' published a case study about a client who was supposedly harmed by treating him for "[[internalized homophobia]]".<ref>[http://www.narth.com/docs/lcreview.html]</ref>

Currently, the [[American Medical Association]]<ref>[http://www.narth.com/docs/correctionletter2.html]</ref>, [[American Psychiatric Association]]<ref>[http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/56/10/883]</ref>, and [[American Psychological Association]] uniformly discourage therapeutic or pharmacologic attempts at altering sexual orientation, going so far as to say that it can harm the individual.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2000-02/APA-tdiw-0302100.php]</ref><ref>[http://psycnet.apa.org/?fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.249]</ref>

==Quotes==

* There is much controversy within the field of CRT, and interested researchers and laypeople alike clearly declare themselves as proponents for or opponents against CRT. There does not appear to be any middle ground. Virtually every discussion of CRT centers around two issues: the effectiveness of CRT and the ethicality of CRT. ([https://portfolio.du.edu/portfolio/getportfoliofile?uid=10771 Philip Osteen])

== External links ==

[[File:Book by Arthur Goldberg about homosexuality.jpg|thumb|Book by Arthur Goldberg about homosexuality healing.]]
*[http://jonahweb.org/sections.php?secId=2 JONAH, Jews Offering New Alternatives for Healing.]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{homosexualityb}}
[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Sigmund Freud

2012-02-27T07:50:28Z

DFWilson: format ref

[[Image:freud-thumb.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Sigmund Freud in his study]]
'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856–1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[atheist]] and [[pseudoscientist]]. Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled Vienna and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939.

In every generation, Freud's work has inspired debate:
{{cquote|Freud did more than perhaps any other man to insidiously conflate atheism with science, religion with mysticism, more than LaPlace, Darwin, or even Marx... While groundbreaking, his theories set back psychoanalysis for more than half a century.<ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 118. Statement written in the 1950s; Freud's psychoanalysis continues to be applied to the detriment of patients.</ref>}}

== Religious studies==
Freud wrote two works on the psycological dimension of religion, ''Moses and Monotheism,'' and ''The Future of an Illusion.'' <ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 49.</ref> Both, particularly the second one, were attacks on religion.

== Theories ==
Today Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[repression]]; his symbolic interpretation of dreams; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic technique, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the symbolic interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into [[unconscious desire]]s. <ref> [http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 See also The Unconscious Before Freud, by Lancelot Law Whyte, 1979]</ref>

Freud proposed that the human [[psyche]] consists of three parts -- [[ego]], [[super-ego]], and [[id]] -- and that [[defense mechanism]]s are an attempt by the mind to resolve conflicts between the super-ego and the id. According to Freud's personality theory, the id represents the innate animal-like drives and instincts of the human being, consisting primarily of sexual and aggressive impulses. The super-ego consists of the learned rules and norms of the human being in their environment, derived from sources such as parental values, societal expectations, and religious teachings. When the id introduces impulses into the consciousness that are in conflict with the "rules" of the super-ego, anxiety can arise. For example, if one feels sexually attracted to the spouse of a family member, the super-ego promptly springs to action to remind us that these impulses are entirely unacceptable and offensive. The conflict between the id and the super-ego is thus born and the ego must resolve it or experience great anxiety.

Freud originally postulated childhood sexual abuse as the cause of neurosis. But he retracted this theory and replaced it with the Oedipus complex in the 1890s.

== Science issues==
Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963) </ref> Adolf Grunbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grunbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>''Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis'', pp 320-321)</ref>

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy. As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy. (Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006). Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are talk therapy (simply talking through problems), free association (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and transference (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology | clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other talk therapies.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref>

Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

==World War II==
In order to prevent [[Nazis]] from banning psychoanalysis as "Jewish science", Sigmund Freud thought he needed a non-Jewish spokesperson for the psychoanalysis movement. He choose [[Carl Jung]], an early supporter who later partially diverged from Freud's [[psychiatric]] theories.

