https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DesmondukConservapedia - User contributions [en]2026-10-07T02:23:58ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.14https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596509User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T23:26:10Z<p>Desmonduk: new draft</p>
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<div>New draft.</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boudica&diff=1596504Boudica2019-11-17T23:24:32Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
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<div>[[Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Boadicea and Her Daughters''; monumental statue by Thomas Thornycroft (1905)]]<br />
'''Boudica''', '''Boudicca''' or '''Boadicea''' (25 - 62 AD) queen of the [[Iceni]], and the first leader to seriously challenge the [[Roman Empire|Roman occupation]] of [[Britain]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Roman emperor [[Claudius]] ordered the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, with the target of the campaign a fortified [[Iron Age]] settlement known then as Camulodunum, near what is now modern [[Colchester]]. Some twenty years later the Iceni were ruled by Prasutagus, and his kingdom was considered a ''civitates peregrinae'', where non-citizens were allowed an amount of self-government,<ref>http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-civitates%20peregrinae</ref> provided they were obedient. ""The Britons themselves submit to the levy, the tribute and the other charges of Empire with cheerful readiness," [[Tacitus]] wrote, "provided that there is no abuse. That they bitterly resent: for they are broken in to obedience, not to slavery".<ref>Tacitus: ''Agricola''</ref> When he died, he left his kingdom jointly to his wife, Boudica, his two daughters and the Roman Emperor. However, unlike the native Britons, Rome did not recognize female inheritance and annexed the kingdom. What happened next was seizure and oppression; the Romans were conquerors, and the governor Suetonius Paullinus treated the Britons as a defeated enemy: <br />
<br />
:''"Kingdom and household alike were plundered like prizes of war, the one by Roman officers, the other by Roman slaves. As a beginning, his widow Boudicca was flogged and their daughters raped. The Icenian chiefs were deprived of their hereditary estates as if the Romans had been given the whole country. The king's own relatives were treated like slaves."''<ref>Tacitus: ''Annals''</ref> <br />
<br />
Enraged at her treatment and the rape of her daughters, Boudica began her vengeance. While the Roman governor was distracted by a campaign against rebels on the island of [[Anglesey]] in north [[Wales]], Boudica led a revolt of the Iceni along with other native tribes. The [[Roman]] city of [[Colchester]] (Camulodunum) was razed so thoroughly that the thick layer of ash left is still clearly visible today. The [[Rome|Roman]] IX Legion was routed and between 70,000 and 80,000 civilians were said to have been killed. The Roman historian [[Cassius Dio]] left an account of the campaign, leaving a brief description as to Boudica's appearance: <br />
<br />
:''"...a terrible disaster occurred in Britain. Two cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame....But the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight the Romans, the person who was thought worthy to be their leader and who directed the conduct of the entire war, was Buduica, a Briton woman of the royal family and possessed of greater intelligence than often belongs to women....In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."''<ref>Cassius Dio: ''Roman History'' (LXII.1-2)</ref><br />
<br />
Hearing of the rebellion while putting down the [[Druid]]s on the Isle of Anglesey, Paullinus rushed to [[Londinium]]; among his ranks were the XIV Legion and XX Legion. Furthermore, he sent his cavalry ahead with orders orders for II Legion to meet him there, only to discover upon arrival that with the defeat of IX Legion Londinium had to be abandoned for want of troops to defend it. Both Londinium and [[St Albans]] (Verulamium) were burned, and whoever was left behind were slaughtered.<br />
<br />
After Boudica's initial successes, Paullinus rallied his forces against the revolt and engaged the rebels at Watling Street, near Mancetter, on ground of his choosing, and near an established Roman camp. Despite overwhelming numerical supremacy (Dio estimated 230,000) Boudica's disorganised army was defeated by the Roman's superior tactics. It is said that following the defeat she committed suicide by taking poison.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/boudica/boudicanrevolt.html] Encyclopaedia Romana: Boudica<br>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boudicca.shtml BBC History: Boudicca (died c.A.D. 60) (bbc.co.uk)]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Women]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boudica&diff=1596502Boudica2019-11-17T23:21:43Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Boadicea and Her Daughters''; monumental statue by Thomas Thornycroft (1905)]]<br />
'''Boudica''', '''Boudicca''' or '''Boadicea''' (25 - 62 AD) queen of the [[Iceni]], and the first leader to seriously challenge the [[Roman Empire|Roman occupation]] of [[Britain]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Roman emperor [[Claudius]] ordered the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, with the target of the campaign a fortified [[Iron Age]] settlement known then as Camulodunum, near what is now modern [[Colchester]]. Some twenty years later the Iceni were ruled by Prasutagus, and his kingdom was considered a ''civitates peregrinae'', where non-citizens were allowed an amount of self-government,<ref>http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-civitates%20peregrinae</ref> provided they were obedient. ""The Britons themselves submit to the levy, the tribute and the other charges of Empire with cheerful readiness," [[Tacitus]] wrote, "provided that there is no abuse. That they bitterly resent: for they are broken in to obedience, not to slavery".<ref>Tacitus: ''Agricola''</ref> When he died, he left his kingdom jointly to his wife, Boudica, his two daughters and the Roman Emperor. However, unlike the native Britons, Rome did not recognize female inheritance and annexed the kingdom. What happened next was seizure and oppression; the Romans were conquerors, and the governor Suetonius Paullinus treated the Britons as a defeated enemy: <br />
<br />
:''"Kingdom and household alike were plundered like prizes of war, the one by Roman officers, the other by Roman slaves. As a beginning, his widow Boudicca was flogged and their daughters raped. The Icenian chiefs were deprived of their hereditary estates as if the Romans had been given the whole country. The king's own relatives were treated like slaves."''<ref>Tacitus: ''Annals''</ref> <br />
<br />
Enraged at her treatment and the rape of her daughters, Boudica began her vengeance. While the Roman governor was distracted by a campaign against rebels on the island of [[Anglesey]] in north [[Wales]], Boudica led a revolt of the Iceni along with other native tribes. The [[Roman]] city of [[Colchester]] (Camulodunum) was razed so thoroughly that the thick layer of ash left is still clearly visible today. The [[Rome|Roman]] IX Legion was routed and between 70,000 and 80,000 civilians were said to have been killed. The Roman historian [[Cassius Dio]] left an account of the campaign, leaving a brief description as to Boudica's appearance: <br />
<br />
:''"...a terrible disaster occurred in Britain. Two cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame....But the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight the Romans, the person who was thought worthy to be their leader and who directed the conduct of the entire war, was Buduica, a Briton woman of the royal family and possessed of greater intelligence than often belongs to women....In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."''<ref>Cassius Dio: ''Roman History'' (LXII.1-2)</ref><br />
<br />
Hearing of the rebellion while putting down the Druids on the Isle of Anglesey, Paullinus rushed to [[Londinium]]; among his ranks were the XIV Legion and XX Legion. Furthermore, he sent his cavalry ahead with orders orders for II Legion to meet him there, only to discover upon arrival that with the defeat of IX Legion Londinium had to be abandoned for want of troops to defend it. Both Londinium and [[St Albans]] (Verulamium) were burned, and whoever was left behind were slaughtered.<br />
<br />
After Boudica's initial successes, Paullinus rallied his forces against the revolt and engaged the rebels at Watling Street, near Mancetter, on ground of his choosing, and near an established Roman camp. Despite overwhelming numerical supremacy (Dio estimated 230,000) Boudica's disorganised army was defeated by the Roman's superior tactics. It is said that following the defeat she committed suicide by taking poison.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/boudica/boudicanrevolt.html] Encyclopaedia Romana: Boudica<br>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boudicca.shtml BBC History: Boudicca (died c.A.D. 60) (bbc.co.uk)]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Women]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boudica&diff=1596500Boudica2019-11-17T23:18:37Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Boadicea and Her Daughters''; monumental statue by Thomas Thornycroft (1905)]]<br />
'''Boudica''', '''Boudicca''' or '''Boadicea''' (25 - 62 AD) queen of the [[Iceni]], and the first leader to seriously challenge the [[Roman Empire|Roman occupation]] of [[Britain]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Roman emperor [[Claudius]] ordered the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, with the target of the campaign a fortified [[Iron Age]] settlement known then as Camulodunum, near what is now modern [[Colchester]]. Some twenty years later the Iceni were ruled by Prasutagus, and his kingdom was considered a ''civitates peregrinae'', where non-citizens were allowed an amount of self-government,<ref>http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-civitates%20peregrinae</ref> provided they were obedient. ""The Britons themselves submit to the levy, the tribute and the other charges of Empire with cheerful readiness," [[Tacitus]] wrote, "provided that there is no abuse. That they bitterly resent: for they are broken in to obedience, not to slavery".<ref>Tacitus: ''Agricola''</ref> When he died, he left his kingdom jointly to his wife, Boudica, his two daughters and the Roman Emperor. However, unlike the native Britons, Rome did not recognize female inheritance and annexed the kingdom. What happened next was seizure and oppression; the Romans were conquerors, and the governor Suetonius Paullinus treated the Britons as a defeated enemy: <br />
<br />
:''"Kingdom and household alike were plundered like prizes of war, the one by Roman officers, the other by Roman slaves. As a beginning, his widow Boudicca was flogged and their daughters raped. The Icenian chiefs were deprived of their hereditary estates as if the Romans had been given the whole country. The king's own relatives were treated like slaves."''<ref>Tacitus: ''Annals''</ref> <br />
<br />
Enraged at her treatment and the rape of her daughters, Boudica began her vengeance. While the Roman governor was distracted by a campaign against rebels on the island of [[Anglesey]] in north [[Wales]], Boudica led a revolt of the Iceni along with other native tribes. The [[Roman]] city of [[Colchester]] (Camulodunum) was razed so thoroughly that the thick layer of ash left is still clearly visible today. The [[Rome|Roman]] IX Legion was routed and between 70,000 and 80,000 civilians were said to have been killed. The Roman historian Cassius Dio left an account of the campaign, leaving a brief description as to Boudica's appearance: <br />
<br />
:''"...a terrible disaster occurred in Britain. Two cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame....But the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight the Romans, the person who was thought worthy to be their leader and who directed the conduct of the entire war, was Buduica, a Briton woman of the royal family and possessed of greater intelligence than often belongs to women....In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."''<ref>Cassius Dio: ''Roman History'' (LXII.1-2)</ref><br />
<br />
Hearing of the rebellion while putting down the Druids on the Isle of Anglesey, Paullinus rushed to [[Londinium]]; among his ranks were the XIV Legion and XX Legion. Furthermore, he sent his cavalry ahead with orders orders for II Legion to meet him there, only to discover upon arrival that with the defeat of IX Legion Londinium had to be abandoned for want of troops to defend it. Both Londinium and [[St Albans]] (Verulamium) were burned, and whoever was left behind were slaughtered.<br />
<br />
After Boudica's initial successes, Paullinus rallied his forces against the revolt and engaged the rebels at Watling Street, near Mancetter, on ground of his choosing, and near an established Roman camp. Despite overwhelming numerical supremacy (Dio estimated 230,000) Boudica's disorganised army was defeated by the Roman's superior tactics. It is said that following the defeat she committed suicide by taking poison.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/boudica/boudicanrevolt.html] Encyclopaedia Romana: Boudica<br>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boudicca.shtml BBC History: Boudicca (died c.A.D. 60) (bbc.co.uk)]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Women]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Women&diff=1596497Women2019-11-17T23:15:57Z<p>Desmonduk: /* Women in history */ link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Angelica Kauffmann Self Portrait 1780 - 1785.jpg|thumb|Angelica Kauffmann, Self Portrait, 1780 - 1785.]]<br />
'''Women''' are the female of the [[human]] [[species]], with the biological role of bearing offspring ([[pregnancy]] and [[childbirth]]). In preparation for this role, women's [[breasts]] begin to grow at puberty, forming the most obvious physical difference between women and men other than the reproductive organs. Other differences include a layer of subcutaneous [[fat]] under the skin which hides the underlying musculature, and a wider pelvis to facilitate carrying the [[baby]] and allowing it to be born. Women also have a greater proportion of fine vellus hair over certain areas of their skin (such as their face and legs) than the coarse terminal hair which appears on men. {{fact}}<br />
<br />
Men have typically two times more upper body strength than women, and around 50% more leg strength.<ref>College women have 50 to 60 percent of the arm and shoulder strength and 70 percent of the leg strength of their male counterparts. [http://www.humankinetics.com/products/showexcerpt.cfm?excerpt_id=4171 Human Kinetics]</ref> Women have slightly longer average lifespans than men, which results in women overtaking men in population by middle age despite a 1.05:1 boy to girl ratio at birth in the United States. This rate varies among countries. {{fact}}<br />
<br />
== Women in history ==<br />
Compared to men, fewer women have had impact on history as leaders in diverse fields, but large numbers of women have still had enormous impact.<br />
<br />
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt.jpg|thumb|Eleanor Roosevelt]]<br />
[[File:Sarah Palin.jpg|thumb|Sarah Palin]]<br />
Such examples include<br />
*[[Queen Victoria]]<br />
*Queen [[Ferdinand and Isabella|Isabella I]] of [[Spain]]<br />
*[[French]] heroine St. [[Joan of Arc]]<br />
*[[Queen Esther]]<br />
*[[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary of Gailele]]<br />
*[[Mary Magdelene]]<br />
*Judge [[Deborah]]<br />
*[[Judith]]<br />
*[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Margaret Thatcher]]<br />
*[[Queen]] [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]]<br />
*Warrior Celtic Queen [[Boudicca]] of the [[Iceni]] tribe<br />
*Empress Tsarina [[Catherine the Great]] of [[Russia]]<br />
*Pharaoh [[Cleopatra]] of [[Egypt]]<br />
*[[Nobel Pize]]-winning physicist and chemist [[Marie Curie]]<br />
*[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Benazir Bhutto]], the first woman to lead an [[Islam|Islamic state]]<br />
*[[Prime Minister of Israel]] [[Golda Meir]]<br />
*[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
*United States [[women's rights]] activist [[Lucretia Mott]]<br />
*United States [[women's rights]] activist [[Susan B. Anthony]]<br />
*[[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner, activist and Prime Minister-elect [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] of Burma<br />
*[[Mother Theresa]]<br />
*[[Phyllis Schlafly]]<br />
*[[United States Supreme Court Justice]] [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]<br />
*United States Supreme Court Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]<br />
*Queen [[Catherine de Medici]] of France<br />
*Queen [[Olympias]] of Greece<br />
*[[Queen Gorgo of Sparta]]<br />
*[[Condoleezza Rice]], [[United States Secretary of State]]<br />
*[[Madonna (entertainer )|Madonna Ciccone]], entertainer<br />
*[[Lady Gaga]], entertainer<br />
*[[Madeleine Albright|Madeleine Korbel Albright]], U.S. Secretary of State<br />
*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]], United Nations Representative, [[First Lady]], and human rights, civil rights, women's right, and equal rights activist<br />
*[[Harriet Tubman]], [[Underground Railroad]] conductor<br />
*[[Eva Peron]], [[Argentina|Argentine]] leader<br />
*[[Sarah Palin]], [[Alaska]] [[governor]]<br />
*[[Ann Coulter]], conservative commenatator<br />
<br />
== Christianity and women's rights ==<br />
<br />
''See also:'' [[Christianity and women's rights]] and [[Atheism and women's rights]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Georges de La Tour Mary Magdalene.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Georges de La Tour, [[Mary Magdalene]].<br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
[[Mary Magdalene]] and other women were the first individuals to [[Jesus Christ]] after his [[resurrection]].<ref>[https://www.everystudent.com/wires/women.html Women's rights], Everystudent.com</ref>]]<br />
Dr. Jeff Myers in his book ''Understanding the Culture: A Survey of Social Engagement'' wrote about [[Christianity and women's rights]]:<br />
{{Cquote|[[Christianity]] has done more for women’s rights than any other movement in history. Christianity sprouted in the seedbed of the [[Roman Empire]], whose soil was nourished with the blood of the innocent. To say that Rome was distinctly anti-woman is an understatement. Families typically kept all their healthy boys and their oldest healthy girl. Other daughters were left to die as infants. Surgical abortion was available, and women often died from it or were left maimed. Surviving girls were typically married off at age twelve and were pressured into remarriage when widowed.<br />
<br />
Christians opposed these practices. They took in abandoned infants, condemned surgical abortion, allowed girls to remain unmarried until they were ready, and provided support for widows. Welcomed by the church rather than shunned, women converted to Christianity at a far higher rate than men and rose to positions of leadership.Unsurprisingly, this led to a surplus of Christian women who, in marrying pagan men, provided the early church “with a steady flow of secondary converts,” as Rodney Stark drily phrased it. Also, because they accepted rather than rejected all children, Christians gained a distinct population advantage in producing the next generation.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, Christianity’s acceptance of women’s dignity led to cultural innovations all over the world. In India, for example, it was only when Parliament forced the British East India Company to allow Christian missionaries into India that the practice of suttee was questioned. It took decades, but these missionaries, together with indigenous Christians like Krishna Mohan Bannerjee, eventually succeeded in having this gruesome practice banned.<br />
<br />
In [[China]], traditional culture held that tiny feet were a mark of status and beauty for women. In many parts of China, the feet of little girls were bound tightly to prevent them from growing. This broke the toes and bones in the arches of their feet, leaving many girls nearly crippled. In the 1600s, the Manchu emperors (who were not ethnically Chinese) tried and failed to stop the practice. In the late 1800s, however, Chinese Christian women, such as medical doctor Shi Meiyu, began agitating against this abuse of young girls and women and were eventually successful in making the practice illegal. Meiyu also exerted a transformational influence on China through her work in medicine and public health and the help she provided to opium addicts.<br />
<br />
Historically in most cultures, women were often denied educational opportunities. Christian missionaries and indigenous Christian leaders changed that in country after country. In Japan, Nitobe Inazō, a scholar with five doctoral degrees and an innovator in Japan’s agricultural advancement, founded Tokyo Christian Women’s University and became its first president. Tsuda Umeko, a Japanese woman educated in the United States, became the private tutor of prime minister Ito Hirobumi’s children. She had such an influence on securing the right of women to education that Tsuda College, the most prestigious private women’s college in Japan, is named in her honor.<ref>[https://www.summit.org/resources/articles/womens-rights-advanced-christian-worldview-2000-years/ Women’s Rights: Advanced by a Christian Worldview for 2,000 Years]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== Women in the Bible ==<br />
Contrary to what many [[Liberals]], [[Atheists]], and [[Feminists]] like to say, the Bible does not devalue women.<br />
<br />
=== Genesis ===<br />
The Bible says that women, like men, were created by God on the 6th day of [[Creation]], as told in The Book of [[Genesis]]:<br />
{{Bible quote|So God created man in his [own] image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.|book=Genesis|chap=1|verses=27|version=KJV}}<br />
{{Bible quote|But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female.|book=Mark|chap=10|verses=6|version=KJV}}<br />
[[Genesis]] further elaborates that [[God]] took a [[rib cage|rib]] from [[Adam]], the first man, and from it created [[Eve]], the first woman, as a helper for [[Adam]] when the [[animal]]s, which had been created for that purpose, proved unsuitable:<br />
{{Bible quote|And the LORD God said, [It is] not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought [them] unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that [was] the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.|book=Genesis|chap=2|verses=18-22|version=KJV}}<br />
According to some biblical literalists, Eve caused sin and suffering to come into the world when she convinced Adam to eat from The Tree of Knowledge, an act directly forbidden by God Himself. As punishment for this, God declared that women shall experience great pain in childbirth.<ref>Genesis 3:16</ref><br />
<br />
=== New Testament statements on the role of women ===<br />
[[File:Vermeer Christ in the House of Martha and Mary.jpg|thumb|[[Jan Vermeer]], Christ in the House of Martha and Mary.]]<br />
Saint Paul also has much to say on the status of women in society, most memorably that women should submit to their husbands just as the church submits to Christ.<br />
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=ephesians%205:22-24&version=9 Ephesians 5:22-24 ]</ref><br />
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=I%20Corinthians%2011:8-9;&version=9; I Corinthians 11:8-9]</ref><br />
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=I%20Corinthians%2011:4-7;&version=9; I Corinthians 11:4-7]</ref><br />
<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=I%20Corinthians%2014:34-35;&version=9; I Corinthians 14:34-35]</ref> Most of these things are not believed by even the [[Biblical inerrancy|strictest Christians]], and such views are considered extreme by even the most conservative Christians.<br />
<br />
The [[New Testament]] contains several instructions regarding the role of women:<br />
# Women are to dress modestly and not wear "broided hair, or [[gold]], or [[pearl]]s, or costly array."<ref>1 Timothy 2:9</ref><ref>Peter 3:2-6</ref><br />
# Women may learn in silence, but may not be permitted to teach men.<ref>1 Timothy 2:11-12</ref> Some interpretations limit this rule to the teaching of doctrine.<br />
# Women are not permitted to speak in church.<ref>1 Corinthians 14:34-37</ref><br />
# Women are to be subservient to and follow the instructions of their husbands.<ref>Ephesians 5:22-24</ref><ref>Colossians 3:18</ref><ref>Titus 2:4-5</ref><ref>1 Peter 3:1-7</ref><br />
# Women "shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety."<ref>I Timothy 2:15</ref><br />
<br />
These viewpoints are not widely accepted in secular, first-world nations, although some believers still adhere to them. However, Christians do not always agree on how literal or universal these directives are intended to be. For example, dressing modestly is interpreted by some [[Anabaptist]]s to mean that women should only wear black or dull colors and that dresses should cover the entire arms and legs, whereas most non-Anabaptist Christians consider the directive to modesty as simply meaning that garments should not be wrongly provocative. The directive that women should not speak in church is regarded by some as being literal for all situations, but due to other New Testament passages which indicate that women were allowed to publicly testify in the early church,<ref>1 Corinthians 11:5</ref> the most common Christian interpretation{{fact}} of 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 is that women in the Corinthian church were in the habit of conversing casually and gossiping during the church service, and that the apostle Paul was telling them not to do that. However, that interpretation is at odds with the following Scripture passage:<br />
<br />
{{Bible quote|Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. For Adam was first formed, then Eve. And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression. Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety.|book=1Timothy|chap=2|verses=11-15|version=KJV}}<br />
<br />
Another interpretation sees the silence of women being limited to the immediate context of the passage, namely the authoritative judgment of prophecy.<br />
<br />
{{Bible quote|Let the prophets speak two or three, and let the other judge.|book=1Corinthians|chap=14|verses=29|version=KJV}}<br />
<br />
Some Protestants{{who}} believe these verses can be taken out of context and applied too legalistically. They believe that the church can conform legitimately to modern [[egalitarian]] ideals without sacrificing the literal meaning of these passages.<br />
<br />
===Strong and important women in the Bible===<br />
<br />
Among the Bible's several strong and empowered women are [[Deborah]], the only female judge and ruler of [[Israel]]; [[Judith]]; and [[Queen Esther]], heroine of the [[Book of Esther]]. In the New Testemant, [[Mary Magdalene]] and other women are disciples of Christ with whom He seems to have close friendships. The [[Virgin Mary]] is heavily revered in the [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] and [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] churches.<br />
<br />
=== Old Testament statements on women ===<br />
<br />
The [[Old Testament]] law states that if a man sells his daughter into slavery there are specific conditions protecting her status.<ref>Exodus 21:7-11</ref><br />
<br />
== Atheism and women ==<br />
<br />
[[File:women.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Studies indicate that women in the Western World tend to be more religious than men.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Kosmin, Barry A., et al. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904110346/http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf "American nones: Profile of the no religion population"]. American Religion Survey website [Trinity College, Hartford, CT]. Retrieved from Internet Archive.<br />
*Britt, Robert Roy (February 28, 2009). [http://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html "Women more religious than men"]. Live Science website.<br />
*Khan, Razib (November 18, 2010). [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/11/sex-differences-in-global-atheism-part-n/ "Gene expression; Sex differences in global atheism, part N"]. Discover magazine website.</ref>]] <br />
''See also:'' [[Atheism and women]] and [[Atheism and women's rights]]<br />
<br />
Surveys throughout the world and other data indicate that women are less inclined to be [[atheism|atheists]].<ref>Khan, Razib (November 18, 2010). [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/11/sex-differences-in-global-atheism-part-n/ "Gene expression; Sex differences in global atheism, part N"]. Discover magazine website.<br />
*Carter, Stephen L. (March 27, 2015). [http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-03-27/the-atheism-gap "The atheism gap"]. ''BloombergView''.<br />
*[http://blog.oup.com/2014/09/atheism-feminism/#sthash.0yIBbelF.dpuf Atheism and Feminism], ''Oxford University Press'' blog</ref><br />
