Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

User talk:Cruizir

2020-12-10T16:40:18Z

DavidMiller:

== Don't remove content from pages ==

Don't remove content from pages, as you did [[Special:Diff/1712356&oldid=1712354|here]]. Some of the details were also mentioned on other pages with sources, so be constructive unless you prefer to get blocked. —[[User:Liberaltears|<code>'''LT'''</code>]]'''''[[User:Liberaltears/mail|May D.C., his mother, and I.S. be all well!]]''''' Thursday, 09:45, 10 December 2020 (EST)
:They were totally non sensical to the point where I don't think anything good could come out of them. [[User:Cruizir|Cruizir]] ([[User talk:Cruizir|talk]]) 09:47, 10 December 2020 (EST)
::Totally nonsensical? Those details are true and are relevant to the article, as it was far-left rioters vandalizing statues and terrorizing cities. Also, don't insert a deceitful liberal POV in articles like you did [[Special:Diff/1712353&oldid=1691642|here]]. —[[User:Liberaltears|<code>'''LT'''</code>]]'''''[[User:Liberaltears/mail|May D.C., his mother, and I.S. be all well!]]''''' Thursday, 09:54, 10 December 2020 (EST)
:::First off I am not a liberal I am a leftist. Conservatives are closer to liberals than leftists by a good margin. Most of the statue vandalism was not by "far leftists" by any means and even if it was who cares theyre god damn statues of old racist people. If they weren't old racist people the vandals were probably just random rioters who want to live out fantasies of society collapsing who are a lot more likely to be conservatives than anywhere on the left. None of those murders are by people proven to be leftists. "Liberal Pov" Your whole wiki is POV propaganda [[User:Cruizir|Cruizir]] ([[User talk:Cruizir|talk]]) 10:02, 10 December 2020 (EST)
::::No, the vandals were far-leftists because they were mostly part of BLM/Antifa. The anti-police violence rampant this year also has a lot to do with the left-wing anarchist hate groups. Also, your attempt to justify vandalism of statues is quite lame: they are there because history is meant to be learned from and not forgotten. The fact that the left is fighting so hard to remove them says quite a lot. —[[User:Liberaltears|<code>'''LT'''</code>]]'''''[[User:Liberaltears/mail|May D.C., his mother, and I.S. be all well!]]''''' Thursday, 10:09, 10 December 2020 (EST)
:::::BLM and antifa doesn't mean far leftist just basic human decency. And statues of old racists honoring them doesnt quite qualify as "learning about history" you ever wonder why every nazi statue in germany was taken down? [[User:Cruizir|Cruizir]] ([[User talk:Cruizir|talk]]) 10:17, 10 December 2020 (EST)
::::::Oh really? If BLM/Antifa are associated with "basic human decency", then why is it that they violently mob people, burn buildings, and terrorize cities? Just how detached are you from reality? —[[User:Liberaltears|<code>'''LT'''</code>]]'''''[[User:Liberaltears/mail|May D.C., his mother, and I.S. be all well!]]''''' Thursday, 10:21, 10 December 2020 (EST)
::::::: How could Antifa, an ideology, do any of that? [[User:DavidMiller|DavidMiller]] ([[User talk:DavidMiller|talk]]) 11:40, 10 December 2020 (EST)

== Are you a vandal? ==

You appear to be deleting content from pages, like the other pointed out. --[[User:Yeschayi|Yeschayi]] ([[User talk:Yeschayi|talk]]) 10:35, 10 December 2020 (EST)

TV Tropes

2020-12-09T23:17:38Z

DavidMiller:

'''TV Tropes''' is a wiki devoted to classifying the tricks and trades of writing fiction, primarily focusing on television shows and characters. It used to contain an entry on Conservapedia, treating the site as a show or book, in which Andrew Schlafly is treated as a character in order to mock his values.

==Hanging a Lampshade on Fiction: The Good TV Tropes Does==
*Uses the wiki model
*Not quite as stuffy or encyclopedic as Wikipedia
*Lively set of forums to coordinate editing

==Problems with TV Tropes==
===Bloat===
Users of the site have too much time on their hands and are obsessed with television shows, such as the vacuous occult teen drama ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer''. Consequently, they need excuses to make new pages. As a result, most of the entries are over specialized variations of other entries. Effectively every individual scene, character or theme, no matter how specific, can be turned into an article, even if they are not tropes as such. The official policy is that "There Is No Such Thing As Notability", the only qualifying factor for page creation is that the subject must actually exist.

===Soapboxing===
A non-fiction educational wiki has been shoe-horned into TV Tropes as a way for the liberal editors to criticize it.

===Inconsistent use of tropes===
In certain cases, in particular with YMMV tropes, the criteria used for determining trope applicability have been deemed inconsistent, even when there was a rubric for including them. An infamous example of this is the Complete Monster trope, reserved for the worst of the worst among villains, where some villains get removed for qualifying as "lacking in the heinous standard" even when said villains have been depicted as being truly evil, such as outright enjoying jobs at assassination and having zero qualms with murdering children, or even having another qualifying despite their showing genuinely redeemable traits. One of the excuses for this inconsistency is the claim that different stories have differing moral standards, implying that they engage in [[Moral relativism]]. This also ends up contradicted when one character is labeled as a Complete Monster and the other in exactly the same work isn't considered such despite both characters doing exactly the same sort of thing that got one of them labeled as such in the first place and having very similar reactions. In addition, this also results in various other [[Wikia]]s, such as Villains Wiki, using the Complete Monster trope alongside rigidly enforcing these aspects even when they were incorrect and in explicit violation against Wikia's encyclopedic policies on POV, and also tended to require majority opinion to even qualify (see also [[Groupthink]]). In addition, despite qualifying as YMMV, several entries relating to unintentionally sympathetic or unintentionally unsympathetic at times get removed due to the claim that they are insulting to the characters. Although TV Tropes eventually became so mismanaged that All The Tropes was created specifically to fix mistakes made on TV Tropes, it has recently started falling into the same problems with the Complete Monster trope as with TV Tropes, including utilizing differing moral standards for villains, with it eventually resulting in the outright removal of the Complete Monster trope from being used as examples on All the Tropes (and the trope itself only being relegated to a single article).