== External links ==

*[http://www.jewishmag.com/71mag/freud/freud.htm The Jewish Side of Freud.]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freud, Sigmund}}
[[Category:psychologists]]
[[category:atheists]]

Sigmund Freud

2012-02-27T07:46:33Z

DFWilson: /* Science issues */ see talk page

[[Image:freud-thumb.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Sigmund Freud in his study]]
'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856–1939) was the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], an [[atheist]] and [[pseudoscientist]]. Because of the groundbreaking nature of most of his theory, Freud remains influential in the field of psychology, literary studies and history.

[[Jewish]] by birth, in 1938 he fled Vienna and persecution by the [[Nazi]]s to North [[London]], [[England]], where he lived until his death in 1939.

In every generation, Freud's work has inspired debate:
{{cquote|Freud did more than perhaps any other man to insidiously conflate atheism with science, religion with mysticism, more than LaPlace, Darwin, or even Marx... While groundbreaking, his theories set back psychoanalysis for more than half a century.<ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 118. Statement written in the 1950s; Freud's psychoanalysis continues to be applied to the detriment of patients.</ref>}}

== Religious studies==
Freud wrote two works on the psycological dimension of religion, ''Moses and Monotheism,'' and ''The Future of an Illusion.'' <ref>Gregory Zilboorg, ''Freud and Religion: a Restatement of an Old Controversy,'' 49.</ref> Both, particularly the second one, were attacks on religion.

== Theories ==
Today Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[repression]]; his symbolic interpretation of dreams; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic technique, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the symbolic interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into [[unconscious desire]]s. <ref> [http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 See also The Unconscious Before Freud, by Lancelot Law Whyte, 1979]</ref>

Freud proposed that the human [[psyche]] consists of three parts -- [[ego]], [[super-ego]], and [[id]] -- and that [[defense mechanism]]s are an attempt by the mind to resolve conflicts between the super-ego and the id. According to Freud's personality theory, the id represents the innate animal-like drives and instincts of the human being, consisting primarily of sexual and aggressive impulses. The super-ego consists of the learned rules and norms of the human being in their environment, derived from sources such as parental values, societal expectations, and religious teachings. When the id introduces impulses into the consciousness that are in conflict with the "rules" of the super-ego, anxiety can arise. For example, if one feels sexually attracted to the spouse of a family member, the super-ego promptly springs to action to remind us that these impulses are entirely unacceptable and offensive. The conflict between the id and the super-ego is thus born and the ego must resolve it or experience great anxiety.

Freud originally postulated childhood sexual abuse as the cause of neurosis. But he retracted this theory and replaced it with the Oedipus complex in the 1890s.

== Science issues==
Freud's theories are viewed by some as unscientific because they lack [[falsifiability]], as claimed by [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Popper, Karl R.: [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html 'Science as Falsification'], ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'' (London, 1963) </ref> Adolf Grunbaum disagrees with Popper's view, and argues that some of Freud's theories are falsifiable and may conceivably be correct. Grunbaum gives as an example Freud's ideas about the development of [[homosexuality]], referring to Freud's paper "The psychogenesis of a case of homosexuality in a woman."<ref>Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis, pp 320-321)</ref>

Freud's therapeutic methods continue to have a lasting importance in psychotherapy. As recently as 1987 approximately 75% of practicing therapists relied on Freud's psychoanalytic ideas in therapy. (Pope, K.S., Tabachnick, B. & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. ''American Psychologist, 42,'' 993-1006). Among the techniques instituted by Freud that are still in use today are talk therapy (simply talking through problems), free association (allowing the client to say whatever comes to mind), and transference (promoting an emotional relationship between the therapist and client in order to aid in the healing process).

Psychoanalysis as a [[clinical psychology | clinical]] method has in many cases been shown to be as effective as other talk therapies.<ref>[http://ask.metafilter.com/99906/Different-types-of-therapy Different types of therapy]</ref>

Sigmund Freud died of maxillary [[cancer]] at the age of 82 due to cigar smoking.

==World War II==
In order to prevent [[Nazis]] from banning psychoanalysis as "Jewish science", Sigmund Freud thought he needed a non-Jewish spokesperson for the psychoanalysis movement. He choose [[Carl Jung]], an early supporter who later partially diverged from Freud's [[psychiatric]] theories.