<ref name="PZ">Myers, P.Z. (June 29, 2010). [http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2010/06/29/the-woman-problem/ "The woman problem"]. Pharyngula [blog].</ref> <br />
<br />
In 2016, Atheist Alliance International (AAI) conducted an annually reoccurring atheist census project and found: <br />
{{Cquote|At the time of writing, the Atheist Census Project recorded that on average worldwide 73.2% of respondents were male. The result is consistent with other research... As such, the focus of many scholarly papers has been on seeking to explain this persistent observation."<ref>[https://www.atheistalliance.org/about-aai/position-statements/1206-aai-position-statement-gender-balance.html AAI Position Statement - Gender Balance]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
In November 2010, ''Discover Magazine'' published survey results published by the World Values Survey which showed significant differences between the percentage of men and women who are atheists for various countries with men outnumbering women in terms of adopting an [[atheist worldview]].<ref>Khan, Razib (November 18, 2010). [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/11/sex-differences-in-global-atheism-part-n/ "Gene expression; Sex differences in global atheism, part N"]. Discover magazine website.</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Conservative women]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Men]]<br />
*[[Egalitarian]] and [[complementarian]] theology<br />
<br />
[[Category:Human Beings]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Iceni&diff=1596495Iceni2019-11-17T23:14:15Z<p>Desmonduk: new redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Briton]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boudica&diff=1596492Boudica2019-11-17T23:13:38Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Boadicea and Her Daughters''; monumental statue by Thomas Thornycroft (1905)]]<br />
'''Boudica''', '''Boudicca''' or '''Boadicea''' (25 - 62 AD) queen of the [[Iceni]], and the first leader to seriously challenge the [[Roman Empire|Roman occupation]] of [[Britain]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Roman emperor [[Claudius]] ordered the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, with the target of the campaign a fortified [[Iron Age]] settlement known then as Camulodunum, near what is now modern [[Colchester]]. Some twenty years later the Iceni were ruled by Prasutagus, and his kingdom was considered a ''civitates peregrinae'', where non-citizens were allowed an amount of self-government,<ref>http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-civitates%20peregrinae</ref> provided they were obedient. ""The Britons themselves submit to the levy, the tribute and the other charges of Empire with cheerful readiness," Tacitus wrote, "provided that there is no abuse. That they bitterly resent: for they are broken in to obedience, not to slavery".<ref>Tacitus: ''Agricola''</ref> When he died, he left his kingdom jointly to his wife, Boudica, his two daughters and the Roman Emperor. However, unlike the native Britons, Rome did not recognize female inheritance and annexed the kingdom. What happened next was seizure and oppression; the Romans were conquerors, and the governor Suetonius Paullinus treated the Britons as a defeated enemy: <br />
<br />
:''"Kingdom and household alike were plundered like prizes of war, the one by Roman officers, the other by Roman slaves. As a beginning, his widow Boudicca was flogged and their daughters raped. The Icenian chiefs were deprived of their hereditary estates as if the Romans had been given the whole country. The king's own relatives were treated like slaves."''<ref>Tacitus: ''Annals''</ref> <br />
<br />
Enraged at her treatment and the rape of her daughters, Boudica began her vengeance. While the Roman governor was distracted by a campaign against rebels on the island of [[Anglesey]] in north [[Wales]], Boudica led a revolt of the Iceni along with other native tribes. The [[Roman]] city of [[Colchester]] (Camulodunum) was razed so thoroughly that the thick layer of ash left is still clearly visible today. The [[Rome|Roman]] IX Legion was routed and between 70,000 and 80,000 civilians were said to have been killed. The Roman historian Cassius Dio left an account of the campaign, leaving a brief description as to Boudica's appearance: <br />
<br />
:''"...a terrible disaster occurred in Britain. Two cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame....But the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight the Romans, the person who was thought worthy to be their leader and who directed the conduct of the entire war, was Buduica, a Briton woman of the royal family and possessed of greater intelligence than often belongs to women....In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."''<ref>Cassius Dio: ''Roman History'' (LXII.1-2)</ref><br />
<br />
Hearing of the rebellion while putting down the Druids on the Isle of Anglesey, Paullinus rushed to [[Londinium]]; among his ranks were the XIV Legion and XX Legion. Furthermore, he sent his cavalry ahead with orders orders for II Legion to meet him there, only to discover upon arrival that with the defeat of IX Legion Londinium had to be abandoned for want of troops to defend it. Both Londinium and [[St Albans]] (Verulamium) were burned, and whoever was left behind were slaughtered.<br />
<br />
After Boudica's initial successes, Paullinus rallied his forces against the revolt and engaged the rebels at Watling Street, near Mancetter, on ground of his choosing, and near an established Roman camp. Despite overwhelming numerical supremacy (Dio estimated 230,000) Boudica's disorganised army was defeated by the Roman's superior tactics. It is said that following the defeat she committed suicide by taking poison.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/boudica/boudicanrevolt.html] Encyclopaedia Romana: Boudica<br>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boudicca.shtml BBC History: Boudicca (died c.A.D. 60) (bbc.co.uk)]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Women]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Briton&diff=1596489Briton2019-11-17T23:12:04Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>A '''Briton''' is the term for one of the people of [[Great Britain]]. The ancient Brythons were the people indigenous to the island now constituting [[Great Britain]].<br />
<br />
Britons at the time of the invasion of the [[Roman]]s were divided up into [[Celtic]] tribes, such as the Brigantes in what became Northern [[England]] and the Iceni in Norfolk. They spoke the Brythonic language, the ancestor of [[Welsh]]. After the AD 43 Roman invasion under [[Claudius]], some Britons allied themselves with the Romans and others like Caratacos fought hard against them. Prasutagos of the Iceni was one that allied to Rome, but when he died the dreadful treatment that his wife, [[Boudica]] and her daughters suffered at the hands of a Roman procurator caused a revolt to erupt and Camulodunum ([[Colchester]]) and [[Londinium]] ([[London]]) were amongst the cities destroyed. Boudica’s revolt was brutally suppressed.<br />
<br />
Most Britons were Romanised in the centuries of Roman rule. But those in [[Wales]] and those beyond [[Hadrian’s Wall]] were less so, and they formed kingdoms in the early [[Dark Ages]] such as Gwynedd (in North Wales) and Strathclyde (in the west of what later became Scotland). The [[Anglo-Saxons]] took over much land from the Britons, and Old English replaced Brythonic (which we can start calling Cymraeg or Old [[Welsh]]) in the lands that became [[England]].<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boudica&diff=1596486Boudica2019-11-17T23:08:49Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Boadicea and Her Daughters''; monumental statue by Thomas Thornycroft (1905)]]<br />
'''Boudica''', '''Boudicca''' or '''Boadicea''' (25 - 62 AD) queen of the Iceni, and the first leader to seriously challenge the [[Roman Empire|Roman occupation]] of [[Britain]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Roman emperor [[Claudius]] ordered the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, with the target of the campaign a fortified [[Iron Age]] settlement known then as Camulodunum, near what is now modern [[Colchester]]. Some twenty years later the Iceni were ruled by Prasutagus, and his kingdom was considered a ''civitates peregrinae'', where non-citizens were allowed an amount of self-government,<ref>http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-civitates%20peregrinae</ref> provided they were obedient. ""The Britons themselves submit to the levy, the tribute and the other charges of Empire with cheerful readiness," Tacitus wrote, "provided that there is no abuse. That they bitterly resent: for they are broken in to obedience, not to slavery".<ref>Tacitus: ''Agricola''</ref> When he died, he left his kingdom jointly to his wife, Boudica, his two daughters and the Roman Emperor. However, unlike the native Britons, Rome did not recognize female inheritance and annexed the kingdom. What happened next was seizure and oppression; the Romans were conquerors, and the governor Suetonius Paullinus treated the Britons as a defeated enemy: <br />
<br />
:''"Kingdom and household alike were plundered like prizes of war, the one by Roman officers, the other by Roman slaves. As a beginning, his widow Boudicca was flogged and their daughters raped. The Icenian chiefs were deprived of their hereditary estates as if the Romans had been given the whole country. The king's own relatives were treated like slaves."''<ref>Tacitus: ''Annals''</ref> <br />
<br />
Enraged at her treatment and the rape of her daughters, Boudica began her vengeance. While the Roman governor was distracted by a campaign against rebels on the island of [[Anglesey]] in north [[Wales]], Boudica led a revolt of the Iceni along with other native tribes. The [[Roman]] city of [[Colchester]] (Camulodunum) was razed so thoroughly that the thick layer of ash left is still clearly visible today. The [[Rome|Roman]] IX Legion was routed and between 70,000 and 80,000 civilians were said to have been killed. The Roman historian Cassius Dio left an account of the campaign, leaving a brief description as to Boudica's appearance: <br />
<br />
:''"...a terrible disaster occurred in Britain. Two cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame....But the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight the Romans, the person who was thought worthy to be their leader and who directed the conduct of the entire war, was Buduica, a Briton woman of the royal family and possessed of greater intelligence than often belongs to women....In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."''<ref>Cassius Dio: ''Roman History'' (LXII.1-2)</ref><br />
<br />
Hearing of the rebellion while putting down the Druids on the Isle of Anglesey, Paullinus rushed to [[Londinium]]; among his ranks were the XIV Legion and XX Legion. Furthermore, he sent his cavalry ahead with orders orders for II Legion to meet him there, only to discover upon arrival that with the defeat of IX Legion Londinium had to be abandoned for want of troops to defend it. Both Londinium and [[St Albans]] (Verulamium) were burned, and whoever was left behind were slaughtered.<br />
<br />
After Boudica's initial successes, Paullinus rallied his forces against the revolt and engaged the rebels at Watling Street, near Mancetter, on ground of his choosing, and near an established Roman camp. Despite overwhelming numerical supremacy (Dio estimated 230,000) Boudica's disorganised army was defeated by the Roman's superior tactics. It is said that following the defeat she committed suicide by taking poison.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/boudica/boudicanrevolt.html] Encyclopaedia Romana: Boudica<br>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boudicca.shtml BBC History: Boudicca (died c.A.D. 60) (bbc.co.uk)]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Women]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Claudius&diff=1596482Claudius2019-11-17T23:07:30Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Claudius.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A marble bust of Claudius]]<br />
'''Claudius''' (full name: ''Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus'';<ref>http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/claudius/i.html</ref>) lived from August 1, 10 [[B.C.|BC]] to October 13, [[Anno Domini|AD]] 54. He was the fourth emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty in Rome, and was set up as Emperor by the Praetorian Guard after the assassination of [[Caligula]], his nephew. Born to [[Antonia Minor|Antonia]] and [[Drusus I|Drusus]], his grandmothers were [[Octavia Minor|Octavia]], the sister of [[Augustus]] and [[Livia]], the wife of Augustus.<br />
<br />
Emperor from AD 41 until his death in 54 due to poisoning from his last wife [[Agrippina]], during his reign [[Britain]] was subdued and brought into the [[Roman Empire]]. Claudius was also a historian, having written extensively. His works are lost, but other ancient writings that have survived used Claudius' works as a source.<br />
<br />
He was depicted by [[Suetonius]] as "afflicted with a variety of obstinate disorders," with "his mind and body being greatly impaired," and said that his mother called him "a man, that had been only begun, but never finished, by nature." His mother never saw him become Emperor, as she took her life during the reign of Caligula. Claudius is viewed as a capable ruler, but one who didn't know what was happening in his own house. The excesses of his wife [[Messalina]], who along with her lover tried to see that her husband was overthrown, led to her execution. <br />
<br />
Claudius is mentioned in the Bible in the [[book of Acts]] in connection with a famine taking place during his reign (Acts 11:28). There is also a mention of his edict that forced all Jews to leave Rome (Acts 18:2).<br />
<br />
[[Robert Graves]] wrote two famous novels entitled ''[[I, Claudius]]'' and ''[[Claudius the God]].'' These are told as an imaginary autobiography, from Claudius' own point of view. Graves depicts Claudius as an able, intelligent man who suffered unjust discrimination because of his nervous disorders. In 1976, ''I, Claudius'' was dramatised by the [[BBC]] as a thirteen episode miniseries featuring [[Derek Jacobi]] in the title role. It received international acclaim and in the United States was shown on [[PBS]]'s Masterpiece Theatre where it remains one of their most popular airings.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*Suetonius, ''The Life of the Caesars''<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Roman Emperors]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boudica&diff=1596477Boudica2019-11-17T23:05:51Z<p>Desmonduk: links</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Boadicea and Her Daughters''; monumental statue by Thomas Thornycroft (1905)]]<br />
'''Boudica''', '''Boudicca''' or '''Boadicea''' (25 - 62 AD) queen of the Iceni, and the first leader to seriously challenge the [[Roman Empire|Roman occupation]] of [[Britain]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Roman emperor [[Claudius]] ordered the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, with the target of the campaign a fortified Iron Age settlement known then as Camulodunum, near what is now modern [[Colchester]]. Some twenty years later the Iceni were ruled by Prasutagus, and his kingdom was considered a ''civitates peregrinae'', where non-citizens were allowed an amount of self-government,<ref>http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-civitates%20peregrinae</ref> provided they were obedient. ""The Britons themselves submit to the levy, the tribute and the other charges of Empire with cheerful readiness," Tacitus wrote, "provided that there is no abuse. That they bitterly resent: for they are broken in to obedience, not to slavery".<ref>Tacitus: ''Agricola''</ref> When he died, he left his kingdom jointly to his wife, Boudica, his two daughters and the Roman Emperor. However, unlike the native Britons, Rome did not recognize female inheritance and annexed the kingdom. What happened next was seizure and oppression; the Romans were conquerors, and the governor Suetonius Paullinus treated the Britons as a defeated enemy: <br />
<br />
:''"Kingdom and household alike were plundered like prizes of war, the one by Roman officers, the other by Roman slaves. As a beginning, his widow Boudicca was flogged and their daughters raped. The Icenian chiefs were deprived of their hereditary estates as if the Romans had been given the whole country. The king's own relatives were treated like slaves."''<ref>Tacitus: ''Annals''</ref> <br />
<br />
Enraged at her treatment and the rape of her daughters, Boudica began her vengeance. While the Roman governor was distracted by a campaign against rebels on the island of [[Anglesey]] in north [[Wales]], Boudica led a revolt of the Iceni along with other native tribes. The [[Roman]] city of [[Colchester]] (Camulodunum) was razed so thoroughly that the thick layer of ash left is still clearly visible today. The [[Rome|Roman]] IX Legion was routed and between 70,000 and 80,000 civilians were said to have been killed. The Roman historian Cassius Dio left an account of the campaign, leaving a brief description as to Boudica's appearance: <br />
<br />
:''"...a terrible disaster occurred in Britain. Two cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame....But the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight the Romans, the person who was thought worthy to be their leader and who directed the conduct of the entire war, was Buduica, a Briton woman of the royal family and possessed of greater intelligence than often belongs to women....In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."''<ref>Cassius Dio: ''Roman History'' (LXII.1-2)</ref><br />
<br />
Hearing of the rebellion while putting down the Druids on the Isle of Anglesey, Paullinus rushed to [[Londinium]]; among his ranks were the XIV Legion and XX Legion. Furthermore, he sent his cavalry ahead with orders orders for II Legion to meet him there, only to discover upon arrival that with the defeat of IX Legion Londinium had to be abandoned for want of troops to defend it. Both Londinium and [[St Albans]] (Verulamium) were burned, and whoever was left behind were slaughtered.<br />
<br />
After Boudica's initial successes, Paullinus rallied his forces against the revolt and engaged the rebels at Watling Street, near Mancetter, on ground of his choosing, and near an established Roman camp. Despite overwhelming numerical supremacy (Dio estimated 230,000) Boudica's disorganised army was defeated by the Roman's superior tactics. It is said that following the defeat she committed suicide by taking poison.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/boudica/boudicanrevolt.html] Encyclopaedia Romana: Boudica<br>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boudicca.shtml BBC History: Boudicca (died c.A.D. 60) (bbc.co.uk)]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Women]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Colchester&diff=1596469Colchester2019-11-17T22:57:35Z<p>Desmonduk: new article</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' (pre-Roman name Camulodunum) is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in [[Britain]], and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Roman Empire|Roman Britain]]. The earliest record of the town's existence is a reference by the Roman writer, [[Pliny the Elder]] in AD77.<br />
<ref>https://www.visitcolchester.com/</ref><br />
<ref>https://archive.is/20130105032025/http://www.visitcolchester.com/Britains-Oldest-Town.aspx</ref><br />
<br />
The population of Colchester in 2014 was 180,400.<ref>http://population.city/united-kingdom/colchester/</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom Cities and Towns]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596462User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T22:52:38Z<p>Desmonduk: add</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' (pre-Roman name Camulodunum) is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in [[Britain]], and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Roman Empire|Roman Britain]]. The earliest record of the town's existence is a reference by the Roman writer, [[Pliny the Elder]] in AD77.<br />
<ref>https://www.visitcolchester.com/</ref><br />
<ref>https://archive.is/20130105032025/http://www.visitcolchester.com/Britains-Oldest-Town.aspx</ref><br />
<br />
The population of Colchester in 2014 was 180,400.<ref>http://population.city/united-kingdom/colchester/</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
Category:United Kingdom Cities and Towns</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596407User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T20:17:13Z<p>Desmonduk: add</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' (pre-Roman name Camulodunum) is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in [[Britain]], and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Roman Empire|Roman Britain]]. The earliest record of the town's existence is a reference by the Roman writer, [[Pliny the Elder]] in AD77.<br />
<ref>https://www.visitcolchester.com/</ref><br />
<ref>https://archive.is/20130105032025/http://www.visitcolchester.com/Britains-Oldest-Town.aspx</ref><br />
<br />
The population of Colchester in 2014 was 180,400.<ref>http://population.city/united-kingdom/colchester/</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596405User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T20:10:18Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' (pre-Roman name Camulodunum) is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in [[Britain]], and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Roman Empire|Roman Britain]]. The earliest record of the town's existence is a reference by the Roman writer, [[Pliny the Elder]] in AD77.<br />
<ref>https://www.visitcolchester.com/</ref><br />
<ref>https://archive.is/20130105032025/http://www.visitcolchester.com/Britains-Oldest-Town.aspx</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596404User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T20:09:23Z<p>Desmonduk: expand</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' (pre-Roman name Camulodunum) is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in [[Britain]], and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Roman Empire|Roman Britain]]. The earliest record of the town's existence is a reference by the Roman writer, Pliny the Elder in AD77.<br />
<ref>https://www.visitcolchester.com/</ref><br />
<ref>https://archive.is/20130105032025/http://www.visitcolchester.com/Britains-Oldest-Town.aspx</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596403User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T20:04:19Z<p>Desmonduk: ref</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in [[Britain]], and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Roman Empire|Roman Britain]].<ref>https://www.visitcolchester.com/</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596402User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T20:01:55Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in [[Britain]], and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Roman Empire|Roman Britain]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596401User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T20:00:41Z<p>Desmonduk: links</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in [[Britain]], and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the [[Capital city|capital]] of Roman Britain.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596398User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T19:58:16Z<p>Desmonduk: add</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in Britain, and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the capital of Roman Britain.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596395User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T19:57:21Z<p>Desmonduk: add</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]]. It was the first Roman-founded city in Britain, and is claimed to be Britain's oldest recorded town. At one time it was the capital of Roman Britain,</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596387User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T19:53:22Z<p>Desmonduk: add</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' is a historic market town in [[England]]. It lies on the River Colne and is about 50 miles northeast of [[London]].</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1596385User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-11-17T19:51:31Z<p>Desmonduk: new draft</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Colchester''' is a historic market town in [[England]].</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Briton&diff=1596381Briton2019-11-17T19:48:22Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>A '''Briton''' is the term for one of the people of [[Great Britain]]. The ancient Brythons were the people indigenous to the island now constituting [[Great Britain]].<br />
<br />
Britons at the time of the invasion of the [[Roman]]s were divided up into [[Celtic]] tribes, such as the Brigantes in what became Northern [[England]] and the Iceni in Norfolk. They spoke the Brythonic language, the ancestor of [[Welsh]]. After the AD 43 Roman invasion under [[Claudius]], some Britons allied themselves with the Romans and others like Caratacos fought hard against them. Prasutagos of the Iceni was one that allied to Rome, but when he died the dreadful treatment that his wife, [[Boudica]] and her daughters suffered at the hands of a Roman procurator caused a revolt to erupt and Camulodunum (Colchester) and [[Londinium]] ([[London]]) were amongst the cities destroyed. Boudica’s revolt was brutally suppressed.<br />
<br />
Most Britons were Romanised in the centuries of Roman rule. But those in [[Wales]] and those beyond [[Hadrian’s Wall]] were less so, and they formed kingdoms in the early [[Dark Ages]] such as Gwynedd (in North Wales) and Strathclyde (in the west of what later became Scotland). The [[Anglo-Saxons]] took over much land from the Britons, and Old English replaced Brythonic (which we can start calling Cymraeg or Old [[Welsh]]) in the lands that became [[England]].<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=England&diff=1596379England2019-11-17T19:46:59Z<p>Desmonduk: /* History */ link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:England.gif|right|thumb|300px|England (highlighted in light green), showing the boundaries of the ceremonial counties.]]<br />
'''England''' is a constituent country of the [[United Kingdom]] located on the island of [[Great Britain]] in the north-west of [[Europe]].<br />
It is home of the [[English]] language currently spoken by perhaps a billion people worldwide, and was the seat of an empire that spanned the globe.<br />
England is the largest of the UK's constituent countries, both in terms of area and population. It is also home to the UK's capital and [[parliament]], making this area politically and economically important to the UK as a whole.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Prior to the Romans, the [[Celts]] largely inhabited what would become England. From 43 AD, the [[Roman]]s invaded [[Britain]] and took control of the southern half of the islands, where they founded the fort of [[Londinium]], which later became [[London]]. <br />
<br />
[[File:England900.jpg|thumb|280px|England and its neighbours about 900 AD]]<br />
As the [[Roman Empire]] abandoned Britain in AD410, nearby [[Germanic]] tribes, specifically the [[Angles]], [[Saxons]] and [[Jutes]], began to settle over the majority of the island. Kingdoms formed, such as Northumbria (Anglian) in the north east, Wessex (named after the West Saxons) in the south west and Kent (probably settled by Jutes, and now the name of a county) in the south east. The home nations of [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]], and the South West England county of Cornwall continued to be independent Celtic nations for some time after this. The Germanic invaders were still [[pagan]]s when they conquered part of Britain (e.g. [[Penda]] of Mercia was (allegedly) the last pagan King). The English peoples were converted to [[Christianity]], however, in the 7th Century AD. This happened from two directions: the mission of [[St. Augustine]], emissary of Gregory the Great came initially to Kent, while the (successful) mission to the Northumbrian Angles (and from there to peoples further south) was from the [[Celtic Church]] based in northern British monasteries such as [[Iona]] and [[Lindisfarne]]. The entire [[British Isles]] later came under the sway of [[Roman Catholicism]] as the powerful Northumbrian King, Oswy, chose in favour of Roman practice in AD 664 ('Synod of Whitby'). <br />
[[Image:London England.jpg|right|300px]]<br />
Later, in 1066 AD, the [[Normans|Norman]] French Duke [[William the Conqueror]] defeated the last [[Anglo-Saxon]] King, [[Harold Godwinson]]. William established himself as king of England, and the Monarchy continued until the crowning of Stephen of Blois. However, Empress Matilda, with aid of relations and riots going around England caused the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford, where King Henry III became heir of England. The House of Plantagenets (the royal family at the time) Ruled from Aquitane, a county which, although in mordern France, had been English for a long period of time. <br />
