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Irony

2010-05-30T22:00:42Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Jamespmcann (Talk) to last revision by HelpJazz

Irony is an implied discrepancy between what is said or done and what is meant or expected to happen.

The term is is commonly used in U.S. English to refer to a type of [[rhetoric]] whereby a statement or assertion is made with the intention to put across the opposite meaning. E.g. "Oh I ''really'' like your coat." In British English this is more commonly referred to as [[sarcasm]]. Whether a particular statement is construed as irony or sarcasm can often be a matter of opinion. The Sarcasm Society <ref> http://www.sarcasmsociety.com/howtorecognizeirony/</ref> offers the following distinction:
:'''Sarcasm ''' can be illustrated by the speaker saying, "I appreciate your help.", when no help was provided to the speaker. However, when the speaker says, "It was a bit cold.", after losing a leg due to frost bite, this understatement can be construed as '''irony'''.

It might be useful to distinguish three kinds of irony <ref> definition adapted from: http://www.tnellen.com/cybereng/lit_terms/irony.html</ref>:

'''Verbal irony''', when an author says one thing and means something else. This is sometimes called 'Socratic Irony' and is used by teachers pretending to be foolish or ignorant, to expose the ignorance of another.

'''Dramatic irony''', when an audience perceives something that a character in literature does not know. The effect can be tragic, such as in '[[Romeo & Juliet]]', where the fate of the characters is sealed at the start of the play, or comedic, such as in '[[Twelfth Night]]' where Malvolio is duped by Maria and Toby. Such irony can work in reverse, where some characters in drama understand their actions, but the audience is duped into thinking something else. Such is the situation in [[The Village]], or [[The Sixth Sense]].

'''Irony of situation''', a discrepency between the expected result and actual results. An example of this definition of ''irony'' might be a boxer betting his life savings on a fight he expects to lose, and then accidentally winning the fight.

Other types of irony include:

'''Romantic irony''', a narrative device whereby the author repeatedly reminds the audience of his presence in a written or performed work. Romantic irony can range from the subtle (the inclusion of a third chair in a scene with only two characters as a reminder of the author's invisible presence) to the overt ([[Lord Byron]]'s repeated allusions to himself and his craft in "Don Juan.")

'''Cosmic irony''' is predicated upon the notion that the fates, the gods, or the universe are either capricious or ultimately indifferent to human suffering. Thus, irony results from the contrast between the pathos of mankind's struggles and their ultimate futility. Cosmic irony is a hallmark of the naturalist literary movement; the works of [[Thomas Hardy]], in particular, invoke cosmic irony on a routine basis.

The current situation is further clouded by the fact that literature, cinema, fashion and behaviour can now be described as [[post irony|post ironic]]. This term is often used when a statement is made which is insulting, and which potentially could be true, is not meant as an insult. An example of this is being asked "Does my bum look big in this?", and replying: "It's looks bigger than an elephant's". This taken on face value could be seen to be insulting. However the implication here is that this latter statement is ironic, and no insult is intended. The problem with post irony is that it is often difficult to distinguish between fashion gaffs, insults and poor literature and attempts to be 'cool', 'subtle', and 'sophisticated'. <ref> For further clarification on this see the urban dictionary definition at http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=post-ironic </ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[category:communication]]

Conservative

2010-05-30T21:59:29Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Lolosaurus (Talk) to last revision by TerryB

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A '''conservative''' adheres to principles of limited government, personal responsibility and moral values, agreeing with [[George Washington]]'s [[Farewell Address]] that "religion and morality are indispensable supports" to political prosperity.<ref>[http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/49.htm United States Department of State] George Washington, farewell address, 1796</ref><ref>Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary has the following definition of conservative: "tending or disposed to maintain existing views, conditions, or institutions : TRADITIONAL"[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/conservative] Therefore, a conservative Christian would be one that tends to adhere to the morally sound doctrines of the early Christianity and [[Judeo-Christian]] values.</ref>

Former President [[Ronald Reagan]] said:
* The basis of conservatism is a desire for less government interference or less centralized authority or more individual freedom . . . [http://www.reason.com/news/show/29318.html]
[[Image:Aaag.jpg|thumb|Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, is the epitome of American conservatism.]]

The ''sine qua non'' of a conservative is someone who rises above his personal self-interest and promotes moral and economic values beneficial to all. Alternatively, a conservative is willing to learn and advocate the insights of economics and the morality of the [[Bible]] for the benefit of all, recognizing that the Bible is the most logical book ever written. Specifically, conservatives seek or support:

* [[Classroom prayer]]
* Prohibition of [[abortion]]
* [[Abstinence]] education
* Traditional marriage, not same-sex marriage
* Respect for differences between men and women, boys and girls
* Laws against pornography
* The [[Second Amendment]] right to keep and bear arms
* Economic allocative efficiency (as opposed to popular equity)
* The death penalty
* Parental control of education
* Private medical care and retirement plans
* Canceling failed social support programs
* No world government
* Enforcement of current laws regarding immigration
* Respect for our military ... past and present
* Rejection of [[junk science]] such as [[evolution]] and [[global warming]]
* Low taxes, especially for families
* Conferderationism (less power for the federal government and more for local and state governments)
* A strong national defense
__TOC__ 
==Hall of Fame==
Conservative scholar Clinton Rossiter<ref> Rossiter, "The Giants of American Conservatism," ''American Heritage'' 1955 6(6): 56-59, 94-96, online in [[EBSCO]]</ref> names [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[John Adams]], [[John Marshall]], [[Daniel Webster]], [[John C. Calhoun]], [[Elihu Root]], and [[Theodore Roosevelt]] to the "Conservative's Hall of Fame,"'' with John Adams as the greatest of American conservatives.

===Presidents===
Periodically a conservative has been elected president of the United States. The most prominent conservative presidents include:
*[[George Washington]] (1789-1797)
*[[James Monroe]] (1817-1825)
*[[Grover Cleveland]] (1885-1889, 1893-1897)
*[[Warren G. Harding]] (1921-1923)
*[[Calvin Coolidge]] (1923-1929)
*[[Ronald Reagan]] (1981-1989)
*[[George W. Bush]] (2001-2009) (with respect to taxes, Supreme Court nominations, and national security)

The most prominent conservative Congresses have been:

*The 80th Congress (elected in 1946)
*The 104th Congress (elected in 1994)

===Movement===
[[Movement conservatives]] are those who accept the logic of conservatism across-the-board, and stand up for its powerful principles despite liberal ridicule. Movement conservative activists include:
*[[Phyllis Schlafly]], opposed [[ERA]]
*[[Larry McDonald]], Congressman, on board [[KAL 007]] when shot down by the Soviets near [[Moneron Island]].
*[[Jesse Helms]], Senator, specialist in foreign policy
*[[Pat Buchanan]], TV commentator
*[[Jerry Falwell]], religion
*[[Michele Bachmann]], columnist
*[[Ann Coulter]], columnist
*[[Rush Limbaugh]], radio
*[[Michelle Malkin]], commentator
*[[Glenn Beck]], TV commentator

===Key leaders===
*[[Barry Goldwater]] - 1964 Republican candidate, lost to liberal Democrat [[Lyndon Johnson]] but revived the conservative movement inside the GOP
*[[Russell Kirk]] - Theorist & intellectual
*[[Irving Kristol|Irving]] and [[William Kristol]] - Notable [[neoconservatives]]
*[[Margaret Thatcher]] - British prime minister between 1979 and 1990, held similar views as Reagan
*[[Milton Friedman]] - Chicago-school [[libertarian]] economist, influential during Reagan administration; leader of the [[Chicago School of Economics]]

==US Voters==
In America, most conservatives support the [[Republican Party]], but not exclusively so. In the 2008 election, 35% of the voters identified themselves as conservatives. Of them, 78% voted for McCain and 20% for Obama, with the 20% accounting for Obama's margin of victory. Only 22% of the voters were liberal; they favored Obama 89%-10%. In the middle were 44% who called themselves moderates. They split for Obama by 60%-39%. (Minor candidates won 2% of the vote.)<ref> See [http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#USP00p1 Presidential 2008 Exit Poll]</ref>
[[File:Conservative-republican-brain.jpg|thumb|350px]]
===Religious differences between political conservatives and political liberals===
The Barna poll conducted in November 2008 shows significant differences between the 32% of Americans who called themselves as “mostly conservative” on social and political matters; and the 17% who called themselves “mostly liberal” on social and political matters. The others --50%--were moderates with positions somewhere in-between.<ref> See [http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/13-culture/258-survey-shows-how-liberals-and-conservatives-differ-on-matters-of-faith on line results] </ref>

Some findings:
Political liberals are less than half as likely as political conservatives to firmly believe that the Bible is totally accurate in all of the principles it teaches (27% versus 63%, respectively); to strongly believe that Satan is real (17% versus 36%); and to firmly contend that they have a personal responsibility to share their religious beliefs with others (23% versus 48%).

[Note: "Liberal" and "conservative" in this survey are based on politics]

Liberals are also far less likely than conservatives to strongly believe each of the following:
*their religious faith is very important in their life (54% of liberals vs. 82% of conservatives);
*a person cannot earn their way into Heaven by doing good deeds or being a good person (23% vs. 37%);
*their faith is becoming an increasingly important moral guide in their life (38% vs. 70%);
*the church they currently attend is very important in helping them find direction and fulfillment in life (37% vs. 62%);
*their primary purpose in life is to love God with all their heart, mind, strength and soul (43% vs. 76%);

political conservatives were more likely than liberals to:
*read the Bible, other than at church events, during the past week (57% vs. 33%, respectively)
*attend a religious service during the past week (62% vs. 35%)
*pray to God, other than at a religious service, during the past week (91% vs. 76%)
*share their religious beliefs with others, during the past year (56% vs. 39%, among the born again Christians interviewed from each segment)
*have ever participated in a short-term missions trip, either within the U.S. or in another country (12% vs. 6%)

*2% of conservatives and 11% of liberals were atheist or agnostic
*15% of conservatives and 2% of liberals were Christian evangelicals
*conservatives were twice as likely as liberals to be categorized as born again, based on their theological views about salvation (63% vs. 32%)
*21% of conservatives were associated with the Catholic church, compared to 30% among the liberals.

== Barack Obama and American Conservatism Backlash ==
In October of 2009, Niles Gardiner reported in the [[Britain|British]] newspaper ''The Daily Telegraph'':
{{cquote|This week’s striking [[Gallup]] poll on political ideology is further confirmation that the United States is in essence a conservative nation, which has ironically become even more conservative under [[Barack Obama]]. According to Gallup, 40 percent of Americans describe their political views as conservative, 36 percent as moderate and 20 percent as liberal. This is the first time conservatives have outnumbered moderates in America since 2004.<ref>http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/nilegardiner/100014891/barack-obama-has-failed-to-defeat-conservatism-in-america/</ref>}}

== Conservative news organizations ==
Some of the more notable news organizations which tend to be more conservative are [[WorldNetDaily]] and [[NewsMax]]. [[Fox News]], though often called conservative, tends to be more [[neoconservative]] than [[conservative]].

== Conservative magazines and blogs ==
Well known conservative magazines in the United States include ''[[National Review]]'', ''[[Policy Review]]'', ''[[The Weekly Standard]]'' and others.

Some notable [[Conservative blogs|conservative political blogs]] include the [[Heritage Foundation]]'s Policy Weblog, ''[[Human Events]]'', [[Michelle Malkin]], Newsbusters, Townhall.com and others.

== Neoconservatives ==

American commentators who ally themselves with the conservative movement but reject its religious or moral underpinnings are generally known as [[neoconservatives]].<ref>Jonah Goldberg, [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ZWMxNWNiNDJkY2JmNTExY2E1MzdkYWU3MWU1MTBiOGU= "What Is a 'Conservative'?"], [[National Review|National Review Online]], 11 May 2005</ref>

In the United States, conservatives are generally characterized by the following beliefs:

# Support of limited government.
# A preference for freedom of opportunity over equality of result.
# Patriotism, nationalism, and support of a strong defense.
# Support of the institution of marriage.
# Emphasis on social values, like prayer and pro-life principles.

In contrast, neoconservatives generally support bigger government and globalism, and tend to downplay the significance of social values.

== Paleoconservatives ==

[[Paleoconservatives]] are conservatives who are more focused on social issues and American sovereignty, and are suspicious of both big government and big business. They also lean against foreign interventionalism. Neoconservatives criticize this with the pejorative term of "isolationism," as they believe in promoting [[democracy]] worldwide, even where different religious or value systems are incompatible with democracy-induced changes in control.

Among paleoconservatives was Democratic Congressman from Georgia, [[Larry McDonald]]. He was also second Chairman of the [[John Birch Society]], and President of Western Goals. McDonald was aboard [[Korean Airlines Flight 007]] when it was shot down by the Soviets near [[Moneron Island]] in 1983.

== Personal conservatism ==
Because Conservatives often have strong political views, there can be a tendency to see conservatism as a purely political ideology. However, there is also a strong personal side to conservatism - being a conservative is as much about applying conservative values to one's everyday life as it is about campaigning and voting for conservative candidates. In general, conservatives can be characterized by a strong sense of personal [[morality]], a willingness to observe their culture's traditions and customs, and a desire to be respectable and to show due respect to other members of the community.
==History of American conservatism==
===Textbook problems===
College-level teaching about conservatism has been distorted by a "liberal state paradigm"--that is, textbooks usually interpret recent American history in terms of the origins and successes of political liberalism--especially the New Deal, the welfare state, labor unions, and Civil Rights for blacks and equality for women. Conservative politics is usually defined as a reaction: as a free market reply to the growth of big government; as an expression of outrage against declining support for tradition and Christian morality. Where the violent Wobblies (IWW) and illegal sit down strikes of the 1930s are seen as heroic, exposing Communist subversion by [[Joe McCarthy]] is denounced as the nadir of political morality.<ref> See Leonard Moore, "Approaching Conservatism," ''OAH Magazine of History,'' 17 (January 2003) [http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/conservatism/moore.html online edition]</ref>
===Loyalists===
The [[Loyalists]] of the [[American Revolution]] were mostly political conservatives, some of whom produced political discourse of a high order, including lawyer [[Joseph Galloway]] and governor-historian [[Thomas Hutchinson]]. However when the crisis came, they stood with the Crown as it tried to destroy American political liberties. After the war, the great majority remained in the U.S. and became citizens, but some leaders emigrated to other places in the British Empire. [[Samuel Seabury]] was a Loyalist who stayed and as the first American bishop played a major role in shaping the Episcopal religion, a stronghold of conservative social values. While the Loyalist political tradition died out totally it the U.S., it survives in Canadian conservatism.

===Founding Fathers===
The Founding Fathers created the single most important set of political ideas in American history, known as [[Republicanism]], which all groups, liberal and conservative alike, have drawn from. Two parties were named "Republican"-- the one founded in 1794 by Jefferson and Madison (it disappeared in the 1820s), and the modern GOP founded in 1854.

During the [[First Party System]] (1790s-1820s) the [[Federalist Party]], led by [[Alexander Hamilton]], developed an important variation of republicanism that can be considered conservative. Rejecting monarchy and aristocracy, they emphasized civic virtue as the core American value. The Federalists spoke for the propertied interests and the upper classes of the cities. They envisioned a modernizing land of banks and factories, with a strong army and navy. [[George Washington]] was their great hero.

On many issues American conservatism also derives from the republicanism of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and his followers, especially [[John Randolph of Roanoke]] and his "Old Republicans" or "Quids." They idealized the yeoman farmer as the epitome of civic virtue, warned that banking and industry led to corruption, that is to the illegitimate use of government power for private ends. Jefferson himself was a vehement opponent of what today is called "judicial activism".
<ref>[http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff1030.htm]</ref> The Jeffersonians stressed small government.

===Ante-Bellum: Calhoun and Webster===
During the [[Second Party System]] (1830-54) the [[Whig Party]] attracted most conservatives, such as [[Daniel Webster]] of New England. [[Daniel Webster]] and other leaders of the [[Whig Party]], called it the conservative party in the late 1830s.<ref>The word was originally used in the French Revolution. The British used it after 1839 to describe a major party. The first American usage is by Whigs who called themselves "Conservatives" in the late 1830s. Hans Sperber and Travis Trittschuh, ''American Political terms: An Historical Dictionary'' (1962) 94-97.</ref> [[John C. Calhoun]], a Democrat, articulated a sophisticated conservatism in his writings. Richard Hofstadter (1948) called him "The Marx of the Master Class." Calhoun argued that a conservative minority should be able to limit the power of a "majority dictatorship" because tradition represents the wisdom of past generations. (This argument echoes one made by [[Edmund Burke]], the founder of British conservatism, in ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'' (1790)). Calhoun is considered the father of the idea of minority rights, a position adopted by liberals in the 1960s in dealing with Civil Rights.

The conservatism of the antebellum period is contested territory; conservatives of the 21st century disagree over what comprises their heritage. Thus William J. Bennett (2006) a prominent conservative leader, warns conservatives to NOT honor Calhoun, [[Know-Nothings]], [[Copperheads (politics)|Copperheads]] and 20th century isolationists.

===Lincoln to Cleveland===
Since 1865 the [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican party]] has identified itself with President [[Abraham Lincoln]], who was the ideological heir of the Whigs and of both Jefferson and Hamilton. As the [[Gettysburg Address]] shows, Lincoln cast himself as a second Jefferson bringing a second birth of freedom to the nation that had been born 86 years before in Jefferson's Declaration. The [[Copperheads (politics)|Copperheads]] of the Civil War reflected a reactionary opposition to modernity of the sort repudiated by modern conservatives. A few libertarians have adopted a neo-Copperhead position, arguing Lincoln was a dictator who created an all-powerful government.