== External links ==

*[http://www.jewishmag.com/71mag/freud/freud.htm The Jewish Side of Freud.]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freud, Sigmund}}
[[Category:psychologists]]
[[category:atheists]]

Talk:Sigmund Freud

2012-02-23T22:36:28Z

DFWilson: /* Misleading statements */

Not sure how important it is that he was an atheist, though it could be mentioned in relation to that debate he had with C.S. Lewis. Also, a citation about the euthanasia thing would be useful.

== Prof R C Tallis ==

Can you explain how a Professor of Geriatric Medicine is an expert in psychology( or even science--as opposed to medicine or geriatrics)? If not I really think that reference is inappropriate and should be removed. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 13:39, 27 April 2007 (EDT)
:Now he is being used to support mere gossip. Weakening the claim does not make him a better source for its veracity, but it does make the claim entirely inappropriate for an encyclopedia entry. “Some have charged X with Y” is nothing but gossip and should be immediately removed as it violates the commandments. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 11:49, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
::Seeing no explanation, I will remove it as gossip.--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 11:45, 30 April 2007 (EDT)

== Popper ==

Actually now that I look at it I think the comment about Popper should also be removed, since the opinions of philosophers are not relevant to what is or is not science (as per this comment [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Isaac_Newton&diff=prev&oldid=26137] ), but to be clear that I am acting in good faith I figured I’d put this on the talk page to avoid any appearance that I was engaging in an edit war or some other forbidden behavior.--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 13:44, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

:If Popper isn't a good source on what is or is not science I'm not sure who would be. Some of the end of this article is a bit of a stretch, at least the part about no experiments showing any merit of his work. There are many studies showing that psychoanalysis can be a useful treatment. But that has little to do with Freud's ideas about psychosexual stages or id/ego/superego. [[User:Murray|Murray]] 13:59, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::I tried cleaning it up a bit to reflect reality. Popper is defiantly a worthy source for the discussion of what is and is not science. [[User:Tmtoulouse|Tmtoulouse]] 14:08, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

:::That's much better. [[User:Murray|Murray]] 14:22, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

:::I, personally, would tend to agree with both of you, Popper should be usable as a source for what is or is not science. But, I don’t make the rules here. See the comment I linked to above . Philosophers of science are not relevant sources when dealing with science. The views of philosophers are opinions when it comes to science (see here [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Isaac_Newton&diff=next&oldid=27318] ). --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 15:35, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::::Eh we make the rules on pages that have yet to be discovered and put through the CP intellectual downgrade. Let Schlafly come and say Popper doesn't know anything first, I don't want to proactively dumb down articles myself :).[[User:Tmtoulouse|Tmtoulouse]] 15:44, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

: The Popper reference is useful because it helps explain that Freud's work was never scientific. Otherwise, people might think that it was scientific, but has merely been superceded by modern brain research. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 15:50, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::Why is Popper, a philosopher and not a scientist, an appropriate reference here? Or is it now the case that philosophers of science are relevant sources when it comes to science? --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 15:57, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::: Freud was not a scientist either. Freud was a charlatan. Popper is cited for a point in the philosophy of science, and he was an expert on that. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 17:57, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::::Last time I cited a philosopher of science for a point about just that I was told that it was not relevant, in fact I was told that it was not relevant by you. Why is philosophy of science relevant for the current (or past) state of science here, but not in the case of Newton? --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 09:30, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

Popper is usually accepted to have created one of the better definitions of science - although personally, I prefer Lakatos. But it's probably fair to say that Freudianism isn't science. However, I disagree with the implication that this makes Freud's work useless. Psychology is a social science, and most social sciences aren't scientific in the strictly Popperesque sense, but they're still useful. And strictly speaking, medicine often isn't exactly falsifiable, either. --[[User:AKjeldsen|AKjeldsen]] 11:55, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
:Bah, 99 percent of the work that I do in psychology is more closely aligned with [[Karl Popper]] and the [[scientific method]] then a great deal of the "hard" sciences like physics and chemistry :). [[User:Tmtoulouse|Tmtoulouse]] 12:04, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