====Liberal bias====
The site tends to promote several liberal biases. For instance, some of the tropes, in particular YMMV tropes, can make negative statements about President Bush, yet if a negative statement was made regarding Barack Obama, they remove it under the pretense of how it's never good to negatively comment on a President; anything negative about Donald Trump is promoted, while anything positive about him is either removed or edited out of context. They are also pro-evolution and anti-Christian as can be seen on their tropes page for Christian movies like ''God's Not Dead''.<ref>http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/GodsNotDead</ref> On these pages, the "Rule of Cautious Editing Judgment" <ref>http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RuleOfCautiousEditingJudgment</ref> and their rule against "Complaining About Shows You Don't Like" <ref>http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Administrivia/ComplainingAboutShowsYouDontLike</ref> are disregarded.

Similarly, despite having a rule forbidding listing any real-world examples that are more recent than four decades, the Vote Early, Vote Often trope page's real life examples section explicitly rejects the notion that voter fraud was widespread (as well as citing the [[fake news]] site ''[[Washington Post]]'' as its proof for being rare) during the 2010 decade and falsely implies that Republicans and Conservatives simply were "delusional" for believing it, and even accusing the Republican congressional candidate of North Carolina of doing the same.<ref>https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/VoteEarlyVoteOften
*In the United States, voter fraud is [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/?utm_term=.760ad11d0395 very rare] but has become a major rallying cry for the Republican Party, particularly in The New '10s as justification for strict voter ID laws. Donald Trump has made sweeping accusations against Democrats, from claiming that millions of illegal immigrants voted against him in California in 2016, to claiming people voted multiple times via donning disguises in the 2018 midterm elections. This was widely mocked by people tweeting multiple images purporting to be the disguises they wore to cast more than one ballot. That election also had a high-profile case in North Carolina's ninth district where absentee ballots were meddled with in various ways to favor the Republican candidate.</ref> It also calls "cure your gays" a "discredited" trope despite the fact that ex-homosexuals do exist.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v--BuHXVA70&feature=youtu.be</ref>

The real life section of the trope "Blind Obedience" hints that conservative people never question authority and falsely labels fascism as part of the right-wing, though this does not describe all conservatives; in fact, there are even some liberals and a lot of leftists that display a lot of blind obedience more than what TV Tropes accuses conservatives of being. It also implies that conservative leaders are the ones who have zero tolerance for any dissent, when such a description actually matches left-wing dictatorships and left-wing leaders more (eg, Karl Marx was known to throw out anyone who dared suggest he might even slightly be wrong in his thinking).<ref>https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BlindObedience</ref>

The Trope page for "Dan Browned" (meaning one who claims to do research, yet still gets many things wrong) goes hard after Jack Chick and his Chick Tracts, yet fails to acknowledge the many errors of super-liberal Adam Conover in the show "Adam Ruins Everything." <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEWJIHuD1uI&feature=youtu.be&list=PLSQlg4QzakovWbOTa0JwYUmS5hrzQuq1c</ref>

===Timesink===
TV Tropes is perhaps most famous for its wiki effect, where an internet browser will become sucked into the pages, clicking from link to link, trope to trope, work to work. This becomes even worse if one decides to become an editor, due to the work involved. <ref>https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TVTropesWillRuinYourLife</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wikis]]
[[Category:Liberal Media]]

Windows 1.0

2020-12-05T20:21:28Z

DavidMiller: Created page with "'''Windows 1.0''' was the first version of Windows. It released in 1985."

'''Windows 1.0''' was the first version of Windows. It released in 1985.

Windows (operating system)

2020-12-05T20:20:50Z

DavidMiller:

'''Windows''' is a series of [[operating system]]s produced and maintained by the [[Microsoft Corporation]]. It was estimated that as of December 2007<ref>[http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_os.asp OS Statistics]. Refsnes Data. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref> Microsoft Windows accounted for nearly 90% of operating system usage, with 3 out of 4 being [[Windows XP]]. Windows is used for desktop, and [[server]] computers,<ref>[https://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2003/default.mspx Windows Server 2003 R2 Home]. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref> and more recently also for [[cellular phone]]s and tablet computers. It is intended for use with the [[Intel]] x86-64 family of processors.

Early versions of Windows (98 and earlier) were notoriously unreliable, despite (or maybe because of?) Microsoft's near-monopoly share of the operating system market. They crashed so often that the term "blue screen of death" entered the vocabulary. ''See also this satire: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX8yrOAjfKM&feature=related Matrix Runs on Windows XP]''

Initially Windows was a text-based system (MS-DOS). Then a [[Graphical User Interface]] extension was added onto this MS-DOS core<ref>[https://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryProGraphic.mspx Windows History: Windows Desktop Timeline]. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref> It became a full GUI operating system free of the MS-DOS core beginning with the release of Windows NT.