In the late 19th century the [[Bourbon Democrat]]s, led by President [[Grover Cleveland]], preached against corruption, high taxes (protective tariffs), and imperialism, and supported the [[gold standard]] and business interests. They were overthrown by [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1896, who moved the mainstream of the Democratic Party permanently to the left.

The 1896 presidential election was the first with a conservative versus liberal theme in the way in which these terms are now understood. Republican [[William McKinley]] won using the pro-business slogan "[[sound money]] and protection," while Bryan's anti-bank populism had a lasting effect on economic policies of the Democratic Party.

[[William Graham Sumner]], Yale professor (1872-1910) and polymath, vigorously promoted a libertarian conservative ethic. After dallying with [[Social Darwinism]] under the influence of [[Herbert Spencer]], he rejected evolution in his later works, and strongly opposed imperialism. He opposed monopoly and [[paternalism]] in theory as a threat to equality, democracy and middle class values, but was vague on what to do about it.<ref>Curtis, Bruce. "William Graham Sumner 'On the Concentration of Wealth.'" Journal of American History 1969 55(4): 823-832.</ref>

===Early 20th century===
In the [[Progressive Era]] (1890s-1932), regulation of industry expanded as conservatives led by Senator [[Nelson Aldrich]] of Rhode Island were put on the defensive. However, Aldrich's proposal for a strong national banking system was enacted as the [[Federal Reserve System]] in 1913. [[Theodore Roosevelt]], the dominant personality of the era, was both liberal and conservative by turns. As a conservative he led the fight to make the country a major naval power, and demanded entry into [[World War I]] to stop what he saw as the German attacks on civilization. [[William Howard Taft]] promoted a strong federal judiciary that would overrule excessive legislation. Taft defeated Roosevelt on that issue in 1912, forcing Roosevelt out of the GOP and turning it to the right for decades. As president, Taft remade the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] with five appointments; he himself presided as chief justice in 1921-30, the only former president ever to do so.

Pro-business Republicans returned to dominance in 1920 with the election of President [[Warren G. Harding]]. The presidency of [[Calvin Coolidge]] (1923-29) was a high water mark for conservatism, both politically and intellectually. Classic writing of the period includes ''Democracy and Leadership'' (1924) by Irving Babbitt and H.L. Mencken's magazine ''American Mercury'' (1924-33). The [[Efficiency Movement]] attracted many conservatives such as [[Herbert Hoover]] with its pro-business, pro-engineer approach to solving social and economic problems. In the 1920s many American conservatives generally maintained anti-foreign attitudes and, as usual, were disinclined toward changes to the healthy economic climate of the age.

During the [[Great Depression, U.S.|Great Depression]], other conservatives participated in the taxpayers' revolt at the local level. From 1930 to 1933, Americans formed as many as 3,000 taxpayers' leagues to protest high [[property tax]]es. These groups endorsed measures to limit and rollback taxes, lowered penalties on tax delinquents, and cuts in government spending. A few also called for illegal resistance (or tax strikes). The best known of these was led by the Association of Real Estate Taxpayers in Chicago which, at its height, had 30,000 dues-paying members.

An important intellectual movement, calling itself [[Southern Agrarians]] and based in Nashville, brought together like-minded novelists, poets and historians who argued that modern values undermined the traditions of American [[Republicanism]] and civic virtue.

The Depression brought liberals to power under President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1933). Indeed the term "liberal" now came to mean a supporter of the [[New Deal]] and Roosevelt's powerful [[New Deal Coalition]]. In 1934 [[Al Smith]] and pro-business Democrats formed the [[American Liberty League]] to fight the new liberalism, but failed to stop Roosevelt's shifting the Democratic party to the left. In 1936 the Republicans rejected Hoover and tried the more liberal [[Alf Landon]], who carried only Maine and Vermont. When Roosevelt tried to pack the Supreme Court in 1937 the conservatives finally cooperated across party lines and defeated it with help from Vice President [[John Nance Garner]]. Roosevelt unsuccessfully tried to purge the conservative Democrats in the 1938 election. The conservatives in Congress then formed a bipartisan informal [[Conservative Coalition]] of Republicans and southern Democrats. It largely controlled Congress from 1937 to 1964. Its most prominent leaders were Senator [[Robert Taft]], a Republican of Ohio, and Senator [[Richard Russell]], Democrat of Georgia.
[[Image:Gop-plank.JPG|thumb|275px|1936 cartoon shows GOP building its platform from the conservative planks abandoned by the Democrats]]

In the United States, the [[Old Right]], also called the Old Guard, was a group of [[libertarianism|libertarian]], free-market anti-interventionists, originally associated with Midwestern Republicans and Southern Democrats. The Republicans (but not the southern Democrats) were isolationists in 1939-41, (see [[America First]]), and later opposed [[NATO]] and U.S. military intervention in the Korean War.

===Later 20th century: Goldwater, Buckley, the Dixiecrats===
By 1950, American liberalism was so dominant intellectually that liberal critic [[Lionel Trilling]] could dismiss contemporary conservatism as "irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas." <ref>Lapham 2004</ref> But just as Trilling was writing a revival was underway. In the 1950s, principles for a conservative political movement were hashed out in books like Russell Kirk's ''The Conservative Mind'' (1953) and in the highly influential new magazine ''National Review'', founded by [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] in 1955.

Whereas Taft's [[Old Right]] had been isolationist the new conservatism favored American intervention overseas to oppose communism. It looked to the Founding Fathers for historical inspiration as opposed to Calhoun and the antebellum South.

The success of the Civil Rights movement came in the Civil Rights Act of 1864 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Most conservatives supported both, but [[Barry Goldwater]] opposed them. Until then southern whites (both liberal and conservative) had been locked into the Democratic party. That lock was now broken and southern conservatives started voting for Republican candidates for president in 1964-68, and by the 1990s they were also voting for GOP candidates for state and local office. The southern blacks now began to vote in large numbers, and they became Democrats, moving that party in the south to the left. By 2000, for the first time, all southern states had a conservative GOP and a liberal Democratic party. The region favored the GOP heavily in presidential elections, but split in state contests. In 2008, however, the Obama campaign broke into the solid Republican South, carrying Florida, Virginia and North Carolina.

Goldwater, a charismatic figure whose intense opposition to all New Deal programs angered liberals, was defeated in a landslide in 1964. Goldwater faded and his supporters regrouped under new leadership, especially that of [[Ronald Reagan]] in California, and regained strength nationally in the 1966 elections. Conservatives voted for [[Richard Nixon]] in 1968, who narrowly defeated the New Deal champion [[Hubert Humphrey]], and southern demagogue [[George Wallace]]. Nixon had come to terms with both the Goldwater wing of the party and the still-influential Rockefeller Republicans (Republicans from the Northeast who supported many New Deal programs).

===Nixon, Reagan, and Bush===

The Republican administrations of President [[Richard Nixon]] in the [[1970s]] were characterized more by their emphasis on ''[[realpolitik]]'', [[détente]], and economic policies such as wage and price controls, than by their adherence to conservative rhetoric and more liberal actions.

In the eight years of [[Ronald Reagan]]'s presidency 1981-89 the American conservative movement achieved ascendancy. In 1980 the GOP took control of the Senate for the first time since 1954, and conservative principles dominated Reagan's economic and foreign policies, with [[supply side economics]] as well as a strict opposition to Soviet Communism. Reagan promised to cut welfare spending but failed to do so. He did cut taxes, but raised military spending and created large federal deficits of the sort conservatives had complained about for decades. They stopped complaining, as the deficit issue switched to favor the Democrats (who did balance the budget in the late 1990s).

An icon of the American conservative movement, Reagan is credited by his supporters with transforming American politics, galvanizing the Republican Party, uniting a coalition of economic conservatives who supported his supply side economic policies, known as "[[Reaganomics]]," foreign policy conservatives who favored his success in stopping and rolling back Communism, and social conservatives who identified with Reagan's conservative religious and social ideals.

==Conservatives in Australia==

Australia was once more conservative than England but sweeping [[gun control]] laws pushed the nation leftward toward greater dependency on government in the last decade. In 2009, opposition to government control based on alleged [[global warming]] galvanized conservatives there and they led the [[Liberal Party of Australia]] to a repudiation of an emissions trading scheme.<ref>http://www.smh.com.au/national/shock-result-as-abbott-wins-liberal-leadership-by-one-vote--ets-dead-20091201-k1uz.html</ref> Conservatives also support smaller political parties such as the [[Family First Party]].

==Conservatives in Britain==

In the United Kingdom the present parliamentary opposition party since 1997 is the [[Conservative Party]]. Its current leader is [[David Cameron]].<ref>[http://www.conservatives.com Conservative party UK]</ref>

Up until the mid-19th century, the forerunners of the Conservatives were known as [[Tory|Tories]], and the name has persisted as a common nickname both for the political party and those believed to be in agreement with it. Since the mid-to-late 1970s, British conservatives have been defined by an advocacy of [[laissez-faire]] economics, privatization and lower taxation. In recent years the Conservative Party has moved away from the social conservatism which once characterized it, and the current party policy includes, for example, support for abortion on demand and gay civil partnership and the Kyoto Treaty and to oppose capital punishment (although it should be noted that such policies have little support among the party's grassroots membership) <ref>John Charmley, ''A History of Conservative Politics Since 1830'', (2nd ed. 2008) </ref>

Levels of prayer and worship are much lower in England and Wales than in the U.S., and religious issues thereby play less of a role in public discourse. However, religious issues remain a significant factor in [[Northern Ireland]] and in 2008 religious issues were significant during a special election in [[Scotland]].

In common with conservatives in many other countries, British Conservatives tend towards a patriotic rather than internationalist outlook, and are traditionally skeptical of the [[European Union]].

The broadcast media (dominated by the [[BBC]]) is almost exclusively liberal in tone. The print media is different with pro-Conservative newspapers like the ''Daily Mail'' , ''Daily Express'' and ''Daily Telegraph'' selling more copies than their rivals.<ref>[http://www.mediauk.com/the_knowledge/i.muk/An_introduction_to_newspapers_in_the_UK Media UK; Introduction to newspapers in the UK]</ref>

== Conservatism and the French Revolution ==

Conservatism in France and the continent generally arose in the after 1790 as a response to the radicalism of the [[French Revolution]].

== Benefits of Conservatism ==

Several facets of conservatism function in unison to make it an effective and powerful philosophy. Conservatism emphasizes personal freedom, independence, and initiative; this allows the [[best of the public]] to rise to their natural level of achievement. Conservatives recognize that [[big government]] fosters dependency and stifles individual achievement--and thus, weakens society as a whole.

At the same time, conservatives also recognize that with individual freedom comes individual responsibility. In the absence of a hand-holding [[nanny state]], it is imperative that each individual take responsibility for his own actions, and exercise his rights and freedoms wisely and with discretion. Thus, [[social conservatism]] is also critical to a successful society, as it emphasizes the importance of morality, duty, and responsibility to one's self and fellow men.

== Also See ==
*[[Previous Breaking News/Conservatives|Articles about '''Conservatives''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[More News/Conservatives|Articles about '''Conservatives''' from "More News"]]
*[[Conservative Links]]
*[[Essay:Fair and balanced is not part of the Conservative platform]]
*[[Conservative politicians]]
*[[Liberal]]

==Further reading==
* Critchlow, Donald T. ''The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made Political History'' (2007)
* Filler, Louis. ''Dictionary of American Conservatism The First Complete Guide to Issues, People, Organizations and Events'' (1987), useful older encyclopedia
* Frank, Thomas. ''What's the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America'' (2005), a liberal perspective [http://www.amazon.com/Whats-Matter-Kansas-Conservatives-America/dp/080507774X/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193685789&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Frohnen, Bruce et al eds. ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'' (2006), the most detailed reference
* Judis, John B. ''William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives'' (1988) [http://www.amazon.com/William-F-Buckley-Jr-Conservatives/dp/0743217977/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207759425&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Kirk, Russell. ''The Conservative Mind''. (7th ed. 2001). highly influential conservative history of ideas [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]
* Link, William A. ''Righteous warrior: Jesse Helms and the rise of modern conservatism'' (2008) 643 pages
* Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge. ''The Right Nation,'' (2004) influential survey [http://www.amazon.com/Right-Nation-Conservative-Power-America/dp/B000F71124/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205919226&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge. ''God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World'' (2009)
* Nash, George. ''The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945'' (2006), excellent scholarly history. [http://www.amazon.com/Conservative-Intellectual-Movement-America-Since/dp/1933859121/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241925238&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
*Pemberton, William E. ''Exit with Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/exit-with-honor-the-life-and-presidency-of-ronald-reagan-by-william-e-pemberton.jsp online edition]
*Perlstein, Rick. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2004) on 1964 [http://www.amazon.com/Before-Storm-Goldwater-Unmaking-Consensus/dp/0809028581/ref=sr_1_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193684721&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
*Perlstein, Rick. ''Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Nixonland-Rise-President-Fracturing-America/dp/074324303X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1241924189&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Schneider, Gregory L. ed. ''Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader'' (2003)
*Schoenwald; Jonathan . ''A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104931191 online edition] also [http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]
* Schweizer, Peter, and Wynton C. Hall, eds. ''Landmark Speeches of the American Conservative Movement'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Landmark-Speeches-American-Conservative-Movement/dp/1585445983/ref=sr_1_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1193685365&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/conservatives/ What Liberals Say - Category: Conservatives], [[Accuracy In Media]]
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/rescueKAL007#p/a/FD3DE4F0642C350C/0/1c8v-kgLvhM Pat Buchanan's "Crossfire" interview with [[Larry McDonald]] 3 months before downing of [[KAL 007]], Ron Paul intro]

[[Category:Conservative]]
[[Category:Taxation]]
[[Category:American History]]
[[Category:Reagan Era]]
[[Category:1960s]]
[[Category:New Deal]]

*[http://www.conservativedirectory.com Directory of Conservative Websites - Category: Conservatives], [[Politics]]

[[Category:Conservative]]
{{Conservatism}}

Thomas Morley

2010-04-17T19:02:28Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Lolwut111 (Talk) to last revision by AlanE

'''Thomas Morley''', (1557-1603), [[English]] [[Elizabethan]] [[composer]], had a relatively successful life. He was a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, organist at St. Pauls, [[London]], the writer of “''Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke''” (which was popular for two centuries and is still a major source of information about Elizabethan music making), held for a period the royal monopoly on music publishing, and probably knew [[Shakespeare]] as he wrote music for various of the Bard’s plays.

He was one of the greatest of the English [[madrigal]]ists, wrote much fine instrumental and church music and is known for his light and lilting [[lute song]]s of the ''ballett'' style; including perhaps the most well-known song of the age, and the standard bearer for its type: Shakespeare’s “''It was a lover and his lass''” from "''As you Like it''"
:"It was a lover and his lass,
::With a hey, and a ho, and a hey nonino,
:That o'er the green corn-field did pass,
::In the spring time, the only pretty ring time,
:When birds do sing, hey ding a ding, ding;
:Sweet lovers love the spring.

:Between the acres of the rye,
::With a hey, and a ho, and a hey nonino,
:These pretty country folks would lie,
::In the spring time, the only pretty ring time,
:When birds do sing, hey ding a ding, ding
:Sweet lovers love the spring.

:This carol they began that hour,
::With a hey, and a ho, and a hey nonino,
:How that life was but a flower
::In the spring time, the only pretty ring time,
:When birds do sing, hey ding a ding, ding;
:Sweet lovers love the spring.

:And, therefore, take the present time
::With a hey, and a ho, and a hey nonino,
:For love is crownèd with the prime
::In the spring time, the only pretty ring time,
:When birds do sing, hey ding a ding, ding;
:Sweet lovers love the spring."

==See also==
*[[Madrigal]]
*[[Lute song]]

[[Category: Composers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT: Morley, Thomas}}

NOVA

2009-12-28T22:04:51Z

DuncanB: redirect

#REDIRECT [[NOVA (PBS)]]

Economics Homework Thirteen Answers - Student Eight

2009-12-17T17:57:16Z

DuncanB: homework

Economics Homework Thirteen

'''Duncan B.'''

'''1'''. B is true: AFC is fixed costs divided by total output: FC/Q. As Q increases, the result becomes less.

'''2.''' This is the result of free trade: protectionism (discreet government regulation to protect home producers and consumers) would regulate to keep jobs at home.

'''3'''. The primary responsibility of the Federal Reserve Bank is to regulate the amount of interest charged by banks. It also can regulate the amount kept in a banks to guard against a run, and can sell and buy government securities.

'''4'''. Your good must be price inelastic, because you can raise price without significantly affecting demand.

'''5.''' (c) is the answer.

'''6.''' One reason that prices are higher is that supply has decreased.

'''8.''' When P=MC, you have no profits: each good you produce sells for exactly the same amount. (In other words, you do not get your fixed costs back.) In monopolistic competition, firms can raise the price above marginal cost, because they have some market power. Average total cost includes all costs, including fixed costs; thus you get your fixed costs back.

'''10.''' Perhaps a good substitute would be "selective trade."

'''11.''' Keynesian economics is the view that government interference is good for the economy: the more the better.( It is the economic basis for [[Communism]].) It is not nearly as productive as a free market economy.