: A lot of psychology is useful. I am not putting down psychology. But Freud's work was crap, and caused more harm than good. His theories aren't useful for anything. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 14:01, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::Freud’s work may or may not have value, but that doesn’t explain why Popper’s view is relevant here. If you have a source for the claim Freud’s work “caused more harm than good” or that “His theories aren't useful for anything”, I’d love to see them. But, your dislike for the man or his theory’s does not justify your use of this source.--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 14:24, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::: Newton was a real scientist, Freud was not. Popper was a respected philosopher of science who lived at the same time as Freud. Popper's view tells what knowledgeable people thought of Freud while he was alive. I don't get your analogy to Newton. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 15:21, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
::::Your evidence for Freud was not a scientist is a philosopher of science. You are appealing to the authority of a philosopher of science. You have in the past said philosophers of science are irrelevant as an authority when dealing with science (that Freud is not a scientist is a claim about science). Unless Popper is relevant because what philosophers of science have to say about science is relevant, he is not relevant here (what smart people think about science is even less relevant than what philosophers of science think about science). Is what philosophers of science have to say about science relevant?--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 15:28, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::::: I don't know what you are arguing about. The article says, "Freud's theories are viewed as unscientific because they lack falsifiability". That is a correct statement, and it belongs in the article. Popper is a good source to support that statement. If you dispute the statement, then tell us why and provide us with sources. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 15:39, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::::::I’m not arguing, I’m asking a question, one which I have yet to see an answer to. I’ve tried asking it in context, to explain why I’m asking, but it seems to get lost when I try to do it that way, so let me drop the context and ask the question straight out: Are philosophers of science appropriate sources to use as support for claims about science?--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 15:46, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::::::: If you want an expert opinion on quantum chromodynamics, I wouldn't pay much attention to the philosophers. If the question is some scientific claim related to Freudian theory, such as whether the symbolic interpretation of dreams can predict behavior, then that is not really a question that philosophy answers. But Popper is being used her for a question of philosophy, not the merits of any scientific ideas. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 16:14, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
::::::::Popper is being used here to pass judgment on whether or not something (actually a number of somethings) is sciencntific. Not a question of philosophy. A question of philosophy would be “is falsifiability a necessary feature of a scientific theory? or “What is falsifiability?” (neither of which are settled questions). You could write, “Popper said falsifiability is a necessary feature of science, and under his definition Freud’s theories were not falsifiable” – but that would be about Popper not Freud. To say X is unscientific as evidenced by Popper’s claims is to say that Popper is a good source for what is science, not what some philosophers believe science to be. He is being used here to make a claim about science not about philosophy. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 16:37, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::::::::: I think that whether or not something is scientific is a philosophical question, so I guess we disagree on that. But whether it is or not, the cite to Popper is proper. You've strayed from the topic. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 16:49, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
::::::::::Thank you for taking the time to try to explain your position to me. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 17:09, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

== Unconscious Before Freud ==
Reginod, why did you remove this?
:See also: Whyte, Lancelot Law: [http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 ''The Unconscious Before Freud''] (Palgrave Macmillan, 1979)
It is a respectable book, and seems like a good source to me. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 16:28, 3 May 2007 (EDT)
::i think he thought the citation was the book review on amazon.com which it links to, not the book. I was going to add it back.[[User:Bohdan|Bohdan]]
:::That’s exactly why I removed it, a link to an amazon.com page about a book is not a good way to support a claim—a cite to the book (along with a page number) would be fine, or a link to a page which actually has the claim on it. But, as it stood the link did not support the claim.--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 17:20, 3 May 2007 (EDT)

:::: I removed the claims that some of Freud's new ideas have been shown to be correct. If it were really true, then some book or paper could be cited where the ideas were shown to be correct. The available references say the opposite. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 20:47, 3 May 2007 (EDT)
:::::I’m not sure why this was addressed to me (or if it was, but it seems to have been), but I think that’s great—I’m all for removing unsourced claims and I think a healthy dose of that would do many articles here a great deal of good. Actually I’m fairly happy with how the article looks now. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 23:48, 3 May 2007 (EDT)

== Religions and Freud ==
Freud has imaginative theories about religions and there they are comming from (Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics). Should these be critisized here? --[[User:Aulis Eskola|Aulis Eskola]] 10:38, 14 May 2007 (EDT)

== Regarding some Errors ==

There seem to be some errors on this page.