<br />
Amongst the privileged elite [[French]] language and customs became a part of English culture, however for the most part the common population continued to use their own language and customs. William retained significant territories on mainland Europe, in what is now France. For many hundreds of years England fought a series of wars (including the [[Hundred Years War]]) for possession of northern France. These did not end until 1588 with the loss of [[Calais]]. The [[Channel Islands]] are still a crown dependency to this day.<br />
<br />
On the basis of their territories in England and France the Norman monarchs became influential in Europe. In 1215, rebellious nobles forced [[King John]] to sign the [[Magna Carta]], essentially a charter guaranteeing the rights of the king's subject nobles and the church, and setting forward the precedent that the monarch's powers were bound by law. In 1455-1487 a series of conflicts called the [[Wars of the Roses]] were fought between the noble families of York and Lancaster for control of the throne.<br />
<br />
After the [[Wars of the Roses]] had been won by Henry of Lancaster, the reign of the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudors]] began. Henry VII, as he became, was more concerned with defending his crown and so concentrated mainly on domestic policies. While Henry VII is one of England's less famous kings he was one of the few monarchs ever to leave the crown solvent upon his death. Henry VIII, unlike his father, was obsessed with winning glory on the battlefield, preferably in France. Henry launched three major wars throughout his reign against France and in the process managed to capture the city of Boulogne as well as two minor towns, however all of these we're lost or returned by the end of Edwards VI reign. However Henry is most famous for his split with Rome, where he created the Protestant Church of England. When the current [[Pope]] refused to allow him to annul his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry passed the Statute of Restraint of appeals, declared himself head of the English Church and decreed that the Pope had no power over England. During his reign Henry had six wives, of which only three bore him children. Of these, only one was a son&#8212;a sickly child who reigned as Edward VI for just six years after his father's death. His daughter Elizabeth, however, was crowned Queen in 1558 and became perhaps England's greatest and best-loved monarch with her reign often being referred to as Englands Golden Age. Elizabeth was queen during some of England's greatest moments of the age, the founding of England's first (if unsuccessful) American colony, the defeat of the Spanish Armarda and solidifying The Church of England's beliefs and acceptance within the nation. Upon her death, King James VI of Scotland was crowned King James I, leading to an eventual unification of the two nations.<br />
<br />
== Religion ==<br />
In 1533 AD King [[Henry VIII]] formed the [[Church of England]] (CoE) after the [[pope]] refused to annul the marriage between the king and [[Catherine of Aragon]]; while originally the CoE followed a policy of [[Catholic]] without the pope, his successors [[Edward VI]] and [[Elizabeth I]] moved the church in a far more [[Protestantism|Protestant]] direction. Henry established himself as the head of the church and made it the state religion of England. This situation continues to this day, although in much modified form. The queen is still the nominal head of the church, although purely as a figurehead. Decisions technically taken by the queen are in fact done only on the advice of her ministers, who in matters of the church invariably act on the advice of the church leaders. Until recently certain bishops of the Church of England were automatically given seats in the House of Lords. The Church of England is closely involved with the ceremonies associated with England, for example at coronations or royal weddings and funerals.<br />
<br />
Since the [[Reformation]] the country has remained primarily Anglican with the notable exception of the Catholic reigns of [[Mary I]] and [[James II]]. More recently, the number of [[Roman Catholics]] is poised to overtake the number of [[Anglicans]] in the country, a trend that is likely to continue with an influx of migrants from Catholic countries such as [[Ireland]] and recent [[EU]] accession countries such as [[Poland]][http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article1386939.ece]. As with the UK as a whole, the significant minority religions include [[Hinduism]], [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]].<br />
<br />
A 2001 census gave the following figures for religious affiliation: [[Christianity]]: 71.6%, [[Islam]]: 3.1%, [[Hindu]]: 1.1%, [[Sikh]]: 0.7%, [[Jewish]]: 0.5%, and [[Buddhist]]: 0.3%, No Faith: 22.3%. Approximately 7% of responders did not answer the question.<ref>http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/commentaries/ethnicity.asp</ref> <br />
<br />
===Schools ===<br />
Unlike American schools, state run Comprehensive schools in England have a daily act of Christian worship, although there have been efforts in recent times to remove this, to reflect the multifaith make-up of England.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/dec/26/scrap-compulsory-acts-of-worship</ref> There is support for some "faith schools", such as Peter Vardy's ''Emmanuel Schools Foundation'' through the Academies program.<ref>http://www.emmanuelschools.org/thefoundation/thefoundation/</ref><br />
<br />
== Influence ==<br />
<br />
England is the home of the modern English language, which was later spread to all parts of the world by the [[British Empire]], along with traditional English concepts such as the rule of law, universal suffrage, parliamentary government, the jury system, and freedom of speech.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[English Bill of Rights]]<br />
*[[English Civil War]]<br />
*[[English Painting]]<br />
*[[English coronation oath]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:England| ]]<br />
[[Category:European Countries]]<br />
[[Category:British History]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ English Heritage] - English history website</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Londinium&diff=1596377Londinium2019-11-17T19:44:51Z<p>Desmonduk: new redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[London]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Boudica&diff=1596376Boudica2019-11-17T19:43:56Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
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<div>[[Image:Boudicastatue.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Boadicea and Her Daughters''; monumental statue by Thomas Thornycroft (1905)]]<br />
'''Boudica''', '''Boudicca''' or '''Boadicea''' (25 - 62 AD) queen of the Iceni, and the first leader to seriously challenge the [[Rome|Roman]] occupation of [[Britain]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Roman emperor Claudius ordered the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, with the target of the campaign a fortified Iron Age settlement known then as Camulodunum, near what is now modern Colchester. Some twenty years later the Iceni were ruled by Prasutagus, and his kingdom was considered a ''civitates peregrinae'', where non-citizens were allowed an amount of self-government,<ref>http://www.encyclo.co.uk/meaning-of-civitates%20peregrinae</ref> provided they were obedient. ""The Britons themselves submit to the levy, the tribute and the other charges of Empire with cheerful readiness," Tacitus wrote, "provided that there is no abuse. That they bitterly resent: for they are broken in to obedience, not to slavery".<ref>Tacitus: ''Agricola''</ref> When he died, he left his kingdom jointly to his wife, Boudica, his two daughters and the Roman Emperor. However, unlike the native Britons, Rome did not recognize female inheritance and annexed the kingdom. What happened next was seizure and oppression; the Romans were conquerors, and the governor Suetonius Paullinus treated the Britons as a defeated enemy: <br />
<br />
:''"Kingdom and household alike were plundered like prizes of war, the one by Roman officers, the other by Roman slaves. As a beginning, his widow Boudicca was flogged and their daughters raped. The Icenian chiefs were deprived of their hereditary estates as if the Romans had been given the whole country. The king's own relatives were treated like slaves."''<ref>Tacitus: ''Annals''</ref> <br />
<br />
Enraged at her treatment and the rape of her daughters, Boudica began her vengeance. While the Roman governor was distracted by a campaign against rebels on the island of [[Anglesey]] in north [[Wales]], Boudica led a revolt of the Iceni along with other native tribes. The [[Roman]] city of [[Colchester]] (Camulodunum) was razed so thoroughly that the thick layer of ash left is still clearly visible today. The [[Rome|Roman]] IX Legion was routed and between 70,000 and 80,000 civilians were said to have been killed. The Roman historian Cassius Dio left an account of the campaign, leaving a brief description as to Boudica's appearance: <br />
<br />
:''"...a terrible disaster occurred in Britain. Two cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame....But the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight the Romans, the person who was thought worthy to be their leader and who directed the conduct of the entire war, was Buduica, a Briton woman of the royal family and possessed of greater intelligence than often belongs to women....In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."''<ref>Cassius Dio: ''Roman History'' (LXII.1-2)</ref><br />
<br />
Hearing of the rebellion while putting down the Druids on the Isle of Anglesey, Paullinus rushed to [[Londinium]]; among his ranks were the XIV Legion and XX Legion. Furthermore, he sent his cavalry ahead with orders orders for II Legion to meet him there, only to discover upon arrival that with the defeat of IX Legion Londinium had to be abandoned for want of troops to defend it. Both Londinium and [[St Albans]] (Verulamium) were burned, and whoever was left behind were slaughtered.<br />
<br />
After Boudica's initial successes, Paullinus rallied his forces against the revolt and engaged the rebels at Watling Street, near Mancetter, on ground of his choosing, and near an established Roman camp. Despite overwhelming numerical supremacy (Dio estimated 230,000) Boudica's disorganised army was defeated by the Roman's superior tactics. It is said that following the defeat she committed suicide by taking poison.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/boudica/boudicanrevolt.html] Encyclopaedia Romana: Boudica<br>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/boudicca.shtml BBC History: Boudicca (died c.A.D. 60) (bbc.co.uk)]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Women]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Rome]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Allergy&diff=1595688Allergy2019-11-15T22:28:12Z<p>Desmonduk: expand</p>
<hr />
<div>An '''allergy''' is a reaction of the [[immune system]]. The term allergy is also known as hypersensitivity. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Substances that often cause reactions are<br />
<br />
* [[Pollen]]<br />
* [[Dust mite]]s<br />
* [[Mold]] spores<br />
* Pet dander<br />
* [[Food]]<br />
* [[Insect]] stings<br />
* [[Medicine]]s<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Scientists think both [[gene]]s and the environment have something to do with it. Normally, your immune system fights germs. It is your body's defense system. In most allergic reactions, however, it is responding to a false alarm.<br />
<br />
Some studies have shown a link between [[vaccination]]s and food allergies.<ref>http://barbfeick.com/vaccinations/allergy/951-vaccine_allergy.htm</ref> <ref>https://www.naturalnews.com/055457_vaccines_food_allergies_CDC_study.html</ref> <br />
<br />
==Symptoms==<br />
Allergies can cause a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling or asthma. Symptoms vary. Although allergies can make one feel bad, they are usually not fatal. However, a severe reaction called [[anaphylaxis]] is life-threatening.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Allergy&diff=1595676Allergy2019-11-15T21:54:58Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>An '''allergy''' is a reaction of the [[immune system]]. The term allergy is also known as hypersensitivity. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Substances that often cause reactions are<br />
<br />
* [[Pollen]]<br />
* [[Dust mite]]s<br />
* [[Mold]] spores<br />
* Pet dander<br />
* [[Food]]<br />
* [[Insect]] stings<br />
* [[Medicine]]s<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Scientists think both [[gene]]s and the environment have something to do with it. Normally, your immune system fights germs. It is your body's defense system. In most allergic reactions, however, it is responding to a false alarm.<br />
<br />
==Symptoms==<br />
Allergies can cause a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling or asthma. Symptoms vary. Although allergies can make one feel bad, they are usually not fatal. However, a severe reaction called [[anaphylaxis]] is life-threatening.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Allergy&diff=1595675Allergy2019-11-15T21:53:30Z<p>Desmonduk: headings</p>
<hr />
<div>An '''allergy''' is a reaction of the [[immune system]]. The term allergy is also known as hypersensitivity. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Substances that often cause reactions are<br />
<br />
* [[Pollen]]<br />
* [[Dust mite]]s<br />
* [[Mold]] spores<br />
* Pet dander<br />
* [[Food]]<br />
* [[Insect]] stings<br />
* [[Medicine]]s<br />
<br />
==Causes==<br />
Scientists think both genes and the environment have something to do with it. Normally, your immune system fights germs. It is your body's defense system. In most allergic reactions, however, it is responding to a false alarm.<br />
<br />
==Symptoms==<br />
Allergies can cause a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling or asthma. Symptoms vary. Although allergies can make one feel bad, they are usually not fatal. However, a severe reaction called [[anaphylaxis]] is life-threatening.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Anaphylaxis&diff=1595674Anaphylaxis2019-11-15T21:50:39Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], '''Anaphylaxis''' is "an immediate and severe [[Allergy|allergic reaction]] to a substance (e.g. food or drugs). Symptoms of anaphylaxis include breathing difficulties, loss of consciousness and a drop in [[blood pressure]]. <br />
<br />
This condition can be fatal and requires immediate medical attention."<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/about/terms/glossary.htm#a</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Anaphylaxis&diff=1595673Anaphylaxis2019-11-15T21:49:29Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, '''Anaphylaxis''' is "an immediate and severe [[Allergy|allergic reaction]] to a substance (e.g. food or drugs). Symptoms of anaphylaxis include breathing difficulties, loss of consciousness and a drop in [[blood pressure]]. <br />
<br />
This condition can be fatal and requires immediate medical attention."<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/about/terms/glossary.htm#a</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Allergy&diff=1595672Allergy2019-11-15T21:48:07Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>An '''allergy''' is a reaction of the [[immune system]]. The term allergy is also known as hypersensitivity. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Substances that often cause reactions are<br />
<br />
* [[Pollen]]<br />
* [[Dust mite]]s<br />
* [[Mold]] spores<br />
* Pet dander<br />
* [[Food]]<br />
* [[Insect]] stings<br />
* [[Medicine]]s<br />
<br />
Scientists think both genes and the environment have something to do with it. Normally, your immune system fights germs. It is your body's defense system. In most allergic reactions, however, it is responding to a false alarm.<br />
<br />
Allergies can cause a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling or asthma. Symptoms vary. Although allergies can make one feel bad, they are usually not fatal. However, a severe reaction called [[anaphylaxis]] is life-threatening.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Medicine]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Maria_Butina&diff=1586996Maria Butina2019-10-26T01:32:16Z<p>Desmonduk: update</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Maria Butina''' or '''Marina Butina''' is a Russian gun right’s activist and [[libertarian]]. Butina headed an organization which aimed to secure a guaranteed constitutional right to keep and bear arms modeled on the U.S. [[Second Amendment]] to protect Russian citizens' after the 70 year en[[slave]]ment of the Russian people by [[far left]] [[progressive]]s of the [[Soviet Union]]. Butina became the target of anti-Second Amendment [[globalist]]s, advocates of the [[war on sovereignty]] and the corrupt [[Obama]] [[intelligence community]] during [[Deep State coup plot]].<ref>https://saraacarter.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/United-States-v.-Maria-Butina.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
U.S. intelligence had Butina on its radar by spring 2015, in part because she left an overt trail of open-source intelligence documenting her contacts with major conservative figures at the Conservative Political Action Conference, the [[National Rifle Association]] and the libertarian Freedom Fest, starting in 2013.<br />
<br />
==Patrick Byrne==<br />
On June 8, 2015 Butina approached [[Patrick Byrne]], CEO of Overstock.com, at the [[Las Vegas]] Freedom Fest. Byrne, who held a security clearance as a member of the [[CFR]], reported the contact with a [[Russia]]n national to the [[FBI]]. By December 2015 Byrne was reporting more frequently on Butina. <br />
<br />
In the early GOP primary season of 2016 Byrne was told by FBI handlers to focus Marina Butina’s attention to the campaign of Donald Trump and to diminish any attention toward Marco Rubio or Ted Cruz. Byrne warned FBI officials of a potential that his efforts, his reputation and those who trust him, may result in Butina gaining entry into the confidence of the campaign. The FBI agents told Byrne that was exactly the intent; people high up in the FBI wanted Ms. Butina to gain deep access into the [[2016 Trump campaign]]. Butina was used by the FBI to “dirty-up” political targets, opening them up for surveillance. Byrne became suspicious of a corrupt political motive, but didn’t say anything at the time.<br />
<br />
By June and July 2016 FBI agents requested Byrne to focus on developing a closer romantic relationship with Maria Butina, and to use his influence to target her to closer proximity with the Trump family and Trump campaign. Byrne said the specific instructions were coming to the agents from [[Peter Strzok]] as he relayed the requests of those above him Byrne named [[James Comey]], [[Andrew McCabe]], [[Bill Priestap]], and [[John Carlin]] (DOJ-NSD).<br />
<br />
On December 11, 2016 [[Glenn Simpson]] emailed [[Nellie Ohr]] of [[FusionGPS]] a link to an article in the [[left-wing]] ''ThinkProgress'' headlined, ''"Why has the NRA been cozying up to Russia?"'' The article focused on Butina and Russian Alexander Torshin. Nellie Ohr responded, "Thank you!" to which Simpson, the next day, answered, "Please ring if you can." Nellie Ohr forwarded the Simpson message to her husband Asst Attn Gen. [[Bruce Ohr]], saying, "I assume Glenn means you not me."<br />
<br />
==Frame up==<br />
Despite the government’s efforts to paint Butina as a Russian spy attempting to infiltrate [[Republican]] circles she was never investigated by the [[Mueller Team]]. Further, the FBI did nothing to stop Butina from meeting with high level Republican and conservative figures. The FBI didn’t warn those conservative figures she had made contact with, even though the FBI had Butina under [[surveillance]]. Unlike an associate of Russian operative Anna Chapman who mad contact with a major [[Democratic party]] donor close to [[Hillary Clinton]], the FBI acted swiftly to make arrest.<ref>https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/399970-the-real-maria-butina-scandal-fbi-could-have-prevented-it</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Butina pleaded guilty to a [[FARA]] Act violation. Prosecutors had to walk back accusations they made during the trial that she was a Russian spy using sex as a tool to gain influence and access. The guilty plea was not an admission that Butina was a Russian spy or involved in [[espionage]] but a failure to register as a Russian citizen working on behalf of her country.<br />
<br />
Butina was sentenced to Florida’s FCI Tallahassee minimum security prison until Oct. 25, 2019. She was released from prison on Oct. 25, 2019 and boarded a plane heading to Russia.<ref>https://www.rt.com/news/471846-butina-leaves-prison-florida/</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Jessie Liu]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Butina, Maria}}<br />
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[[category:Trump-Russia Collusion Hoax]][[Category:Second Amendment]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Boris_Johnson&diff=1586991Talk:Boris Johnson2019-10-26T01:18:10Z<p>Desmonduk: /* Brexit */ reply</p>
<hr />
<div>== Judging Boris ==<br />
<br />
Here's a good article on what Boris Johnson can do to make Britain a great country like it once way -- we can use it in the future to evaluate his premiership: [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/23/delingpole-twenty-ways-boris-johnson-can-make-britain-great-again/] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 16:00, 23 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
:Another prominent pro-Brexit campaigner might join Johnson's government: [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/25/treasury-appoints-ex-vote-leave-chief-matthew-elliott-as-sajid-javid-adviser] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 14:22, 28 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
::The EU likely is less prepared for a "no-deal" Brexit than the UK, something I've heard before from others: [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-economy/eu-must-move-faster-to-prepare-for-no-deal-brexit-risk-cbi-idUSKCN1UN0TP] Boris has leverage. --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 22:37, 28 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
:::Some more interesting articles on Johnson, specifically regarding early election rumors and EU negotiations: [https://www.apnews.com/db77a1d5827a47fe8b99210db64a744a 1],[https://www.apnews.com/c49e1d090dda4a90a042b5ec458ade8a 2] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 13:26, 29 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
::::More on Dominic Cummings ([https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/31/farage-brexit-party-ready-fight-general-election-150-candidates/ 1],[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-fearsome-fixer-dominic-cummings-is-now-the-second-most-powerful-person-in-no-10-82h958568 2],[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-cummings-insight/an-archetypal-rebel-how-johnsons-chief-adviser-is-driving-brexit-idUSKCN1UY0MQ 3],[https://www.politico.eu/article/inside-the-mind-of-boris-johnsons-right-hand-man/ 4]), and on what Johnson might want for a deal if the EU agrees to renegotiate: [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/31/johnson-suggests-uk-might-stay-in-customs-union-2021/] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 19:01, 31 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
:::::Johnson has vowed to end the supremacy of EU law over the UK: [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/16/johnson-vows-end-supremacy-eu-law-uk/] Hopefully, he will achieve this. --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 15:11, 16 August 2019 (EDT)<br />
::::::Johnson has reportedly removed a pledge that the UK won't compete with the EU economically -- if this is true, this is great news for the UK: [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/04/report-boris-deregulate-drop-level-playing-field-pledge-eu/] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 08:41, 4 October 2019 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Brexit ==<br />
<br />
I have copied the "Brexit" section to the [[Brexit]] article. Could it now be deleted from this article? [[User:Desmonduk|Desmonduk]] ([[User talk:Desmonduk|talk]]) 09:59, 25 October 2019 (EDT)<br />
:No, it should stay since it's directly relevant to Boris Johnson's premiership. I had intended on copying it to the "Brexit" article, but you beat me to it. It should stay on both articles. --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 10:02, 25 October 2019 (EDT)<br />
::OK, thanks. [[User:Desmonduk|Desmonduk]] ([[User talk:Desmonduk|talk]]) 21:18, 25 October 2019 (EDT)</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Boris_Johnson&diff=1586686Talk:Boris Johnson2019-10-25T13:59:13Z<p>Desmonduk: /* Brexit */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>== Judging Boris ==<br />
<br />
Here's a good article on what Boris Johnson can do to make Britain a great country like it once way -- we can use it in the future to evaluate his premiership: [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/23/delingpole-twenty-ways-boris-johnson-can-make-britain-great-again/] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 16:00, 23 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
:Another prominent pro-Brexit campaigner might join Johnson's government: [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jul/25/treasury-appoints-ex-vote-leave-chief-matthew-elliott-as-sajid-javid-adviser] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 14:22, 28 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
::The EU likely is less prepared for a "no-deal" Brexit than the UK, something I've heard before from others: [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-economy/eu-must-move-faster-to-prepare-for-no-deal-brexit-risk-cbi-idUSKCN1UN0TP] Boris has leverage. --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 22:37, 28 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
:::Some more interesting articles on Johnson, specifically regarding early election rumors and EU negotiations: [https://www.apnews.com/db77a1d5827a47fe8b99210db64a744a 1],[https://www.apnews.com/c49e1d090dda4a90a042b5ec458ade8a 2] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 13:26, 29 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
::::More on Dominic Cummings ([https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/31/farage-brexit-party-ready-fight-general-election-150-candidates/ 1],[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-fearsome-fixer-dominic-cummings-is-now-the-second-most-powerful-person-in-no-10-82h958568 2],[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-cummings-insight/an-archetypal-rebel-how-johnsons-chief-adviser-is-driving-brexit-idUSKCN1UY0MQ 3],[https://www.politico.eu/article/inside-the-mind-of-boris-johnsons-right-hand-man/ 4]), and on what Johnson might want for a deal if the EU agrees to renegotiate: [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/31/johnson-suggests-uk-might-stay-in-customs-union-2021/] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 19:01, 31 July 2019 (EDT)<br />
:::::Johnson has vowed to end the supremacy of EU law over the UK: [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/16/johnson-vows-end-supremacy-eu-law-uk/] Hopefully, he will achieve this. --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 15:11, 16 August 2019 (EDT)<br />
::::::Johnson has reportedly removed a pledge that the UK won't compete with the EU economically -- if this is true, this is great news for the UK: [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/04/report-boris-deregulate-drop-level-playing-field-pledge-eu/] --[[User:1990&#39;sguy|1990&#39;sguy]] ([[User talk:1990&#39;sguy|talk]]) 08:41, 4 October 2019 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Brexit ==<br />
<br />
I have copied the "Brexit" section to the [[Brexit]] article. Could it now be deleted from this article? [[User:Desmonduk|Desmonduk]] ([[User talk:Desmonduk|talk]]) 09:59, 25 October 2019 (EDT)</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Brexit&diff=1586685Brexit2019-10-25T13:53:54Z<p>Desmonduk: /* Negotiations */ update</p>
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<div>[[File:United Kingdom EU referendum 2016 area results.svg.png|thumb|250px|Brexit results. Blue-shaded areas stand for council areas that voted "Leave". Orange stands for "Remain".]]<br />
:''For the political philosophy in favor of Brexit, see [[Euroskepticism]]''<br />