==Windows Major Release Versions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Version Number !! Public Release !! Notes !! Editions !! Minimum [[Random-access memory|RAM]] required !! Minimum [[Hard drive|drive]] space
|-
| '''[[Windows 1.0]]''' || 1.0 || November 20, 1985<ref>http://www.networkworld.com/article/2193906/windows/windows-1-0-turning-25--first-experiences-recalled.html</ref> || Sold 500,000 copies <ref>[http://techland.time.com/2013/05/07/a-brief-history-of-windows-sales-figures-1985-present/ A brief history of Windowss sales figures 1985-present, Time, May 7, 2013]</ref> || || ||
|-
| Windows 1.02 || 1.02 || May 1986 || Multilingual (international) release of 1.0 || || ||
|-
| Windows 1.03 || 1.03 || August 1986 || Further upgrades for international use, including more drivers and European keyboard support || || ||
|-
| '''Windows 1.04''' || 1.04 || April 1987 || Further functionality additions, including support for IBM PS/2 computers || || ||
|-
| '''Windows 2.0''' || 2.11 || March 13, 1989 ||
*Last Windows version to run a [[Graphic User Interface|GUI]] as a shell over a base of MS-DOS<ref name="HowToGeek">http://www.howtogeek.com/132488/does-windows-still-rely-on-ms-dos</ref>
*Sold 1 million copies
|| || ||
|-
| '''Windows 3.0''' || NT 3.0 || May 22, 1990 ||
*First Windows version to run without an [[MS-DOS]] base<ref name="HowToGeek">http://www.howtogeek.com/132488/does-windows-still-rely-on-ms-dos</ref>
*Sold 4 million copies
|| || ||
|-
| Windows 3.1 || 3.1 || April 1992  || First MS operating system on [[CD-ROM]]
||
* Windows 3.1
* Windows for Workgroups 3.1 (October 1992)
|| 1MB || i286 15MB
|-
| Windows 3.2 || || November 22, 1993 || Chinese version of [[Windows 3.1]] || || ||
|-
| '''Windows NT 3.5''' || 3.5.807 || September 21, 1994 || ||
* Workstation
* Server
|| ||
|-
| Windows NT 3.51 || 3.51.1057 || May 30, 1995 ||
*An operating system design that led to the elimination of [[Novell Networks]] leading market share.
*This New Technologies (NT) kernel became the basis for all future Windows versions through Windows 10.
||
* Workstation
* Server
|| ||
|-
| '''[[Windows 95]]''' || NT 4.0.950 || August 24, 1995 || Uses the same skin as [[Windows 98|98]], [[Windows 2000|2000]], and [[Windows ME|ME]] || || 4MB<ref>https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/138349</ref> || 40.8-76.2MB<ref>https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/138349</ref> ||
|-
| Windows NT 4.0 || NT 4.0 || July 29, 1996 || ||
* Workstation
* Server
* Server Enterprise
* Terminal Server
|| ||
|-
| Windows CE Alder<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 1.0 || November 16, 1996<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || || || 2MB ||
|-
| Windows CE Birch<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 2.0 || November 1997<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Auto PC platform introduced<ref>[http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1224527 Auto PC: Windows CE hits the road, EETimes, July 14, 1999]</ref> || || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows 98]]''' || NT 4.1.1998 || June 25, 1998 || Uses the same skin as 95, 2000, and ME
|| || 16MB || 500MB
|-
| '''Windows 98 Second Edition''' || NT 4.1.2222 || April 23, 1999 || Uses the same skin as 95, 2000, and ME || || ||
|-
| Windows CE 2.1 || || || || || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows 2000]]''' || NT 5.0.2195 || February 17, 2000 ||
*Uses the same skin as 95, 98, and ME
*Last dedicated operating system for business use
||
* Professional
* Server
* Advanced Server
* Datacenter Server
* [[Xbox]]
* [[Xbox 360]]
|| ||
Professional: 650MB 
Server and Advanced Server: 1GB<ref>http://windowsitpro.com/windows/windows-2000-hardware-requirements</ref>
|-
| Windows CE Cedar || CE 3.0 || April 2000 || Windows CE for Automotive || || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows ME]]''' || NT 4.90.3000 || September 14, 2000 ||
*Uses the same skin as 95, 98, and 2000
*Last dedicated operating system for personal use
|| || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows XP]]''' || 5.1.2600 || October 25, 2001 ||
*Last major version to use this layout, which was introduced with [[Windows 95]]
*XP was the beginning of one unified O/S for both personal and business use.
*Only one version is still supported by Microsoft, XP Embedded until January 2019.
*Sold 400 million copies
||
* Starter
* Home
* Professional
* Professional x64
* Media Center 2002
* Media Center 2004
* Media Center 2005
* Tablet PC
* Embedded
||[[32-bit Windows|x32]]/x86: 64MB<ref name="answers.microsoft.com">http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_xp-windows_install/how-much-ram-is-required-by-windows-xp-to-operate/6e341e7e-4656-4bcb-94e8-d7efc35d3b56?auth=1</ref> [[64-bit Windows|x64]]: 256MB||1.5GB
|-
| Windows CE Talisker<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 4.0 || January 7, 2002 || || || ||
|-
| Windows CE Jameson<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 4.1 || June 2002<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Windows Automotive || || ||
|-
| Windows CE McKendric<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 4.2 || April 2003<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Windows Automotive 4.2 || || ||
|-
| ''Windows Server 2003'' || NT 5.2 || 2003 || || || ||
|-
| Windows CE Macallan<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 5.0 || August 2004<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Windows Automotive 5.0 || || 6MB<ref>https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms927515.aspx</ref> ||
|-
| ''Windows Server 2003 R2'' || || 2006 || || || ||
|-
| Windows CE Yamazaki<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 6.0 || September 2006<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> ||
*Microsoft Auto 3.0
*Zune HD
|| || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows Vista]]''' || NT 6.0.6000 || January 30, 2007 ||
*System uses new layout, but started out with some problems
*Sold 180 million copies
*Extended support ends April 11, 2017 <ref>[http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/lifecycle Windows lifecycle fact sheet]</ref>
||
* Starter
* Home Basic
* Home Premium
* Business
* Ultimate
* Enterprise
||Home Basic: 512MB, All Others: 1GB<ref>http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/how-much-ram-do-i-need-721332</ref>|| 20GB
|-
| ''Windows Server 2008'' || || 2008 || || || 512 MB || Foundation: 10GB, other x32/86: 20GB, other x64: 32GB
|-
| '''[[Windows 7]]''' || NT 6.1.7600 || October 22, 2009 ||
*Uses the same basic layout as [[Windows Vista|Vista]], but system is more stable
*Sold 600 million copies
*Extended support ends January 14, 2020
||
* Starter
* Home Basic
* Home Premium
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Ultimate
* Thin PC
|| [[32-bit Windows|x32]]/x86: 1GB, [[64-bit Windows|x64]]: 2GB<ref name="answers.microsoft.com">http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_xp-windows_install/how-much-ram-is-required-by-windows-xp-to-operate/6e341e7e-4656-4bcb-94e8-d7efc35d3b56?auth=1</ref>|| [[32-bit Windows|x32]]/x86: 16GB, [[64-bit Windows|x64]]: 20GB
|-
| ''Windows Server 2008 R2'' || || 2010 || || || 512 MB || Foundation: 10GB, others: 32GB
|-
| ''Windows Embedded Compact 7 || CE 6.0 R3 || 2011 ||
*Windows Embedded Automotive 7
*Windows Phone 7
|| || ||
|-
| ''Windows Server 2012'' || NT 6.2 || 2012 || ||
*Foundation
*Essentials
*Standard
*Datacenter
|| 512MB || 32GB
|-
| '''[[Windows 8]]''' || NT 6.2 || October 26, 2012 ||
*Designed to serve as an [[Operating system|OS]] for all kinds of devices, including [[smartphone]]s
*Also did away with the Start menu
*Sold surprisingly poorly
*Extended support ends January 10, 2023
||
* Standard
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Embedded
||x32/x86: 1GB, x64: 2GB<ref name="windows.microsoft.com">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/system-requirements</ref> || x32/x86: 16GB, x64: 20GB
|-
| Windows RT || NT 6.3 || October 30, 2012 ||
* Designed exclusively for ARMv7 processors
* Based on Windows 8 without an upgrade path to Windows 10
* Support already phasing out
||
* Embedded
||[[32-bit Windows|32-Bit]]: 2GB <ref name="windows.microsoft.com">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-rt-faq</ref> || 32-Bit: 20GB, 32GB
|-
| ''Windows Server 2012 R2'' || NT 6.3 || 2013 || ||
*Foundation
*Essentials
*Standard
*Datacenter
|| 512MB || 32GB
|-
| '''Windows 8.1''' || NT 6.3 || October 17, 2013 || Slight update from [[Windows 8|8.0]] which brings back the Start button ||
* Standard
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Embedded
||x32/x86: 1GB, x64: 2GB<ref name="windows.microsoft.com">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/system-requirements</ref>
||
|-
| '''[[Windows 10]]''' || NT 6.4<ref>http://windowsitpro.com/windows-10/windows-10s-inventoried-version-number</ref> || July 29, 2015 ||
*Designed to collect personal information and customize itself based on preferences
*270 million copies of version 10 are in use as of March 2016.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-nadella-idUSKCN0WW21Q Microsoft's Windows 10 reaches 270 million users, no mobile numbers, Reuters, March 30, 2016]</ref>
*Extended support ends October 14, 2025
||
* Home
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Education
* Mobile
* Mobile Enterprise
* IoT Core
* [[Xbox One]]
||x32/x86: 1GB, x64: 2GB<ref>http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_10-win_upgrade/how-much-ram-will-windows-10-use/769c6a0e-82de-4254-ae65-59a84c6a5886</ref>
|| x32/x86: 16GB, x64: 20GB<ref>https://www.thurrott.com/windows/windows-10/2257/windows-10-minimum-hardware-requirements-for-pc</ref><ref>https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/dn915086%28v=vs.85%29.aspx</ref>
|-
| Windows Server 2016 || || October 12, 2016 (RTM: September 26, 2016) || ||
*Essentials
*Standard
*Datacenter
|| ||
|-
! Name !! Version Number !! Public Release !! Notes !! Editions !! Minimum [[Random-access memory|RAM]] required !! Minimum [[Hard drive|drive]] space
|}
(Some popular NT releases are listed in '''bold''' and special server releases are listed in ''italic''.) <ref>http://www.nextofwindows.com/a-list-of-windows-operating-system-version-number</ref><ref>http://www.computerhope.com/whow.htm</ref><ref>http://www.carrona.org/winreldt.html#31</ref><ref>http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history#T1=era0</ref>