Although I detest Freud's anti-religious views (and cocaine use), to say his work is considered pseudoscience is pretty outlandish. In Science there is a difference between Quantitative and Qualitative evidence. Now because of the nature of psychology, much of his work falls under the the realm of qualitative evidence, which uses characteristics instead of numbers to prove something.

The "falsifiability" lies with the results of his patients which is, quite frankly, world renowned as his work has lead to the help of many including those who were clinically ill. If his work didn't help the patients out and had left them brainwashed/traumatized etc. it would of been rejected. The massive spread of psychoanalysis is due to its effectiveness and it has gone through many scientific studies/advances etc.

Also I'm not certain the source claiming he falsified his theories is reliable because up to that point almost no one had such theories besides him :/

But hey as someone who studied Psychology and had to write a large essay on Freud I thought I could just point some things out. :)

--[[User:ConservaCollege|ConservaCollege]] 16:04, 27 February 2009 (EST)

: So where is the evidence that Freud ever helped anyone? The massive spread of psychoanalysis is for reasons other than its effectiveness. And it is not spreading anymore, as most people agree that it does not work. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 04:26, 28 February 2009 (EST)

== Misleading statements ==

I think that this sentence of the article is misleading: "However other critics of Freud, such as Hans Eysenck and Adolf Grunbaum, while viewing his theories as wrong, have conceded that they may indeed be falsifiable." As far as I know from reading his books, Grunbaum does not see all of Freud's theories as necessarily being "wrong". He does believe that there is strong evidence against some of Freud's theories (for example, his dream theory), but that some of Freud's other theories may possibly be correct. He gives Freud's ideas about the development of homosexuality as one example of this (he argues this in Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis; I can quote that book and provide page references, if it helps). Furthermore, I do not believe that it is Grunbaum's view that all of Freud's theories are necessarily falsifiable: some of them are, some might not be. As I am new to Conservapedia, I am not going to try to change or remove that sentence right away, but I think it is important to note that it is misleading. Comments? [[User:DFWilson|DFWilson]] 17:36, 23 February 2012 (EST)

Talk:Sigmund Freud

2012-02-23T22:35:43Z

DFWilson:

Not sure how important it is that he was an atheist, though it could be mentioned in relation to that debate he had with C.S. Lewis. Also, a citation about the euthanasia thing would be useful.

== Prof R C Tallis ==

Can you explain how a Professor of Geriatric Medicine is an expert in psychology( or even science--as opposed to medicine or geriatrics)? If not I really think that reference is inappropriate and should be removed. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 13:39, 27 April 2007 (EDT)
:Now he is being used to support mere gossip. Weakening the claim does not make him a better source for its veracity, but it does make the claim entirely inappropriate for an encyclopedia entry. “Some have charged X with Y” is nothing but gossip and should be immediately removed as it violates the commandments. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 11:49, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
::Seeing no explanation, I will remove it as gossip.--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 11:45, 30 April 2007 (EDT)

== Popper ==

Actually now that I look at it I think the comment about Popper should also be removed, since the opinions of philosophers are not relevant to what is or is not science (as per this comment [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Isaac_Newton&diff=prev&oldid=26137] ), but to be clear that I am acting in good faith I figured I’d put this on the talk page to avoid any appearance that I was engaging in an edit war or some other forbidden behavior.--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 13:44, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

:If Popper isn't a good source on what is or is not science I'm not sure who would be. Some of the end of this article is a bit of a stretch, at least the part about no experiments showing any merit of his work. There are many studies showing that psychoanalysis can be a useful treatment. But that has little to do with Freud's ideas about psychosexual stages or id/ego/superego. [[User:Murray|Murray]] 13:59, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::I tried cleaning it up a bit to reflect reality. Popper is defiantly a worthy source for the discussion of what is and is not science. [[User:Tmtoulouse|Tmtoulouse]] 14:08, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

:::That's much better. [[User:Murray|Murray]] 14:22, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

:::I, personally, would tend to agree with both of you, Popper should be usable as a source for what is or is not science. But, I don’t make the rules here. See the comment I linked to above . Philosophers of science are not relevant sources when dealing with science. The views of philosophers are opinions when it comes to science (see here [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Isaac_Newton&diff=next&oldid=27318] ). --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 15:35, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::::Eh we make the rules on pages that have yet to be discovered and put through the CP intellectual downgrade. Let Schlafly come and say Popper doesn't know anything first, I don't want to proactively dumb down articles myself :).[[User:Tmtoulouse|Tmtoulouse]] 15:44, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