User talk:DerekE

2009-12-13T23:09:28Z

DuncanB: /* Thanks... */ new section

{{welcome|sig=[[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 18:35, 10 October 2009 (EDT)}}
{{Articletalkheader}}
== Jim Cramer ==
Great work on [[Jim Cramer]]! You seem to really know your stuff and I'm glad to have you on board. Side note: we ask all editors have their names formatted as first name, last initial, or some variant of that. You can have your name changed by posting what it should be changed to on [[User talk:Aschlafly]]. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 18:35, 10 October 2009 (EDT)
:Wow, it's not just Jim Cramer, it's a number of articles you're doing fantastic work on! [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 18:36, 10 October 2009 (EDT)

::Conservapedia rocks! I have been slowly sifting through several articles and making appropriate edits to each of them, and I'll continue to do so for many other articles to come. This site is awesome and I'm definitely glad to help out in any way that I can. As for my name change, I'll be sure and get that done ASAP. I've got a few more minor adjustments to make on the Jim Cramer page, but once I'm done there I'll get to changing my own name. Thanks for the help! [[User:Tycoon24|Tycoon24]] 18:55, 10 October 2009 (EDT)

::: Request a change to your real first name if you want to continue editing here, and don't copy from Wikipedia.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 18:57, 10 October 2009 (EDT)

:::: I didn't realize you were copying from Wikipedia. Unless you yourself wrote it, that isn't allowed here. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 19:09, 10 October 2009 (EDT)

:::::The funny thing is, the section that I assume was being charged as "copied," it is in fact my work, but most or all of which got reverted or deleted in Wikipedia long ago. I had it saved in a text file and simply updated a few items to assure it's quality. In either case, I just made some more changes to the section that I assume was referred to as the copied section. I'm still working on it though, so I'll go back and check wikipedia to make sure it's not the same. On a similar note, I'm assuming quotes and what-not are not considered as "copied" if the relevant citation is given. I don't think Wikipedia owns the quotes from individuals on their site, it's only a reference tool. [[User:Tycoon24|Tycoon24]] 19:46, 10 October 2009 (EDT)

We don't prevent copying from Wikipedia for legal reasons, we do it to prevent the bias that permeates Wikipedia from entering our articles. What username did you use on Wikipedia? [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 21:07, 10 October 2009 (EDT)

== Block ==
:That makes sense, and I promise that I'm here with good inentions. I'm a bit confused and taken back by my account getting blocked though, especially after I tried to explain that the edits are my own work. You even went as far to revert my changes on the Tax Day Tea Party article? Take a look at wikipedia's article on it. Nothing I added is copying Wikipedia. :-( ...that's what sucks the most about my getting blocked. I guess at this point I have to wonder what constitutes "copying?" Innevitably, some information may discuss very similar facts here as they do on wikipedia, especially when using quotes or sources that are the same, but as long as I'm not copy/pasting anything I can't imagine how my edits are considered to be copying Wikipedia. Besides, wikipedia is bias! I'm being very careful about my edits and have put a lot of time into them. So this is a bit frustrating, to say the least. Sigh. :-( [[User:Tycoon24|Tycoon24]] 21:44, 10 October 2009 (EDT)

::As you can see from the [http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:Log/block block log], you were blocked for a total of 1 minute before I undid it.
::For the record, your additions to the tea part article, starting under "History - Founding", began ''"On January 27, radio talk-show host Rush Limbaugh criticized the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], commenting, "This 'porkulus' bill..."''. Compare this to content from Wikipedia, second paragraph in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_Day_Tea_Party#History this article], which says, ''"On January 27, 2009 radio talk-show host Rush Limbaugh criticized the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, commenting, "This 'porkulus' bill..."''.
::There's nothing wrong with taking content from Wikipedia so long as you wrote it yourself, and to show this, it would be great if you could post here the screen name you use to edit Wikipedia. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 21:50, 10 October 2009 (EDT)

:I did notice that my username was only blocked for 1 minute, but my Internet IP location is still blocked. I'm using my iPhone right now. :-)
:My apologies for not mentioning this earlier, my Wikipedia Username is the same: Tycoon24
:As for using Wikipedia to help, I've only used my work and previous edits as a helping guide for edits made on Conservapedia. I used to use wikipedia a lot in the past but became way too frustrated with the site and it's clear bias. [[User:Tycoon24|Tycoon24]] 22:33, 10 October 2009 (EDT)

::Tycoon24, six months ago I would have said "fine", please proceed as you say. But the reality is that we don't want to be like Wikipedia, and now we're way past the point you describe. We use real first or last names here for first-time editors and we don't want material from Wikipedia at this stage, even if you wrote most of it, because if Wikipedia has allowed it to be posted then it probably has a liberal bias to it.

::So please ask to change your name to something real and please contribute without bias here. Thanks and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 00:28, 11 October 2009 (EDT)

:::All of your concerns make complete sense, I totally understand the need to keep as much Wikipedia out of this site as possible, especially since most of everything on Wikipedia is bias. I will note, with respect to my edits on this site thus far, the citations and/or information used was for the most part all my work; however, awhile ago when I added it to wikipedia it would always get deleted or reverted for what I assume was due to it's use of factual, unbias tone as well conservative leaning sources. So I saved my work in txt files and ultimately stopped using wikipedia for the previously mentioned reasons. But as an avid tcotreport.com reader and conservative, after I noticed the addition of conservapedia.com I got all excited about the prospect of being able to edit the site using the sources and previous work that I spent so much time researching in the past. So there's a chance I got a bit carried away here, for that I apologize. I understand this is not my personal website and must obey by it's rules.

:::So, with that being said, later today when my IP address block expires I will be sure and get my name changed. May I ask what the easiest way to do this is?

:::As for using previous wikipedia work for future edits here, I'll refrain from that as much as possible from now on. To be honest, since it's been awhile since using the wiki-style platform, it did help a little for me to get back into the groove for how this works by going over what I did when editing wikipedia awhile ago. All I can ask for is a little patience until I get a better feel for how the tone, content, and audience read/write in conservapedia. I'll get the hang of it. :-) Thanks for the advice and I hope to be able to help out more appropriately in the future with you all! [[User:Tycoon24|Tycoon24]] 15:48, 11 October 2009 (EDT)

=== Name Change ===
::::Tycoon24, we welcome your contributions and I have may have overstated our position. If you wrote something, then you can post it here, regardless of where else it may be posted. As to a name change, simply post your requested new name (a real first or last name, or first name and last initial), and I'll make the change. Thanks and Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 16:09, 11 October 2009 (EDT)

:::::Cool! New name request: DerekE [[User:Tycoon24|Tycoon24]] 11:18, 12 October 2009 (EDT)

::::::Done as requested!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 11:23, 12 October 2009 (EDT)

:::::::Awesome! Thank you! [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 13:01, 13 October 2009 (EDT)

==Welcome banner==
I moved it to [[New Welcome Banner proposal]], with the reason posted on the main talk page. I think it's a good idea. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 00:57, 29 October 2009 (EDT)
:Perfect! Good move. Thanks for the heads up. [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 01:00, 29 October 2009 (EDT)

== DerekE saboteur ==

DerekE suddenly made a massive sabotage of a major article [[Obama Administration]], for which he was blocked immediately. This is far more than vandalism--it took a lot of work, and throws into disgrace all his previous work here. [[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 20:50, 3 November 2009 (EST)
:Issue resolved. Unless RJJensen has anything to add, I plan on deleting this section soon so that I don't have to keep looking at the "nasty vandalism" on my talk page. :-) [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 01:21, 6 November 2009 (EST)
::I think we can keep the sabotage comment, which is true. And I thank TK for deleting DerekE's personal attack on me on his home page. DerekE remains on probation with warnings from at least three different administrators in recent days. [[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 01:35, 8 November 2009 (EST)
:::RJJensen, if you take a look at [[Professor style]], I argue that that your judgment could be affected by it. Based strictly on your astoundingly bitter dispute with me and your erratic behavior, [http://conservapedia.com/User_talk:RJJensen#DerekE described as], "[A] tactic that might have been appropriate for the great Soviet Encyclopedia ... [not] suitable for an America conservative project," evidence of your actions suggest to me that you were acting in accordance with the [[Mental Ossification Curve]]. Both [[Professor style]] and the [[Mental Ossification Curve]] are at issue here. Based on these assertions, which are in no way a personal attack against you but merely my argument, you acted in line with that of individual under the influence of [[Conservaphobia]]. Contrary to [[Conservapedia's Law]], you not only discouraged an open-minded search for the truth, but rejected what I offered in my edit as simply "nasty vandalism." And then you took it to the extreme, rather than simply delete my entry, you banned me indefinitely and then proceeded to erase my existence from [[Conservapedia]].
:::I'm not rejecting your credibility on the site, nor am I personally insulting you with my argument; however, because I'm still unsure of the specifics in my edit that were, as you claim to be, "the nastiest of vandalism" that you've ever seen, I have no reason to believe my arguments are not justified. Maybe you can be more specific about what I added in my edit that is, in your mind, purely "imagination?"
:::In the meantime, and forever (until moved to archives), I will leave this section here. I believe in the freedom of speech and in ones personal right to defend themselves against [[slander]] - which you appear to be doing by attempting to injure my reputation in this community. [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 00:42, 9 November 2009 (EST)
::::Freedom of speech does not equal sabotage, especially on this encyclopedia. You invented and inserted a whole string of falsehoods that if any CP reader saw them and trusted them would make our reader looks like a total idiot. The question remains: how much other sabotage have you inserted that we have not noticed? The notion that deliberate deception of our readers is "an open-minded search for the truth" is a disruptive attack on the concept of a trustworthy encyclopeda. One more outburst and you get permanently banned as disruptive. [[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 01:06, 9 November 2009 (EST)
:::::I understand your logic for deleting my entries based on the notion that, if I had vandalized, than I may have quite possibly done the same with my other edits. But without even reading my edits or the articles that you were deleting, you just zapped them from existence. In all reasonableness, you could have just as easily deleted my edit and I would have taken the hint, gone back and thought through what I added with a more critical discourse. But you didn't do that. Regardless, that problem was solved and is in the past, so now I'd really like to know what part of my edit in the [[Obama administration]] article (what caused you to ban me) that was wrong? Was it adding more czars to the list? If that's the case, you're wrong. We all know there are more czars than what is currently in the article. So what part of my edit was vandalism--what is it that you referred to as purely "imagination?" [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 01:25, 9 November 2009 (EST)
:Derek wants examples of what he did wrong. OK, here are some of the edits he added to the [[Obama Administration]] article on Nov. 3; he apparentlyu cut and pasted from an anonymous email message with no effort to verify even the most basic facts:
::::''' Afghanistan Czar Richard Holbrooke Ultra liberal anti-gun former Gov. of New Mexico. Pro Abortion and legal drug use.''' false and malicious statements about a real diplomat who was never a governor.
::::''' California Water Czar David J. Hayes Sr. Fellow of radical environmentalist group, "Progress Policy." No training or experience in water management.''' False statement about a prominent expert on water policy; there is no "Progress Policy" group.
::::'''Drug Czar: Gil Kerlikowske; devoted lobbyist for every restrictive gun law proposal, Former Chief of Police in Liberal Seattle. Believes no American should own a firearm. Supports legalization of drugs''' false nonsense. (he actually said, any drug 'legalization' would be "waving the white flag", "legalization is off the the charts when it comes to discussion, from my viewpoint" and that "legalization vocabulary doesn't exist for me and it was made clear that it doesn't exist in President Obama's vocabulary." Specifically about marijuana, he said, "It's a dangerous drug")
::::'''Homeland Security Czar John Brennan Anti CIA activist. No training in diplomatic or government affairs. Believes Open Borders to Mexico and a dialog with terrorists and has suggested Obama disband US military.''' Unbelievable. Let's quote our own CP entry: "He served in the administration of George W. Bush, where Brennan has generally used strong means to ensure the safety of Americans, and was an architect of the interrogation techniques criticized by many liberals." (from [[John Brennan]])
::::'''Faith Based Czar Joshua DuBois Political Black activist (Degree in Black Nationalism), seeks a separate black nation. Anti-gun ownership lobbyist.''' all nonsense. he's the one who brought Obama on Rick Warren's Presidential Forum. The list of DerekE's additions goes on and on. All with no regard to the truth or the damage it will do to CP. That's worse than incompetence, it's sabotage. [[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 02:24, 9 November 2009 (EST)

==Vernon Davis==
I have restored. Thanks for the vote of confidence. RJ is a good man, try avoiding contacting him. You da man! --[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 15:02, 6 November 2009 (EST)
:Thanks! I promise to avoid him at all costs. I realize his intentions are in the best interest of Conservapedia, and nothing personal against me. I'll also keep in mind that he is and has much more authority than I do, and he is in fact a very renowned user within [[Conservapedia]]. For that I do respect him and his wisdom as a positive, influential member of the community. [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 15:52, 6 November 2009 (EST)

== Great work on the Czars ==
Glad to see someone's finally putting some real work into those articles. Those were some of the first articles I added here, and they've been sorely in need of attention! --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 22:49, 10 November 2009 (EST)
:Thanks for the nod of approval! There's so... many... czars... sometimes I felt like the list keeps growing as I edit one after the other. As some of the first articles you added to Conservapedia, I'm glad you appreciate my edits! [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 22:56, 10 November 2009 (EST)

== Travian ==

As a former game player, I like the tack your taking. Isn't there a tribe that comes out when the game is about to end? [[User:Geo.plrd|Geoff Plourde]][[User_talk:Geo.plrd|Complain!]] 17:17, 11 November 2009 (EST)
:Oh yeah! Forgot to add info about the end game. Thanks for the reminder. When I get another chance, I'll be sure and make the updates. But if you're up for it, feel free to do so if you have time.
:As for gamer tactics (I'm assuming ref bonuses); while it's best to keep those links out of the encyclopedia page directly, long ago I ended up writing a blog about the game, at the time I figured an informative article with ref links would be a much more fun, productive way to refer people. And when I was still playing (I no longer play), the article referred ''hundreds'' of people. So, since it seems to be helpful I figure why not keep it out there to help spread the love about Travian. At this point, it's strictly working as an indirect medium for Travian to inform potential gamers about the game. I'm sure the makers of the game appreciate it in one way or another. [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 19:18, 11 November 2009 (EST)
::I haven't played in years, and can't really remember much of the details of the game. [[User:Geo.plrd|Geoff Plourde]][[User_talk:Geo.plrd|Complain!]] 19:21, 11 November 2009 (EST)
:::No worries, I'll update it as soon as I get the chance to do so. [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 19:23, 11 November 2009 (EST)
::::I just noticed the link in the 'see also' section that you were likely referring to rather than the citations. Fixed! Almost got past me. [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 11:58, 12 November 2009 (EST)
::::''updage'': As a minor FYI, I've decided not to add details of the 'end game' to the [[Travian]] article because, from what I understand, it is designed to be more of a surprise for gamers as the server ages and it reaches that point in the game. That being said, I won't stop anyone from adding details about it to further the article. And I'm one to change my mind occasionally, so who knows, I may go back and add more to it in the future. [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 14:27, 25 November 2009 (EST)

== NavBox 4 ClimateGate ==

Where, exactly, is this? The links on the NavBox are all bogus. Please provide me a link. --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]

/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 13:48, 1 December 2009 (EST)
:Really? Hmm... They're suppose to be Internal Links pointing to other articles related to Climategate (ie. climate change, global warming, etc.). Can I ask what links you are referring to? My apologies for the foul-up in advance... still learning the how-to's for writing code in Conservapedia. [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 13:59, 1 December 2009 (EST)

::Never mind, I found it, and am perplexed as to why the links to it, on the NavBox, are bogus...please explain. Go to any page you placed the box on, and click the links on the top border that supposedly go to the template to edit or view it. Also our rules prohibit the placement of templates without approval, and I posted about that on the template's talk page. --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 14:01, 1 December 2009 (EST)
:::Oh! Now I see what you mean. Can you please unlock the navbox so that I can fix it? I understand (now) that I violated a CP policy by not getting approval first, for that I apologize. But I have found the problem on the [[Template:Climategate scandal]] page. To save time, I typically save my work in txt files on my computer, so at times I'll go back and use an already created navbox which was originally developed for another article. However, I accidentally missed some minor changes to the navbox currently in question. I promise it's a simple fix! Unless you want me to delete it. But I do think it will benefit readers, in my humble opinion. [[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 14:08, 1 December 2009 (EST)

I reparied it. Although how you linked the template to the submission page, is beyond me. At least you know now I am pretty much always watching, just in case anything hits the fan. ;-) Consider the template approved. --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 14:16, 1 December 2009 (EST)
:Thank you! It's good to know others are watching; it helps to know that my work (and anyone's for that matter) is reviewed in the case of accidental mistakes. It's best for Conservapedia and helps to uphold the integrity of all articles. So I do appreciate it! Thanks again for helping to fix the template page and getting it squared away (green is a much better color too!). Regarding my linking the template to the submission page, all I can say is that I have an odd way of going about coding (on occasion). I'm learning as I go. :-)
:All the best, --[[User:DerekE|DerekE]] 14:27, 1 December 2009 (EST)

== Thanks... ==

For fixing all that vandalism just now...--[[User:DuncanB|Duncan]][[User talk:DuncanB|Channel 16]] 18:09, 13 December 2009 (EST)

Economics Homework Twelve Answers - Student Eight

2009-12-10T17:32:27Z

DuncanB: Created page with ''''Duncan B'''. '''Economics Homework 12''' '''1.''' A monopsony is a single purchaser for a good. One example might be the fifth generation F-22 Raptor stealth fighter, wh...'

'''Duncan B'''.

'''Economics Homework 12'''

'''1.''' A monopsony is a single purchaser for a good. One example might be the fifth generation [[F-22 Raptor]] stealth fighter, which is only purchased by the United States Air Force.

'''2.''' Production possibilities is the balance struck between production of two goods, so a "production possibilities curve" is a graphical representation of the amount of good B you can produce when you produce a certain number of good A.