==See also==
* What happened to [[Windows 9]]?
* [[Linux]]
* [[Tails (operating system)|Tails Secure Anonymous Operating System]]
* [[Mac OS]] and [[iOS]]
* [[Unix]]
* [[Android]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.microsoft.com/windows/default.mspx Microsoft Windows Home Page]

[[Category:Operating Systems]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]

Mac OS

2020-12-05T20:09:23Z

DavidMiller: reference

'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Inc.]] which in included with all [[Macintosh]] [[computer]]s. Versions 1 through 9 of MacOS were built from the ground up by Apple. However, version X of MacOS is based on a UNIX kernel and will accept UNIX commands.

The latest version is version 11 "Big Sur". <ref>https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/22/apple-unveils-macos-10-16-big-sur/</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.apple.com/macos/ Official website]

[[Category:Apple Inc.]]

Mac OS

2020-12-05T20:08:21Z

DavidMiller:

'''Mac OS''' or '''MacOS''' is the [[operating system]] developed by [[Apple Inc.]] which in included with all [[Macintosh]] [[computer]]s. Versions 1 through 9 of MacOS were built from the ground up by Apple. However, version X of MacOS is based on a UNIX kernel and will accept UNIX commands.

The latest version is version 11 "Big Sur".

==External links==
*[http://www.apple.com/macos/ Official website]

[[Category:Apple Inc.]]

Windows (operating system)

2020-06-27T18:47:42Z

DavidMiller: Adding link to Windows ME article

'''Windows''' is a series of [[operating system]]s produced and maintained by the [[Microsoft Corporation]]. It was estimated that as of December 2007<ref>[http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_os.asp OS Statistics]. Refsnes Data. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref> Microsoft Windows accounted for nearly 90% of operating system usage, with 3 out of 4 being [[Windows XP]]. Windows is used for desktop, and [[server]] computers,<ref>[https://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2003/default.mspx Windows Server 2003 R2 Home]. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref> and more recently also for [[cellular phone]]s and tablet computers. It is intended for use with the [[Intel]] x86-64 family of processors.

Early versions of Windows (98 and earlier) were notoriously unreliable, despite (or maybe because of?) Microsoft's near-monopoly share of the operating system market. They crashed so often that the term "blue screen of death" entered the vocabulary. ''See also this satire: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX8yrOAjfKM&feature=related Matrix Runs on Windows XP]''

Initially Windows was a text-based system (MS-DOS). Then a [[Graphical User Interface]] extension was added onto this MS-DOS core<ref>[https://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryProGraphic.mspx Windows History: Windows Desktop Timeline]. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref> It became a full GUI operating system free of the MS-DOS core beginning with the release of Windows NT.