'''Brexit''' is a repudiation of [[globalism]] and the campaign slogan for "Britain's Exit" from the [[European Union]]. The British people became the first nation to vote on a referendum whether or not to remain in membership to the EU, on June 23, 2016. The historic vote shocked the world as the Leave campaign won by a 52–48% margin. Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] campaigned to remain in the EU and was humiliated by the outcome, whereupon he resigned his position. Former London Mayor [[Boris Johnson]] was a leader of the Leave camp, though previously supporting Remain. Regaining [[self-governance]] and [[sovereignty]] were the top reasons for leaving the EU,<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/editorials/brexit-is-at-bottom-about-self-rule Brexit is, at bottom, about self-rule]. ''Washington Examiner''. March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.</ref> and the difficulty in leaving was the result of having surrendered control to the EU in the first place.<ref>Barnes, Fred (September 26, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/american-independence American independence]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved September 28, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
On May 24, 2019, this issue caused the resignation of the prime minister of the [[United Kingdom]], as [[Theresa May]] tearfully announced she would step down due to her inability to negotiate an agreement on how to implement Brexit. [[Boris Johnson]], an advocate of a "no-deal Brexit" (i.e., leaving the EU without any agreement), was victorious in replacing Mrs. May.<br />
<br />
Polling prior to the referendum indicated a tight race, with 44% preferring to stay (anti-Brexit) and 42% supporting leaving the EU (Brexit), as of April 17, 2016.<ref>https://ig.ft.com/sites/brexit-polling/</ref> Two weeks after [[Barack Obama]] gave his support to Cameron and chided Britain to stay in the EU, a survey says Brexit gained 3% who want out.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-poll-idUSKCN0XP0PO? Obama fails to swing Britain behind EU as 'Out' takes poll lead, Reuters, April 28, 2016]</ref> Final results showed "Leave" with 52% of the vote to "Remain" with 48%, a margin that was 5 points better than polling. This was despite the fact that the "Remain" side was fined several times for cheating and lack of transparency, and despite the British government sending fliers to every citizen to urge them to vote "Remain."<ref>Kassam, Raheem (March 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/03/25/5-ways-brexit-remain-camp-cheated-still-lost/ 5 Ways the Remain Camp Cheated During Brexit…. And Still Lost!] ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 25, 2018.</ref> After the election, many British voters felt betrayed by their politicians who undermined and threatened Brexit.<ref>Kilcoyne, Clodagh; Ledwith, Sara (April 4, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-coast-insight/in-brexit-on-sea-the-left-behind-still-want-out-idUSKCN1RG0GZ In Brexit-on-Sea, the left-behind still want Out]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved April 4, 2019.</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/britain-eu-coast/</ref><ref>Lawless, Jill (September 9, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/b9c08875fe4f4257bbe262f6d3798152 Britain’s Brexit heartland seethes at delay and ‘betrayal’]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved September 9, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
The British High Court ruled on November 3, 2016, that the British government could not unilaterally begin formal exit negotiations with the EU, but rather that parliamentary approval via an Act of Parliament is needed to permit the British Government to trigger Article 50 and begin the withdrawal process.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37857785 Brexit court defeat for UK government]. ''BBC''. November 3, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.</ref> The British government appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, skipping the Court of Appeal. On the 1st of February 2017, the British House of Commons approved beginning Brexit negotiations.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-38833883 Brexit: MPs overwhelmingly back Article 50 bill]. ''BBC''. February 1, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</ref> Amendments were later made in the House of Lords, and each amendment was refused by the House of Commons. The bill eventually became law and on the 29th of March, Theresa May triggered Article 50 and began the withdrawal process from the [[European Union]].<br />
<br />
Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] officially initiated Brexit on March 29, 2017.<ref>Suarez Sang, Lucia I. (March 29, 2017). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/03/29/brexit-triggered-u-k-prime-minister-sends-letter-to-european-union-to-begin-exit.html Brexit triggered: UK prime minister sends letter to European Union to begin divorce]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 29, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/03/29/triggered/ TRIGGERED: Britain Invokes Article 50 to Begin Brexit Process]. ''Breitbart News''. March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.</ref> In the Brexit negotiations, the EU parliament has a very powerful role, and has ruled out certain things the British Government was hoping to achieve (such as trade agreements with individual nation-states, rather than the European Union as an entity), thus acting as a bully to Britain.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/04/05/eu-legislators-tell-uk-on-brexit-no-parallel-talks.html EU legislators tell UK on Brexit: no parallel talks]. ''Fox News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). April 5, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2017.</ref> Run by weak [[establishment]] and [[globalist]] politicians, the UK had serious trouble agreeing to leave the EU as voters demanded.<ref>Byas, Steve (September 25, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33506-britain-s-struggle-to-leave-the-eu-demonstrates-the-tenacity-of-globalists Britain’s Struggle to Leave the EU Demonstrates the Tenacity of Globalists]. ''The New American''. Retrieved September 25, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Conservatives pushed back against the establishment attempt to nullify Brexit, with [[Nigel Farage]] forming the [[Brexit Party]] in April 2019.<br />
<br />
== Eligible voters ==<br />
*Voters must have been 18 or older <br />
*British, Commonwealth or Irish citizen who resided in Britain. <br />
*British nationals who lived overseas for less than 15 years could also vote.<br />
<br />
==Economic impact==<br />
Prior to the referendum, the Left and establishment claimed that approving Brexit would lead to terrible economic ruin for the UK. Pro-Brexiteers labeled this hysteria "Project Fear." Financial giants warned the British of credit downgrades. The British Pound dropped significantly as results started pouring in showing Leave doing better than expected.<br />
<br />
Contrary to claims by anti-Brexit activists, the British economy did well, and it even improved after the referendum.<ref>Kim, Anthony B.; Devlin, Bradley (June 21, 2019). [https://www.dailysignal.com/2019/06/21/3-years-after-brexit-vote-dire-warnings-for-uk-economy-have-proved-wrong/ 3 Years After Brexit Vote, Dire Warnings for UK Economy Have Proved Wrong]. ''The Daily Signal''. Retrieved June 22, 2019.</ref> In early 2017, the chief economist of the Bank of England admitted that hysteric [[establishment]] predictions of economic gloom from a pro-Brexit result were wrong and inaccurate.<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/01/06/bank-england-economist-brexit-predictions-were-wrong.html Bank of England economist: Brexit predictions were wrong]. ''Fox News''. January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2017.</ref> The British finance ministry admitted the same in January 2018.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/01/26/reuters-treasury-says-pre-referendum-brexit-economy-forecasts-no-longer-valid/ Reuters: Treasury Says Pre-Referendum ‘Project Fear’ Forecasts No Longer Valid]. ''Breitbart News''. January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018.</ref> In 2017, British manufacturing grew at its fastest rate since early 2008.<ref>Deacon, Liam (January 11, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/01/11/uk-manufacturing-growing-fastest-rate-decade-brexit-vote/ UK Manufacturing Growing at Fastest Rate in a Decade After Brexit Vote]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</ref> Despite contrary claims by "Remain" campaigners, the British Pound climbed to pre-Brexit vote levels in January 2018.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/01/23/sterling-climbs-1-40-new-post-brexit-vote-high/ Sterling Climbs Above $1.40 to New Post-Brexit-Vote High]. ''Breitbart News''. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</ref> Employment also rose.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/01/24/reuters-uk-employment-surges-record-high-wages-increase/ REUTERS: UK Employment Surges to Record High, Wages Increase]. ''Breitbart News''. January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.</ref> By 2018, British export levels reached the highest level since 2010.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (March 8, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/03/08/british-exports-strongest-since-2010-pre-referendum-recession-threats/ Brexit Boom: British Exports Strongest Since 2010, Defying Pre-Referendum Recession Threats]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 8, 2018.</ref> Car manufacturing and investment also increased significantly in 2018.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (February 4, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/02/04/uk-enjoys-surge-car-manufacturing-millions-invested-new-factories/ Brexit-pocalypse? Surge in UK Car Manufacturing, Huge Investment in Research Centres, New Factories]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 4, 2019.</ref> The Office for National Statistics found in February 2019 that the British economy was growing faster than that of the [[Eurozone]].<ref>Montgomery, Jack (February 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/02/15/british-economy-defies-anti-brexiteers-outpace-europe/ British Economy Defies Anti-Brexiteers to Outpace Europe]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved February 15, 2019.</ref> European investment more than doubled in nearly three years after the vote.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (March 5, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/05/brexit-boost-european-investment-in-uk-more-than-doubles-since-brexit-vote/ Brexit Boost: European Investment in UK More Than Doubles Since Brexit Vote]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</ref> In July 2019, the British economy increased more than expected.<ref>Bruce, Andy; Cable, Jonathan (September 9, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-economy/uk-economy-shows-unexpected-strength-in-july-dampening-recession-fears-idUSKCN1VU0S5 UK economy shows unexpected strength in July, dampening recession fears]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 9, 2019.</ref> London's status as a capital for finance remained despite contrary claims by anti-Brexiteers.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (October 16, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/16/project-fear-wrong-again-london-remains-a-finance-capital-growth-since-2016-brexit-vote/ Project Fear Wrong Again: London Remains a Finance Capital, Growth Since 2016 Brexit Vote]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 16, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Despite the economic growth, anti-Brexit activists continued to predict "doom-and-gloom" economic scenarios.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (January 11, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/01/11/project-fear-redux-economy-surges-khan-predict-disaster/ Project Fear Redux: As Economy Surges, Anti-Brexit Economists Predict Disaster in Report Funded by Sadiq Khan]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 11, 2018.</ref> However, former prime minister [[David Cameron]], who supported the "Remain" campaign, admitted in January 2018 that Brexit "turned out less badly than we first thought" despite continuing to voice displeasure about it.<ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (January 24, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/01/24/david-cameron-davos-brexit-turned-less-badly-first-thought/ David Cameron at Davos: ‘Brexit Has Turned Out Less Badly Than We First Thought’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 24, 2018.</ref><br />
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Anti-Brexit advocates continued promoting Project Fear, or "Project Hysteria," regarding a potential no-deal "Hard Brexit."<ref>Friedman, Victoria (September 17, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/09/17/project-hysteria-dire-predictions-no-deal-brexit-sandwiches-space-debris-falling-sky/ ‘Project Hysteria’: Dire No-Deal Brexit Predictions from the End of Sandwiches to the Sky Falling in]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 17, 2018.</ref><ref>Delingpole, James (November 29, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/29/uk-establishment-ramps-up-brexit-hysteria-more-lies/ Delingpole: Brexit Project Fear Gives Way to Project Hysteria]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 29, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
Crawford Falconer, the UK's main trade negotiator, admitted in July 2019 that Britain had very little influence in international trade policy as an member of the European Union.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (July 16, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/16/britains-chief-trade-negotiator-admits-very-little-influence-world-trade-eu-member/ Britain’s Chief Trade Negotiator: UK Has ‘Very Little Influence’ on World Trade While an EU Member]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 16, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Secular leftists, Brexit and mental illness ==<br />
<br />
''See also:'' [[Secular leftists and psychogenic illness]]<br />
<br />
There is a considerable amount of scientific evidence that suggests that [[theism]] is more conducive to mental and physical health than [[atheism]] (See:[[Atheism and health]]).<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Mueller, Dr. Paul S. et al. (December 2001). [http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2811%2962799-7/fulltext "Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine: implications for clinical practice"]. ''Mayo Clinic Proceedings'' vol. 76:12, pp. 1225-1235. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic Proceedings website on July 20, 2014.<br />
*[http://www.spiritualityandhealth.duke.edu/index.php/research/research-library "Research library"]. Duke University Center for Spirituality, Theology and Health. Retrieved on July 24, 2014.<br />
*McCullough, Michael E. et al. (2000). [http://www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/mmccullough/Papers/rel_mort_meta.pdf "Religious involvement and mortality: a meta-analytic review"]. ''Health Psychology''. vol. 19:3. pp. 211-222. Retrieved from University of Miami, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology website on July 24, 2014.<br />
*Casey, Professor Patricia (April 3, 2009). [http://www.ionainstitute.ie/pdfs/Religion-Exec_summary.pdf "The psycho-social benefits of religious practise" [executive summary&#93;]. Iona Institute for Religion and Society [Ireland] website. Retrieved on July 24, 2014.<br />
*McCullough, Michael E. and Willoughby, Brian L. B. (2009). [http://www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/mmccullough/Papers/Relig_self_control_bulletin.pdf "Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: associations, explanations, and implications"]. ''Psychological Bulletin'', vol. 135: 1, pp. 69–93. Retrieved from University of Miami, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology website on July 24, 2014.<br />
*University of Colorado at Boulder (May 17, 1999). [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/05/990517064323.htm "Research shows religion plays a major role in health, longevity"]. ScienceDaily. Retrieved on July 24, 2014.<br />
*Dervic, Kanita, et al. (December 2004). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569904 "Religious affiliation and suicide attempt" [abstract&#93;]. ''The American Journal of Psychiatry'', vol. 161:12, pp. 2303-8. Abstract retrieved from National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Pub Med on July 24, 2014.<br />
*University of Warwick (December 2003). [http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/2003/A/20037338.html "Psychology researcher [Dr. Stephen Joseph&#93; says spiritual meaning of Christmas brings more happiness than materialism"]. Scienceblog. Retrieved on July 24, 2014.</ref> In addition, atheists have higher suicide rates (see: [[Atheism and suicide]] and [[Atheism and depression]]). <br />
<br />
Politically, most atheists fall on the left side of the political spectrum (see: [[Atheism and politics]] and [[Secular left]]). <br />
<br />
The [[New Atheism|new atheist]] [[Richard Dawkins]] was against Brexit.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-39218108 Richard Dawkins: Brits have not spoken on Brexit], BBC</ref> Dawkins is a liberal/leftist.<ref>[https://richarddawkins.net/2013/08/religion-and-politics/ Religion and Politics], Richard Dawkins' website</ref> Most leftists were against Brexit. <br />
<br />
A Eurobarometer poll in 2010 reported that 37% of UK citizens "believed there is a God", 33% believe there is "some sort of spirit or life force" and 25% answered "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, p. 204"]. Fieldwork: Jan-Feb 2010.</ref> See also: [[British atheism]]<br />
<br />
''[[The Guardian]]'' reported about Brexit:<br />
{{Cquote|In shrinks’ offices across the country, just as in homes, pubs and offices, people are trying to come to terms with the surprise and shock of the Brexit result. Strangers gather together to talk of how “the world is falling apart”.<br />
<br />
Many people feel transported into a dystopian Britain that they “do not recognise, cannot understand”. Thousands are hatching plans to leave the country. Social media are full of suddenly violent flaming between former friends.<br />
<br />
Therapists everywhere are reporting shockingly elevated levels of anxiety and despair, with few patients wishing to talk about anything else. Mental health referrals have already begun to mushroom. Why is the Brexit vote affecting us so personally? And, what does this tell us about the make-up of our psyches?<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/29/eu-referendum-mental-health-vote The EU referendum has caused a mental health crisis] by Jay Watts, The Guardian</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The columnist Patrick West wrote in his article ''The Post-Brexit Ugliness of the left'': <br />
{{Cquote|The liberal-left couldn’t understand why people would vote in the name of abstract principles such as ‘democracy’ or ‘freedom’ or ‘self-determination’, because they view everything in terms of their own money and their own public image.<br />
<br />
There was a time when it was Tories who sneered at the poor, who deplored them as stupid and feckless. This was in the loadsamoney era of the 1980s, during which the market ruled and we were beholden to the whims of capitalists and the sainted market. There was even a time, many years ago, when the left spoke of principles, of democracy and liberty. How the roles have been reversed. How strange that it’s mostly conservatives who now talk in abstractions, and it’s the left that obsesses about the markets and worry about the FTSE 100, about their own money.<ref>[http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-post-brexit-ugliness-of-the-left/18538 ''The Post-Brexit Ugliness of the left''] by Patrick West</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Process for leaving the EU==<br />
Even before the process for leaving the EU began, globalists planned on sabotaging Brexit in the hope that the UK would retain much of its vassalage to the EU or even remain in the EU outright.<ref>Jasper, William F. (August 16, 2016). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/23880-is-new-brit-pm-theresa-may-sabotaging-brexit-with-endless-delays Is New Brit PM Theresa May Sabotaging Brexit With Endless Delays?] ''The New American''. Retrieved June 1, 2019.<br>See also:<br />
*Jasper, William F. (May 31, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/32487-as-smoke-clears-on-eu-elections-cfr-highlights-nationalist-globalist-clash As Smoke Clears on EU Elections: CFR Highlights Nationalist-Globalist Clash]. ''The New American''. Retrieved June 1, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Despite British leaders' reluctance for achieving a "no deal" hard Brexit, Professor Patrick Minford of Cardiff University estimated that such an exit would actually cost the EU £507 billion with the UK gaining £641 billion.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (January 15, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/01/15/study-no-deal-cost-eu-507bn-britain-gains-641bn/ Study: ‘No Deal’ Will Cost the EU £507bn, While Britain Gains £641bn]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</ref> The British establishment claimed that a "no deal" Brexit would have disastrous consequences for Britain, similar to "Project Fear" prior to the referendum, despite the lack of evidence.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Jasper, William F. (December 24, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31015-will-no-deal-brexit-cause-horrible-chaos-as-globalist-elites-claim Will “No Deal” Brexit Cause “Horrible Chaos” as Globalist Elites Claim?] ''The New American''. Retrieved December 25, 2018.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (December 26, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/12/26/brexit-project-fears-best-scare-stories/ Brexit: Project Fear’s Best ‘No Deal’ Scare Stories of 2018]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 26, 2018.<br />
*Jasper, William F. (January 3, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31081-project-fear-intensifies-with-cumberbatch-brexit-film-andy-serkis-mock-video Project Fear Intensifies With Cumberbatch Brexit Film, Andy Serkis Mock Video]. ''The New American''. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
The UK parliament passed a bill implementing the referendum decision, becoming law on June 27, 2018, about a year after being introduced.<ref>Gaydos, Ryan (June 26, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/06/26/brexit-bill-becomes-law-allowing-uk-to-leave-european-union.html Brexit bill becomes law, allowing UK to leave European Union]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</ref><ref>Manchester, Julia (June 26, 2018). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/394124-british-brexit-bill-becomes-law British Brexit bill becomes law]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved June 27, 2018.</ref> [[Globalist]]s of the EU<ref>Jasper, William F. (January 7, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31129-brexit-betrayal-and-the-eu-liars-club Brexit Betrayal and the EU Liars Club]. ''The New American''. Retrieved January 7, 2019.</ref> and in the UK refused to admit their defeat in the referendum by trying to undermine and even reverse Brexit – thus undermining democracy.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Newman, Alex (June 27, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/29398-brexit-is-now-law-but-globalists-refuse-to-surrender Brexit Is Now Law, but Globalists Refuse to Surrender]. ''The New American''. Retrieved June 27, 2018.<br />
*Hannan, Dan (December 24, 2018). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/how-the-europhiles-are-blowing-up-britain How the Europhiles are blowing up Britain]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved December 24, 2018.<br />
*Murphy, James (January 13, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31176-uk-in-brexit-turmoil-as-calls-for-a-new-referendum-grow UK in Brexit Turmoil as Calls for a New Referendum Grow]. ''The New American''. Retrieved January 13, 2019.<br />
*Hannan, Daniel (April 8, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/the-uks-remainers-will-tear-down-democracy-and-all-its-rules-to-get-their-way The UK's 'Remainers' will tear down democracy and all its rules to get their way]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved April 8, 2019.<br />
*Davies, Andrew (April 22, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/the-great-brexit-con The great Brexit con]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved April 22, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Woodfinden, Benjamin (February 6, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/no-deal-brexit-might-be-bad-but-remaining-in-the-eu-would-be-worse No-deal Brexit might be bad, but remaining in the EU would be worse]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved February 7, 2019.</ref> By July 2018, Prime Minister Theresa May had hurt her country's chances of securing a real Brexit because of several poor decisions and refusal to stand firm against the EU in negotiations.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 11, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/11/five-things-know-about-may-bungled-brexit/ Concessions, Threats, No Confidence: Five Ways ‘Zombie May’ Bungled Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 11, 2018.<br>See also:<br />
*Murphy, James (October 20, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/30389-what-obstacles-remain-with-brexit What Obstacles Remain With Brexit?] ''The New American''. Retrieved October 20, 2018.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (November 5, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/05/brexit-where-negotiations-stand-deal-deadline-looms/ The State of Brexit: Where EU Negotiations Stand as Deal Deadline Looms]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 5, 2018.<br />
*Jasper, William F. (November 28, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/30770-theresa-may-betray-delay-fritter-the-brexit-victory-away Theresa May: Betray, Delay, Fritter the Brexit Victory Away]. ''The New American''. Retrieved November 28, 2018.<br />
*Murphy, James (December 5, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/30826-brexit-in-peril-as-may-struggles-to-keep-her-deal-alive Brexit in Peril as May Struggles to Keep Her Deal Alive]. ''The New American''. Retrieved December 5, 2018.</ref> The UK parliament voted to make a clean Brexit more difficult to achieve, increasing the chance of no Brexit.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Murphy, James (January 9, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31148-more-speed-bumps-on-the-road-to-brexit More Speed Bumps on the Road to Brexit]. ''The New American''. Retrieved January 9, 2019.<br />
*McTague, Tom (January 9, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/second-defeat-in-2-days-for-theresa-may-at-hands-of-anti-brexit-mps/ Theresa May suffers second Brexit defeat in 24 hours]. ''Politico''. Retrieved January 9, 2019.<br />
*Piper, Elizabeth; James, William; MacLellan, Kylie (January 9, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/britains-may-suffers-parliament-defeat-as-brexit-debate-resumes-idUSKCN1P30ML Britain's May suffers parliament defeat as Brexit debate resumes]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved January 10, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
On November 14, 2018, May announced the UK had reached an agreement with the EU.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (November 14, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/14/brexit-live-theresa-may-addresses-country-after-crunch-cabinet-meeting-over-worst-deal-in-history/ Brexit Live: Theresa May Addresses Country After Crunch Cabinet Meeting over ‘Worst Deal in History’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 14, 2018.<br />
*James, William; MacLellan, Kylie (November 14, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/my-deal-no-deal-or-no-brexit-uk-pm-may-says-after-winning-ministers-backing-idUSKCN1NJ0WE My deal, no deal or no Brexit, UK PM May says after winning ministers' backing]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved November 14, 2018.<br />
*Colchester, Max (November 14, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/theresa-mays-brexit-deal-faces-first-crucial-hurdle-her-closest-allies-1542195881 U.K.’s May Gets Cabinet’s Go-Ahead on Brexit Deal]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved November 14, 2018.<br />
See also:<br />
*Byas, Steve (November 14, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/30647-brexit-difficulty-best-course-is-not-to-get-into-globalist-deals-such-as-european-union Brexit Difficulty: Best Course Is Not to Get Into Globalist Deals Such as European Union]. ''The New American''. Retrieved November 14, 2018.<br />
*Jasper, William F. (December 22, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31000-theresa-may-s-brexit-betrayal-why-her-deal-has-britain-in-turmoil Theresa May’s Brexit Betrayal — Why Her “Deal” Has Britain In Turmoil]. ''The New American''. Retrieved December 22, 2018.<br />
*Douglas, Jason (November 1, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/northern-irelands-stormy-past-haunts-u-k-efforts-to-leave-eu-1541064601 Northern Ireland’s Stormy Past Haunts U.K. Efforts to Leave EU]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved November 14, 2018.<br />