'''4.''' A Lorenz curve is a graphic representation of a hypothetical equal income distribution compared to the real distribution. The government should give priority to it, but not for the purpose of redistributing wealth.

'''5.''' The opportunity cost is 350 cars that you could have produced.

'''6.''' AFC is average fixed costs: total fixed costs divided by number of units produced . AVC is average variable costs: total variable costs divided by number of units produced. ATC is average total costs, FC+VC/Q. A firm should shut down in the short run if AVC>P.

'''7.''' A production possibilities curve can shift outward due to larger factories, or a less expensive production method.

'''9.''' A production possibilities curve is not usually straight; that would be an equal tradeoff between two goods, which rarely happens. If the curve was concave, you would have no motivation to make two goods: as you produce more of good B the amount produced for good A decreases a large amount.

'''10.''' Yes, you hire the tenth worker: you make a profit of $6 per hour.

'''11.''' "Comparative" refers to the comparison in production abilities between two countries. The term "comparative advantage" refers to the advantage that one country has producing nothing but the goods they make best, then trading their goods to other countries for the rest of the goods they require.

Epistle to Philemon (Translated)

2009-12-10T15:53:13Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Realityking (Talk) to last version by DouglasA

{{conservativeBible}}
The '''Epistle to Philemon''' is a letter written by [[Paul]] from prison, probably in A.D. 63 when Paul was in jail in [[Rome]].

It is Paul's shortest letter in the [[Bible]], in which he asks a Christian slaveowner (Philemon) to be merciful toward a runaway slave (Onesimus) who also accepted [[Christ]]. Onesimus carried this letter to Philemon, who then complied with Paul's request.

{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Paul, a prisoner of Jesus Christ, and Timothy our brother, unto Philemon our dearly beloved, and fellowlabourer,
|Paul, in prison for Jesus Christ, and our brother Timothy, say to our friend and fellow volunteer Philemon,
|"fellowlabourer" is misleading today, and falsely connotes socialism
|-
|2
|And to our beloved Apphia, and Archippus our fellow soldier, and to the church in thy house:
|And to dear Apphia and our colleague Archippus, and to your home church
|"fellow soldier" needs a conservative update
|-
|3
|Grace to you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
|God's grace to you, and peace of mind, from our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
|"peace" today means anti-war; "peace of mind" is what this means
|-
|4
|I thank my God, making mention of thee always in my prayers,
|Thanks be to God, as my prayers always do,
|"I" is avoided in modern style; also, conservative style is concise
|-
|5
|Hearing of thy love and faith, which thou hast toward the Lord Jesus, and toward all saints;
|hearing of your love and faith toward the Lord Jesus and all saints
|less arcane, more concise
|-
|6
|That the communication of thy faith may become effectual by the acknowledging of every good thing which is in you in Christ Jesus.
|That sharing your faith may be effective through acknowledging that every good thing comes from Christ Jesus.
|not much needed here, except conciseness
|-
|7
|For we have great joy and consolation in thy love, because the bowels of the saints are refreshed by thee, brother.
|For we enjoy great joy and comfort from your love, because the hearts of believers are cheered by you, my brother.
|fine-tuning here with contemporary terms
|-
|8
|Wherefore, though I might be much bold in Christ to enjoin thee that which is convenient,
|Though I could be so bold in the name of Christ to beg you to do what is right,
|the polite style of today
|-
|9
|Yet for love's sake I rather beseech thee, being such an one as Paul the aged, and now also a prisoner of Jesus Christ.
|Instead, for the sake of love I, Paul, urge you, in my old age and from prison for Jesus Christ.
|clarity
|-
|10
|I beseech thee for my son Onesimus, whom I have begotten in my bonds:
|I beg you on behalf of my convert Onesimus, to whom I successfully witnessed while imprisoned;
|"son" means convert; begotten means "successfully witnessed"; bonds means in jail; otherwise it falsely looks like Paul fathered a child
|-
|11
|Which in time past was to thee unprofitable, but now profitable to thee and to me:
|(which in the past was ineffective for you, but now is effective for you and for me)
|Profitable today implies shrewder motives than witnessing entails.
|-
|12
|Whom I have sent again: thou therefore receive him, that is, mine own bowels:
|whom I have sent again: you should therefore accept him, for he is of my faith.
|Greek phrasing implies kinship, a continuation of the Greek metaphor from verse 10. Also, see verse 20.
|-
|13
|Whom I would have retained with me, that in thy stead he might have ministered unto me in the bonds of the gospel:
|who I would have kept with me, that he might have witnessed to other prisoners here the Gospel, instead of you
|
|-
|14
|But without thy mind would I do nothing; that thy benefit should not be as it were of necessity, but willingly.
|but without you, am I to do nothing? You must volunteer, not be forced into this work.
|
|-
|15
|For perhaps he therefore departed for a season, that thou shouldest receive him for ever;
|For he who departs for a season should still always be welcomed back.
|
|-
|16
|Not now as a servant, but above a servant, a brother beloved, specially to me, but how much more unto thee, both in the flesh, and in the Lord?
|Not as a servant, but as more than a servant, a beloved brother, especially to me, but even more to you, both in this world and in the next?
|
|-
|17
|If thou count me therefore a partner, receive him as myself.
|If you consider me a partner, treat him as you would treat me.
|
|-
|18
|If he hath wronged thee, or oweth thee ought, put that on mine account;
|If he has done some wrong to you, or owes you anything,
|
|-
|19
|I Paul have written it with mine own hand, I will repay it: albeit I do not say to thee how thou owest unto me even thine own self besides.
|I, Paul, have written with my own hand that I shall repay it, although I do not say how you owe me even your very self.
|
|-
|20
|Yea, brother, let me have joy of thee in the Lord: refresh my bowels in the Lord.
|Colleague, let me have joy of you in the Lord: refresh my strength and faith in the Lord.
|Greek "σπλα..." is literally "bowels" but most closely matches English "heart" in metaphorical meaning.
|-
|21
|Having confidence in thy obedience I wrote unto thee, knowing that thou wilt also do more than I say.
|I write to you because I am confident in your obedience, doing even more than I ask.
|
|-
|22
|But withal prepare me also a lodging: for I trust that through your prayers I shall be given unto you.
|But still, I ask you prepare me a lodging, for I believe that through your prayers, I shall be released and delivered to you.
|
|-
|23
|There salute thee Epaphras, my fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus;
|Epaphras, a colleague in prison for Christ Jesus, sends his best wishes;
|The "salute" has militaristic connotations today, and the "fellow prisoner" really means "colleague in prison"
|-
|24
|Marcus, Aristarchus, Demas, Lucas, my fellowlabourers.
|as do my colleagues Marcus, Aristarchus, Demas, Lucas.
|"colleagues" more accurate than "labourers" in this context, and reverse ordering is more natural in English; also clarify that the others are ''extending'' rather than receiving the greeting
|-
|25
|The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen.
|May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen.
|"your spirit" is anachronistic today.
|}

== See also ==

*[[Conservative Bible Project]]

[[Category:Conservative Bible]]

Moses

2009-12-09T16:18:55Z

DuncanB: Protected "Moses": Excessive vandalism: s ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

'''Moses''' ([[Hebrew]]: '''מֹשֶׁה''', ''Mōšeh''; [[Arab|Arabic]]: '''موسىٰ''', ''Mūsā''; Ge'ez: '''ሙሴ''', ''Musse'', drawn out) (7 Adar 2433 AM–m. 2473 AM–7 Adar 2553 AM) (18 February 1571–m. 1532–13 March 1451 BC)<ref name=Jones>Jones, Floyd N. ''The Chronology of the Old Testament'', Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2004, Chart 4</ref> was the [[prophet]], legislator, [[Judge (biblical)|judge]], and leader of the [[Israel]]ites from the [[Exodus of Israel]] from slavery in [[Egypt]] to the doorstep of [[Canaan (land)|Canaan]]. He is best known for leading the Israelites out of Egypt, and for bringing the [[Ten Commandments]] down from [[Mount Sinai]]. He is also credited with writing most of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the modern [[Bible]]) ca. 1491-1451 BC.

== Life and family ==
Moses is highly esteemed as a prophet by the [[Jew]]s, [[Christian]]s, [[Muslim]]s, [[Mormon]]s, and [[Baha'i]]. Moses's call as a prophet is recorded in {{bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=3}}.

=== Genealogy ===
Moses was the younger son of [[Amram]] and [[Jochebed]], of the tribe of [[Levi]]. He had a brother, [[Aaron]], and a sister, [[Miriam]], both older than he. In the fortieth year of his life he married [[Zipporah]], daughter of [[Jethro]] the [[Midian]]ite, and had two sons, named [[Gershom]] and [[Eliezer (son of Moses)|Eliezer]].

=== Prince ===
In 2433 AM (1572/1 BC), the [[Pharaoh]] of [[Egypt]] had ordered that every male newborn Hebrew be thrown into the Nile. When Moses was born, his parents hid him for three months. But they knew that they could not hide him forever. So Jochebed, Moses' mother, took a wicker basket, coated it with tar and pitch, placed Moses into it, and set the basket adrift in the Nile. Miriam followed the basket to see where the river current might take it.

The basket drifted into the private bathing beach of the Pharaoh's daughter. She took the basket out of the river, found a baby boy inside, and decided to raise him as her own son. Then Miriam stepped forward and offered to find a nurse for the boy. The princess agreed, and Miriam then arranged for Jochebed to nurse her own son. The Pharaoh's daughter gave the boy the name of Moses, which means "drawn out," because she had drawn him out of the water.

Thus Moses grew up as a prince of Egypt. In fact, [[Flavius Josephus]] suggests that Moses commanded Egyptian troops and led them to victory against the forces of neighboring [[Ethiopia]].<ref name=Josephus2>Josephus, ''Antiquities'' 2.10</ref> According to that account, the Ethiopians were raiding the Egyptians, and the Pharaoh ordered Moses to lead an army to stop the raiders once and for all. Moses then used a remarkable tactic to take the Ethiopians by surprise. The Ethiopians were expecting Moses to attack by marching along the river, rather than by land, because the land between the two armies was so thick with snakes that it was impassable. For that very reason, Moses was determined to march over land. He ordered his artificers to construct cages and to carry [[ibis]] birds (a sacred bird in Egypt) with them. The ibis is a natural enemy of snakes, and so they scattered the snakes, and the army was safe. Thus the army crossed the land, surprised the enemy, and defeated them.

But Josephus goes on to suggest that Moses had to flee Egypt because a rival prince had hatched a plot to kill him in order to remove him as a rival for the throne. This contradicts the [[Bible]], which says that Moses had to flee because he killed an Egyptian, and Pharaoh found out about it.

The Biblical account of the murder of the Egyptian is as follows: When Moses was forty years old, he realized that he was not Egyptian at all, but Hebrew. When he saw the Hebrew slaves at work, he sympathized with them, not with the Egyptians. Then one day he saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew; the Bible does not tell the reason. Moses looked around for any witnesses, saw none, and killed the Egyptian and buried him on the spot. But later Moses tried to intervene in a physical altercation between two Hebrews. The man in the wrong challenged Moses to kill him, too, as he had the Egyptian. Moses then realized that his deed was known.

The Pharaoh heard of the murder and tried to have Moses killed. But Moses fled from Egypt and crossed the Sinai desert into [[Midian]]ite country. ({{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=2|verses=1-15}}, {{Bible ref|book=Acts|chap=7|verses=23-20}})

=== Shepherd ===
Moses came to a well and sat there, probably to recover his strength. Then seven young women came to the well with a flock of sheep. The women drew water from the well and filled the watering troughs, and then a group of shepherds, of unknown nationality, tried to drive them away from the well. Moses fought with the shepherds and forced them to desist. He then helped the women to water their flock.

The seven women were the daughters of [[Jethro]], the priest of Midian. When they returned to him, he asked them how they had been able to complete their chore so quickly. They told their father that "an Egyptian" had protected them from rival shepherds and helped them water the flock. Jethro told them to invite Moses to come and dine with them.

Moses stayed in Jethro's camp and learned how to be a shepherd. He lived with Jethro for forty years. He seems to have married Zipporah soon after he joined Jethro's camp. He had one son during his forty-year sojourn, and another son shortly before the Exodus.

=== Judge ===
: ''Main Articles: [[Egyptian plagues]], [[Exodus of Israel]]''

==== Call of God ====
Moses' career as the first [[Judge]] of [[Israel]] began with the Exodus. [[God]] called to Moses out of a bush that was in flame but did not burn. God said to Moses that He had heard the cry of His people, and would send Moses to deliver them. Moses at first asked God His Name, and God said,{{Bible quote|I AM THAT I AM|book=Exodus|chap=3|verses=14|version=KJV}}

The [[Hebrew]] text perhaps would translate better as, "I am; that's Who I am." In other words, God gave His Name literally as "I am." In every other part of the [[Bible]], the Name of God is given as YHVH or [[YHWH]]. This ''tetragrammaton'', pronounced "Yah-weh", translates as "He is." Thus God revealed His essential character: He simply is, was, always has been, and always will be.

Moses continued to protest that he was not a good speaker, but God continued to persuade Moses and used a large number of miraculous signs. He also said that Moses' brother [[Aaron]] would assist Moses in pleading before Pharaoh and in leading the people afterward.

While Moses was on his way to Egypt, God was about to kill him. Then [[Zipporah]], his wife, performed a circumcision on his son [[Gershom]] and threw the foreskin at Moses' feet, saying that Moses had become a "bridegroom of blood" to her. ({{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=4|verses=24-26}}) That this did not happen to [[Eliezer (son of Moses)|Eliezer]], his other son, indicates that this son was not yet eight days old, the age at which circumcision was required according to the [[Abraham]]ic covenant.

==== Exodus ====
Moses and Aaron initially came in peace to Pharaoh, and asked his leave to lead the Israelites into the desert for a three-day period. Pharaoh indignantly refused, and then issued an order that the Israelites would have to gather their own straw to make bricks, and still make the same quota of bricks. This caused the Israelites to look on Moses with extreme disfavor. This was probably the lowest point ever in Moses' life.

But it also took place exactly forty days before the eventual Exodus. In those forty days, God sent ten [[Egyptian plagues|plagues]] upon Egypt, each striking at the heart of Egyptian culture, religion, or both. The last and most severe plague was the plague upon the firstborn, and was also the occasion for the institution of [[Passover]].

On the day after this plague, the Egyptians nearly drove the Israelites out of their country, but not before the Israelites acquired a great store of precious metal, gemstones, linens, and other stuffs of luxury. Sadly, some of these would furnish the material for the [[Golden Calf]]. Happily, much more would furnish the material for the [[Tabernacle]].

==== The Red Sea ====
Six days after the Exodus began, the Israelites were camped next to the Red Sea, and they realized that the Egyptians were now pursuing them. Moses raised his staff, and the waters of the Red Sea parted and left a dry seabed for the Israelites to walk on. After the Israelites had walked across, the Egyptians also entered the seabed to continue their pursuit. Moses raised his staff again, and the waters closed over the army and drowned every last man.

==== The wilderness journey ====
: ''Main Articles: [[Ten Commandments]], [[Golden Calf]], [[Tabernacle]]''

Moses continued to lead the people of Israel for forty years. In that time he equipped and trained an army, handed down judgments, and repeatedly judged the people of Israel for their [[sin]].

The most significant events during those forty years included:

# Repeated "murmurings" of hardship, and the miraculous provision of [[manna]] and [[quail]].
# A battle with [[Amalek]]ites, in which [[Aaron]] and [[Hur]] held up Moses' arms so that he could continue to call God's blessing on the nascent Israelite army, under the command of [[Joshua (Biblical leader)|Joshua]].
# The reception of the [[Ten Commandments]] on stone tablets inscribed by God Himself.
# The disgraceful incident of the [[Golden Calf]].
# The construction of the [[Tabernacle]] and its furnishings, including the [[Ark of the Covenant]].
# The "strange fire" incident in which [[Nadab (son of Aaron|Nadab]] and [[Abihu]] died.
# The first census.
# The spy expedition, the bad report, and God's edict that no adult of that generation would survive to enter the Promised Land except [[Caleb]] and [[Joshua]], the only two spies to keep the faith.
# Two incidents in which Moses drew water from rocks.
# The mutiny of [[Korah]], [[Dathan]], and [[Abiram]].
# The deaths of [[Miriam]] and [[Aaron]].
# The initial conquests, including that of [[Heshbon]], and the incident involving [[Balaam]] and King [[Balak]].
# The disgrace of Israel with the women of [[Moab]], and how [[Phinehas]] distinguished himself in his zeal by summarily executing an Israelite and his [[Midian]]ite concubine, and then leading 12,000 Israelites to victory in the Battle of Midian later that year.
# The second census.

The Amalekite battle was the first battle of the army of Israel, which of course was untested and consisted of soldiers who, a short while before, had been slaves. Moses sent these untested recruits, under the command of [[Joshua (Biblical leader)|Joshua]], against [[Amalek]]ite raiders who had been attacking the stragglers among the Israelites. To ensure victory, Moses stood on a high hill and held up his rod. When he could not hold up his rod indefinitely, Aaron and Hur stood to either side of him, and each man held up one of Moses' arms. Thus Moses kept his rod held high, and the Israelites won.