==Windows Major Release Versions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Version Number !! Public Release !! Notes !! Editions !! Minimum [[Random-access memory|RAM]] required !! Minimum [[Hard drive|drive]] space
|-
| '''Windows 1.0''' || 1.0 || November 20, 1985<ref>http://www.networkworld.com/article/2193906/windows/windows-1-0-turning-25--first-experiences-recalled.html</ref> || Sold 500,000 copies <ref>[http://techland.time.com/2013/05/07/a-brief-history-of-windows-sales-figures-1985-present/ A brief history of Windowss sales figures 1985-present, Time, May 7, 2013]</ref> || || ||
|-
| Windows 1.02 || 1.02 || May 1986 || Multilingual (international) release of 1.0 || || ||
|-
| Windows 1.03 || 1.03 || August 1986 || Further upgrades for international use, including more drivers and European keyboard support || || ||
|-
| '''Windows 1.04''' || 1.04 || April 1987 || Further functionality additions, including support for IBM PS/2 computers || || ||
|-
| '''Windows 2.0''' || 2.11 || March 13, 1989 ||
*Last Windows version to run a [[Graphic User Interface|GUI]] as a shell over a base of MS-DOS<ref name="HowToGeek">http://www.howtogeek.com/132488/does-windows-still-rely-on-ms-dos</ref>
*Sold 1 million copies
|| || ||
|-
| '''Windows 3.0''' || NT 3.0 || May 22, 1990 ||
*First Windows version to run without an [[MS-DOS]] base<ref name="HowToGeek">http://www.howtogeek.com/132488/does-windows-still-rely-on-ms-dos</ref>
*Sold 4 million copies
|| || ||
|-
| Windows 3.1 || 3.1 || April 1992  || First MS operating system on [[CD-ROM]]
||
* Windows 3.1
* Windows for Workgroups 3.1 (October 1992)
|| 1MB || i286 15MB
|-
| Windows 3.2 || || November 22, 1993 || Chinese version of [[Windows 3.1]] || || ||
|-
| '''Windows NT 3.5''' || 3.5.807 || September 21, 1994 || ||
* Workstation
* Server
|| ||
|-
| Windows NT 3.51 || 3.51.1057 || May 30, 1995 ||
*An operating system design that led to the elimination of [[Novell Networks]] leading market share.
*This New Technologies (NT) kernel became the basis for all future Windows versions through Windows 10.
||
* Workstation
* Server
|| ||
|-
| '''[[Windows 95]]''' || NT 4.0.950 || August 24, 1995 || Uses the same skin as [[Windows 98|98]], [[Windows 2000|2000]], and [[Windows ME|ME]] || || 4MB<ref>https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/138349</ref> || 40.8-76.2MB<ref>https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/138349</ref> ||
|-
| Windows NT 4.0 || NT 4.0 || July 29, 1996 || ||
* Workstation
* Server
* Server Enterprise
* Terminal Server
|| ||
|-
| Windows CE Alder<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 1.0 || November 16, 1996<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || || || 2MB ||
|-
| Windows CE Birch<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 2.0 || November 1997<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Auto PC platform introduced<ref>[http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1224527 Auto PC: Windows CE hits the road, EETimes, July 14, 1999]</ref> || || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows 98]]''' || NT 4.1.1998 || June 25, 1998 || Uses the same skin as 95, 2000, and ME
|| || 16MB || 500MB
|-
| '''Windows 98 Second Edition''' || NT 4.1.2222 || April 23, 1999 || Uses the same skin as 95, 2000, and ME || || ||
|-
| Windows CE 2.1 || || || || || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows 2000]]''' || NT 5.0.2195 || February 17, 2000 ||
*Uses the same skin as 95, 98, and ME
*Last dedicated operating system for business use
||
* Professional
* Server
* Advanced Server
* Datacenter Server
* [[Xbox]]
* [[Xbox 360]]
|| ||
Professional: 650MB 
Server and Advanced Server: 1GB<ref>http://windowsitpro.com/windows/windows-2000-hardware-requirements</ref>
|-
| Windows CE Cedar || CE 3.0 || April 2000 || Windows CE for Automotive || || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows ME]]''' || NT 4.90.3000 || September 14, 2000 ||
*Uses the same skin as 95, 98, and 2000
*Last dedicated operating system for personal use
|| || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows XP]]''' || 5.1.2600 || October 25, 2001 ||
*Last major version to use this layout, which was introduced with [[Windows 95]]
*XP was the beginning of one unified O/S for both personal and business use.
*Only one version is still supported by Microsoft, XP Embedded until January 2019.
*Sold 400 million copies
||
* Starter
* Home
* Professional
* Professional x64
* Media Center 2002
* Media Center 2004
* Media Center 2005
* Tablet PC
* Embedded
||[[32-bit Windows|x32]]/x86: 64MB<ref name="answers.microsoft.com">http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_xp-windows_install/how-much-ram-is-required-by-windows-xp-to-operate/6e341e7e-4656-4bcb-94e8-d7efc35d3b56?auth=1</ref> [[64-bit Windows|x64]]: 256MB||1.5GB
|-
| Windows CE Talisker<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 4.0 || January 7, 2002 || || || ||
|-
| Windows CE Jameson<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 4.1 || June 2002<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Windows Automotive || || ||
|-
| Windows CE McKendric<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 4.2 || April 2003<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Windows Automotive 4.2 || || ||
|-
| ''Windows Server 2003'' || NT 5.2 || 2003 || || || ||
|-
| Windows CE Macallan<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 5.0 || August 2004<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Windows Automotive 5.0 || || 6MB<ref>https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms927515.aspx</ref> ||
|-
| ''Windows Server 2003 R2'' || || 2006 || || || ||
|-
| Windows CE Yamazaki<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 6.0 || September 2006<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> ||
*Microsoft Auto 3.0
*Zune HD
|| || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows Vista]]''' || NT 6.0.6000 || January 30, 2007 ||
*System uses new layout, but started out with some problems
*Sold 180 million copies
*Extended support ends April 11, 2017 <ref>[http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/lifecycle Windows lifecycle fact sheet]</ref>
||
* Starter
* Home Basic
* Home Premium
* Business
* Ultimate
* Enterprise
||Home Basic: 512MB, All Others: 1GB<ref>http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/how-much-ram-do-i-need-721332</ref>|| 20GB
|-
| ''Windows Server 2008'' || || 2008 || || || 512 MB || Foundation: 10GB, other x32/86: 20GB, other x64: 32GB
|-
| '''[[Windows 7]]''' || NT 6.1.7600 || October 22, 2009 ||
*Uses the same basic layout as [[Windows Vista|Vista]], but system is more stable
*Sold 600 million copies
*Extended support ends January 14, 2020
||
* Starter
* Home Basic
* Home Premium
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Ultimate
* Thin PC
|| [[32-bit Windows|x32]]/x86: 1GB, [[64-bit Windows|x64]]: 2GB<ref name="answers.microsoft.com">http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_xp-windows_install/how-much-ram-is-required-by-windows-xp-to-operate/6e341e7e-4656-4bcb-94e8-d7efc35d3b56?auth=1</ref>|| [[32-bit Windows|x32]]/x86: 16GB, [[64-bit Windows|x64]]: 20GB
|-
| ''Windows Server 2008 R2'' || || 2010 || || || 512 MB || Foundation: 10GB, others: 32GB
|-
| ''Windows Embedded Compact 7 || CE 6.0 R3 || 2011 ||
*Windows Embedded Automotive 7
*Windows Phone 7
|| || ||
|-
| ''Windows Server 2012'' || NT 6.2 || 2012 || ||
*Foundation
*Essentials
*Standard
*Datacenter
|| 512MB || 32GB
|-
| '''[[Windows 8]]''' || NT 6.2 || October 26, 2012 ||
*Designed to serve as an [[Operating system|OS]] for all kinds of devices, including [[smartphone]]s
*Also did away with the Start menu
*Sold surprisingly poorly
*Extended support ends January 10, 2023
||
* Standard
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Embedded
||x32/x86: 1GB, x64: 2GB<ref name="windows.microsoft.com">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/system-requirements</ref> || x32/x86: 16GB, x64: 20GB
|-
| Windows RT || NT 6.3 || October 30, 2012 ||
* Designed exclusively for ARMv7 processors
* Based on Windows 8 without an upgrade path to Windows 10
* Support already phasing out
||
* Embedded
||[[32-bit Windows|32-Bit]]: 2GB <ref name="windows.microsoft.com">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-rt-faq</ref> || 32-Bit: 20GB, 32GB
|-
| ''Windows Server 2012 R2'' || NT 6.3 || 2013 || ||
*Foundation
*Essentials
*Standard
*Datacenter
|| 512MB || 32GB
|-
| '''Windows 8.1''' || NT 6.3 || October 17, 2013 || Slight update from [[Windows 8|8.0]] which brings back the Start button ||
* Standard
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Embedded
||x32/x86: 1GB, x64: 2GB<ref name="windows.microsoft.com">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/system-requirements</ref>
||
|-
| '''[[Windows 10]]''' || NT 6.4<ref>http://windowsitpro.com/windows-10/windows-10s-inventoried-version-number</ref> || July 29, 2015 ||
*Designed to collect personal information and customize itself based on preferences
*270 million copies of version 10 are in use as of March 2016.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-nadella-idUSKCN0WW21Q Microsoft's Windows 10 reaches 270 million users, no mobile numbers, Reuters, March 30, 2016]</ref>
*Extended support ends October 14, 2025
||
* Home
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Education
* Mobile
* Mobile Enterprise
* IoT Core
* [[Xbox One]]
||x32/x86: 1GB, x64: 2GB<ref>http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_10-win_upgrade/how-much-ram-will-windows-10-use/769c6a0e-82de-4254-ae65-59a84c6a5886</ref>
|| x32/x86: 16GB, x64: 20GB<ref>https://www.thurrott.com/windows/windows-10/2257/windows-10-minimum-hardware-requirements-for-pc</ref><ref>https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/dn915086%28v=vs.85%29.aspx</ref>
|-
| Windows Server 2016 || || October 12, 2016 (RTM: September 26, 2016) || ||
*Essentials
*Standard
*Datacenter
|| ||
|-
! Name !! Version Number !! Public Release !! Notes !! Editions !! Minimum [[Random-access memory|RAM]] required !! Minimum [[Hard drive|drive]] space
|}
(Some popular NT releases are listed in '''bold''' and special server releases are listed in ''italic''.) <ref>http://www.nextofwindows.com/a-list-of-windows-operating-system-version-number</ref><ref>http://www.computerhope.com/whow.htm</ref><ref>http://www.carrona.org/winreldt.html#31</ref><ref>http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history#T1=era0</ref>