*Delingpole, James (January 11, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/01/11/theresa-mays-brexit-deal-is-a-trap/ Delingpole: Deep Throat Insider on Theresa May’s Brexit Deal – ‘It’s a Trap’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 11, 2019.</ref> The agreement was very poorly received by Brexit supporters.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (November 15, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/15/a-damning-verdict-theresa-mays-brexit-minister-dominic-raab-quits-over-her-brexit-deal/ A Damning Verdict: Ministers Quit Over Theresa May’s Brexit ‘Deal’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 15, 2018.<br />
*Cooper, Charlie (November 15, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-theresa-may-eu-brexit-deal/ 10 things you need to know about the Brexit deal]. ''Politico''. Retrieved November 15, 2018.<br />
*Piper, Elizabeth; MacLellan, Kylie; James, William (November 15, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/british-pm-may-battles-to-save-brexit-deal-as-ministers-quit-idUSKCN1NK0QJ British PM May battles to save Brexit deal as ministers quit]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved November 15, 2018.<br />
*Colchester, Max; Douglas, Jason (November 15, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/european-officials-to-meet-to-approve-draft-brexit-deal-1542269504 U.K.’s Brexit Deal in Jeopardy as Senior Ministers Resign]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved November 15, 2018.<br />
*Anapol, Avery (November 15, 2018). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/416850-mays-brexit-ministers-quit-in-protest-of-draft-agreement May’s Brexit ministers quit in protest of draft agreement]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved November 15, 2018.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (November 15, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/15/uk-remain-non-voting-eu-member-december-20xx/ Betrayal Agreement: Deal Text Says UK Could Remain Non-Voting EU Member Until ‘31 December 20XX’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 15, 2018.<br />
*Plackett, Benjamin (December 5, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/dec/5/theresa-may-brexit-plan-gets-little-popular-suppor/ Theresa May's last-ditch Brexit plan pitch meets cold reception]. ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved December 5, 2018.<br />
See also:<br />
*Kuenssberg, Laura (November 15, 2018). [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46221896 Raab resignation: A damning verdict on the PM's deal]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved November 15, 2018.<br />
*Timothy, Nick (November 14, 2018). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/11/14/not-compromise-capitulation-prime-minister/ This is not a compromise - it's a capitulation by our Prime Minister]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved November 15, 2018.</ref> Not only was May a weak negotiator, but she also advocated for a bad deal. For example, she requested that a "backstop" be added to the final Brexit deal that would keep the UK in the customs union with no exit.<ref>Deacon, Liam (November 19, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/19/revealed-may-requested-brexit-customs-union-backstop-with-no-exit/ Revealed: May Requested Brexit Customs Union ‘Backstop’ With No Exit, Not EU]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 19, 2018.</ref> Despite the major concessions to the EU, European countries were still not satisfied and wanted yet more concessions.<ref>Deacon, Liam (November 20, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/20/eu-wants-more-concessions-france-demands-fishing-rights-spain-gibraltar-veto/ EU Wants MORE Concessions: France Demands Fishing Rights and Spain Calls for Gibraltar Veto]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 20, 2018.</ref> While May claimed that her deal was the only possible one that the UK could achieve, pro-Brexit MPs [[Jacob Rees-Mogg]] and [[David Davis (British politician)|David Davis]] released their own Brexit plan that would respect British sovereignty.<ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (November 20, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/20/jacob-rees-mogg-brexit-group-publishes-full-brexit-antidote-theresa-may-betrayal-deal/ Jacob Rees-Mogg’s Brexit Group Publishes Full Brexit Antidote to Theresa May’s Betrayal Deal]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 20, 2018.</ref> In December 2018, the British government was forced to release legal advice it had received that stated the agreement would be worse for Britain than the government claimed.<ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (December 5, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/12/05/british-government-publishes-full-brexit-legal-advice/ Full Scale of Brexit Betrayal Revealed After British Government Forced to Publish Legal Advice]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 5, 2018.</ref> After the UK surrendered to additional Spanish demands regarding [[Gibraltar]],<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*[https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/24/spanish-pm-brexit-impasse-on-gibraltar-cleared-after-uk-accepted-conditions-imposed-by-spain/ Spanish PM: Brexit Impasse on Gibraltar Cleared After UK ‘Accepted Conditions Imposed by Spain’]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2018.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (November 26, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/26/spain-wins-madrid-brags-mays-eu-deal-offers-chance-grab-gibraltar-sovereignty/ ‘Spain Wins’ – Madrid Brags May’s EU ‘Deal’ Offers Chance to Grab Gibraltar Sovereignty]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 26, 2018.</ref> the EU approved the agreement.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (November 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/25/mays-betrayal-agreement-signed-britain-on-the-road-to-brexit-in-name-only/ May’s Betrayal Agreement Signed: Britain on the Road to Brexit in Name Only]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 25, 2018.<br />
*Cook, Lorne; Lawless, Jill (November 25, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/nov/25/eu-approves-brexit-deal-its-tragedy/ EU approves Brexit deal: 'It's a tragedy']. ''The Washington Times'' (from the ''Associated Press''). Retrieved November 25, 2018.<br />
See also:<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (November 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/25/theresa-may-writes-letter-to-the-nation-begging-support-for-worst-deal-in-history/ Theresa May Writes ‘Letter to the Nation’ Begging Support for ‘Worst Deal in History’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 25, 2018.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (November 25, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/11/25/fishermen-betrayed-macron-gloats-uk-will-be-forced-into-backstop-unless-british-waters-are-surrendered/ Fishermen Betrayed: Macron Gloats UK Will Be Forced Into ‘Backstop’ Unless British Waters are Surrendered]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved November 25, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
On January 15, 2019, the UK Parliament rejected the deal by a vote of 202 for and 432 against, making it the largest government defeat since World War I.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (January 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/01/15/mays-day-parliament-holds-meaningful-vote-on-prime-ministers-brexit-deal/ CRUSHED: Theresa May’s Brexit Deal Defeated by Record-Breaking Margin in Parliament]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2019.<br />
*Murphy, James (January 15, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31198-theresa-mays-brexit-plan-goes-down-in-flames-brexit-future-unclear Theresa May’s Brexit Plan Goes Down in Flames; Brexit Future Unclear]. ''The New American''. Retrieved January 16, 2019.<br />
*Birnbaum, Emily (January 15, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/425463-uk-parliament-votes-against-mays-brexit-deal UK Parliament votes against May's Brexit deal]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved January 15, 2019.<br />
*Shaw, Adam (January 15, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/british-prime-minister-theresa-may-suffers-devastating-defeat-on-key-brexit-vote British Prime Minister Theresa May suffers devastating defeat on key Brexit vote]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 15, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max; Douglas, Jason (January 15, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-parliament-roundly-rejects-mays-brexit-plan-11547581277 U.K. Parliament Roundly Rejects May’s Brexit Plan]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved January 15, 2019.<br />
*Cooper, Charlie (January 15, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/brexit-deal-rejected-by-432-votes-to-202-2/ Historic defeat for Theresa May on Brexit vote]. ''Politico''. Retrieved January 15, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (January 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/01/15/eu-sources-rule-out-reopening-deal-talks-brexiteers-reaction-may-defeat/ EU Sources Rule out Reopening Deal Talks, Brexiteers React to May Defeat]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved January 15, 2019.<br />
*Hilton, Steve (January 16, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/steve-hilton-original-intent-of-brexit-restoring-freedom-and-sovereignty-buried-by-inept-bureaucrats Steve Hilton: Original intent of Brexit - restoring freedom and sovereignty - buried by inept bureaucrats]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved January 16, 2019.<br />
*Murphy, James (January 16, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31208-chance-of-new-brexit-referendum-increases-with-defeat-of-may-s-deal Chance of New Brexit Referendum Increases With Defeat of May’s Deal]. ''The New American''. Retrieved January 16, 2019.</ref> The British establishment, nonetheless, opposed any meaningful Brexit, if any at all.<ref>Davies, Andrew (March 8, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/brexit-dreams-and-broken-promises Brexit dreams and broken promises]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved March 8, 2019.</ref> On March 12, 2019, Parliament again rejected May's Brexit deal.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Colchester, Max; Douglas, Jason (March 12, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-parliament-votes-down-mays-brexit-deal-11552418563 U.K. Parliament Votes Down May’s Brexit Deal]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
*Shaw, Adam (March 13, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/british-pm-theresa-may-suffers-another-major-defeat-on-revised-brexit-deal-as-clock-ticks-down British PM Theresa May suffers another major defeat on revised Brexit deal, as clock ticks down]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (March 12, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/12/uk-parliament-votes-on-theresa-mays-brexit-deal-for-second-and-probably-final-time/ UK Parliament Votes on Theresa May’s Brexit Deal For Second and Probably Final Time]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Delingpole, James (March 12, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/12/mps-reject-mays-latest-meaningful-vote-good/ Delingpole: Good Riddance to May’s Withdrawal Agreement – a Turd Rolled in Glitter]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (March 13, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/13/brexiteers-glad-mays-deal-defeated-fear-remainers-vote-down-no-deal/ Brexiteers Glad to See May’s Deal Fall, But Fear Her Move to Let Remainers Vote Down No Deal]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</ref> May tried to bully pro-Brexit MPs to vote for her bad deal by claiming that Brexit would not happen if they did not vote her way,<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*[https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/08/may-warns-if-parliament-rejects-her-brexit-betrayal-deal-uk-may-never-leave-eu/ May Warns if Parliament Rejects Her Brexit Betrayal Deal, UK May Never Leave EU]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). March 8, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
*Murphy, James (February 26, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31577-theresa-may-floats-the-idea-of-a-brexit-delay-to-parliament Theresa May Floats the Idea of a Brexit Delay to Parliament]. ''The New American''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
*Delingpole, James (March 6, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/06/claim-mays-secret-brexit-betrayal-pact-with-merkel/ Delingpole: Bombshell Claim — May’s Secret Brexit Betrayal Pact with Merkel]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (March 17, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/17/may-back-my-deal-we-will-not-leave-eu-for-many-months-if-ever/ May: Back My Deal or ‘We Will Not Leave the EU for Many Months, if Ever’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 17, 2019.</ref> and she later announced she would vote against a no-deal Brexit despite originally claiming to prefer no-deal over a bad deal.<ref name="RuleOut">Schaart, Eline (March 13, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/theresa-may-confirms-she-will-vote-to-rule-out-a-no-deal-brexit/ Theresa May confirms she will vote to rule out a no-deal Brexit]. ''Politico''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</ref> The following day, Parliament – along with May<ref name="RuleOut"/> – voted against a no-deal Brexit.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Shaw, Adam (March 13, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/british-lawmakers-reject-no-deal-brexit-take-step-closer-to-delaying-departure UK lawmakers reject 'no deal' Brexit, take step closer to delaying departure]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (March 13, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/13/parliament-no-longer-represents-people-may-loses-control-own-motion/ ‘Parliament No Longer Represents the People’: May Loses Control of OWN MOTION Hijacked by Hardline Remainers]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
*Fidler, Stephen; Douglas, Jason (March 13, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-lawmakers-rule-out-any-no-deal-brexit-11552504751 U.K. Lawmakers Vote Against Leaving EU Without a Deal]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved March 13, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Jasper, William F. (March 14, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31750-brexit-chaos-as-war-of-the-elites-against-brit-independence-intensifies Brexit Chaos as War of the Elites Against Brit Independence Intensifies]. ''The New American''. Retrieved March 15, 2019.<br />
*Jasper, William F. (March 14, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31742-nigel-farage-slams-theresa-may-eu-and-tories-over-brexit-betrayal-urges-eu-to-veto-brexit-extension Nigel Farage Slams Theresa May, EU, and Tories Over Brexit Betrayal, Urges EU to Veto Brexit Extension]. ''The New American''. Retrieved March 14, 2019.</ref> The day after that, Parliament voted to delay Brexit,<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Shaw, Adam (March 14, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/british-parliament-votes-in-favor-of-brexit-delay-unclear-if-eu-leaders-will-accept British Parliament votes in favor of Brexit delay, unclear if EU leaders will accept]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved March 14, 2019.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (March 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/14/uk-parliament-votes-on-cancelling-march-29th-brexit-day/ UK Parliament Votes on Cancelling March 29th Brexit Day]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 14, 2019.<br />
*Fidler, Stephen; Norman, Laurence (March 14, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-lawmakers-set-to-delay-brexit-as-political-turmoil-drags-on-11552571318 U.K. Parliament Votes to Delay Brexit as Turmoil Drags On]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved March 14, 2019.</ref> even though May had repeatedly promised that such a delay would not happen.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (March 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/14/as-pm-may-moves-to-delay-brexit-heres-all-times-she-promised-march-29th/ As PM May Moves to Delay Brexit, Here’s All the Times She Promised it On Time]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 14, 2019.</ref><ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (March 20, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/20/after-promising-brexit-on-march-29th-108-times-may-now-requests-delay-to-june/ After Promising Brexit on March 29th 108 Times, May Now Requests Delay to June]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 20, 2019.</ref> Not content with all this, May chose to have Parliament vote once again on her Brexit deal,<ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (March 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/15/parliament-to-vote-third-time-on-brexit-deal/ Wrong Answer, Try Again: Parliament to Vote on May’s Brexit Deal For Third Time]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 15, 2019.</ref> and the third vote on March 29, 2019, also failed.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (March 29, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/29/brexit-betrayal-day-parliament-votes-on-theresa-mays-last-ditch-fight-for-eu-approved-deal/ Brexit Betrayal Day: Parliament Rejects Theresa May’s Last Ditch Fight For EU-Approved ‘Deal’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 29, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max; Douglas, Jason (March 29, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/mays-brexit-deal-is-rejected-for-a-third-time-by-lawmakers-11553870628 May’s Brexit Deal Is Rejected for a Third Time by Lawmakers]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved March 29, 2019.<br />
*Frazin, Rachel (March 29, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/436457-may-brexit-deal-suffers-third-defeat Theresa May's Brexit deal suffers third defeat in Parliament]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved March 29, 2019.<br />
*Murphy, James (March 29, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31881-brexit-bedlam-may-s-deal-defeated-a-third-time-future-is-unclear Brexit Bedlam: May’s Deal Defeated a Third Time; Future is Unclear]. ''The New American''. Retrieved March 29, 2019.</ref> Not content, May wanted parliament to vote on her deal a fourth time.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (March 30, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/03/30/night-living-deal-may-wants-fourth-vote-brexit-agreement/ Night of the Living Deal: May Wants Fourth Vote on Rejected Brexit Agreement]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved March 30, 2019.<br />
*Murphy, James (April 1, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/31898-may-ponders-fourth-vote-on-her-brexit-deal May Ponders Fourth Vote on Her Brexit Deal]. ''The New American''. Retrieved April 1, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
May then began negotiations with the far-left [[Jeremy Corbyn]] on a Brexit agreement.<ref>Carbone, Christopher (April 7, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/may-defends-approaching-labour-on-brexit-deal-as-clock-ticks-down May makes last-ditch Brexit effort with Labour as clock ticks down]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 7, 2019.</ref> Her government also announced the UK would participate in the [[European Parliament]] elections,<ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (April 5, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/04/05/theresa-may-confirms-brits-will-vote-in-eu-elections-despite-having-voted-to-leave-bloc-three-years-earlier/ Theresa May Confirms Brits Will Vote in EU Elections, Despite Having Voted to Leave Bloc Three Years Earlier]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 5, 2019.</ref><ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (April 8, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/04/08/despite-brexit-referendum-and-endless-promises-uk-govt-lays-legal-groundwork-to-host-eu-elections/ Despite Brexit Referendum And Endless Promises, UK Govt Lays Legal Groundwork to Host EU Elections]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 8, 2019.</ref> something anti-Brexit [[deep state]] officials set aside money for in 2018.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (April 5, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/04/05/flashback-uk-deep-set-aside-cash-eu-elections-may-2018/ FLASHBACK: UK Deep State Set Aside Cash for EU Elections in May 2018]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 5, 2019.</ref> May even threatened to keep the UK in the EU.<ref>Hervey, Ginger (April 7, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/theresa-may-warns-of-stark-choice-between-a-deal-and-no-brexit/ Theresa May warns of ‘stark choice’ between a deal and no Brexit]. ''Politico''. Retrieved April 7, 2019.</ref> This came even though her own government had prepared extensively for a "no deal."<ref>Montgomery, Jack (April 6, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/04/06/britain-officially-ready-no-deal-reveals-govt-minister-responsible-plans/ Britain ‘Officially Ready’ for No Deal Brexit, Reveals Govt Minister Responsible for Plans]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 6, 2019.</ref> In April 2019, the EU and May government agreed to further extend Brexit to October 31 of that year.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (April 11, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/04/11/halloween-brexit-departure-delayed-until-october-31st2/ Zombie May’s Halloween Brexit: Establishment Stitch-up Delays Departure Until October 31st]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 11, 2019.<br />
*Chamberlain, Samuel (April 10, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/britain-eu-agree-to-delay-brexit-deadline-until-oct-31 Britain, EU agree to delay Brexit deadline until Oct. 31]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved April 11, 2019.<br />
*Gray, Jane (April 11, 2019). [https://www.theepochtimes.com/eu-sets-halloween-deadline-for-mays-brexit-plan-warns-dont-wast-time-this-time_2875919.html EU Sets Halloween Deadline for May’s Brexit Plan, Warns UK to ‘Not Waste This Time’]. ''The Epoch Times''. Retrieved April 11, 2019.</ref> Anti-Brexit members of May's government then stated that parliament would consider a second referendum,<ref>Milliken, David (April 12, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-hammond/uk-parliament-very-likely-to-consider-new-brexit-referendum-hammond-idUSKCN1RO1EF UK parliament very likely to consider new Brexit referendum: Hammond]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved April 13, 2019.</ref> and her government even ended its Brexit "no deal" planning.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (April 13, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/04/13/ex-cabinet-minister-says-end-no-deal-prep-proves-brexit-process-stitch-up/ Ex-Cabinet Minister Says End of ‘No Deal’ Prep Proves Brexit Process a Stitch-up]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 13, 2019.</ref> Despite claiming to oppose a second referendum, May announced on May 21, 2019, that she would offer such a referendum as a condition of approving her exit plan.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (May 21, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/21/brexit-betrayal-may-opens-door-to-second-referendum/ Democratic Disconnect: While British Voters Flock to ‘No Deal’ Brexit Party, PM May Offers Second Referendum]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 21, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill (May 21, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/182c02c75bcb4c128e8326864874f049 Seeking Brexit support, May offers vote on new referendum]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved May 21, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (May 22, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/22/betrayal-people-may-deal-demand-ousting/ ‘Betrayal of 17.4m People’: Brexiteer MPs Pan Deal, Demand May’s Ousting]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Despite voting to leave the EU, the UK's payments to the globalist organization increased by 20% by 2019.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (July 22, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/22/eu-extracts-eye-popping-20-per-cent-rise-budget-payments-uk/ EU Extracts Billions More from UK with ‘Eye-popping’ 20 Per Cent Increase to Budget Contribution]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 22, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Some Tory MPs opposed achieving Brexit so much that they even supported far-left socialist [[Jeremy Corbyn]] becoming prime minister in place of [[Boris Johnson]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-labour-reaction/some-conservative-lawmakers-open-to-corbyn-brexit-talks-sky-idUSKCN1V50TL Some Conservative lawmakers open to Corbyn Brexit talks: Sky]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved August 15, 2019.</ref> Those Tories voted with Labour in early September 2019 to block a "no-deal" Brexit.<ref>Murphy, James (September 5, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33342-as-the-uk-turns-more-brexit-drama-delay-and-dithering-in-british-parliament As the U.K. Turns: More Brexit Drama, Delay, and Dithering in British Parliament]. ''The New American''. Retrieved September 5, 2019.</ref> The EU worried that Brexit would mean closer relations between the UK and U.S.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (September 9, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/09/eurocrat-fears-closer-relationship-between-uk-us-brexit/ Eurocrat Fears Closer Relationship Between UK and U.S. After Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 9, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
While the EU attempted to scare the UK about the risks of a "no deal" Brexit and pretend that it would allow it to happen, the European Parliament simultaneously voted to grant the UK yet another extension if thought necessary.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (September 19, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/19/submit-new-plan-eu-talks-tough-open-another-extension/ Submit New Plan or ‘It’s Over’: EU Talks Tough But Still Open to ANOTHER Extension]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 19, 2019.</ref> The EU and its member-nations worried that the UK would be a competitor to the organization.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (October 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/15/merkel-post-brexit-britain-potential-competitor-eu/ Merkel: Post-Brexit Britain ‘Potential Competitor’ to EU]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 15, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Johnson suspended parliament in early September 2019, but the UK Supreme Court ruled against this action on September 24.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/24/boris-johnson-suspended-parliament-unlawfully-uk-supreme-court-finds/ Boris Johnson Suspended Parliament Unlawfully, UK Supreme Court Finds]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Wallace, Danielle (September 24, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/boris-johnsons-suspension-of-parliament-ruled-unlawful-by-uk-supreme-court Boris Johnson's suspension of Parliament ruled unlawful by UK Supreme Court]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Douglas, Jason; Fidler, Stephen (September 24, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-court-rules-against-johnsons-freeze-on-parliament-11569318257 Boris Johnson Acted Illegally in Suspending Parliament, U.K.’s Highest Court Rules]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (September 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/24/farage-prorogation-worst-political-decision-ever-reactions-supreme-court-ruling/ Farage Calls Prorogation ‘Worst Political Decision Ever’: Reactions to Supreme Court Ruling]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Delingpole, James (September 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/24/supreme-court-enemies-of-the-people-sabotage-brexit/ Delingpole: Judicial Enemies of the People Sabotage Brexit Again]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Delingpole, James (September 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/24/a-sinister-shadow-government-is-killing-brexit/ Delingpole: A Sinister, Nebulous Shadow Government Is Holding Brexit Hostage]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Hannan, Dan (September 26, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/boris-brexit-and-the-politicization-of-britains-judiciary Boris, Brexit and the politicization of Britain's judiciary]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved September 27, 2019.<br />