The [[Golden Calf]] incident was the low point of the wilderness journey, lower even than the [[Korah]] Mutiny or the bad report of the spies. When [[God]] had finished dictating to Moses the Ten Commandments and the instructions for the [[Tabernacle]], He then told Moses to descend immediately, because the people had "corrupted themselves." God then said that he would make a new nation based on Moses. Moses begged God not to do this, and even said that God should kill him, too, if He were so determined. Nevertheless, Moses was furious with the people and would ultimately execute three thousand of them in that episode. Because only the [[Levi (tribe)|Levites]] came to his aid when he called for it, the Levites, from that day to this, took exclusive possession of all sacerdotal duty and responsibility in [[Jew]]ish life.

Moses would endure mutiny (as mentioned above) and questioning of his authority, even by his own brother and sister. Remarkably, he would still bring the Israelites to the border of the Promised Land with their faith nearly intact.

=== Death ===
On 1 Shevat 2553 AM (6 February 1451 BC), Moses gave his last address to the people of Israel. Most of the book of [[Deuteronomy]] consists of the text of that address.

Moses died on [[Mount Nebo]], on the eastern side of the Jordan River. No one knows even today where he is buried.

== Moses as prophet ==
Moses was unique among the prophets of Israel. God spoke face-to-face with Moses. Yet Moses always conducted himself with the utmost humility.

Perhaps his greatest project, other than leading the people of Israel across the Sinai desert, was the building of the [[Tabernacle]]. Every part of its furnishings and coverings is a symbol of [[Jesus Christ]] or His mission to [[earth]].

Sadly, Moses sometimes allowed the murmuring people to provoke him to anger. One one occasion this anger led him to disobey God. God had told Moses merely to speak to a rock and bring forth water. Moses had already struck a rock on an earlier occasion, a symbol of the punishment that [[Jesus Christ]] would undergo. Therefore Moses did not need to strike another rock. But he did strike the second rock. Thus he failed to honor God, and also spoiled the symbolism of the event. For that, God did not allow Moses to enter [[Canaan (land)|Canaan]] before he died.

== Moses as author ==
Moses is traditionally credited with being the author of the [[Pentateuch]], the first five books of the [[Old Testament]]. Jesus confirms this when he refers to Moses writing about him ({{bible ref|book=John|chap=5|verses=46}}), and although he is not specific about exactly what Moses wrote, he would have been referring to the books generally understood as being written by Moses. This body of work includes a history of the world from Creation to the moment of the death of Moses, a complete body of sacerdotal and civil law, and, most importantly, a detailed testimony of the Messiah to come, in the form of the Tabernacle.

Concerning the manner of the composition of the Pentateuch, one striking point stands out: it ends with the death of Moses, though Moses is supposed to be its author. Scholars have advanced three theories to explain this:

# Moses wrote the [[Pentateuch]] in their present form, and scribes added a few passages (such as reference to the death of Moses) after he died.
# Moses wrote a number of different books over the course of his life which were later compiled by scribes into the Pentateuch.
# [[Flavius Josephus]] suggests this theory: that Moses wrote about his own death before he died, for fear that the people might believe he escaped death because of his extraordinary virtue.<ref name=Josephus>Josephus, ''Antiquities'', 4.1.49</ref>

Some sceptics argue that Moses could not have written Deuteronomy, as the book records Moses' death. But that death is recorded in the very last chapter, and there is no reason not to think that a later author didn't append the final chapter. Such an occurrence does not undermine the claim of Moses' authorship of the principal work.

The source of the material is another open question, because obviously Moses was not alive during the events of Genesis or the first chapter of Exodus, and the second chapter begins with his birth. Two theories currently attempt to explain this:

# Moses did not write Genesis, but compiled it from pre-existing written documents handed down through the ancestors of the Israelites all the way back to Adam. Moses could have edited the text to update some information, but whilst Moses would not be the actual author of the book in this case, he would still be responsible for it in its final form, and it would therefore still be one of the "books of Moses".
# Moses received the basis of the [[Pentateuch]] directly from God, as is recorded in the [[Book of Jubilees]], and it was later compiled into historical form by scribes.

== Moses as military leader ==
Moses' reputation as a military leader allegedly begins even before the Exodus. Josephus alleges that Moses commanded [[Egyptian]] troops before his initial exile; this might or might not be true.

Moses did begin the first military training of the nation of Israel, and would send the Israelite army, under the command of [[Joshua (Biblical leader)|Joshua]], against other enemies even before he died. Joshua, of course, succeeded Moses as commander-in-chief, [[Judge (biblical)|judge]], and civil administrator.

== Moses in fiction ==
''Main Article: [[Moses in film]]''

Moses has appeared as the lead character in at least three dramatic projects, two in [[motion picture]]s and one on [[television]]. The record for a faithful depiction of his life is decidedly mixed.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See Also ==
* [[Ten Commandments]]

{{nb Levi}}
{{nb Judges}}
[[Category:Biblical Persons]]
[[Category:Biblical Military Commanders]]
[[Category:Egyptians]]
[[Category:Jewish People]]
[[Category:Old Testament]]

Moses

2009-12-09T13:26:34Z

DuncanB: Undo revision 728155 by Torpedorocks (Talk)

Homosexual rights advocacy

2009-12-09T13:24:03Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Loveramerica76 (Talk) to last version by Strigoides

{{Homosexuality}}
The '''gay rights''' movement seeks to elevate [[homosexuality]] to the same level of social and political respectability as heterosexual relationships.

With arguments against homosexuality largely dispelled, the gay rights movement seeks to remove the stigma of [[sexual perversion]] from homosexuality by arguing that either,
# Homosexuality is an immutable trait, and discriminating against immutable traits is wrong (cf. race discrimination), or,
# Homosexuality, if not immutable, is highly correlated with personality, and discriminating against such deeply rooted notions of self is wrong, as well (cf. religious intolerance).

Gay rights are a favored topic of [[liberals]], and are based on [[moral relativity]], the wrongheaded idea that there is no absolute Right or Wrong.

==Ludicrous arguments==

Homosexuality advocates claim that desire for same-sex fornication is innate, yet their feminist allies deny that aptitude or motivation for math and science is innate. Furthermore, two prominent scientists (both homosexual men, so unlikely to be biased against the cause) both cite '''factors other than genetics''' in the development of homosexual desires.{{citation needed}}

==History==
[[Harry Hay]] is regarded as the father of the modern gay liberation movement. As a [[Communist Party of the United States]] (CPUSA) organizer, he turned out "essays, position papers, critical studies, and manifestos concerning what it means to be gay in the world." <ref> [http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/A269_0_2_0_C/ Red Roots Of Gay Movement], Cliff Kincaid, Accuracy in Media, September 10, 2003. </ref>

The first step Hay took in organizing the gay rights movement was to recommend to the CPUSA that he be expelled. In
light of his 18 years of service to the party <ref>[http://www.sojournertruth.net/ipp.html#i In Partial Payment Class Struggle, Sexuality and Gay Liberation (1978)], by A. Rausch. Retrieved from ''Urgent Tasks: [[Leftist|Journal of the Revolutionary Left]]'', Sojourner Truth Organization Digital Archive , 10 May 2007. </ref> they released him as “a security risk but a life-long friend of the people.” The early leadership of the Foundation shaped the organization to reflect the cell structure of the Communist Party, in which "secrecy, hierarchical structures, and centralized leadership predominated." <ref>John D'Emilio, ''Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), quoted in Martin Meeker, Behind the Mask of Respectability, ''Journal of the History of Sexuality'', (2001) 78-116. </ref>
Hay and his fellow gay rights activists began circulating the [[USSR]] and the East European Communist parties sponsored anti-war [[Stockholm Peace petition]] against the [[Korean War]] <ref>[http://www.kimsoft.com/2000/germberia.htm New Russian Evidence on the Korean War Biological Warfare Allegations: Background and Analysis,]Milton Leitenberg, Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. </ref> at a gay beach in Los Angeles. The first months produced hundreds of members.

Amid growing public focus on gays and lesbians, 91 homosexuals were found to be employed in the [[U.S. State Department]]. Congressional investigators discovered homosexuals employed in 36 of 53 branches of Government, as well as in the armed forces. Between Jan. 1, 1947 and April 1950, 4,954 cases had come to light among some three and a half million people in Government service. Most were in the armed services. 574 cases were found involving civilian Government employees; in all the other cases the accused had either quit, been cleared or fired. The investigators found the greatest batch of civilian cases—143—in the U.S. State Department. State had cleared or gotten rid of all but a dozen whose cases were still pending. The Veterans Administration was found to have 101 cases. Others included the Atomic Energy Commission, 8; EGA, 27; Congress' legislative agencies (Library of Congress, congressional employees, etc.), 19. One Senator remarked, "It follows that if blackmailers can extort money from a homosexual under threat of disclosure, [[espionage]] agents can use the same type of pressure to extort confidential information." <ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,859060,00.html Object Lesson], ''TIME magazine'', Dec. 25, 1950.</ref>

The [[Human Rights Campaign]] referred to Hay as "founder and architect of the modern movement for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender rights" and "Harry was one of the first to realize that the dream of equality for our community could be attained through visibility and activism". <ref>[http://www.hrc.org/Content/ContentGroups/News_Releases/20021/HRC_Mourns_the_Death_of_Gay_Rights_Pioneer_Harry_Hay.htm Human Rights Campaign Mourns the Death of Gay Rights Pioneer Harry Hay], Press Release, Oct. 24, 2002.</ref> Hay not only promoted homosexual rights, he actively campaigned for the "rights" of pedophiles. ''The Boston Phoenix'' noted that nowhere was this more evident than in Hay's persistent support of the right of the North American Man-Boy Love Association, [[NAMBLA]], to march in gay-pride parades. <ref>''The Boston Phoenix'', [http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/other_stories/documents/02511115.htm The real Harry Hay], Michael Bronski, October 31 - November 7, 2002. </ref> NAMBLA maintains a website with a body of Hay's work and a tribute to Harry Hay on its homepage. The Human Rights Campaign and other gay rights organizations, while revering Hay for his contributions to gay rights, do not support NAMBLA or communism.

== Legal Success ==
Courts, including the Supreme Court, have accepted either one or both of these rationales. In ''[[Romer v. Evans]]'', the Court found that discriminating against homosexuals could only be explained by a rational of animus laid bare, which was not enough even to allow state condemnation of homosexuality under the [[rational basis review]] test. ''Romer'', then, protects the status of homosexuality from undue discrimination that occurs without a rational basis.<ref>Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620</ref>

Homosexual conduct was formerly illegal in many states.<ref>See generally ''Bowers v. Hardwick'', 478 U.S. 186</ref> In the last decade of the twentieth century, although these laws existed, they were rarely (if ever) enforced.<ref>''Lawrence v. Texas,'' 539 U.S. 558, Justice Anthony Kennedy, in the Opinion of the Court, found this in his historical analysis.</ref> Without disclosing whether it saw homosexuality as a status protected from discrimination at as high of a level as gender and race, the Court struck down bans on homosexual conduct, framing it as an expansion of its privacy jurisprudence.<ref>''Lawrence v. Texas'', 539 U.S. 558</ref>

The status of homosexuality before the law, then, is in some degree of flux. While bare discrimination against homosexual status is facially unconstitutional lacking a rational basis, and while preventing homosexual conduct is similarly unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has held in these landmark cases that the state may discriminate against homosexuals to preserve an "institution that the law protects" - namely, [[marriage]].<ref>''Lawrence v. Texas''; Kennedy & O'Connor both reached this conclusion explicitly.</ref> As such, the standard to be applied in deciding if discrimination against homosexuals is wrong is somewhere in between [[rational basis review]] and [[strict scrutiny review]]. Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] thinks that this uncertainty will surely be resolved in the favor of gay rights, and he warns that such a legal erosion will result in the downfall of the law's moral authority.<ref>''Lawrence v. Texas'', Scalia, J., dissenting.</ref>

In 2006, [[Catholic Charities]] of Boston closed their adoption program after more than a century of finding homes for [[orphans]] and [[unwanted children]] when it was reported by the ''Boston Globe'' that gay couples had received children placed from the agency.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/03/11/catholic_charities_stuns_state_ends_adoptions/ Catholic Charities stuns state, ends adoptions], By Patricia Wen, ''The Boston Globe'', March 11, 2006.</ref> Massachusetts law, barring "orientation discrimination", prohibited one of the nations oldest adoption agencies from refusing service to gay activists, and a mass resignation of the agency's Board in protest followed. <ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/191kgwgh.asp Banned in Boston], by Maggie Gallagher, ''The Weekly Standard'', 05/15/2006, Volume 011, Issue 33.</ref>

== Opposition to Gay Rights ==
A poll reveals that a majority of US citizens<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/18/AR2007031800484.html | Clinton, Obama Slow to Respond to Questions on Homosexuality] Washington Post, March 18, 2007</ref> disapprove of homosexuality, or at least consider it less than ideal, and prefer that public policy does not encourage it. They also believe that accepting homosexuality would require the loss of rights to free speech, freedom of religion, freedom of association, and traditional [[marriage]].<ref>Traditional Values Coalition - [http://www.traditionalvalues.org/modules.php?sid=2963 Homosexual Marriage In Canada Killing Free Speech]</ref>
Conservatives criticize attempts by gay rights activists to prohibit any statements which are critical of homosexuality, such as the idea that it is "unnatural" or "sinful", using [[hate crime]]s statutes and anti-[[discrimination]] laws.

Conservatives also oppose attempts by homosexual activists to indoctrinate children by using liberal tactics such as ''tolerance'' or forcing ''diversity'' programs onto children in schools which strongly encourage the acceptance of homosexual behavior. Notable figures including [[Tony Perkins]] have expressed concerns.

*The EU parliament called on Polish authorities to publicly condemn and take measures against declarations by officials "inciting discrimination and hatred based on sexual orientation." [http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D8OOFTCO5&show_article=1]

== Support for Gay Rights ==
An April 2009 CNN poll showed the public evenly divided over the US military's Don't Ask Don't Tell policy, with 48% in favor and 47% opposed.<ref>Polling Report http://www.pollingreport.com/civil.htm</ref> Polls consistently show that most people are opposed to same-sex marriage. Thirty states have had a public referendum on same-sex marriage, and all thirty have voted against it.

==Tactics==

*Kirk and Madsen predicted a mass public change of heart would follow, even among opponents, "if we can actually make them like us." <ref>[http://www.leaderu.com/jhs/socarides.html How America Went Gay], by Charles W. Socarides, M.D., ''America'', November 18, 1995.</ref>

Advocates routinely use [[deceit]], notably pursuing various goal while pretending not to. For example, some advocates will claim:
*The movement does not seek to convince others that homosexuality is ''right''

Yet clearly the drive for "[[tolerance]]" is only one step toward the ultimate goal of "[[approval]]".

Blurring distinctions: Advocates routinely fail to distinguish between [[homosexual behavior]] and homosexuality as an "identity".

===Presenting outstanding homosexuals as contributors to society===



Turing was arrested in 1952 for [[homosexuality|homosexual acts]] and subsequently lost his security clearance. He was allowed to stay out of prison by agreeing to be injected with female hormones (which would supposedly decrease his sex drive). He later confided to a friend that the hormones caused him to grow breasts.<ref>''Oddballs and Eccentrics''. Shaw, Karl. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, 2004</ref> This may have contributed to his suicide by [[cyanide]] poisoning in 1954.<ref>http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/index.html</ref> The British Government issued a formal, official apology for the way Alan Turing and other homosexuals were treated in the past.<ref>http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page20571</ref>

==See also==
*[[ACT-UP]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
*[[H.R. 1592: Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007]]
*[[Intimate Partner Violence]]
*[[Human Rights Watch]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
[[Category:Homosexuality]]

Barnabas

2009-12-09T13:23:16Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Noafdcap (Talk) to last version by Learn together

'''Barnabas''' (Saint Barnabus in [[Catholic]] and [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] traditions) was a [[Jew]] from [[Cyprus]] (Acts 4:36) and an important member of the [[Church of Jerusalem]] early in its founding history after the death of [[Jesus]]. His role in the early church is discussed in the [[Bible]] in the [[Book of Acts]].

It was Barnabas who first stood up for [[Paul]] to allow him to be fully accepted into the Jerusalem Church since even the Disciples were afraid of him due to his past of persecuting [[Christians]]. ([[Book of Acts|Acts]] 9:27) Barnabas was sent by the Jerusalem Church to [[Antioch]], where a "great number of people believed and turned to the Lord" from the preaching of other Christians who were scattered due to the persecution of the church in [[Jerusalem]]. Barnabas saw the great acts being done and encouraged them to "remain true to the Lord with all of their hearts" (Acts 11:22-23) He went and got Paul to join him. (Acts 11:25) Barnabus and Paul carried the love offering back to the Jerusalem church when a famine spread over the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] world in 43 A.D.<ref>The [[NIV]] Study Bible, Zondervan (1985), Pg. 1664</ref> (Acts 11:29-30)

Barnabas and Paul went on a missionary journey together from 46 to 48 A.D.<ref>The NIV Study Bible, Zondervan (1985), Pg. 1664</ref> They took with them [[Mark|John Mark]], the author of the [[Gospel of Mark]]. (Acts 12:25) During this journey, Paul rose to prominence over Barnabas. When they prepared for a second missionary journey in 50 A.D.<ref>The NIV Study Bible, Zondervan (1985), Pg. 1664</ref>, Barnabas wished to have [[John Mark]] accompany them again. [[Paul]] refused since John Mark had left them on the first journey. Unable to resolve their difference, Paul and Barnabas went their separate ways, with Barnabas and John Mark going to [[Cyprus]] to preach the [[Good News]] there.

== References ==

<References/>

[[Category: Biblical Persons]]
[[Category: Saints]]

Economics Homework Eleven Answers - Student Eight

2009-12-03T02:47:55Z

DuncanB: Created page with ''''Economics Homework Eleven''' '''Duncan B.''' '''1.''' When you loan somebody money, you are taking a risk that they may not return it. You want to get a little extra cash in...'