==See also==
* What happened to [[Windows 9]]?
* [[Linux]]
* [[Tails (operating system)|Tails Secure Anonymous Operating System]]
* [[Mac OS]] and [[iOS]]
* [[Unix]]
* [[Android]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.microsoft.com/windows/default.mspx Microsoft Windows Home Page]

[[Category:Operating Systems]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]

Windows ME

2020-06-27T18:45:31Z

DavidMiller: Created page with "'''Windows ME''', or '''Windows Millenium Edition''', is an operating system which was created by Microsoft and was released on September 14th, 2000. <ref>http://news.micr..."

'''Windows ME''', or '''Windows Millenium Edition''', is an operating system which was created by [[Microsoft]] and was released on September 14th, 2000. <ref>http://news.microsoft.com/2000/09/14/microsoft-announces-immediate-availability-of-windows-millennium-edition-windows-me/</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Windows (operating system)

2020-06-27T18:40:41Z

DavidMiller: adding link to Windows 95 article

'''Windows''' is a series of [[operating system]]s produced and maintained by the [[Microsoft Corporation]]. It was estimated that as of December 2007<ref>[http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_os.asp OS Statistics]. Refsnes Data. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref> Microsoft Windows accounted for nearly 90% of operating system usage, with 3 out of 4 being [[Windows XP]]. Windows is used for desktop, and [[server]] computers,<ref>[https://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2003/default.mspx Windows Server 2003 R2 Home]. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref> and more recently also for [[cellular phone]]s and tablet computers. It is intended for use with the [[Intel]] x86-64 family of processors.

Early versions of Windows (98 and earlier) were notoriously unreliable, despite (or maybe because of?) Microsoft's near-monopoly share of the operating system market. They crashed so often that the term "blue screen of death" entered the vocabulary. ''See also this satire: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX8yrOAjfKM&feature=related Matrix Runs on Windows XP]''

Initially Windows was a text-based system (MS-DOS). Then a [[Graphical User Interface]] extension was added onto this MS-DOS core<ref>[https://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryProGraphic.mspx Windows History: Windows Desktop Timeline]. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref> It became a full GUI operating system free of the MS-DOS core beginning with the release of Windows NT.