: The Popper reference is useful because it helps explain that Freud's work was never scientific. Otherwise, people might think that it was scientific, but has merely been superceded by modern brain research. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 15:50, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::Why is Popper, a philosopher and not a scientist, an appropriate reference here? Or is it now the case that philosophers of science are relevant sources when it comes to science? --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 15:57, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::: Freud was not a scientist either. Freud was a charlatan. Popper is cited for a point in the philosophy of science, and he was an expert on that. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 17:57, 27 April 2007 (EDT)

::::Last time I cited a philosopher of science for a point about just that I was told that it was not relevant, in fact I was told that it was not relevant by you. Why is philosophy of science relevant for the current (or past) state of science here, but not in the case of Newton? --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 09:30, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

Popper is usually accepted to have created one of the better definitions of science - although personally, I prefer Lakatos. But it's probably fair to say that Freudianism isn't science. However, I disagree with the implication that this makes Freud's work useless. Psychology is a social science, and most social sciences aren't scientific in the strictly Popperesque sense, but they're still useful. And strictly speaking, medicine often isn't exactly falsifiable, either. --[[User:AKjeldsen|AKjeldsen]] 11:55, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
:Bah, 99 percent of the work that I do in psychology is more closely aligned with [[Karl Popper]] and the [[scientific method]] then a great deal of the "hard" sciences like physics and chemistry :). [[User:Tmtoulouse|Tmtoulouse]] 12:04, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

: A lot of psychology is useful. I am not putting down psychology. But Freud's work was crap, and caused more harm than good. His theories aren't useful for anything. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 14:01, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::Freud’s work may or may not have value, but that doesn’t explain why Popper’s view is relevant here. If you have a source for the claim Freud’s work “caused more harm than good” or that “His theories aren't useful for anything”, I’d love to see them. But, your dislike for the man or his theory’s does not justify your use of this source.--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 14:24, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::: Newton was a real scientist, Freud was not. Popper was a respected philosopher of science who lived at the same time as Freud. Popper's view tells what knowledgeable people thought of Freud while he was alive. I don't get your analogy to Newton. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 15:21, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
::::Your evidence for Freud was not a scientist is a philosopher of science. You are appealing to the authority of a philosopher of science. You have in the past said philosophers of science are irrelevant as an authority when dealing with science (that Freud is not a scientist is a claim about science). Unless Popper is relevant because what philosophers of science have to say about science is relevant, he is not relevant here (what smart people think about science is even less relevant than what philosophers of science think about science). Is what philosophers of science have to say about science relevant?--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 15:28, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::::: I don't know what you are arguing about. The article says, "Freud's theories are viewed as unscientific because they lack falsifiability". That is a correct statement, and it belongs in the article. Popper is a good source to support that statement. If you dispute the statement, then tell us why and provide us with sources. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 15:39, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::::::I’m not arguing, I’m asking a question, one which I have yet to see an answer to. I’ve tried asking it in context, to explain why I’m asking, but it seems to get lost when I try to do it that way, so let me drop the context and ask the question straight out: Are philosophers of science appropriate sources to use as support for claims about science?--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 15:46, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::::::: If you want an expert opinion on quantum chromodynamics, I wouldn't pay much attention to the philosophers. If the question is some scientific claim related to Freudian theory, such as whether the symbolic interpretation of dreams can predict behavior, then that is not really a question that philosophy answers. But Popper is being used her for a question of philosophy, not the merits of any scientific ideas. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 16:14, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
::::::::Popper is being used here to pass judgment on whether or not something (actually a number of somethings) is sciencntific. Not a question of philosophy. A question of philosophy would be “is falsifiability a necessary feature of a scientific theory? or “What is falsifiability?” (neither of which are settled questions). You could write, “Popper said falsifiability is a necessary feature of science, and under his definition Freud’s theories were not falsifiable” – but that would be about Popper not Freud. To say X is unscientific as evidenced by Popper’s claims is to say that Popper is a good source for what is science, not what some philosophers believe science to be. He is being used here to make a claim about science not about philosophy. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 16:37, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