'''Economics Homework Eleven'''

'''Duncan B.'''

'''1.''' When you loan somebody money, you are taking a risk that they may not return it. You want to get a little extra cash in return for the possibility that they will not repay it.

'''2.''' You would pay 1,102.5.

'''3.''' A bus to Washington D.C. is a fixed cost, because the price of renting a bus does not vary.

'''5.''' Interest is compounded annually, therefore at the end of the year you recalculate amounts. To discover the amount paid in the second year, you use the following method: Divide $1000 by 1.1, result $909.09. You divide again, result $826.34.

'''6.''' Question #33 is a rather hard question, because you have to look carefully at it. The correct answer is (d) because as the product increases in price, factories produce more, which means hiring more workers.

'''7.''' Economic rent is the amount charged above and beyond a good's normal price due to a very limited supply. For example, Dennis Tito, the first space tourist, paid $20 million to spend a few days on the Mir space station, because supply was extremely limited.

'''8.''' When output is lowered, the price of goods rises. This is equivalent to price-fixing: it decreases the supply and increases the price per good.

'''9.''' I like the concept of the invisible hand: one of mankind's great flaws--greed--is turned for the benefit of [[society]].

Religion

2009-11-26T19:36:24Z

DuncanB: Protected "Religion": Excessive vandalism: see history ([edit=sysop] (expires 19:36, 6 December 2009 (UTC)) [move=sysop] (expires 19:36, 6 December 2009 (UTC)))

"'''Religion'''" refers to a set of core beliefs upon which people base their lives. Morality is often based on religion. Beyond this general definition, the word "religion" is used in several ways:

* '''Formal definition''': "The service and worship of [[God]] or the [[supernatural]];"<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=religion "Religion"] in Merriam Webster dictionary.</ref> Under this definition, [[atheism]], [[agnosticism]], and [[secular humanism]] are not "religions." <ref>Religious Groups Participating in Religious Congregations & Membership Study 2000. [http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/alldenoms.asp]</ref>.
* '''Functional definition''': "A cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith"<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=religion "Religion"] in Merriam Webster dictionary.</ref> By this definition, non-theistic belief systems such as [[atheism]], [[humanism]], and [[agnosticism]] could be considered religions. Indeed, the Supreme Court of the [[United States of America]] has acknowledged that "religion" does not need to include a belief in a god or gods, and included Secular Humanism as an example of a non-theistic religion.<ref>"Among religions in this country which do not teach what would generally be considered a belief in the existence of God, are Buddhism, Taoism, Ethical Culture, Secular Humanism, and others.". [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=367&invol=488#t11 Torcaso v. Watkins, (1961)]</ref><ref>"A federal court of appeals ruled ... Wisconsin prison officials violated an inmate's rights because they did not treat [[atheism]] as a religion." [http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=45874 Court rules [[atheism]] a religion] WorldNet Daily</ref>
* '''Organisational definition''': Under the definition, the term refers to a particular religious organisation or movement, such a [[Roman Catholic|Catholicism]], [[Methodist|Methodism]], or [[Lutheran]]ism. These groups generally consist of a central creed or body of beliefs, an ethical component (i.e. a code of morals), a body of literature or holy texts or stories, and a set of individual and communal practices. Under this definition, a person might say, "I'm not religious, because I don't go to church—but I believe in God."
* '''Practical definition''': Under this definition, the term refers to a set of practices, rites, or rituals observed by followers. Under this definition, a person might say, "I'm not religious, because I'm not into rituals. My relationship with God is enough."

== List of religions ==
Religions can be classified according to how many gods the religion recognises.
=== Monotheistic religions ===

Monotheistic ("one god") religions are followed by the vast majority of the world's population.

* [[Bahá'í]]
* [[Christianity]]
* [[Messianic Judaism]]
* [[Islam]]
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
* [[Judaism]]
* [[Rastafari movement]]
* [[Sikhism]]
* [[Zoroastrianism]]

=== Polytheistic religions ===
Polytheistic ("many gods") religions believe in and worship multiple gods or spirits or other supernatural beings. Polytheism has declined since the rise of Christianity, but has seen a recent resurgence among pagan cults in developed nations.

* [[Cao Dai]]
* [[Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints|Mormonism]]
* [[Paganism]]
* [[Scientology]] {{fact}}
* [[Shamanism]]
* [[Shinto]]
* [[Wicca]]

=== Pantheistic religions ===
Pantheistic ("all is god") religions believe that all of creation or nature is divine.

* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Jainism]]
* [[New Age]] beliefs

It is also worth noting the existence of 'Panentheism' and the importance of distinguishing it from Pantheism. Panentheism is the belief that God is ''in'' all things and is chiefly manifest in [[Animism]]. Nonetheless, Pantheism and Panentheism have also been shown to feature in some outlooks generally defined as 'Monotheistic' (cf. [[Baruch Spinoza]]).

=== Non-theistic religions and philosophies===
Non-theistic religions do not have a belief in God or gods. Some consider the existence of God to be unknown or irrelevant, while (strong) [[Atheism]] is the belief that asserts it is false.
* [[Agnostic]]ism
* [[Atheism]]
** [[Strong atheism]]
** [[Weak atheism]]
* [[Buddhism]] (though with elements of [[Pantheism]])
* [[Secular Humanism]]

=== Parody and joke religions ===
Several "religions" have been invented in an effort to denigrate or parody traditional religions. As a rule, these religions do not have followers who actually believe the tenets of the religions.

* [[Flying Spaghetti Monster|The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster]]
* [[Discordianism]]
* [[Jedi]]
* [[Last Thursdayism]]
* [[Church of the SubGenius|SubGeniism]]

== Faith in organised religion ==

The percentage of respondents answering they had a "great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in organised religion has decreased in the [[United States]] according to a [[Gallup]] poll taken in 2007. Only 46% of respondents selected either of the choices above. The numbers peaked at 68% in May 1975.<ref>Christian Examiner, Sept. 2007, Vol 25, No 9, Pg. 24</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==See also==
* [[World Religions by Number of Followers]]
*[[Christianity in Conservapedia]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/religion/ What Liberals Say - Category: Religion], [[Accuracy In Media]]
*[http://www.opposingviews.com/questions/is-there-a-god Opposing Views: Is There a God?]

[[Category:Religion]]

Religion

2009-11-26T19:35:45Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Svlad123 (Talk) to last version by JohnFraiser

Economics Homework Ten Answers - Student Eight

2009-11-19T01:48:49Z

DuncanB: homework

'''Duncan B.'''

'''Economics Homework 10'''

'''1.''' Externalities are indirect results of the production or use of goods, which are not needed or necessarily wanted, but they exist for many goods.

'''2.''' When total revenue is maximized, it is impossible for you to make any more [[money]]. Therefore, marginal revenue, which is the amount gained for one additional unit, is zero; if you make one more unit you will not be able to gain any more revenue. (In other words, demand exactly equals supply.)

'''3.''' I like question #35, as it is simply a matter of mathematics, and realizing what your answer means, but you have to look at it for a few minutes to understand it. (I looked at it for a few minutes and failed to understand it.)

'''4.''' A positive externality might be the printing press; its inventor, Gutenberg, never became rich and actually had all his equipment taken in a lawsuit, but his invention created an enormous benefit for society. A negative externality might be the noise created when aircraft take off from an airport: people living nearby have to endure the sound although they did not pay for a ticket.

'''5.''' By definition, public goods are available to all as soon as one person pays for them. Private firms usually do not produce them because they can only sell a very few, although there is a high demand, and the majority of the people who can enjoy it do not have to pay the firm.

'''6.''' A and B are substitutes; as the price for good B rises, the demand for good A rises. C and D are complements: as the price for good C increases, the demand for good D increases.

'''7.''' The four factors of production are land, the actual territory owned, capital, the amount of money controlled, labor, the workers, and entrepreneurship, the inventiveness and efforts of the managers.

'''8.''' If P=30/Q, then PQ=30, therefore total revenue (PxQ) is always 30. No matter how much you vary price or output, revenue remains the same, thus the good is unit elastic, meaning its price elasticity is 1.

'''9.''' A public good is a good that is not consumable, but remains basically the same as time goes by.

'''10.''' In question #16, it is nearly impossible to maximize total revenue for a firm; you can always get something for the extra unit. The marginal revenue would drop below marginal costs, but you would still get some revenue.

Economics Homework Nine Answers - Student Eleven

2009-11-13T02:04:59Z

DuncanB:

'''Duncan B.'''

'''Economics Homework Nine'''

'''1.''' An example of an oligopoly is the computer business. There are only a few companies, there are very high barriers to entry (it is very expensive to start a new one) and computers are basically similar goods.

'''2.''' Perfect competition, perfectly contestable markets, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, cartel, and monopoly are the six types of markets in order from least competition to most competition. Those with most competition are typically cheaper and those with least are usually more expensive.

'''3.''' The first probably refers to monopolistic competition. The second probably refers to perfect competition. The third refers to a monopoly.

'''4.''' Monopolies arise in five ways. First, a government created monopoly, where competition is prohibited by law. Second, the difficulties acquiring licenses to enter business, such as law practice, which requires three years at law school and the passing of several exams. Third, the control of a valuable resource, such as the famous Standard Oil Company, run by John D. Rockefeller, which at one time controlled 88 percent of the oil in the United States. Fourth, economies of scale for one company can force all major competitors to quit due to higher costs for them. Fifth, the government grant of patents and copyrights to inventors can yield a [[monopoly]].

'''5.''' A monopoly is still limited by the Law of Demand: the higher the price, the lower the quantity sold. They lose less money when they double the price for their widget than a firm with competition does, but they still lose money.

'''6.''' Both firms will reduce output in this instance, as that is where their combined profits are maximized.

'''7.''' Most government regulation in economic affairs is detrimental, with a few exceptions, which monopolies are not one of. Monopolists do charge higher prices, but current government regulation prevents them from worsening their products. A monopoly is usually the result of intensive and dedicated labor, and government breakup of them only takes the reward from the founders.

'''8.''' The deadweight loss is the total loss in consumer surplus when a monopoly reduces output to increase price per unit. For a monopoly, it is defined as P-MC.

Economics Homework Nine Answers - Student Eleven

2009-11-13T02:04:40Z

DuncanB: Created page with ''''Duncan B.''' '''Economics Homework Nine''' '''1.''' An example of an oligopoly is the computer business. There are only a few companies, there are very high barriers to entr...'

'''Duncan B.'''

'''Economics Homework Nine'''

'''1.''' An example of an oligopoly is the computer business. There are only a few companies, there are very high barriers to entry (it is very expensive to start a new one) and computers are basically similar goods.

'''2.''' Perfect competition, perfectly contestable markets, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, cartel, and monopoly are the six types of markets in order from least competition to most competition. Those with most competition are typically cheaper and those with least are usually more expensive.

'''3.''' The first probably refers to monopolistic competition. The second probably refers to perfect competition. The third refers to a monopoly.

'''4.''' Monopolies arise in five ways. First, a government created monopoly, where competition is prohibited by law. Second, the difficulties acquiring licenses to enter business, such as law practice, which requires three years at law school and the passing of several exams. Third, the control of a valuable resource, such as the famous Standard Oil Company, run by John D. Rockefeller, which at one time controlled 88 percent of the oil in the United States. Fourth, economies of scale for one company can force all major competitors to quit due to higher costs for them. Fifth, the government grant of patents and copyrights to inventors can yield a [[monopoly]].

'''5.''' A monopoly is still limited by the Law of Demand: the higher the price, the lower the quantity sold. They lose less money when they double the price for their widget than a firm with competition does, but they still lose money.

'''6.''' Both firms will reduce output in this instance, as that is where their combined profits are maximized.

'''7.''' Most government regulation in economic affairs is detrimental, with a few exceptions, which monopolies are not one of. Monopolists do charge higher prices, but current government regulation prevents them from worsening their products. A monopoly is usually the result of intensive and dedicated labor, and government breakup of them only takes the reward from the founders.
'''8.''' The deadweight loss is the total loss in consumer surplus when a monopoly reduces output to increase price per unit. For a monopoly, it is defined as P-MC.

Economics Homework Seven Answers - Student Eight

2009-10-29T01:49:53Z

DuncanB:

'''Economics Homework 7'''

'''Duncan B.'''

'''1.''' The four elements of perfect competition are: perfect knowledge of the market, perfect substitutes, perfect mobility of resources, and many buyers and sellers.

'''2.''' Competition with someone who you really want to beat can motivate you to try harder to beat them, or be better than them. In several of the classes before this one, I competed very hard with other students on the exam, which likely helped me to do better.

'''4.''' The converse of [[Gresham's Law]] is not necessarily true with conversation; it depends on the people in the conversation.

'''5.''' Total cost is the entire costs your firm sustained from the time you started, including the building of factories, purchase of machines, advertising, wages, production, and many others. Average cost is the total cost divided by number of goods produced (TC/Q). Marginal cost is the amount to produce one more unit.

'''6.''' The total loss is ($15x85)+(50x$20)+(10x$25)+(5x$30)=$2675.

'''7.''' There is not perfect competition between public schools and homeschools, for several reasons. First, the infamous "socialization:" public school students often see more of people of the same age. Second, few homeschools have access to organized teams for multiple sports (and typically public schools do not allow homeschoolers on their teams.) Finally, few homeschools have access to complicated laboratories and workshops for science.

'''8.''' Competition is the state existing when two nearly identical firms share the same market, promoting maximum efficiency.

'''9.''' Without the minimum wage, when the supply of labor increased the prices of labor would drop. Because there is a minimum wage, there is no result.

'''10.''' The firm has no profit or loss when Q=0, because they are not producing any goods or paying any people. The firm is not profitable.

Economics Homework Seven Answers - Student Eight

2009-10-29T01:33:39Z

DuncanB: Created page with ''''Economics Homework 7''' '''Duncan B.''' '''1.''' The four elements of perfect competition are: perfect knowledge of the market, perfect substitutes, perfect mobility of reso...'

'''Economics Homework 7'''

'''Duncan B.'''

'''1.''' The four elements of perfect competition are: perfect knowledge of the market, perfect substitutes, perfect mobility of resources, and many buyers and sellers.

'''2.''' Competition with someone who you really want to beat can motivate you to try harder to beat them, or be better than them. In several of the classes before this one, I competed very hard with other students on the exam, which likely helped me to do better.

'''4.''' The converse of [[Gresham's Law]] is not necessarily true with conversation; it depends on the people in the conversation.

'''5.''' Total cost is the entire costs your firm sustained from the time you started, including the building of factories, purchase of machines, advertising, wages, production, and many others. Average cost is the total cost divided by number of goods produced (TC/Q). Marginal cost is the amount to produce one more unit.

'''6.''' The total loss is ($15x90)+($50x20)+($10x25)=$2600.

'''7.''' There is not perfect competition between public schools and homeschools, for several reasons. First, the infamous "socialization:" public school students often see more of people of the same age. Second, few homeschools have access to organized teams for multiple sports (and typically public schools do not allow homeschoolers on their teams.) Finally, few homeschools have access to complicated laboratories and workshops for science.

'''8.''' Competition is the state existing when two nearly identical firms share the same market, promoting maximum efficiency.

'''9.''' Without the minimum wage, when the supply of labor increased the prices of labor would drop. Because there is a minimum wage, there is no result.

'''10.''' The firm has no profit or loss when Q=0, because they are not producing any goods or paying any people. The firm is not profitable.

Michael Moore

2009-10-24T12:43:05Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Alabamaroscoe (Talk) to last version by Aschlafly

[[Image:Michael-Moore.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Michael Moore]]
'''Michael Moore''' (born April 23, 1954) is a [[liberal|left wing]], admitted [[socialist]] filmmaker and [[conspiracy theorist]]. Moore is critical of the U.S. government, as can be seen in his reply to the question "You do not seem to like the U.S., do you?"
{{cquote|I like America to some extent. … Americans are simple and clear. They are charming people. You will understand how good an individual American is. What I am not satisfied with America is that the nation cannot control the government and economy. Only a handful of people have the power to control the country. <ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=32174</ref>}}

Moore's films and television programs represent some of the most egregious examples of deceitful [[liberal]] [[propaganda]] in contemporary American political discourse.

==Manufacturing dissent==
He is a hero in [[liberal]] Hollywood and to booksellers who tend to agree with his politics. Moore's films and commentaries are often based on themes of alleged "capitalist" greed. Though a multi-millionaire, Moore frequently appears on television and in photos dressed like blue-collar workers with whom he attempts to identify.

Moore produced a movie portraying President [[George W. Bush]] as part of a massive conspiracy, named ''Fahrenheit 9/11''. The contents of the film were systematically shown to be untrue, maliciously edited, and bordering on treasonous by an independent study <ref>http://www.davekopel.org/terror/59Deceits.pdf</ref>.

Moore was the producer and host of the television series "The Awful Truth," which was typified by a type of sketch-comedy activism that was often directed against large corporations and government agencies.

Moore's movie "Bowling for Columbine", which used the Columbine school massacre as a starting point, won the Acadamy Award for Best Documentary. Some of his other work includes the anti-corporate film ''Roger and Me'' and the books ''Dude, Where's my Country'', ''Downsize This! Random Threats from an Unarmed American'' and ''Stupid White Men''.

Moore also directed the anti-war music video for "Boom!" by [[System of a Down]], which was released to coincide with the beginning of the [[Iraq war]].