==Windows Major Release Versions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Version Number !! Public Release !! Notes !! Editions !! Minimum [[Random-access memory|RAM]] required !! Minimum [[Hard drive|drive]] space
|-
| '''Windows 1.0''' || 1.0 || November 20, 1985<ref>http://www.networkworld.com/article/2193906/windows/windows-1-0-turning-25--first-experiences-recalled.html</ref> || Sold 500,000 copies <ref>[http://techland.time.com/2013/05/07/a-brief-history-of-windows-sales-figures-1985-present/ A brief history of Windowss sales figures 1985-present, Time, May 7, 2013]</ref> || || ||
|-
| Windows 1.02 || 1.02 || May 1986 || Multilingual (international) release of 1.0 || || ||
|-
| Windows 1.03 || 1.03 || August 1986 || Further upgrades for international use, including more drivers and European keyboard support || || ||
|-
| '''Windows 1.04''' || 1.04 || April 1987 || Further functionality additions, including support for IBM PS/2 computers || || ||
|-
| '''Windows 2.0''' || 2.11 || March 13, 1989 ||
*Last Windows version to run a [[Graphic User Interface|GUI]] as a shell over a base of MS-DOS<ref name="HowToGeek">http://www.howtogeek.com/132488/does-windows-still-rely-on-ms-dos</ref>
*Sold 1 million copies
|| || ||
|-
| '''Windows 3.0''' || NT 3.0 || May 22, 1990 ||
*First Windows version to run without an [[MS-DOS]] base<ref name="HowToGeek">http://www.howtogeek.com/132488/does-windows-still-rely-on-ms-dos</ref>
*Sold 4 million copies
|| || ||
|-
| Windows 3.1 || 3.1 || April 1992  || First MS operating system on [[CD-ROM]]
||
* Windows 3.1
* Windows for Workgroups 3.1 (October 1992)
|| 1MB || i286 15MB
|-
| Windows 3.2 || || November 22, 1993 || Chinese version of [[Windows 3.1]] || || ||
|-
| '''Windows NT 3.5''' || 3.5.807 || September 21, 1994 || ||
* Workstation
* Server
|| ||
|-
| Windows NT 3.51 || 3.51.1057 || May 30, 1995 ||
*An operating system design that led to the elimination of [[Novell Networks]] leading market share.
*This New Technologies (NT) kernel became the basis for all future Windows versions through Windows 10.
||
* Workstation
* Server
|| ||
|-
| '''[[Windows 95]]''' || NT 4.0.950 || August 24, 1995 || Uses the same skin as [[Windows 98|98]], [[Windows 2000|2000]], and [[Windows ME|ME]] || || 4MB<ref>https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/138349</ref> || 40.8-76.2MB<ref>https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/138349</ref> ||
|-
| Windows NT 4.0 || NT 4.0 || July 29, 1996 || ||
* Workstation
* Server
* Server Enterprise
* Terminal Server
|| ||
|-
| Windows CE Alder<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 1.0 || November 16, 1996<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || || || 2MB ||
|-
| Windows CE Birch<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 2.0 || November 1997<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Auto PC platform introduced<ref>[http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1224527 Auto PC: Windows CE hits the road, EETimes, July 14, 1999]</ref> || || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows 98]]''' || NT 4.1.1998 || June 25, 1998 || Uses the same skin as 95, 2000, and ME
|| || 16MB || 500MB
|-
| '''Windows 98 Second Edition''' || NT 4.1.2222 || April 23, 1999 || Uses the same skin as 95, 2000, and ME || || ||
|-
| Windows CE 2.1 || || || || || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows 2000]]''' || NT 5.0.2195 || February 17, 2000 ||
*Uses the same skin as 95, 98, and ME
*Last dedicated operating system for business use
||
* Professional
* Server
* Advanced Server
* Datacenter Server
* [[Xbox]]
* [[Xbox 360]]
|| ||
Professional: 650MB 
Server and Advanced Server: 1GB<ref>http://windowsitpro.com/windows/windows-2000-hardware-requirements</ref>
|-
| Windows CE Cedar || CE 3.0 || April 2000 || Windows CE for Automotive || || ||
|-
| '''Windows ME''' || NT 4.90.3000 || September 14, 2000 ||
*Uses the same skin as 95, 98, and 2000
*Last dedicated operating system for personal use
|| || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows XP]]''' || 5.1.2600 || October 25, 2001 ||
*Last major version to use this layout, which was introduced with [[Windows 95]]
*XP was the beginning of one unified O/S for both personal and business use.
*Only one version is still supported by Microsoft, XP Embedded until January 2019.
*Sold 400 million copies
||
* Starter
* Home
* Professional
* Professional x64
* Media Center 2002
* Media Center 2004
* Media Center 2005
* Tablet PC
* Embedded
||[[32-bit Windows|x32]]/x86: 64MB<ref name="answers.microsoft.com">http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_xp-windows_install/how-much-ram-is-required-by-windows-xp-to-operate/6e341e7e-4656-4bcb-94e8-d7efc35d3b56?auth=1</ref> [[64-bit Windows|x64]]: 256MB||1.5GB
|-
| Windows CE Talisker<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 4.0 || January 7, 2002 || || || ||
|-
| Windows CE Jameson<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 4.1 || June 2002<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Windows Automotive || || ||
|-
| Windows CE McKendric<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 4.2 || April 2003<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Windows Automotive 4.2 || || ||
|-
| ''Windows Server 2003'' || NT 5.2 || 2003 || || || ||
|-
| Windows CE Macallan<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 5.0 || August 2004<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || Windows Automotive 5.0 || || 6MB<ref>https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms927515.aspx</ref> ||
|-
| ''Windows Server 2003 R2'' || || 2006 || || || ||
|-
| Windows CE Yamazaki<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> || CE 6.0 || September 2006<ref name="ce6.0">https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mikehall/2006/09/20/ce-6-0-why-the-codename-yamazaki</ref> ||
*Microsoft Auto 3.0
*Zune HD
|| || ||
|-
| '''[[Windows Vista]]''' || NT 6.0.6000 || January 30, 2007 ||
*System uses new layout, but started out with some problems
*Sold 180 million copies
*Extended support ends April 11, 2017 <ref>[http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/lifecycle Windows lifecycle fact sheet]</ref>
||
* Starter
* Home Basic
* Home Premium
* Business
* Ultimate
* Enterprise
||Home Basic: 512MB, All Others: 1GB<ref>http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/how-much-ram-do-i-need-721332</ref>|| 20GB
|-
| ''Windows Server 2008'' || || 2008 || || || 512 MB || Foundation: 10GB, other x32/86: 20GB, other x64: 32GB
|-
| '''[[Windows 7]]''' || NT 6.1.7600 || October 22, 2009 ||
*Uses the same basic layout as [[Windows Vista|Vista]], but system is more stable
*Sold 600 million copies
*Extended support ends January 14, 2020
||
* Starter
* Home Basic
* Home Premium
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Ultimate
* Thin PC
|| [[32-bit Windows|x32]]/x86: 1GB, [[64-bit Windows|x64]]: 2GB<ref name="answers.microsoft.com">http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_xp-windows_install/how-much-ram-is-required-by-windows-xp-to-operate/6e341e7e-4656-4bcb-94e8-d7efc35d3b56?auth=1</ref>|| [[32-bit Windows|x32]]/x86: 16GB, [[64-bit Windows|x64]]: 20GB
|-
| ''Windows Server 2008 R2'' || || 2010 || || || 512 MB || Foundation: 10GB, others: 32GB
|-
| ''Windows Embedded Compact 7 || CE 6.0 R3 || 2011 ||
*Windows Embedded Automotive 7
*Windows Phone 7
|| || ||
|-
| ''Windows Server 2012'' || NT 6.2 || 2012 || ||
*Foundation
*Essentials
*Standard
*Datacenter
|| 512MB || 32GB
|-
| '''[[Windows 8]]''' || NT 6.2 || October 26, 2012 ||
*Designed to serve as an [[Operating system|OS]] for all kinds of devices, including [[smartphone]]s
*Also did away with the Start menu
*Sold surprisingly poorly
*Extended support ends January 10, 2023
||
* Standard
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Embedded
||x32/x86: 1GB, x64: 2GB<ref name="windows.microsoft.com">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/system-requirements</ref> || x32/x86: 16GB, x64: 20GB
|-
| Windows RT || NT 6.3 || October 30, 2012 ||
* Designed exclusively for ARMv7 processors
* Based on Windows 8 without an upgrade path to Windows 10
* Support already phasing out
||
* Embedded
||[[32-bit Windows|32-Bit]]: 2GB <ref name="windows.microsoft.com">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-rt-faq</ref> || 32-Bit: 20GB, 32GB
|-
| ''Windows Server 2012 R2'' || NT 6.3 || 2013 || ||
*Foundation
*Essentials
*Standard
*Datacenter
|| 512MB || 32GB
|-
| '''Windows 8.1''' || NT 6.3 || October 17, 2013 || Slight update from [[Windows 8|8.0]] which brings back the Start button ||
* Standard
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Embedded
||x32/x86: 1GB, x64: 2GB<ref name="windows.microsoft.com">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/system-requirements</ref>
||
|-
| '''[[Windows 10]]''' || NT 6.4<ref>http://windowsitpro.com/windows-10/windows-10s-inventoried-version-number</ref> || July 29, 2015 ||
*Designed to collect personal information and customize itself based on preferences
*270 million copies of version 10 are in use as of March 2016.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-nadella-idUSKCN0WW21Q Microsoft's Windows 10 reaches 270 million users, no mobile numbers, Reuters, March 30, 2016]</ref>
*Extended support ends October 14, 2025
||
* Home
* Professional
* Enterprise
* Education
* Mobile
* Mobile Enterprise
* IoT Core
* [[Xbox One]]
||x32/x86: 1GB, x64: 2GB<ref>http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_10-win_upgrade/how-much-ram-will-windows-10-use/769c6a0e-82de-4254-ae65-59a84c6a5886</ref>
|| x32/x86: 16GB, x64: 20GB<ref>https://www.thurrott.com/windows/windows-10/2257/windows-10-minimum-hardware-requirements-for-pc</ref><ref>https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/dn915086%28v=vs.85%29.aspx</ref>
|-
| Windows Server 2016 || || October 12, 2016 (RTM: September 26, 2016) || ||
*Essentials
*Standard
*Datacenter
|| ||
|-
! Name !! Version Number !! Public Release !! Notes !! Editions !! Minimum [[Random-access memory|RAM]] required !! Minimum [[Hard drive|drive]] space
|}
(Some popular NT releases are listed in '''bold''' and special server releases are listed in ''italic''.) <ref>http://www.nextofwindows.com/a-list-of-windows-operating-system-version-number</ref><ref>http://www.computerhope.com/whow.htm</ref><ref>http://www.carrona.org/winreldt.html#31</ref><ref>http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/history#T1=era0</ref>