Johnson's response after Parliament reconvened:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 25, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/25/bojo-throws-down-gauntlet-fight-election-or-ill-deliver-brexit/ PM Bojo Throws Down the Gauntlet to Remainers: Challenge me in an Election or I’ll Deliver Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 25, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max (September 25, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/british-leader-goads-rivals-to-end-his-rule-call-new-vote-11569443576 British Leader Goads Rivals to End His Rule, Call New Vote]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved September 25, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Article 50 ===<br />
<br />
The Article 50 document was signed by the Prime Minister of the UK, Theresa May, on the 29th March 2017. It was delivered to Donald Tusk (President of The European Council) who commented there was "no reason to pretend this was a happy day" especially as the UK had been integral to the European Union for 44 years. <br />
<br />
Following the acceptance of article 50 there will be two years of intense negotiation to finalise agreements over:<br />
<br />
* current UK and EU nationals living in each other's territories<br />
* financial liabilities and responsibilities to each other<br />
* trade and legal agreements <br />
<br />
If this is not completed within two years then it is likely that [[World Trade Organization]] rules would apply to any future trade unless all EU member nations agree to extend the negotiating period by up to one year.<br />
<br />
In December 2018, the European Court of Justice, which always rules in favor of the EU's preferred position, stated that a country could unilaterally reverse Article 50.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (December 4, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/12/04/remainers-mobilise-after-european-court-opens-door-to-cancelling-brexit-altogether/ Remainers Mobilise After European Court Opens Door to Cancelling Brexit Altogether]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 4, 2018.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (December 10, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/12/10/eu-court-confirms-britain-has-sovereign-right-to-stay-in-the-eu/ EU Court Confirms Britain Has Sovereign Right… to Stay in the EU]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved December 10, 2018.<br />
*Sinner, Michele; Macdonald, Alastair (December 10, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-court/eu-court-cites-union-goal-to-let-uk-stop-brexit-idUSKBN1O90QH EU court cites union goal to let UK stop Brexit]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved December 10, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
===Negotiations===<br />
The main concern of the British government is to ensure access to the single market for its banking and manufacturing sectors - both major income streams for the UK. Along with this the UK business sector are very concerned about the potential loss of EU (especially Eastern European) labour for many agricultural and low paid roles. Negotiations are proceeding very slowly because of the obstructive tactics of the EU negotiators. They are insisting that Britain must agree to an "exit fee" of over £50 billion before they will start trade talks.<ref>https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/797852/Brexit-news-EU-expand-Britain-exit-fee-bill-budget-black-hole</ref> They also wanted to discuss the "rights" of EU citizens before such talks.<br />
<br />
====Under Theresa May====<br />
In July 2018, [[Theresa May]] and her cabinet agreed to a very weak negotiating position that would leave the country under the European Court of Justice, effectively in the single market, and under the jurisdiction of many of the EU's regulations.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (July 6, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/06/total-capitulation-theresa-may-proposes-sub-norway-brexit-deal/ TOTAL CAPITULATION: May Proposes Sub-Norway Brexit Deal – Concedes on Goods, Rules, EU Court, and More]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 7, 2018.</ref> Anti-Brexit [[Europhile]]s applauded the negotiating position.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 9, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/09/remainers-congratulate-may-brexit-betrayal/ Remainers Congratulate May’s Brexit Betrayal]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 9, 2018.</ref> In opposition to such a weak agreement, several of her pro-[[sovereignty]] ministers resigned,<ref>Piper, Elizabeth; James, William; MacAskill, Andrew (July 8, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-davis/uk-brexit-secretary-david-davis-has-resigned-source-close-to-davis-idUSKBN1JY10K British eurosceptic ministers quit in blow to May's Brexit plan]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 9, 2018.</ref><ref>Murphy, James (July 10, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/29501-uk-government-reels-in-the-wake-of-brexit-related-resignations U.K. Government Reels in the Wake of Brexit-related Resignations]. ''The New American''. Retrieved July 10, 2018.</ref> including Brexit Minister David Davis<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (July 8, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/08/rebellion-brexit-secretary-david-davis-resigns-over-mays-turd-deal-couldnt-sell-out-his-own-country/ REBELLION: Brexit Secretary David Davis Resigns Over May’s ‘Turd’ Deal, ‘Couldn’t Sell Out His Own Country’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 9, 2018.<br />
*[https://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/07/08/top-uk-official-in-charge-brexit-quits-in-fresh-blow-to-may.html Top UK official in charge of Brexit quits in fresh blow to May]. ''Associated Press''. July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.<br />
See also:<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (July 10, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/10/ex-brexit-minister-slams-may-establishment-dont-want-to-leave-eu-exit-plan-led-by-fear-and-supplication/ Ex-Brexit Minister Slams May: Establishment ‘Don’t Want to Leave EU’, Exit Plan Led by ‘Fear and Supplication’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 10, 2018.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (July 9, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/09/brexit-supporting-dominic-raab-chosen-as-new-brexit-secretary-after-david-davis-resignation/ Brexit-Supporting Dominic Raab Chosen as New Brexit Secretary After David Davis Resignation]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 9, 2018.</ref> and Foreign Minister [[Boris Johnson]].<ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (July 9, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/09/british-foreign-secretary-boris-johnson-resigns-government-amid-brexit-rebellion/ British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson Resigns Government Amid Brexit Rebellion]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 9, 2018.<br>See also:<br />
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-johnson-resignation/former-foreign-minister-johnson-warns-britain-will-end-up-like-colony-to-the-eu-after-brexit-idUSKBN1JZ2AH Former foreign minister Johnson warns Britain will end up like colony to the EU after Brexit]. ''Reuters''. July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (July 9, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/09/boris-speaks-brexit-is-dying-white-flags-are-fluttering-may-deal-will-make-britain-an-eu-colony/ BORIS SPEAKS: ‘Brexit is Dying, White Flags Are Fluttering, May Deal Will Make Britain an EU Colony’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 9, 2018.</ref> Several other officials also resigned.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (July 16, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/16/theresa-may-government-implodes-9th-mp-resigns-soft-brexit-plan/ Theresa May’s Government Implodes as 9th MP Resigns over Soft Brexit Plan]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 16, 2018.<br />
*Sang, Lucia I. Suarez (July 16, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/07/16/theresa-may-dismisses-calls-for-2nd-brexit-vote-as-ninth-parliament-member-resigns.html Theresa May dismisses calls for 2nd Brexit vote as ninth parliament member resigns]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved July 16, 2018.<br />
*Mikhailova, Anna (July 15, 2018). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/07/15/theresa-may-faces-eighth-resignation-brexit-plans-nine-days/ Theresa May hit by her eighth resignation over Brexit plans in nine days, as ministerial aide quits]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved July 16, 2018.</ref> Pro-"Remain" officials in May's government consolidated their influence over the exit negotiations.<ref>Deacon, Liam (July 17, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/17/power-grab-may-brexit-bureaucrat-purges-50-brexit-department-staff/ Power Grab: May’s Brexit Bureaucrat Purges 50 Brexit Department Staff]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 17, 2018.</ref><ref>Deacon, Liam (July 24, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/24/pms-bureaucrats-officially-take-charge-brexit-talks-brexit-department-snubbed/ PM’s Bureaucrats Officially Take Charge of Brexit Talks, Brexit Department Snubbed]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 24, 2018.</ref> The UK government also gave the [[Europhile]] European Court of Justice the final say over any Brexit issue in the negotiations.<ref>Deacon, Liam (July 30, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/30/eu-courts-have-final-say-brexit-divorce-bill-millions-migrants/ EU Courts to Have Final Say on Brexit ‘Divorce Bill’ and Millions of Migrants]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 30, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
The House of Commons approved May's negotiating position as official UK policy on July 16, 2018, though it also added four amendments to the bill created by pro-Brexit MPs.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44854597 Brexit: Government scrapes through Customs Bill votes]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved July 16, 2018.<br />
*Piper, Elizabeth; James, William; MacAskill, Andrew (July 15, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu/parliament-vote-to-reveal-extent-of-anger-over-mays-brexit-plan-idUSKBN1K514U May wins parliament vote after bowing to Brexit pressure]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 16, 2018.<br />
*McTague, Tom; Dickson, Annabelle (July 16, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/theresa-may-caves-in-on-brexiteer-amendments-to-head-off-rebellion/ Theresa May narrowly avoids House of Commons defeat as Tory split worsens]. ''Politico''. Retrieved July 17, 2018.</ref> The following day, it approved a trade bill while rejecting an anti-Brexit amendment to the bill that would have required the government to enter a customs agreement with the EU if free trade negotiations failed, though parliament also voted to require the government to remain under the EU's medicine regulations.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Cooper, Charlie (July 17, 2018). [https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-government-wins-vote-on-customs-union-amendment/ UK government wins vote on customs union amendment]. ''Politico''. Retrieved July 17, 2018.<br />
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44864496 Brexit vote: Government defeats EU customs union bid]. ''BBC News''. July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.<br />
*Sparrow, Andrew; Rawlinson, Kevin (July 17, 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2018/jul/17/brexit-trade-bill-vote-referendum-result-branded-dodgier-than-ever-after-vote-leave-found-to-have-broken-election-spending-law-politics-live May wins key customs union vote by six after surprise Brexit loss on medicines agency – as it happened]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved July 17, 2018.<br />
*James, William; MacAskill, Andrew; Piper, Elizabeth (July 17, 2018). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu/may-narrowly-avoids-defeat-in-parliament-on-trade-laws-idUSKBN1K72CT May narrowly avoids defeat in parliament on EU trade laws]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 17, 2018.<br />
*Douglas, Jason; Horner, Will (July 17, 2018). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/lawmakers-efforts-to-rewrite-government-plan-imperil-mays-brexit-strategy-1531844466 May’s Brexit Plan Narrowly Survives in Parliament]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved July 17, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
====Under Boris Johnson====<br />
Immediately upon becoming Prime Minister, [[Boris Johnson]] took a tough stance on Brexit, promising to fulfill the 2016 referendum result.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Faulconbridge, Guy; Piper, Elizabeth (July 23, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-leader/britains-new-leader-johnson-we-are-going-to-get-brexit-done-idUSKCN1UH2JQ Britain's new leader Johnson: 'We are going to get Brexit done']. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 23, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max; Douglas, Jason (July 25, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/boris-johnson-talks-tough-on-brexit-in-combative-first-speech-11564061650 Boris Johnson Talks Tough on Brexit in Combative First Speech]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved July 25, 2019.<br />
*Faulconbridge, Guy; MacLellan, Kylie (July 25, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu/ill-make-britain-great-again-pm-johnson-echoes-trump-over-brexit-idUSKCN1UK0OI I'll make Britain great again, PM Johnson echoes Trump over Brexit]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 25, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill; Kirka, Danica (July 25, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/a6eb435cefad4679b995e78470c5a550 Showdown looms as new British PM wants to redo Brexit deal]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved July 25, 2019.</ref> His government stated it would not pay any "divorce bill" to the EU in the case of a "no-deal" Brexit,<ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 25, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/25/new-boris-govt-confirms-uk-wont-pay-39bn-brussels-no-deal-brexit/ New Boris Govt Confirms UK Won’t Pay £39bn to Brussels in No-Deal Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 25, 2019.</ref> and Johnson stated he would push to adopt an independent trade policy and not nominate an EU commissioner.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-leader-commission/british-pm-johnson-unveils-new-approach-no-uk-commissioner-to-eu-idUSKCN1UK1GC British PM Johnson unveils 'new approach', no UK commissioner to EU]. ''Reuters''. July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Johnson immediately put his cabinet to work preparing for a "no-deal" Brexit,<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (July 29, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/29/johnson-sets-up-brexit-war-cabinet-no-deal-preparation-number-one-priority/ Johnson Sets up Brexit ‘War Cabinet’, No Deal Preparation ‘Number One Priority’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 29, 2019.<br />
*Shipman, Tim (July 28, 2019). [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/boris-johnson-vows-no-deal-brexit-by-any-means-necessary-55tjljkfw Boris Johnson vows no‑deal Brexit ‘by any means necessary’]. ''The Times''. Retrieved July 28, 2019.<br />
*Falconer, Rebecca (July 28, 2019). [https://www.axios.com/boris-johnson-brexit-no-deal-war-cabinet-1bf3d0b3-18e3-427e-b4c5-c506b31fad12.html Boris Johnson forms "war cabinet" to prepare for no-deal Brexit]. ''Axios''. Retrieved July 28, 2019.<br />
*MacLennan, Kylie (July 28, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/assuming-eu-will-not-budge-britain-ramps-up-preparations-for-no-deal-brexit-idUSKCN1UN08Q Assuming EU will not budge, Britain ramps up preparations for no-deal Brexit]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 28, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (July 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/28/chancellor-javid-treasury-turbocharging-preparations-no-deal-brexit/ Chancellor Javid: Treasury ‘Turbocharging Preparations’ for No Deal Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 28, 2019.<br />
*Malnick, Edward (July 27, 2019). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/07/27/sajid-javids-brexit-blitz-prepare-no-deal/ Sajid Javid to announce Brexit spending blitz to prepare for no deal]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved July 28, 2019.<br />
* https://www.ft.com/content/5c65e0e4-b118-11e9-bec9-fdcab53d6959<br />
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-javid/uks-javid-to-ramp-up-funding-for-no-deal-brexit-preparations-paper-idUSKCN1UM0O9 UK's Javid to ramp up funding for no-deal Brexit preparations: paper]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 28, 2019.<br />
*James, William (August 9, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-johnson/no-deal-brexit-preparation-is-top-priority-johnson-tells-officials-idUSKCN1UZ1I3 No-deal Brexit preparation is top priority, Johnson tells officials]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved August 9, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (August 10, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/10/johnson-tells-civil-servants-preparing-no-deal-brexit-top-priority/ Johnson Tells Civil Servants to Make Preparing for No-Deal Brexit ‘Top Priority’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 10, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (September 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/02/govt-prepares-no-deal-brexit-get-ready-campaign/ Johnson Govt Prepares for No Deal Brexit with ‘Get Ready’ Campaign]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 2, 2019.</ref> and he stated he would refuse to negotiate with the EU unless it dropped its Irish backstop demand.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 29, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/29/johnson-plays-hardball-wont-meet-with-eu-until-they-remove-backstop/ Johnson Plays Hardball, Won’t Meet with EU Until They Remove Backstop]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 29, 2019.<br>See also:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (August 15, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/15/johnson-accuses-remainer-mps-collaborating-eu-stop-brexit/ Boris Accuses Remainer MPs of ‘Collaborating’ with EU to Stop Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 15, 2019.</ref> Very early in Johnson's tenure, his government doubled the amount of money devoted to preparing for a "no-deal" Brexit,<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49183324 No-deal Brexit plans to get £2.1bn boost]. ''BBC News''. July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019.<br />
*MacAskill, Andrew (July 31, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-javid/britain-to-spend-an-extra-2-1-billion-on-no-deal-brexit-planning-idUSKCN1UQ2RR Britain to spend an extra £2.1 billion on no-deal Brexit planning]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved August 1, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Piper, Elizabeth (August 4, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/after-brexit-pledges-british-pm-johnson-announces-cash-injection-for-health-idUSKCN1UU0OF After Brexit pledges, British PM Johnson announces cash injection for health]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved August 4, 2019.</ref> and his treasury minister announced a one-year spending review to help the government prepare for a "no-deal" Brexit.<ref>Markham, Joe (August 9, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/09/chancellor-announces-special-spending-review-to-prepare-for-brexit/ Chancellor Announces Special Spending Review to Prepare for Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 9, 2019.</ref> The government announced that in the event of a "no-deal" Brexit, it would end its adherence to the EU's "freedom of movement" rules.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Markham, Joe (August 19, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/19/home-secretary-to-end-free-movement-on-october-31st/ Patel: UK Government to End Free Migration Regime on Brexit Day]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 19, 2019.<br />
*MacLellan, Kylie (August 19, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-immigration/uk-plans-to-end-eu-freedom-of-movement-immediately-in-no-deal-brexit-idUSKCN1V91IN UK plans to end EU freedom of movement immediately in no-deal Brexit]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved August 19, 2019.</ref> Johnson voiced confidence and patriotism in his country.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (August 26, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/26/johnson-uk-great-country-can-easily-cope-no-deal-brexit/ Johnson: UK Is a ‘Great Country’ and Can ‘Easily Cope’ with No Deal Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 26, 2019.</ref> However, regarding the Brexit agreement with the EU, Johnson only called for the EU to remove the Northern Ireland backstop in order for him to accept it, angering Brexit supporters.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (August 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/28/johnson-faces-brexiteer-backlash-only-seeking-changes-backstop/ Johnson Faces Brexiteer Backlash over Only Seeking Changes to the Backstop]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.</ref> In August 2019, the EU appeared to take a softer stance on renegotiating the Brexit agreement, but this public stance was actually a way to deflect blame in the event of a no-deal Brexit.<ref>Baczynska, Gabriela (August 28, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-diplomacy-analysis/eus-softer-tone-a-ploy-to-sidestep-blame-in-case-of-a-no-deal-brexit-idUSKCN1VI1ZP EU's softer tone a ploy to sidestep blame in case of a no-deal Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2019, Johnson's government announced it would stop sending its officials to most EU meetings.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-meetings/britain-to-unshackle-officials-from-most-eu-meetings-ahead-of-brexit-idUSKCN1VA1GH Britain to 'unshackle' officials from most EU meetings ahead of Brexit]. ''Reuters''. August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.<br />
*Dickson, Annabelle (August 20, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-officials-to-withdraw-from-eu-meetings-from-september-1/ UK officials to withdraw from EU meetings from September 1]. ''Politico''. Retrieved August 20, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
On August 28, 2019, Johnson announced he would ask the queen to suspend parliament as Brexit Day approached.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (August 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/28/british-government-to-suspend-parliament-for-five-weeks-outraging-anti-brexit-rebels/ British Government to Suspend Parliament For Five Weeks, Outraging Anti-Brexit Rebels]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max (August 28, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-s-johnson-to-ask-queen-to-suspend-parliament-making-no-deal-brexit-more-likely-11566985097 Boris Johnson Moves to Suspend Parliament, Making No-Deal Brexit More Likely]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.<br />
*Darrah, Nicole (August 28, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/boris-johnson-queen-suspend-parliament-brexit Boris Johnson asks queen to suspend Parliament to push through no-deal Brexit]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.<br />
*Rodrigo, Chris Mills (August 28, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/459076-johnson-asking-for-suspension-of-uk-parliament-to-push-through-brexit Johnson asks Queen to suspend UK Parliament ahead of Brexit deadline]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.<br />
*Murphy, James (August 28, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33261-boris-johnson-plays-queen-card-monarch-agrees-to-shut-down-parliament-ahead-of-brexit Boris Johnson Plays Queen Card: Monarch Agrees to Shut Down Parliament Ahead of Brexit]. ''The New American''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (August 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/28/tin-pot-dictator-remainers-melt-down-over-bojo-suspending-parliament/ ‘Tin Pot Dictator’: Remainers Melt down over BoJo Suspending Parliament]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.<br />
*Axelrod, Tal (August 28, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/459108-queen-agrees-to-suspend-parliament-as-johnson-seeks-to-deter-no Queen agrees to suspend UK Parliament as Johnson seeks to deter no-deal Brexit showdown]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (August 28, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/08/28/its-official-suspension-of-uk-parliament-approved-by-queen-elizabeth-ii/ It’s Official: Suspension of UK Parliament Approved by Queen Elizabeth II]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved August 28, 2019.<br />
*Campisi, Jessica (September 10, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/460642-johnson-suspends-uk-parliament-in-brexit-push Johnson suspends UK Parliament in Brexit push]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved September 10, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill (September 10, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/1673b60fcc264a4ebaea2d08bb0bb05f Johnson suspends UK Parliament after latest Brexit defeat]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved September 10, 2019.</ref> He threatened to expel any Tory MP who voted to delay or block Brexit.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Murphy, James (September 2, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33296-boris-johnson-threatens-to-purge-tory-rebels-unless-they-get-on-board-his-brexit-train Boris Johnson Threatens to Purge Tory Rebels Unless They get on Board his Brexit Train]. ''The New American''. Retrieved September 3, 2019.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (September 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/02/ultimatum-tory-remain-mps-be-kicked-out-party-back-brexit-delay/ Ultimatum: Tory Remain MPs to Be Kicked Out of Party If They Back Brexit Delay]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 2, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max; Douglas, Jason (September 2, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/brexit-battle-lines-harden-as-lawmakers-prepare-for-parliamentary-showdown-11567432609 U.K.’s Johnson Brandishes Election in Bid to Stop Parliament From Foiling Brexit]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved September 2, 2019.</ref> Parliament voted to block a no-deal Brexit and Johnson followed through on his threat.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 4, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/04/bojo-purges-party-of-anti-brexit-rebel-former-ministers/ BoJo Purges Party of Anti-Brexit Rebel Former Ministers]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 4, 2019.<br />
*[https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/04/brexit-delay-bill-passes-commons-johnson-tables-motion-election/ Brexit Delay Bill Passes in Commons, Johnson Tables Motion for Election]. ''Breitbart News'' (from the ''Associated Press''). September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Delingpole, James (September 6, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/06/boris-has-drained-the-swamp-saved-the-conservatives/ Delingpole: Rejoice! Rejoice! Boris Johnson Has Drained the Swamp and Saved the Conservatives]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 6, 2019.</ref> While calling for a new election for two years, the Labor Party suddenly opposed holding a new election after Johnson announced his support for it.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Murphy, James (September 5, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33342-as-the-uk-turns-more-brexit-drama-delay-and-dithering-in-british-parliament As the U.K. Turns: More Brexit Drama, Delay, and Dithering in British Parliament]. ''The New American''. Retrieved September 5, 2019.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 4, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/04/would-turkeys-vote-for-christmas-why-mps-will-resist-boris-johnsons-snap-election/ Would Turkeys Vote For Christmas? Why MPs Will Resist Boris Johnson’s Snap Election]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 4, 2019.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 4, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/04/after-years-of-demanding-an-election-labours-corbyn-refuses-vote-offered-by-boris-johnson/ After Years of Demanding an Election, Labour’s Corbyn Refuses Vote Offered by Boris Johnson]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 4, 2019.<br />