His production company which produces feature documentary-style films is Michael Moore Films.<ref>http://www.michaelmoore.com/</ref>

Michael Moore was the subject of the 2004 documentaries ''Michael Moore Hates America''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0411646/</ref>, ''Fahrenhype 9/11''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0427228/</ref> and the 2007 documentary ''Manufacturing Dissent''.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0961117/</ref> He was also the subject of books including ''Michael Moore Is a Big Fat Stupid White Man'' by David T. Hardy and Jason Clarke<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Michael-Moore-Big-Stupid-White/dp/0060779608/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/104-2466588-5816760?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1174624100&sr=1-1</ref> and ''Forgive Us Our Spins: Michael Moore and the Future of the Left'' by Jesse Larner.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Forgive-Us-Our-Spins-Michael/dp/047179306X/ref=pd_bbs_1/104-2466588-5816760?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1174623950&sr=8-1</ref>
[[Image:Moore html.jpg|right|thumb|Michael Moore, ranting|200px]]

== Sicko ==
In his comedy documentary, ''[[Sicko]]'', Michael Moore argued for the revamping of the American health care system, and supported that of [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Cuba]], and [[France]]. Sicko was released in late June 2007. In this documentary, Moore argues for a nationalized health care system, citing the supposed positive effects from the health care systems of the aforementioned countries, and the supposed negative effects stemming from the health care system of the United States. <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0386032/</ref><ref>http://www.michaelmoore.com/sicko/about/synopsis/</ref> Sicko received much criticism for dishonestly ignoring the problems with, in particular, Britain's National Health Service. <ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/minette_marrin/article2753620.ece</ref>

==Criticisms of Sicko==

Kurt Loder of [[MTV|MTV news]] alleged:

<blockquote>"Michael Moore may see himself as working in the tradition of such crusading muckrakers of the last century as Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair — writers whose dedication to exposing corruption and social injustices played a part in sparking much-needed reforms. In his new movie, "Sicko," Moore focuses on the U.S. health-care industry — a juicy target — and he casts a shocking light on some of the people it's failed. 

Unfortunately, Moore is also suspected of being selective with the truth, and never more so than in this film. His cherry-picked facts, manipulative interviews (with lingering close-ups of distraught people breaking down in tears) and blithe assertions (how does he know 18,000* people will die this year because they have no health insurance?) are so stacked that you can feel his whole argument sliding sideways as the picture unspools. The American health-care system is in urgent need of reform, no question. Some 47 million people are uninsured (although many are only temporarily so, being either in-between jobs or young enough not to feel a pressing need to buy health insurance). There are a number of proposals as to what might be done to correct this situation. Moore has no use for any of them, save one. 

As a proud Socialist, the director appears to feel that there are few problems in life that can't be solved by government regulation (that would be the same government that's already given us the U.S. Postal Service and the Department of Motor Vehicles). In the case of health care, though, Americans have never been keen on socialized medicine. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1563758/story.jhtml</ref>
</blockquote>

==Earnings==
Michael Moore's films have grossed worldwide in excess of $200,000,000.00. A breakdown for just the [[United States of America]] is below.

{| style="background:white" border="1" class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Michael Moore's Gross US box office film earnings<ref>[http://www.the-numbers.com/people/directors/MIMOO.php The Numbers]</ref><ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0386032/business</ref>
|-
! Film
! U.S. Gross $
|-
| Roger & Me
|style="text-align:right"| $6,706,368
|-
| Canadian Bacon
|style="text-align:right"| $178,104
|-
| The Big One
|style="text-align:right"| $720,074
|-
| Bowling for Columbine
|style="text-align:right"| $21,576,018
|-
| Fahrenheit 9/11
|style="text-align:right"| $119,114,517
|-
| Sicko
|style="text-align:right"| $24,540,079
|-
| '''TOTAL'''
|style="text-align:right"| '''$172,835,160'''
|}

==Treasury investigation==
According to ''Reuters'' in June 2007, Moore is reported to have hidden assets in Canada in reaction to an official investigation. Moore was operating offshore in Cuba allegedly as a "journalistic endeavor." The United States Treasury Department does not confirm or deny the existence of investigations. <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSN1119539820070613 Moore fears film seizure after Cuba trip], Michelle Nichols, ''Reuters'', June 12, 2007. </ref>

==Criticism==
[[Image:Obamabow2.JPG|thumb|left|President Obama bowing to the King of Saudi Arabia; Moore was highly critical of President George W. Bush's relationship with the Saudi ruling family.]]
'''[[Christopher Hitchens]]''' said of Fahrenheit 9/11, and Moore's work:
{{Cquote|To describe this film as dishonest and demagogic would be to promote those terms to the level of respectability. To describe this film as a piece of crap would be to run the risk of a discourse that would never again rise above the excremental…Fahrenheit 9/11 is a sinister exercise in moral frivolity, crudely disguised as an exercise in seriousness. It is also a spectacle of abject political cowardice masking itself as a demonstration of 'dissenting' bravery." <ref>[http://slate.com/id/2102723/ The lies of Michael Moore]. By Christopher Hitchens, //Slate'', June 21, 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.newmediajournal.us/guest/p_ibbetson/06092007.htm Michael Moore: A Criminal Profile], Paul A. Ibbetson, ''New Media Journal, June 9, 2007,</ref>}}

In 2004, Moore warned that if [[George W. Bush|Bush]] was re-elected as President: "...he's going to bring back the draft. He will be forced to. Because, thanks to his crazy war, recruitment is going to be at an all-time low. And many of the troops stuck over there are NOT going to re-enlist. The only way Bush is going to be able to staff the military is to draft you and your friends. Parents, make no mistake about it - Bush's second term will see your sons taken from you and sent to fight wars for the oily rich."<ref>Moore, Michael [http://www.clark04.com/moore/ ''I'll Be Voting For Wesley Clark/Good-Bye Mr. Bush''] 14 January 2004; Clark for President site. Accessed 17 March 2008</ref> Over four years later, the draft had not been reintroduced.

Moore says that corporations are "terrorists" and has said "I don't own a single share of stock" but IRS records showed he owned at least several hundreds of thousand dollars in stocks in Pentagon contractors like Boeing, pharmaceutical companies like Eli Lilly, and even Halliburton, the company most vilified by Moore in ''Fahrenheit 9/11''.

Moore uses a private jet on his book tours and stays at the Ritz Carlton hotel when in [[London]], but conducts press interviews in a cheap hotel nearby to give reporters the impression he is staying there instead. Moore calls himself "an Average Joe from Flint, MI" and says, "Once you’re working class, you’re always working class". The reality is that hypocrite Moore lives a luxury-class lifestyle out of reach of most Flint residents.

Moore says that Americans who live in white neighborhoods are racist, but lives in a town (Central Lake, Michigan) which according to the 2000 Census, had a black population of zero.

==Wikipedia controversy==
[[Image:Moorecagan.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Moore with [[Leslie Cagan]] [[United For Peace and Justice]]]]
Michael Moore's official website [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Attack_sites/Proposed_decision#Michael_Moore] put an image and name of a [[Wikipedia]] editor on its main page with links to edit both Wikipedia's article on ''[[Sicko]]'' and the Wikipedia editor's user page. Wikipedia policy explicitly states,
:"A website that engages in the practice of publishing private information concerning the identities of Wikipedia participants will be regarded as an attack site whose pages should not be linked to from Wikipedia pages '''under any circumstances'''."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/MONGO#Outing_sites_as_attack_sites]
Wikipedia Dispute Resolution policy stated aim is to "primarily investigate interpersonal disputes" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_policy#Scope] and not content disputes. Policy further states,
:"Links to attack sites may be removed by any user...Deliberately linking to an attack site may be grounds for blocking." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/MONGO#Links_to_attack_site]
Wikipedia Conflict of interest policy states, "Adding material that appears to promote the interests or visibility of an article's author, his family members, employer, associates, or his business or personal interests, places the author in a conflict of interest." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:COI#What_is_a_conflict_of_interest.3F] and "Campaigning. Activities regarded by insiders as simply "getting the word out" may appear promotional or propagandistic to the outside world... may have a conflict of interest."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:COI#Examples]

Protection of Wikipedia editors from activities targeting editors for harassment also states,"Any user, including an administrator using administrative powers, may remove or otherwise defeat attempts at harassment of a user. This includes harassment directed at the user themselves."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/MONGO#Combatting_harassment], and finally, "It is unacceptable to harass another user."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/MONGO#Harrassment]

Unequivocally, Michael Moore's official website, michaelmoore.com, engaged in egregious violations of multiple Wikipedia policies warranting blocking of users from Michael Moore's website, and editors linking to it. Further, official Wikipedia policy states all links to Michael Moore’s website from Wikipedia must be removed.

In discussion of the case, harassment and intimidation of a Wikipedia editor was excused, whose expertise on the subject of healthcare was characterized as "an attorney, who is a Fellow at the [[American Enterprise Institute]], a [[conservative]] think tank." [http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2007-October/083230.html] The interpersonal nature of the attack was ignored by Wikipedia's rule making body, in favor of,
:"a bunch of considerations. One is that ''Sicko'', finally, brings to public attention information which has not been generally presented by American media. This is right up our alley... we and whoever runs Moore's website look ridiculous. ..."

Wikipedia's Neutral Point of View (NPOV), laid down by founder [[Jimbo Wales]] allegedly is "absolute and non-negotiable."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#_note-0] Wikipedia Arbitration Chairman stated,
:"Obviously we need to make an exception for prominent people whose viewpoint we support."

When asked what he learned from the Michael Moore experience, the Chairman said,
:"If a powerful [[leftwing]] celebrity attacks a [[rightwing]] Wikipedia editor on his website, his supporters on Wikipedia should be able, as a practical matter, to prevent removal of links to his site."

==See also==
*[[Schlockumentary]]
*[[Previous Breaking News/Michael Moore|Articles about '''Michael Moore''' from previous "Breaking News"]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.racewire.org/archives/2007/07/moore_attacks_cnn_network_spew.html Moore attacks CNN network, spews anti-South Asian sentiments], ''RaceWire.org'', July 10, 2007.
*[http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2007-October/082987.html WikiEN-l Harassment sites], Sun Oct 14 19:27:21 UTC 2007.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moore, Michael}}
[[Category:Conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Socialists]]
[[Category:Anti-war Movements]]
[[category:propagandists]]
[[Category:Liberal Activists]]

Bill O'Reilly

2009-10-24T12:42:52Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Alabamaroscoe (Talk) to last version by OscarJ

[[Image:Bll.png|thumb|right|Bill O' Reilly On The O' Reilly Report]]
'''Bill O'Reilly''' is a generally [[conservative]] commentator and host of the show ''The O'Reilly Factor'' on the [[Fox News Channel]], which he calls the "No Spin Zone." O'Reilly calls himself a "traditionalist" and an "independent."

''The O'Reilly Factor'' is the highest-rated hour on any cable news channel. Over 2.5 million people watch the show each night and millions more listen to his own radio show.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/23/60minutes/main645202.shtml Bill O'Reilly: "No Spin"] Transcript 60 Minutes with Mike Wallace aired Sept. 26, 2004. </ref>

O'Reilly has condemned white [[racist]] prejudice against U.S. blacks.

He is deeply disliked by many on the [[leftist|far-left]].

==Trivia==
* O'Reilly and conservative-mocker [[Stephen Colbert]] have appeared on each others' shows.<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16698834/</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Conservative Links]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Oreilly, Bill}} 
[[Category:Broadcasters|Oreilly, Bill]]
[[Category:Conservative Commentators]]

Economics Homework Six Answers - Student Eight

2009-10-21T22:56:01Z

DuncanB: homework

'''Economics Homework 6'''

'''Duncan B.'''

'''1.''' You can easily determine your fixed cost by examining your costs when output is zero; you are not using any funds to actually produce any widgets, but you still have costs: your fixed costs.

'''2.''' Diminishing returns to scale.

'''3.''' A family's short run cost for a broken [[computer]] is a computer repairman. A long term cost is a whole new computer.

'''4.''' Your marginal cost to fix a car is $4: each mechanic can fix three cars an hour while being paid $12 an hour. Your marginal product is 3: 12 cars/4 employees.

'''5.''' Long run costs are always more beneficial and less expensive than short run costs, as the former are major changes while the latter are just minor adjustments. Four years of higher education may seem useless at the time, but later it pays off in the form of a better job.

'''6.''' Your fixed cost is $1 million: the amount needed to build the factory. Your average total cost is $2 million/50 cars=$40,000: the total cost of producing 50 cars. Your average variable cost is $1 million/50=$20,000: the costs actually needed to make the cars. Your marginal cost is $1,018,000/51=$19960.

'''7.'''''a.'' This increases marginal costs.

'''''b.''''' This does nothing to variable costs, which do not include fixed costs.

'''''c.''''' This gives you more fixed costs, which increases total cost.

'''8.''' Your accounting profit is $0, because accounting profit does not include opportunity costs. Your economic profit is -$8: the opportunity cost for the hour.

'''9.''' Marginal cost of labor.

'''10.''' As inflation increases, money's value decreases. With 10% inflation each year, the value of a dollar decreases $0.30, $0.10 a year. A $10 good whose price remains the same over the three years seems like it remained at the same price, but if the good's price increases by less than the CPI increase (caused by inflation), the real price decreases.

'''11.''' Long run average costs are always lower than short term average costs because you have to pay a certain amount just to construct a facility, hire workers, buy machinery, and produce your first product. The average costs include all costs, so as you make more and do not have as many fixed costs, your average cost decreases.

'''12.''' '''B''' is correct. You want maximum efficiency to produce the 1000 widgets, and you can best achieve that by increasing your returns to scale. If you double your production facilities and get more than double the output, you produce them faster and more cheaply.

Academic atheism

2009-10-18T12:32:26Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Vallannion (Talk) to last version by RodWeathers

'''''Academic atheism''''' refers to attempts by [[liberal]]-controlled [[universities]] to force [[evolution]] and [[atheism]] on their students while ridiculing [[Christianity]] and other faiths.

The prevalence and expansion of Academic atheism is a key aspect of the [[atheist agenda]], by which atheists can indoctrinate students to their [[worldview]].

== Severe Dangers ==
Liberals in control of schools attempt to remove all references to God and ban private [[prayer]], leading to [[Mystery:Do_Liberal_Teachings_Cause_Mental_Illness%3F|mental illness]].

In November 2008, [[conservative]] Christian student Jesse Kilgore committed suicide after a professor forced him to read [[Richard Dawkins]]' atheist [[The God Delusion]]. The university had also fostered an anti-Christian environment, persecuting the faithful.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=81459</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

{{Nb Atheism}}
[[Category:Atheism]]

Wormwood

2009-10-18T12:31:45Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Fortehlulz (Talk) to last version by AddisonDM

'''Wormwood''' is the name of the star, from the Book of [[Revelation]]. Wormwood is a translation of the Greek ''abdinthos'' and is a stupefying and often lethal plant product<ref>Defefender's Study Bible by Dr. Henry M. Morris; Study Notes, Revelation 8:ll Wormwood</ref>. Wormwood is also an ingredient in the [[alcohol]]ic spirit [[absinthe]].

The [[London]] open space called Wormwood Scrubs (and the [[prison]] of the same name) does not derive its name from wormwood, but is a corruption of ''Wormholt'', 'the wood of the snakes' (''worm'': snake; ''holt'': wood).

==Reference==
<references/>
[[Category:Bible]]
[[Category:Plants]]

Margaret Thatcher

2009-10-18T12:31:34Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Fortehlulz (Talk) to last version by Jpatt

{{Prime Minister
|image=Margaret_Thatcher.jpg
|seq=71
|term_start=May 4 1979
|term_end=November 28 1990
|party=Conservative Party
|previous=James Callaghan
|next=John Major
|birth_date=October 13 1925
|birth_place=Grantham
|spouse=[[Denis Thatcher|Sir Denis Thatcher, Bt]]
|religion=[[Methodist]]
}}

'''Margaret Hilda Thatcher (nee Roberts)''', later Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven (born October 13, 1925), was [[Prime Minister]] of the [[United Kingdom]] from 1979 to 1990, the first woman to hold the position. With the possible exceptions of [[Harold Macmillan]] and (less frequently) [[Tony Blair]], she is usually regarded as the greatest post-[[World War II|WWII]] Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Thatcher was chosen to be the leader of the Conservative Party in February 1975, succeeding former Prime Minister [[Edward Heath]]. She was opposed to socialism and out-of-control union power which had brought down the previous Conservative government in 1974. She led the Conservatives to victory in the May 1979 [[General Election]] and was thus appointed Prime Minister.

Lady Thatcher sold many of the nationalized industries back to private investors and made tax cuts. She broke the power of the trade unions which stood in the way of the rationalization of the coal industry and modernization of the newspaper industry. Due to her strong standards and her leadership style, she became known as the "[[Iron Lady]]," a term originally coined as an insult by the communist [[Soviet Union]], but one she adopted, at the instigation of her political ally [[Enoch Powell]], with glee. A famous statement of hers was that "the lady is not for turning", in reference to calls from within her own party to back down on issues that were important to her. Thatcher was always a strong supporter of the the [[United States]], and was a good friend of President [[Ronald Reagan]], uniting with him in actions against the Communists.

She led Britain to victory against [[Argentina]] in a 1982 war over sovereignty of the [[Falkland Islands]]. The United States was allied with both countries, and initially tried to broker a negotiated settlement. When that failed, the U.S. supported Britain with vital intelligence information. The conflict led to a strong friendship with the Chilean leader [[Augusto Pinochet]] after Chile helped Britain in the conflict.

Thatcher won a total three general elections (1979, 1983 and 1987). By 1990, her popularity was waning and there were calls from within her own party for her to step aside. She was challenged for the party leadership, and when it became clear to her that she would not have the necessary votes she decided not to stand for a second party vote in 1990. [[John Major]] won the party leadership vote, and was subsequently appointed to succeed Thatcher as Prime Minister. Thatcher was the longest serving British Prime Minister in more than 150 years and, alongside Winston Churchill, many consider her to be one of the two most important British political leaders of the twentieth century.