::::::::: I think that whether or not something is scientific is a philosophical question, so I guess we disagree on that. But whether it is or not, the cite to Popper is proper. You've strayed from the topic. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 16:49, 28 April 2007 (EDT)
::::::::::Thank you for taking the time to try to explain your position to me. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 17:09, 28 April 2007 (EDT)

== Unconscious Before Freud ==
Reginod, why did you remove this?
:See also: Whyte, Lancelot Law: [http://www.amazon.com/Unconscious-Before-Freud-Lancelot-Whyte/dp/0312828705 ''The Unconscious Before Freud''] (Palgrave Macmillan, 1979)
It is a respectable book, and seems like a good source to me. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 16:28, 3 May 2007 (EDT)
::i think he thought the citation was the book review on amazon.com which it links to, not the book. I was going to add it back.[[User:Bohdan|Bohdan]]
:::That’s exactly why I removed it, a link to an amazon.com page about a book is not a good way to support a claim—a cite to the book (along with a page number) would be fine, or a link to a page which actually has the claim on it. But, as it stood the link did not support the claim.--[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 17:20, 3 May 2007 (EDT)

:::: I removed the claims that some of Freud's new ideas have been shown to be correct. If it were really true, then some book or paper could be cited where the ideas were shown to be correct. The available references say the opposite. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 20:47, 3 May 2007 (EDT)
:::::I’m not sure why this was addressed to me (or if it was, but it seems to have been), but I think that’s great—I’m all for removing unsourced claims and I think a healthy dose of that would do many articles here a great deal of good. Actually I’m fairly happy with how the article looks now. --[[User:Reginod|Reginod]] 23:48, 3 May 2007 (EDT)

== Religions and Freud ==
Freud has imaginative theories about religions and there they are comming from (Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics). Should these be critisized here? --[[User:Aulis Eskola|Aulis Eskola]] 10:38, 14 May 2007 (EDT)

== Regarding some Errors ==

There seem to be some errors on this page.

Although I detest Freud's anti-religious views (and cocaine use), to say his work is considered pseudoscience is pretty outlandish. In Science there is a difference between Quantitative and Qualitative evidence. Now because of the nature of psychology, much of his work falls under the the realm of qualitative evidence, which uses characteristics instead of numbers to prove something.

The "falsifiability" lies with the results of his patients which is, quite frankly, world renowned as his work has lead to the help of many including those who were clinically ill. If his work didn't help the patients out and had left them brainwashed/traumatized etc. it would of been rejected. The massive spread of psychoanalysis is due to its effectiveness and it has gone through many scientific studies/advances etc.

Also I'm not certain the source claiming he falsified his theories is reliable because up to that point almost no one had such theories besides him :/

But hey as someone who studied Psychology and had to write a large essay on Freud I thought I could just point some things out. :)

--[[User:ConservaCollege|ConservaCollege]] 16:04, 27 February 2009 (EST)

: So where is the evidence that Freud ever helped anyone? The massive spread of psychoanalysis is for reasons other than its effectiveness. And it is not spreading anymore, as most people agree that it does not work. [[User:RSchlafly|RSchlafly]] 04:26, 28 February 2009 (EST)

== Misleading statements ==

I think that this sentence of the article is misleading: "However other critics of Freud, such as Hans Eysenck and Adolf Grunbaum, while viewing his theories as wrong, have conceded that they may indeed be falsifiable." As far as I know from reading his books, Grunbaum does not see all of Freud's theories as necessarily being "wrong". He does believe that there is strong evidence against some of Freud's theories (for example, his dream theory), but that some of Freud's other theories may be correct. He gives Freud's ideas about the development of homosexuality as one example of this (he argues this in Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis; I can quote that book and provide page references, if it helps). Furthermore, I do not believe that it is Grunbaum's view that all of Freud's theories are necessarily falsifiable: some of them are, some might not be. As I am new to Conservapedia, I am not going to try to change or remove that sentence right away, but I think it is important to note that it is misleading. Comments? [[User:DFWilson|DFWilson]] 17:35, 23 February 2012 (EST)