*Douglas, Jason (September 4, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-lawmakers-seek-to-delay-brexit-again-dealing-johnson-another-blow-11567602853 U.K. Lawmakers Foil Johnson With Votes to Delay Brexit and Bar Snap Election]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved September 4, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill; Kirka, Danica (September 4, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/3539dba87ab343a8a7252bb0387addc3 Johnson’s Brexit plans in crisis after 3rd defeat in 2 days]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved September 4, 2019.</ref> Johnson continued voicing support for achieving Brexit,<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lovell, Hunter (September 5, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/boris-johnson-on-delaying-brexit-id-rather-be-dead-in-a-ditch Boris Johnson on delaying Brexit: 'I'd rather be dead in a ditch']. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved September 5, 2019.<br />
*Hannon, Paul; Douglas, Jason (September 9, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/boris-johnson-insists-he-wants-a-brexit-deal-despite-no-deal-planning-11568037248 Boris Johnson Vows Oct. 31 Brexit as Law Rules Out No Deal, Election Bid Fails]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved September 9, 2019.<br />
*James, William; MacLellan, Kylie (September 9, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/british-pm-johnson-tells-parliament-you-can-tie-my-hands-but-i-will-not-delay-brexit-idUSKCN1VU0PH British PM Johnson tells parliament: You can tie my hands, but I will not delay Brexit]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 9, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (September 16, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/16/pm-johnson-stands-brexit-date-ahead-meeting-top-eurocrat/ PM Johnson Stands by Exit Date Ahead of Meeting with Top Eurocrat, Condemns MPs ‘Trying to Crush Brexit’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 16, 2019.</ref> and he refused to request a Brexit extension from the EU.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (September 7, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/07/defiant-johnson-will-not-ask-eu-brexit-delay-remainers-ready-take-pm-court/ Defiant Johnson ‘Will Not’ Ask EU for Brexit Delay, Remainers Ready to Take PM to Court]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 7, 2019.<br />
*Piper, Elizabeth (September 8, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/sticking-to-brexit-plan-uks-johnson-will-not-seek-a-delay-idUSKCN1VT0BS Sticking to Brexit plan, UK's Johnson will not seek a delay]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 8, 2019.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 9, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/09/future-of-october-31st-brexit-in-doubt-as-parliament-attempts-to-force-three-month-delay/ Future of October 31st Brexit In Doubt As Parliament Attempts to Force Three Month Delay]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 9, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 9, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/09/parliament-votes-against-early-election-as-pm-boris-reaffirms-he-will-not-seek-brexit-extension/ Parliament Votes Against Early Election as PM Boris Reaffirms He Will Not Seek Brexit Extension]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 9, 2019.</ref> The UK Supreme Court, however, ruled against Johnson's parliamentary suspension on September 24, 2019.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/24/boris-johnson-suspended-parliament-unlawfully-uk-supreme-court-finds/ Boris Johnson Suspended Parliament Unlawfully, UK Supreme Court Finds]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Wallace, Danielle (September 24, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/boris-johnsons-suspension-of-parliament-ruled-unlawful-by-uk-supreme-court Boris Johnson's suspension of Parliament ruled unlawful by UK Supreme Court]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Douglas, Jason; Fidler, Stephen (September 24, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-court-rules-against-johnsons-freeze-on-parliament-11569318257 Boris Johnson Acted Illegally in Suspending Parliament, U.K.’s Highest Court Rules]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (September 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/24/farage-prorogation-worst-political-decision-ever-reactions-supreme-court-ruling/ Farage Calls Prorogation ‘Worst Political Decision Ever’: Reactions to Supreme Court Ruling]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Delingpole, James (September 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/24/supreme-court-enemies-of-the-people-sabotage-brexit/ Delingpole: Judicial Enemies of the People Sabotage Brexit Again]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Delingpole, James (September 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/24/a-sinister-shadow-government-is-killing-brexit/ Delingpole: A Sinister, Nebulous Shadow Government Is Holding Brexit Hostage]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
*Hannan, Dan (September 26, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/boris-brexit-and-the-politicization-of-britains-judiciary Boris, Brexit and the politicization of Britain's judiciary]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved September 27, 2019.<br />
Johnson's response after Parliament reconvened:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 25, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/25/bojo-throws-down-gauntlet-fight-election-or-ill-deliver-brexit/ PM Bojo Throws Down the Gauntlet to Remainers: Challenge me in an Election or I’ll Deliver Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 25, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max (September 25, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/british-leader-goads-rivals-to-end-his-rule-call-new-vote-11569443576 British Leader Goads Rivals to End His Rule, Call New Vote]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved September 25, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Despite pushing for Brexit, Johnson made the mistake of publicly disavowing and insulting [[Nigel Farage]] when he proposed forming an electoral coalition – and incident which illustrated that Johnson was not a political conservative.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (September 11, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/11/embattled-boris-slaps-down-farages-offer-of-help-not-fit-and-proper-persons/ Embattled Boris Slaps Down Farage’s Offer of Help: ‘Not Fit and Proper Persons’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 11, 2019.<br />
*Faulconbridge, Guy; James, William (September 11, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-farage/uk-pm-johnson-rules-out-farage-deal-despite-warning-of-electoral-kicking-idUSKCN1VW12Q UK PM Johnson rules out Farage deal despite warning of electoral 'kicking']. ''Reuters''. Retrieved September 11, 2019.<br />
Later comments:<br />
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-johnson-farage/pm-johnson-says-no-to-election-pact-with-brexit-party-idUSKBN1W82N1 PM Johnson says no to election pact with Brexit Party]. ''Reuters''. September 23, 2019. Retrieved September 23, 2019.<br />
*Casalicchio, Emilio (September 23, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/johnson-rejects-uk-election-pact-with-nigel-farage/ Johnson rejects UK election pact with Nigel Farage]. ''Politico''. Retrieved September 23, 2019.<br />
*Montgomery, Jack; Lane, Oliver JJ (September 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/24/boris-refuses-farages-offer-of-an-electoral-pact-to-deliver-brexit/ Boris Refuses Farage’s Offer of an Electoral Pact to Deliver Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 24, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Delingpole, James (September 11, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/11/boris-johnson-should-not-be-attacking-nigel-farage/ Delingpole: Boris Attacking Farage Is a Foolish, Unforced Error]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 11, 2019.<br />
*Fridman, Victoria (September 13, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/13/spartans-call-johnson-reverse-rejection-farage-election-pact/ Brexit Spartans Call for Johnson to Reverse Rejection of Farage Election Pact]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 13, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
Johnson announced a revised Brexit deal proposal on October 2, 2019.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Colchester, Max; Douglas, Jason (October 2, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/boris-johnson-announces-last-ditch-brexit-proposal-11570014506 Boris Johnson Makes Last-Ditch Brexit Bid to EU]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved October 2, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill; Kirka, Danica (October 2, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/04a5ab581a1747528024e94285b29c95 Boris Johnson: UK is offering Brexit ‘compromise’ to EU]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved October 2, 2019.<br />
*Piper, Elizabeth; James, William; MacLellan, Kylie (October 1, 2019). [hhttps://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu/pm-johnson-makes-final-brexit-offer-draws-guarded-welcome-from-eu-idUSKBN1WG4S8 PM Johnson makes final Brexit offer, draws guarded welcome from EU]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved October 2, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (October 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/02/eu-rejects-boriss-politically-unacceptable-final-brexit-offer/ Europeans Reject Boris’s Politically ‘Unacceptable’ Final Brexit Offer]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 2, 2019.<br />
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-nireland/dup-deputy-leader-says-ireland-reaction-shows-backstop-a-trap-idUSKBN1WI1X7 DUP deputy leader says Ireland reaction shows backstop a trap]. ''Reuters''. October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.<br />
*Zindulka, Kurt (October 14, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/14/lets-finish-this-off-boris-pitches-take-leave-last-ditch-brexit-deal/ ‘Let’s Finish This off’: Boris Pitches a Take it or Leave it, Last Ditch Brexit Deal]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 14, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (October 22, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/22/boris-deal-uk-remains-subject-eu-court-rulings-brexit/ Boris Deal Means UK Subject to EU Court Rulings up to 3 Years After Brexit]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 22, 2019.<br />
*Gomez, Christian (October 22, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/33814-problems-with-boris-johnson-s-brexit-mirror-those-of-usmca Problems With Boris Johnson’s “Brexit” Mirror Those of USMCA]. ''The New American''. Retrieved October 22, 2019.</ref> On October 17, 2019, Johnson announced he had reached an agreement with the EU.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Bydryk, Zack (October 17, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/466223-boris-johnson-says-brexit-deal-between-uk-eu-reached Boris Johnson says Brexit deal between UK, EU reached]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (October 17, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/17/weve-got-great-new-deal-brexit-treat-agreed-uk-eu/ ‘We’ve Got a Great New Deal’: Brexit Treaty Agreed by Boris Johnson and EU]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
*Darrah, Nicole (October 17, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/brexit-breakthrough-boris-johnson-deal-eu-vote Brexit breakthrough: Boris Johnson agrees 'great new deal' with EU; British MPs to vote Saturday]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
*Halaschak, Zachary (October 17, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/weve-got-a-great-deal-uk-and-eu-agree-to-brexit-deal 'We’ve got a great deal': UK and EU agree to Brexit deal]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
*Norman, Laurence; Colchester, Max (October 17, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/brexit-talks-are-dealt-a-blow-as-northern-irish-party-rejects-draft-11571294766 U.K., EU Agree on Draft Brexit Deal, Paving Way for Key Vote]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
*Casert, Raf; Lawless, Jill (October 17, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/e28aa5a31bc74a84844e7277821cf9b8 UK, EU reach tentative Brexit deal; still needs ratification]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
*Piper, Elizabeth; Chalmers, John (October 17, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/britain-clinches-brexit-deal-johnson-now-faces-parliament-hurdle-idUSKBN1WW13M Britain clinches Brexit deal, Johnson now faces parliament hurdle]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Milliken, David; John, Mark (October 17, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-economy/uk-heading-for-fairly-hard-brexit-if-johnson-deal-passes-idUSKBN1WW2BO UK heading for 'fairly hard' Brexit if Johnson deal passes]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
*Herszenhorn, David M.; Barigazzi, Jacopo; Von der Burchard, Hans (October 17, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/concessions-eu-led-brexit-deal/ 3 concessions by the EU that led to a Brexit deal]. ''Politico''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.</ref> The conservative Northern Irish [[Democratic Unionist Party]] announced it would oppose the proposed agreement,<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-dup-statement-text/northern-irelands-dup-party-wont-support-new-brexit-deal-idUSKBN1WW1RA Northern Ireland's DUP party won't support new Brexit deal]. ''Reuters''. October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-letwin-dup/northern-irelands-dup-say-they-will-use-every-strategy-to-seek-changes-to-brexit-deal-idUSKBN1WY0BZ Northern Ireland's DUP say they will use every strategy to seek changes to Brexit deal]. ''Reuters''. October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.</ref><ref name="PaisleyFarage">Lane, Oliver JJ; Montgomery, Jack (October 19, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/19/no-surrender-ian-paisley-nigel-farage-denounce-boriss-brexit-deal/ ‘No Surrender’ – Ian Paisley, Nigel Farage Denounce Boris’s Brexit Deal]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.</ref> and [[Brexit Party]] leader [[Nigel Farage]] also criticized it.<ref name="PaisleyFarage"/><ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (October 17, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/17/brexit-deal-reaction-not-brexit-farage-dup/ Farage Says New Deal Is ‘Just Not Brexit’ as DUP Says It Won’t Support It]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 17, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (October 24, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/24/farage-treaty-not-brexit-urges-boris-drop-deal-partnership/ Farage Says Treaty ‘Is Not Brexit’, Tells Boris to Drop Deal and Agree Election Pact]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 24, 2019.</ref> On October 19, 2019, the House of Commons voted to delay the vote on the agreement and to delay Brexit if the agreement did not pass.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Shaw, Adam (October 19, 2019). [https://www.foxnews.com/world/brexit-delay-vote-derailed Brexit vote derailed at last minute by rebel lawmakers; Boris Johnson pledges not to negotiate a delay]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*Becker, Carlin (October 19, 2019). [https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/brexit-deal-on-hold-as-uk-parliament-votes-to-withhold-full-approval Anti-Brexit forces block UK Parliament vote on Boris Johnson deal with EU]. ''Washington Examiner''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max; Douglas, Jason (October 19, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-parliament-poised-to-force-delay-on-critical-brexit-vote-11571484241 U.K. Parliament Defers Critical Vote, Likely Forcing Brexit Delay]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill; Corder, Mike (October 19, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/1e0eeb157ec143b48cdcc1d6860ae493 UK lawmakers vote to delay final Brexit decision again]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-50110601 Brexit: Johnson vows to press on despite defeat over deal delay]. ''BBC News''. October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*James, William, Piper, Elizabeth; MacLellan, Kylie (October 19, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/johnson-defiant-after-british-parliament-votes-to-force-brexit-delay-idUSKBN1WX2M2 Johnson defiant after British parliament votes to force Brexit delay]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*Frazin, Rachel (October 19, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/466573-british-parliament-passes-amendment-to-delay-brexit-decision British Parliament passes amendment to delay Brexit decision]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.</ref> Later in the day, Johnson requested a Brexit extension despite promising not to take such an action.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Montgomery, Jack (October 20, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/20/boris-sends-eu-letters-one-asking-for-brexit-delay-one-saying-he-doesnt-want-one/ Boris Sends EU Letters: One Asking for Brexit Delay, One Saying He Doesn’t Want One]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 20, 2019.<br />
*Bowden, John (October 19, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/466599-uks-boris-johnson-reverses-requests-extension-of-brexit-deadline U.K.'s Boris Johnson reverses, requests extension of Brexit deadline]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max (October 19, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-parliament-poised-to-force-delay-on-critical-brexit-vote-11571484241 British Government Asks for EU Delay Amid Johnson Resistance]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill; Casert, Raf (October 19, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/1e0eeb157ec143b48cdcc1d6860ae493 UK’s Johnson asks for Brexit delay, but argues against it]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*Piper, Elizabeth (October 19, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu/uk-pm-sends-unsigned-letter-to-eu-asking-for-brexit-delay-idUSKBN1WY0Q9 UK PM sends unsigned letter to EU asking for Brexit delay]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved October 19, 2019.<br />
*Corder, Mike; Katz, Gregory (October 20, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/42d3b01c903b4427940edfebd51299e0 UK’s Johnson asks for a Brexit delay that he doesn’t want]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved October 20, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*MacLellan, Kylie; Sandle, Paul (October 19, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu/brexit-will-happen-on-october-31-despite-pms-unsigned-delay-request-uk-says-idUSKBN1WY0Q6 Brexit will happen on October 31 despite PM's unsigned delay request, UK says]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved October 20, 2019.</ref> On October 22, 2019, Parliament voted in favor of the Brexit deal but voted against Johnson's three-day schedule for giving the final approval of the deal.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (October 22, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/22/boris-johnsons-brexit-plan-delayed-as-parliament-votes-against-october-31st-timetable/ Boris Johnson’s Brexit Plan Delayed as Parliament Votes Against October 31st Timetable]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 22, 2019.<br />
*Colchester, Max; Douglas, Jason (October 22, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/boris-johnsons-brexit-deal-clears-vital-hurdle-in-parliament-11571768188 Johnson’s Brexit Deal Clears Hurdle in Parliament but His Timetable Is Rejected]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved October 22, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill; Kirka, Danica (October 22, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/fa378c6a8b5e43c8812115fc8cee3974 Boris Johnson inches toward securing Brexit but delay likely]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved October 22, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[United Kingdom Independence Party]]<br />
* [[Grexit]]<br />
* [[Examples of EU regulations on Britain]]<br />
* [[European migrant crisis]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://eureferendum.blogspot.co.uk/ EU Referendum]<br />
* [http://youtu.be/eYqzcqDtL3k Brexit The Movie]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}<br />
<br />
{{Nationalism}}<br />
{{Globalism}}<br />
[[Category:European Politics]]<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Political Terms]]<br />
[[Category:British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Euroskepticism]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Brexit_Party&diff=1586684Brexit Party2019-10-25T13:45:49Z<p>Desmonduk: add cats</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Brexit Party''' is a [[conservative]] political party in the [[United Kingdom]] that seeks to achieve [[Brexit]] and secure UK independence from the [[European Union]]. It is led by [[Nigel Farage]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Brexit Party was founded in April 2019,<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (April 12, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/04/12/farage-launches-brexit-party-begin-political-revolution-uk/ Farage Launches Brexit Party to ‘Begin Political Revolution in UK’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 13, 2019.<br />
*Murphy, James (April 15, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/32010-farage-launches-new-brexit-party-in-advance-of-eu-elections Farage Launches New Brexit Party in Advance of EU Elections]. ''The New American''. Retrieved April 15, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Murphy, James (May 14, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/32353-nigel-farage-reemerges-as-a-trump-like-force-in-british-politics Nigel Farage Reemerges as a Trump-like Force in British Politics]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 14, 2019.</ref> and it grew very quickly.<ref>Walker, Peter (May 15, 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/15/farage-rise-of-brexit-party-ukip-european-election-polls Has the rise of the Brexit party blown away Ukip?] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved May 24, 2019.</ref> In May 2019, it received four members in the Welsh parliament after several Assembly Members defected from their respective parties,<ref>Markham, Joe (May 16, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/16/brexit-party-secure-four-members-of-welsh-assembly-in-mass-defection/ Brexit Party Secure Four Members of Welsh Assembly in Mass Defection]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 16, 2019.</ref> and it also received Labour Party defectors.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 5, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/05/labour-councillors-defect-brexit-party-labour-slumps-polls/ Local Labour Politicians Defect to Brexit Party as Labour Slumps in Polls]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 5, 2019.</ref> Even members of the [[Liberal Democrats]] left to join the Brexit Party.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 11, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/11/liberal-democrat-councillor-defects-brexit-party/ Liberal Democrat Councillor Defects to Brexit Party]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 11, 2019.</ref> In five weeks of its creation, the Brexit Party's membership surpassed 100,000.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (May 16, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/16/farages-brexit-party-smashes-100000-registered-supporters-target/ Farage’s Brexit Party Smashes 100,000 Registered Supporters Target, Aims to Pass Tory Party]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 16, 2019.</ref> In the May 2019 [[European Parliament]] elections, the party performed strongly, winning the most votes of any party.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lawless, Jill (May 27, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/d553bd96d08f41349b6e2eab42406fbd Brexit Party wins, Conservatives bashed in UK’s EU voting]. ''Associated Press''. May 27, 2019.<br />
*James, William (May 26, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-election-britain/uk-ever-more-polarized-as-brexit-party-storms-to-eu-vote-win-idUSKCN1SW0Y8 UK ever more polarized as Brexit Party storms to EU vote win]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Castle, Stephen (May 26, 2019). [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/26/world/europe/farage-brexit-party-uk-elections.html Nigel Farage’s Populist Brexit Party Wins Big in European Parliament Elections]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-48417228 European elections 2019: Brexit Party dominates as Tories and Labour suffer]. ''BBC News''. May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Kirk, Ashley; Wilson, Josh (May 27, 2019). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/05/27/european-election-results-2019-eu-uk-maps-mep-brexit-party/ EU election UK results and maps: Brexit Party wins nine of 10 regions, Lib Dems triumph in London]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Budryk, Zack (May 26, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/445637-brexit-party-set-to-win-most-uk-seats-in-eu-elections Brexit Party set to win most UK seats in EU elections]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (May 27, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/27/farage-declares-history-made-brexit-party-takes-lead-eu-elections/ Farage Declares ‘This Is Just the Beginning’ After Brexit Party Victory in EU Elections]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (May 27, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/27/farage-social-media-has-changed-politics/ Farage: Social Media Has Changed Politics… Now We’ve Got to Change the People in Westminster]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill; Katz, Gregory (May 27, 2019). [https://apnews.com/acb668bdde9d4a4f9780ebd0cb6c7f6f Farage claims pro-Brexit momentum after divisive UK vote]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Pollak, Joel B. (May 27, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/2020-election/2019/05/27/pollak-brexit-party-win-also-a-victory-for-trump/ Pollak: Brexit Party Win Also a Victory for Trump]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Fidler, Stephen (May 27, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-s-main-parties-suffer-a-european-election-drubbing-over-brexit-11558949682 U.K.’s Main Parties Suffer a European Election Drubbing Over Brexit]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
The Brexit Party's debut in the European Parliament:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (July 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/02/brexit-meps-take-seats-in-european-union-three-years-after-british-voted-to-leave/ Brexit MEPs Take Seats in EU Parliament Three Years After Leave Vote, Turn Backs on Euro Anthem]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 2, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (July 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/02/the-eu-is-not-nation-farage-rees-mogg-defend-turning-backs-euro-anthem/ ‘EU Is Not a Nation’: Rees-Mogg, Farage Defend Turning Backs on Euro Anthem]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 2, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (July 3, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/03/brexit-party-mep-slams-eu-parliaments-federal-united-states-europe-plans/ Brexit Party MEP Slams EU Lawmakers Pushing for a ‘United States of Europe’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 3, 2019.</ref> Later in the year, the party began taking over local town councils.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-49686398 Brexit Party pact with Tories takes over Hartlepool Council]. ''BBC News''. September 13, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
In an IpsosMORI poll in October 2019, the Brexit Party was found to be "on the side of the British people" more than other parties in the eyes of the British public.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (October 9, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/09/brexit-party-tops-poll-most-trusted-side-british-people/ Brexit Party Tops Poll in Most Trusted to Be on Side of British People]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 9, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
==Political positions==<br />
In addition to supporting a clean exit from the European Union and restoring UK sovereignty, the Brexit Party supports protecting "free individuals, families and businesses from excessive government interference."<ref>McTague, Tom (May 18, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nigel-farage-brexit-party-start-up-politics-eu-election/ Nigel Farage’s startup politics]. ''Politico''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.</ref> The party's beliefs are inspired by [[Athenian democracy]].<ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (September 29, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/29/lane-brexit-party-embraces-populism-label-with-nod-to-ancient-athenian-democracy/ Lane: Brexit Party Embraces Populism Label With Nod to Ancient Athenian Democracy]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 29, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[United Kingdom Independence Party]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/05/27/brexit-party-european-eu-elections-uk-results-manifesto-farage/ The Brexit Party: What do they stand for, and what does it mean now they've won the European elections?], by Daniel Capurro of ''The Telegraph''<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom Political Parties]]<br />