==See also==
* What happened to [[Windows 9]]?
* [[Linux]]
* [[Tails (operating system)|Tails Secure Anonymous Operating System]]
* [[Mac OS]] and [[iOS]]
* [[Unix]]
* [[Android]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.microsoft.com/windows/default.mspx Microsoft Windows Home Page]

[[Category:Operating Systems]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]

Windows 95

2020-06-27T18:35:49Z

DavidMiller: fixing reference

'''Windows 95''' is an operating system which was created by [[Microsoft]] and was released on August 24th, 1995. <ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/microsoft/stories/1995/debut082495.htm</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Windows 95

2020-06-27T18:35:00Z

DavidMiller:

'''Windows 95''' is an operating system which was created by [[Microsoft]] and was released on August 24th, 1995.

== References ==
<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/microsoft/stories/1995/debut082495.htm</ref>

Windows 95

2020-06-27T18:34:00Z

DavidMiller: Created page with "'''Windows 95''' is an operating system which was created by Microsoft and was released on August 24th, 1995. <ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/..."

User:DavidMiller

2020-06-27T18:28:39Z

DavidMiller: Created page with "this is my userpage"

this is my userpage

Mac OS X

2020-06-27T18:28:08Z

DavidMiller: Updated current major version

[[Image:Tiger.png|thumb|right|Mac OS X's Aqua graphical user interface on version 10.4 "Tiger"|300px]]

'''Mac OS X''' is an operating system developed by [[Apple Inc.]] It is based on [[BSD|FreeBSD]], an [[Unix]]-like operating system with a hybrid-kernel based on technologies NeXT Software, Inc. developed for its NEXTSTEP operating system, and code from the FreeBSD project. It currently ships with all new Macintosh computers. The current major version is 10.15 "Catalina". <ref>https://www.apple.com/ca/macos/catalina/</ref>

The graphical user interface in Mac OS X is called Aqua, which includes a Dashboard that allows for mini programs called Widgets to be placed on the desktop. All applications included in OS X follow a well defined set of Human Interface Guidelines giving them an intuitive, consistent user interface. Aqua also comes with a dock that allows users to quickly launch applications, and displays an icon or thumbnail for running software applications.

==See also==
*[[Linux]]
*[[Microsoft Windows]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Apple Inc.]]
[[Category:Operating Systems]]