[[Category:Conservative Political Parties]]<br />
[[Category:Conservatism]]<br />
[[Category:Libertarianism]]<br />
[[Category:Euroskepticism]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Brexit_Party&diff=1586683Brexit Party2019-10-25T13:43:56Z<p>Desmonduk: /* Political positions */ add link</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Brexit Party''' is a [[conservative]] political party in the [[United Kingdom]] that seeks to achieve [[Brexit]] and secure UK independence from the [[European Union]]. It is led by [[Nigel Farage]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Brexit Party was founded in April 2019,<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (April 12, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/04/12/farage-launches-brexit-party-begin-political-revolution-uk/ Farage Launches Brexit Party to ‘Begin Political Revolution in UK’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 13, 2019.<br />
*Murphy, James (April 15, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/32010-farage-launches-new-brexit-party-in-advance-of-eu-elections Farage Launches New Brexit Party in Advance of EU Elections]. ''The New American''. Retrieved April 15, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Murphy, James (May 14, 2019). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/32353-nigel-farage-reemerges-as-a-trump-like-force-in-british-politics Nigel Farage Reemerges as a Trump-like Force in British Politics]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 14, 2019.</ref> and it grew very quickly.<ref>Walker, Peter (May 15, 2019). [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/15/farage-rise-of-brexit-party-ukip-european-election-polls Has the rise of the Brexit party blown away Ukip?] ''The Guardian''. Retrieved May 24, 2019.</ref> In May 2019, it received four members in the Welsh parliament after several Assembly Members defected from their respective parties,<ref>Markham, Joe (May 16, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/16/brexit-party-secure-four-members-of-welsh-assembly-in-mass-defection/ Brexit Party Secure Four Members of Welsh Assembly in Mass Defection]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 16, 2019.</ref> and it also received Labour Party defectors.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 5, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/05/labour-councillors-defect-brexit-party-labour-slumps-polls/ Local Labour Politicians Defect to Brexit Party as Labour Slumps in Polls]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 5, 2019.</ref> Even members of the [[Liberal Democrats]] left to join the Brexit Party.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (July 11, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/11/liberal-democrat-councillor-defects-brexit-party/ Liberal Democrat Councillor Defects to Brexit Party]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 11, 2019.</ref> In five weeks of its creation, the Brexit Party's membership surpassed 100,000.<ref>Montgomery, Jack (May 16, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/16/farages-brexit-party-smashes-100000-registered-supporters-target/ Farage’s Brexit Party Smashes 100,000 Registered Supporters Target, Aims to Pass Tory Party]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 16, 2019.</ref> In the May 2019 [[European Parliament]] elections, the party performed strongly, winning the most votes of any party.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Lawless, Jill (May 27, 2019). [https://www.apnews.com/d553bd96d08f41349b6e2eab42406fbd Brexit Party wins, Conservatives bashed in UK’s EU voting]. ''Associated Press''. May 27, 2019.<br />
*James, William (May 26, 2019). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-election-britain/uk-ever-more-polarized-as-brexit-party-storms-to-eu-vote-win-idUSKCN1SW0Y8 UK ever more polarized as Brexit Party storms to EU vote win]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Castle, Stephen (May 26, 2019). [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/26/world/europe/farage-brexit-party-uk-elections.html Nigel Farage’s Populist Brexit Party Wins Big in European Parliament Elections]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-48417228 European elections 2019: Brexit Party dominates as Tories and Labour suffer]. ''BBC News''. May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Kirk, Ashley; Wilson, Josh (May 27, 2019). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/05/27/european-election-results-2019-eu-uk-maps-mep-brexit-party/ EU election UK results and maps: Brexit Party wins nine of 10 regions, Lib Dems triumph in London]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Budryk, Zack (May 26, 2019). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/445637-brexit-party-set-to-win-most-uk-seats-in-eu-elections Brexit Party set to win most UK seats in EU elections]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
See also:<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (May 27, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/27/farage-declares-history-made-brexit-party-takes-lead-eu-elections/ Farage Declares ‘This Is Just the Beginning’ After Brexit Party Victory in EU Elections]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (May 27, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/05/27/farage-social-media-has-changed-politics/ Farage: Social Media Has Changed Politics… Now We’ve Got to Change the People in Westminster]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Lawless, Jill; Katz, Gregory (May 27, 2019). [https://apnews.com/acb668bdde9d4a4f9780ebd0cb6c7f6f Farage claims pro-Brexit momentum after divisive UK vote]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Pollak, Joel B. (May 27, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/2020-election/2019/05/27/pollak-brexit-party-win-also-a-victory-for-trump/ Pollak: Brexit Party Win Also a Victory for Trump]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
*Fidler, Stephen (May 27, 2019). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-s-main-parties-suffer-a-european-election-drubbing-over-brexit-11558949682 U.K.’s Main Parties Suffer a European Election Drubbing Over Brexit]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.<br />
The Brexit Party's debut in the European Parliament:<br />
*Lane, Oliver JJ (July 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/02/brexit-meps-take-seats-in-european-union-three-years-after-british-voted-to-leave/ Brexit MEPs Take Seats in EU Parliament Three Years After Leave Vote, Turn Backs on Euro Anthem]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 2, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (July 2, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/02/the-eu-is-not-nation-farage-rees-mogg-defend-turning-backs-euro-anthem/ ‘EU Is Not a Nation’: Rees-Mogg, Farage Defend Turning Backs on Euro Anthem]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 2, 2019.<br />
*Friedman, Victoria (July 3, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/07/03/brexit-party-mep-slams-eu-parliaments-federal-united-states-europe-plans/ Brexit Party MEP Slams EU Lawmakers Pushing for a ‘United States of Europe’]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 3, 2019.</ref> Later in the year, the party began taking over local town councils.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tees-49686398 Brexit Party pact with Tories takes over Hartlepool Council]. ''BBC News''. September 13, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
In an IpsosMORI poll in October 2019, the Brexit Party was found to be "on the side of the British people" more than other parties in the eyes of the British public.<ref>Friedman, Victoria (October 9, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/10/09/brexit-party-tops-poll-most-trusted-side-british-people/ Brexit Party Tops Poll in Most Trusted to Be on Side of British People]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 9, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
==Political positions==<br />
In addition to supporting a clean exit from the European Union and restoring UK sovereignty, the Brexit Party supports protecting "free individuals, families and businesses from excessive government interference."<ref>McTague, Tom (May 18, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nigel-farage-brexit-party-start-up-politics-eu-election/ Nigel Farage’s startup politics]. ''Politico''. Retrieved May 27, 2019.</ref> The party's beliefs are inspired by [[Athenian democracy]].<ref>Lane, Oliver JJ (September 29, 2019). [https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2019/09/29/lane-brexit-party-embraces-populism-label-with-nod-to-ancient-athenian-democracy/ Lane: Brexit Party Embraces Populism Label With Nod to Ancient Athenian Democracy]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 29, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[United Kingdom Independence Party]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/05/27/brexit-party-european-eu-elections-uk-results-manifesto-farage/ The Brexit Party: What do they stand for, and what does it mean now they've won the European elections?], by Daniel Capurro of ''The Telegraph''<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom Political Parties]]<br />
[[Category:Conservative Political Parties]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_Independence_Party&diff=1586682United Kingdom Independence Party2019-10-25T13:42:17Z<p>Desmonduk: /* See also */ add link</p>
<hr />
<div>{{PoliticalParty<br />
| party_name = United Kingdom Independence Party<br />
| party_logo = <br />
| website = [http://www.ukip.org/ ukip.org]<br />
| leader = [[Gerard Batten]]<br />
| Parleader =<br />
| foundation = September 3, 1993<br />
| ideology = [[Euroskepticism]]<br />
| position = [[Conservatism]]<br>[[Libertarianism]]<br>[[Right-wing populist]]<br />
| international = none<br />
| colors = purple, yellow<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
[[File:UKIP campaigning in Newport High Street.jpg|300px|thumb|UKIP candidate Stephen West campaigning in Newport, Isle of Wight for Hampshire Police & Crime Commissioner in 2012.]]<br />
The '''United Kingdom Independence Party''', also known by the acronym '''UKIP''' (pronounced "you-kip", its followers affectionately known as "Kippers"), is a [[conservative]] and [[Euroskeptic]] political party in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1993, it campaigns for [[British]] withdrawal from the [[European Union]] (EU). Its support-base is made up substantially of social conservative, traditional conservative and libertarian voters who are opposed to the surrender of British [[sovereignty]]. The party was dominated by [[Nigel Farage]], who served on-and-off as party leader from its creation until 2016. Prior to the 2016 [[Brexit]] referendum, it was also one of the fastest-growing British political parties; according to a YouTube interview with Farage in May 2015, the party has 47,000 members.<br />
<br />
==Political influence==<br />
UKIP's top goal, of leaving the EU, was achieved when the British people voted to leave the EU in [[Brexit|a referendum]] held on June 23, 2016.<ref>Armstrong, Paul (July 15, 2016). [https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/24/europe/eu-referendum-nigel-farage/ Nigel Farage: Arch-eurosceptic and Brexit 'puppet master']. ''CNN''. Retrieved October 4, 2016.</ref><br />
<br />
Former UKIP leader Nigel Farage is arguably the most successful British politician of the modern age for successfully advocating and then winning a referendum for leaving the EU.<ref>[https://www.breitbart.com/big-journalism/2016/06/24/buzzfeed-nigel-farage-britains-successful-politician-generation/ BuzzFeed: Nigel Farage ‘Britain’s Most Successful Politician in a Generation’]. ''Breitbart''. June 24, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016.</ref> He noted in 2017 that Conservative Party Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] had adopted the exact same political positions as he had a few years earlier.<ref>Merrick, Rob (May 7, 2017). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/election-latest-nigel-farage-theresa-may-stolen-ukip-policies-brussels-bashing-immigration-a7722346.html Nigel Farage says Theresa May is winning because she has stolen all his policies]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved May 7, 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
==Political positions and stances==<br />
[[File:Nigel Farage of UKIP.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Nigel Farage in 2008. Farage successfully supported taking Britain out of the EU, and he supports limiting immigration, small government, and British sovereignty.]]<br />
Under the leadership of Nigel Farage, UKIP broadened its political agenda. It now has policies on tax, defence, the health service, education, electoral reform and constitutional reform.<br />
<br />
UKIP attracts alienated voters especially on the right who are critical of the centralized and undemocratic structure of the [[EU]]. UKIP has endorsed a British centre-right economic agenda. It proposes a flat tax and opposes national identity cards. It is sceptical of the more extreme claims of [[AGW]] and critical of carbon-permits and other EU environmental policies as economically and environmentally harmful.<ref>http://www.ukip.org/page/ukip-manifesto</ref> UKIP opposes laws restricting freedom of speech, including on the internet.<ref>Deacon, Liam (July 3, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/07/03/ukip-joins-free-speech-savetheinternet-fight-forces-eu-parliament-vote/ Article 13: UKIP Joins Pro-Free Speech #SaveTheInternet Fight, Forces EU Parliament Vote]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved July 3, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, UKIP added banning the [[burqa]] and [[Sharia Law]] to its agenda.<ref>Deacon, Liam (April 23, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2017/04/23/ukip-promises-to-ban-the-burqa-and-sharia-law/ UKIP Promises to Ban the Burqa and Sharia Law]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved April 24, 2017.</ref><br />
<br />
UKIP is frequently accused by the [[establishment]] and leftists of being a "racist" party and is associated with racist parties by the liberal media, such as the [[politically correct]] TV networks (such as the [[BBC]]) and newspapers (such as ''[[The Guardian]]''). Most claims of UKIP being "racist" are defended by pointing to a couple of minor disgraced UKIP councillors or party members – these people have often been expelled from the party. UKIP membership is in fact open to all, regardless of ethnic origin, and in the 2010 and 2015 elections, UKIP fielded a significant number of candidates who are members of ethnic minorities.<ref>http://www.manzoor4mep.co.uk/</ref><ref>http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/politics/election_2010/southampton_test/candidates/7984351.Pearline_Hingston__UKIP__Southampton_Test/</ref><ref>http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/guide/seat-profiles/tottenham</ref><br />
<br />
==Key people==<br />
Reference<ref>http://www.ukip.org/people_key</ref><br />
* Party Leader, Gerard Batten<br />
* Deputy Leader, Mike Hookem<br />
* Party Chairman, Tony McIntyre<br />
* Party Treasurer, Sebastian Fairweather<br />
* General Secretary, Paul Oakley<br />
<br />
==Incomplete list of election results==<br />
In the 2008 European elections, UKIP came second, with 16.5% of the vote and 13 of the UK's 78 seats in the [[European Parliament]]. In the Parliamentary election of May 6, 2010, UKIP got 3.1% of the vote, a total of 917,232, an increase of 50% on the previous parliamentary election vote. However, owing to the electoral system, they still did not receive any MPs; therefore, the party is fervently in support for [[proportional representation]], forging an unlikely alliance with the Green Party of England and Wales (an eco-socialist party) and the [[Liberal Democrats]] (an allegedly centrist party, although a significant proportion of its policies come from the social democratic – ''i.e.'' [[socialist]] – trend). UKIP has 2 members in the [[House of Lords]]. <br />
<br />
In 2013, UKIP achieved a milestone in the local elections when 147 councillors were elected across the UK adding to the 50-60 councillors that were already in place.<br />
<br />
The 2014 European Parliament elections were a milestone for UKIP, as the received 27.49% of the vote as well as 24 seats, making it the largest UK party sitting the EU parliament, both in popular votes and seats, even larger than the Conservative and Labor parties.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/events/vote2014/eu-uk-results UK European election results]. ''BBC''. Retrieved September 8, 2016.</ref><br />
<br />
Despite claims that UKIP was a "protest vote" in the European elections due to their avid euroscepticism, UKIP won 12.9% of the popular vote in the 2015 General Election in the United Kingdom. However, due to the inconsistent electoral system in the United Kingdom, they received just 1 seat out of 650. It has less than 500 councillors out of 20,000 and 3 (out of 780) members of the House of Lords. Under a system of [[proportional representation]], UKIP would have 82 seats, instead of just 1.<ref>McKernan, Bethan. [http://i100.independent.co.uk/article/heres-how-the-election-results-would-look-under-a-proportional-voting-system--gJenQmaW2gW Here's how the election results would look under a proportional voting system] ''The Independent''. Published May 2015</ref><br />
<br />
The party's support sharply fell after the successful Brexit referendum in 2016, with most of its voters returning to the Conservative Party.<ref>Multiple references:<br />
*Deacon, Liam (May 4, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/04/local-elections-ukip-suffers-wipeout-corbyn-labour-stalls/ Local Elections: UKIP Suffers Wipeout as Corbyn’s Labour Stalls]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 4, 2018.<br />
*Jasper, William F. (May 4, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/28974-uk-elections-brexit-sabotage-ukip-s-collapse UK Elections, Brexit Sabotage, UKIP’s Collapse]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 4, 2018.<br />
See also:<br />
*Delingpole, James (May 4, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/04/ukip-compares-itself-to-black-death/ Delingpole: The UKIP/Black Death Story Is Classic SJW Dirty Tricks]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 4, 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Brexit Party]]<br />
*[[European migrant crisis]]<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Daniel, Mark. ''Cranks and Gadflies: The Story of UKIP'' (2005) 199pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=My7bPb1XnVIC excerpt and text search]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.ukip.org/ UKIP - official website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:UKIP]]<br />
[[Category:Conservatism]]<br />
[[Category:Libertarianism]]<br />
[[Category:Euroskepticism]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1557710User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-08-27T18:53:27Z<p>Desmonduk: new draft</p>
<hr />
<div>new draft</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Avro_Vulcan&diff=1557705Avro Vulcan2019-08-27T18:51:18Z<p>Desmonduk: new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| image = <br />
| type = Strategic bomber<br />
| national origin = United Kingdom<br />
| unitcost = £750,000 (1956)<br />
| variants = Avro Atlantic<br />
| manufacturer = Avro<br />
| first flight = August 1952<br />
| introduced = September 1956<br />
| status = Retired<br />
| launch customer = [[Royal Air Force]]<br />
| primary users = Royal Air Force<br />
| produced = 1956–1965<br />
| number built = 136<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Avro Vulcan''' is a high-altitude strategic [[bomber]], which was operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. It is a jet-powered, tailless, delta wing aircraft.<ref>https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/vulcan/history.php</ref><br />
<br />
==Weapons==<br />
The Vulcan was typically armed with [[nuclear weapon]]s but it was also capable of conventional bombing missions. Some Vulcans were modified to carry the Blue Steel [[missile]], which was an air-launched, rocket-propelled, nuclear-armed missile.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:British Armed Forces]]</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Vulcan&diff=1557703Vulcan2019-08-27T18:49:56Z<p>Desmonduk: link</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Disambiguation}}<br />
<br />
The term Vulcan may refer to:<br />
<br />
* The romanization of [[Hephaestus]], god of fire and craftsmanship.<br />
<br />
* A once-hypothesized [[Vulcan (planet)|planet]] in the [[solar system]], in orbit around the [[Sun]] but inside the orbit of [[Mercury]].<br />
<br />
* A [[planet]] in the [[science fiction]] franchise [[Star Trek]], the homeworld of [[Spock]].<ref>http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/library/places/article/69906.html</ref><br />
<br />
* [[Extraterrestrial life in Star Trek#Vulcan|A humanoid species in the science fiction franchise Star Trek]].<ref>http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/library/aliens/article/70753.html</ref><br />
<br />
* The [[Avro Vulcan]]. A now obsolete [[British]] bomber aircraft created by AVRO as part of the "V Bomber" project during the [[Cold War]], and used only in combat missions during the [[Falklands War]] against [[Argentina]] in 1982. <ref>http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/vulcan/index.html</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/></div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1557700User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-08-27T18:47:29Z<p>Desmonduk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| image = <br />
| type = Strategic bomber<br />
| national origin = United Kingdom<br />
| unitcost = £750,000 (1956)<br />
| variants = Avro Atlantic<br />
| manufacturer = Avro<br />
| first flight = August 1952<br />
| introduced = September 1956<br />
| status = Retired<br />
| launch customer = [[Royal Air Force]]<br />
| primary users = Royal Air Force<br />
| produced = 1956–1965<br />
| number built = 136<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Avro Vulcan''' is a high-altitude strategic [[bomber]], which was operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. It is a jet-powered, tailless, delta wing aircraft.<ref>https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/vulcan/history.php</ref><br />
<br />
==Weapons==<br />
The Vulcan was typically armed with [[nuclear weapon]]s but it was also capable of conventional bombing missions. Some Vulcans were modified to carry the Blue Steel [[missile]], which was an air-launched, rocket-propelled, nuclear-armed missile.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
Category:British Armed Forces</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1557696User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-08-27T18:46:08Z<p>Desmonduk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| image = <br />
| type = Strategic bomber<br />
| national origin = United Kingdom<br />
| unitcost = £750,000 (1956)<br />
| variants = Avro Atlantic<br />
| manufacturer = Avro<br />
| first flight = August 1952<br />
| introduced = September 1956<br />
| status = Retired<br />
| launch customer = [[Royal Air Force]]<br />
| primary users = Royal Air Force<br />
| produced = 1956–1965<br />
| number built = 136<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Avro Vulcan''' is a high-altitude strategic [[bomber]], which was operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. It is a jet-powered, tailless, delta wing aircraft.<ref>https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/vulcan/history.php</ref><br />
<br />
==Weapons==<br />
The Vulcan was typically armed with [[nuclear weapon]]s but it was also capable of conventional bombing missions. Some Vulcans were modified to carry the Blue Steel [[missile]], which was an air-launched, rocket-propelled, nuclear-armed missile.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1557694User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-08-27T18:42:18Z<p>Desmonduk: /* Weapons */ links</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| image = <br />
| type = Strategic bomber<br />
| national origin = United Kingdom<br />
| unitcost = £750,000 (1956)<br />
| variants = Avro Atlantic<br />
| manufacturer = Avro<br />
| first flight = August 1952<br />
| introduced = September 1956<br />
| status = Retired<br />
| launch customer = [[Royal Air Force]]<br />
| primary users = Royal Air Force<br />
| produced = 1956–1965<br />
| number built = 136<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Avro Vulcan''' is a high-altitude strategic [[bomber]], which was operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. It is a jet-powered, tailless, delta wing aircraft.<br />
<br />
==Weapons==<br />
The Vulcan was typically armed with [[nuclear weapon]]s but it was also capable of conventional bombing missions. Some Vulcans were modified to carry the Blue Steel [[missile]], which was an air-launched, rocket-propelled, nuclear-armed missile.</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1557693User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-08-27T18:40:02Z<p>Desmonduk: /* Weapons */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| image = <br />
| type = Strategic bomber<br />
| national origin = United Kingdom<br />
| unitcost = £750,000 (1956)<br />
| variants = Avro Atlantic<br />
| manufacturer = Avro<br />
| first flight = August 1952<br />
| introduced = September 1956<br />
| status = Retired<br />
| launch customer = [[Royal Air Force]]<br />
| primary users = Royal Air Force<br />
| produced = 1956–1965<br />
| number built = 136<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Avro Vulcan''' is a high-altitude strategic [[bomber]], which was operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. It is a jet-powered, tailless, delta wing aircraft.<br />
<br />
==Weapons==<br />
The Vulcan was typically armed with nuclear weapons but it was also capable of conventional bombing missions. Some Vulcans were modified to carry the Blue Steel missile, which was an air-launched, rocket-propelled, nuclear-armed missile.</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1557692User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-08-27T18:37:57Z<p>Desmonduk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| image = <br />
| type = Strategic bomber<br />
| national origin = United Kingdom<br />
| unitcost = £750,000 (1956)<br />
| variants = Avro Atlantic<br />
| manufacturer = Avro<br />
| first flight = August 1952<br />
| introduced = September 1956<br />
| status = Retired<br />
| launch customer = [[Royal Air Force]]<br />
| primary users = Royal Air Force<br />
| produced = 1956–1965<br />
| number built = 136<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Avro Vulcan''' is a high-altitude strategic [[bomber]], which was operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. It is a jet-powered, tailless, delta wing aircraft.<br />
<br />
==Weapons==<br />
The Vulcan was typically armed with nuclear weapons but it was also capable of conventional bombing missions. Some Vulcans were modified to carry the Blue Steel missile.</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1557677User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-08-27T18:17:12Z<p>Desmonduk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| image = <br />
| type = Strategic bomber<br />
| national origin = United Kingdom<br />
| unitcost = £750,000 (1956)<br />
| variants = Avro Atlantic<br />
| manufacturer = Avro<br />
| first flight = August 1952<br />
| introduced = September 1956<br />
| status = Retired<br />
| launch customer = [[Royal Air Force]]<br />
| primary users = Royal Air Force<br />
| produced = 1956–1965<br />
| number built = 136<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Avro Vulcan''' is a high-altitude strategic [[bomber]], which was operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. It is a jet-powered, tailless, delta wing aircraft.</div>Desmondukhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=User:Desmonduk/Sandbox&diff=1557675User:Desmonduk/Sandbox2019-08-27T18:15:28Z<p>Desmonduk: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| image = <br />
| type = Strategic bomber<br />
| national origin = United Kingdom<br />
| unitcost = £750,000 (1956)<br />
| variants = Avro Atlantic<br />
| manufacturer = Avro<br />
| first flight = August 1952<br />
| introduced = September 1956<br />
| status = Retired<br />
| launch customer = [[Royal Air Force]]<br />
| primary users = Royal Air Force<br />
| produced = 1956–1965<br />
| number built = 136<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Avro Vulcan''' is a high-altitude strategic bomber, which was operated by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. It is a jet-powered, tailless, delta wing aircraft.</div>Desmonduk