Her regime was controversial, however. Social mobility decreased, whilst education and the [[National Health Service]] suffered a number of cuts. [[Unemployment]] rose to unprecedented levels, exceeding one in ten, and the method of counting was regularly altered to lower the published figures. Many of her actions in the north of England seemed petulant, infamously the sudden closure of much of the mining industry, whilst refusing to interfere with the consequences.

She fundamentally moved the British economy from an industrialist model, to a financial, speculative economy. This shift also served to undermine trade union power with fewer people in stable long term employment and instead in the service industry.

[[Time Magazine]] wrote of Lady Thatcher: ''"She was the catalyst who set in motion a series of interconnected events that gave a revolutionary twist to the century's last two decades and helped mankind end the millennium on a note of hope and confidence. The triumph of capitalism, the almost universal acceptance of the market as indispensable to prosperity, the collapse of Soviet imperialism, the downsizing of the state on nearly every continent and in almost every country in the world — Margaret Thatcher played a part in all those transformations, and it is not easy to see how any would have occurred without her. [[Champion]] of free minds and markets, she helped topple the welfare state and make the world safer for capitalism"'' [http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/thatcher.html]

==Career prior to 1979==

The predominant influence in Lady Thatcher's early life was her father, [[Alfred Roberts]]. Roberts was a grocer by occupation who was active in local politics. Years later, Lady Thatcher continued to acknowledge his formative influence on her (for example, in the second volume of her memoirs, ''The Path to Power'').

Lady Thatcher attended Somerville College, [[Oxford University|Oxford]], where she read chemistry and became chairman of the university Conservative association. After graduating, she worked for a time as a research chemist before qualifying as a barrister and practicing as a [[tax]] lawyer, an indication of her interest in financial matters. In this time period, it was uncommon in Britain for a female from an ordinary middle-class background to go to a top-class university and then to pursue a career in the male-dominated and somewhat elitist world of the Bar.

Lady Thatcher married [[Sir Denis Thatcher]], a successful businessman whom she met at a Conservative Party meeting. They had two children, twins [[Mark Thatcher|Mark]] and [[Carol Thatcher|Carol]].

Under the troubled Conservative premiership of [[Edward Heath]] (1970-1974), Thatcher served as Secretary of State for Education during which time her most noted achievement was the withdrawal of a daily milk ration to primary age schoolchildren earning her the nickname Milk-Snatcher. After the Conservatives were defeated in the elections of February and October 1974, Thatcher challenged the more liberal Heath for the leadership of the party. When she went into Heath's office to tell him her decision, he did not even bother to look up. "You'll lose," he said. "Good day to you." [http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/thatcher.html]

Though at the time she was a relatively untested figure (and many in the party were wary of choosing a woman leader), she defeated both Heath and other male rivals in the contest in February 1975. Heath subsequently became a prominent personal and political adversary of Thatcher, drawing accusations of bitterness.

In the 1970s, Lady Thatcher's strongly conservative, pro-capitalist stance resonated with a new mood among the British electorate, many of whom had become dissatisfied with the post-[[World War II]] liberal consensus (the "post-war consensus", sometimes also called "Butskellism" after the centrist Conservative politician [[Rab Butler]] and the moderate Labour politician [[Hugh Gaitskell]]). Thatcher and the Conservatives offered a clear alternative vision for an increasingly aspirational society. The Conservative politician Sir [[Keith Joseph]] was the primary intellectual force behind these theories that later became known as ''Thatcherism''. They were strongly influenced by the pro-market intellectuals [[Friedrich von Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]].
[[Image:503px-Thatcher-loc.jpg|right|thumb|Margaret Thatcher as Leader of the Opposition in 1975.]]

===Attitude to Abortion===

Margaret Thatcher, throughout her parliamentary career, voted in favor of liberal abortion laws.[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1988thatcher.html]

==1979 election==
The Labour party under [[James Callaghan]] (prime minister 1976-79) contested the May 1979 election as unemployment passed the one-million mark and unions became more aggressive. The Conservatives used a highly effective poster created by Saatchi and Saatchi, showing a dole queue snaking into the distance and it carried the caption "Labour isn't working".
[[Image:THATCH~1.JPG|thumb|550px]]
Voters gave Conservatives 43.9% of the vote and 339 seats to Labour's 269, for an overall majority of 43 seats. People generally voted against Labour rather than for the Conservatives. Labour was weakened by the steady long-term decline in the proportion of manual workers in the electorate. Twice as many manual workers normally voted Labour as voted Conservative, but they now constituted only 56% of the electorate. When [[Harold Wilson]] won narrowly for Labour in 1964, they had accounted for 63%. Furthermore they were beginning to turn against the trade unions—alienated, perhaps, by the difficulties of the winter of 1978-9. In contrast, Tory policies stressing wider home ownership, which Labour refused to match. Thatcher did best in districts where the economy was relatively strong and was weaker where it was contracting.

==Prime Ministership==
===Economic policy===
Thatcher's chief goals in power were to reverse Britain's economic decline and to reduce the range of the state as well as standing taller on the international stage. She found a soul-mate in Ronald Reagan, elected in 1980 but whom she had met in 1975. Thatcher started by increasing interest rates to drive down inflation which hit the manufacturing sector and caused unemployment to rise sharply and there was a deep recession in the early 1980s blamed on her Government's economic policy. This led to her famous quote: 'the lady is not for turning', and she refused a policy u-turn and, despite an open letter from 364 economists, taxes were increased in the middle of a recession. Although unemployment did not reach 3 million till 1982, a year earlier British cities burned as thousands took to the streets to demonstrate their frustration. Inflation was going down though, allowing interest rates to fall.

===Falkland Islands===
As the economy started to recover Argentina invaded the Falklands, the first (and unprovoked) invasion of sovereign British territory by a foreign government since the Second World War. This invasion was preceded by her withdrawal of military defense from the islands. Thatcher immediately declared her resolve to recapture the islands in line with the wishes of their inhabitants, and dispatched a naval task force to that end. With help from President [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]] of [[Chile]] and, more covertly, [[Ronald Reagan]], the British forces swiftly recaptured the islands. The resulting wave of patriotic enthusiasm as well as her right to buy policy for council homes, and a uselessly divided opposition, meant she got a landslide victory in the June 1983 general election.
===Unions===
The central theme of Thatcher's second term was reducing the power of the trade unions with a series of measures that a number of unions reacted to with industrial action. In particular the National Union of Mineworkers led by Arthur Scargill. The Tories had prepared for the strike by building up coal reserves and the deploying well paid police units fitted out with new riot gear brought in after the disturbances of 1981 who taunted the strikers by waving fivers at them. The miners responded with bricks and very ugly scenes developed on picket lines that split the country. Scargill's failure to hold a ballot for the strike undermined public support and the striker's chant of 'vote with your feet' calling miners to join the strike was turned on them as more and more returned to work over the year of the strike.
===IRA===
In the middle of the strike, on October 12 1984, the IRA detonated a bomb during the Conservative Party conference in Brighton. Thatcher escaped injury but five people died in the attack and Margaret Tebbit was left paralyzed, the conference went on as normal.
===Privatization===
Thatcher's political and economic philosophy emphasized free markets and since gaining power she had experimented in selling off nationalized industries starting with the National Freight company, most of the large utilities followed.

Privatization was perhaps the most enduring legacy of the political economy developed under Thatcher. She privatized long-nationalized corporations (such as the telephone and aerospace firms) and, most important, sold public housing to tenants, all on favorable terms. The policy developed an important electoral dimension during the second Thatcher government (1983-90). It involved more than denationalization: wider share ownership was the second plank of the policy, and this provides an important historical perspective on the relationship between Thatcherism and 20th-century conservatism.<ref> Richard Stevens, "The Evolution of Privatisation as an Electoral Policy, c. 1970-90." ''Contemporary British History'' 2004 18(2): 47-75. Issn: 1361-9462 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]</ref>

===Foreign policy===
Thatcher supported Reagan's policies of deterrence against the Soviets and US forces stationed nuclear cruise missiles at British bases, arousing mass protests by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. She supported the US bombing raid on [[Libya]] from bases in Britain in 1986 and, by refusing to side with a European consortium, in backing a the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation of the USA over a British company Westland. Michael Heseltine resigned in protest at her style of leadership over this. In 1984 she visited [[China]] and signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration with [[Deng Xiaoping]] that agreed the handover of [[Hong Kong]] in 1997. Also that year at the Fontainebleau summit Thatcher argued that the UK paid far more to the EEC than it received in spending and negotiated a budget rebate using the argument that ‘We want our money back’. In 1985, the University of Oxford voted to refuse her an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for education.
===Reelected 1987===
In 1987, Thatcher became the first British Prime Minister to win three consecutive general elections since [[Lord Liverpool]] (1812-1827).
===Environment===
In the late 1980's Thatcher began to be concerned by environmental policy and in 1988 she made a major speech accepting the problems of global warming, ozone depletion and acid rain. <ref>[http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=107346 Speech to the Royal Society, 9/27/1988]</ref>

===Europe===
At Bruges, she made a speech in which she outlined her opposition to proposals from the European Communities for a federal structure and increasing centralization of decision-making believing that the role of the EC should be limited to ensuring free trade and effective competition. She was specifically against Economic and Monetary Union, through which a single currency would replace national currencies, and for which the EC was making preparations. In 1989 the economy high interest rates were imposed to stop an unsustainable boom. At the Madrid European summit, Nigel Lawson and Geoffrey Howe forced Thatcher to agree the circumstances in which she would join the Exchange Rate Mechanism, a preparation for monetary union. She took revenge on both by demoting Howe and listening more to her adviser Sir Alan Walters on economic matters. Lawson resigned that October and in November, a so-called ‘stalking horse candidate Sir Anthony Meyer challenged Thatcher for the leadership of the Conservative Party. In 1989 a new system of local government finance to replace the rates was introduced for Scotland in 1989 and for England and Wales in 1990. Called the 'Community Charge' but known as the Poll Tax was applied at the same amount to every individual resident with only limited discounts. Widespread opposition culminated in a huge [http://newsfilm.bufvc.ac.uk/article.php?story=200510081953085 demonstration] in London on March 31 that turned into the largest outbreak of public disorder central London had seen in a century which was followed by millions of people refusing to pay the tax. This along with her government's handling of the economy, her perceived arrogance and a general feeling that she would never retire, made her politically vulnerable. Geoffrey Howe resigned on November 1 and condemned Thatcher's policy on the European Communities then openly invited 'others to consider their own response'. Michael Heseltine's response was a leadership challenge which resulted in a narrow failure, by two votes, for Thatcher to win automatic re-election. After consulting with cabinet colleagues she found a vast majority thought that she could not win on the second ballot. On November 22nd Thatcher announced that she would not be a candidate in the second ballot. She supported John Major as her successor, and retired from Parliament at the 1992 election.

==Life after being Prime Minister==

After leaving the House of Commons, Thatcher was dubbed '''Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven''' and entered the House of Lords, an entirely normal and expected honor for a British ex-Prime Minister. More controversially, Denis Thatcher was given a Baronetcy, which ensured that their son, Mark, would inherit the title of "Sir Mark".

Leaving power reportedly depressed Lady Thatcher, and aside from writing her memoirs, her role as 'backseat driver' in the Major administration was not well received. She publicly endorsed [[William Hague]] against [[Kenneth Clarke]] for the Conservative leadership in 1997. She made many speaking engagements around the world, including very vocal support of former dictator General [[Augusto Pinochet]], whom the new Labour administration extradited to Spain on charges of torturing political opponents. In March 2002 she suffered a mild stroke, and she was told by her doctors to make no more public speeches on health grounds. Nevertheless she insisted in 2004 on attending the funeral of her old friend and political soul-mate, Ronald Reagan, against her doctor's orders. Baroness Thatcher is still seen at Tory party gatherings and has continued endorsing party leaders, such as Iain Duncan Smith. In August 2008, the world had the misfortune to learn from Lady Thatcher's daugher that Lady Thatcher had been suffering from [[dementia]] for as many as eight years.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7579352.stm</ref> This has been a debilitating blow for her loyal supporters and supporters of freedom worldwide.

[http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/thatcher.html][http://www.fandmpublications.co.uk/pages/margaretbiography1.htm][http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page126.asp]

==Quick Facts==
*Born: 13 October 1925 in [[Grantham]], [[Lincolnshire]]

*First entered Parliament: 8 October 1959

*Became leader of the [[Conservative]] Party in February 1975

*Elected as Prime Minister in May 1979

*Age she became PM: 53 years, 204 days

*Maiden Speech: 5 February 1960 during the second reading of her Private Member's Bill

*Total time as PM: 11 years, 209 days

*Nickname: "The Iron Lady"

*Education: Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School and Somerville College, Oxford

*Before Thatcher became an MP, she worked as a research chemist for British Xylonite and then Lyons & Company, where she helped develop methods for preserving ice cream.

*Family: Margaret Thatcher is the younger of two daughters. She often gave her father as an example of an outstanding citizen. She married [[Sir Denis Thatcher]], and has one son and one daughter.

*Interests: Music, art, opera and reading.

[http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page126.asp][http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/thatcher.html]

==Husband==
Denis Thatcher, ''as the first male PM spouse in history'', was always likely to be the center of media attention - and he didn't disappoint.

When she met him, Baroness Thatcher remarked that "it was clear to me at once that Denis was an exceptional man - he had a certain style and dash." Described as a man of integrity, humor and common sense, he had a strong business background and fought with the Royal Artillery during the war.

It was said that Denis was in 'the Thatcher party not the Tory party'. He once famously remarked, recalling the words of Mark Twain, that: "it's better to keep my mouth shut and be thought a fool rather than open it and remove all doubt."

When he died in 2003 his wife paid tribute to the man she loved by saying: "Being PM is a lonely job. In a sense, it ought to be - you cannot lead from a crowd. But with Denis there I was never alone. What a man. What a husband. What a friend."

[http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page126.asp][http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/thatcher.html]

== Notable quotes==

*"I like Mr Gorbachev, we can do business together."

*"The lady is not for turning"

*"I have made it quite clear that a unified Ireland was one solution that is out. A second solution was a confederation of two states. That is out. A third solution was joint authority. That is out-that is a derogation of sovereignty."

*"I always cheer up immensely if an attack is particularly wounding because I think, well, if they attack one personally, it means they have not a single political argument left."

*"If you lead a country like Britain, a strong country, a country which has taken a lead in world affairs in good times and in bad, a country that is always reliable, then you have to have a touch of iron about you."

*"I do not know anyone who has got to the top without hard work. That is the recipe. It will not always get you to the top, but should get you pretty near."

*"There is no such thing as society."

*"What Britain needs is an iron lady."

*"Unless we change our ways and our direction, our greatness as a nation will soon be a footnote in the history books, a distant memory of an offshore island, lost in the mists of time like Camelot, remembered kindly for its noble past."

*"I just owe almost everything to my father [and] it's passionately interesting for me that the things that I learned in a small town, in a very modest home, are just the things that I believe have won the election."

*"Democratic nations must try to find ways to starve the terrorist and the hijacker of the oxygen of publicity on which they depend." [http://www.quoteworld.org/authors/margaret-thatcher/1/]

*"It will be years before a woman either leads the Conservative Party or becomes Prime Minister. I don't see it happening in my time" (in 1970)[http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page126.asp]

== See also ==
*[[Thatcherism]]
*[[Conservative Links]]

==External Links==
* [http://www.margaretthatcher.org/ Margaret Thatcher Foundation]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* Adonis, Andrew, and Tim Hames, eds. ''A Conservative Revolution: The Thatcher-Reagan Decade'' (1994), comparative perspective
* Backhouse, Roger E. "The Macroeconomics of Margaret Thatcher," ''Journal of the History of Economic Thought'' 2002 24(3): 313-334 online at EBSCO
* Campbell, John. ''Margaret Thatcher. Vol. 1: The Grocer's Daughter.'' (2000); ''Margaret Thatcher. vol. 2: Iron Lady'' (2007), 520pp; 913pp; long, detailed authoritative biography
* Clarke, Peter. "Margaret Thatcher's Place in History: Two Views," ''Journal of the History of Economic Thought'' 2002 24(3): 357-368 online at EBSCO
* Dellheim, Charles. ''The Disenchanted Isle: Mrs. Thatcher's Capitalist Revolution.'' (1995) 352 pp.
* Evans, Brendan. ''Thatcherism and British Politics, 1975-1997'' (2000)
* Evans, Eric J. ''Thatcher and Thatcherism.'' (2nd ed. 2004). 176 pp [http://www.questia.com/read/107494201?title=Thatcher%20and%20Thatcherism online edition]
* Fry, Geoffrey K. ''Politics of the Thatcher Revolution: An Interpretation of British Politics 1975 - 1990'' (2008)
* Geelhoed, Bruce E. and Hobbs, James F. ''Margaret Thatcher's Last Hurrah: In Victory and Downfall, 1987 and 1990.'' (1992). 193 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/15091359?title=Margaret%20Thatcher%3a%20In%20Victory%20and%20Downfall%2c%201987%20and%201990 online edition]; also [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Margaret-Thatcher-Victory-Downfall-1987/dp/0275941485/ref=sr_1_34?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212823416&sr=8-34 excerpt and text search]
* Haseler, Stephen. ''The Battle for Britain: Thatcher and the New Liberals.'' (1990). 195 pp.
* Holmes, Martin. ''The First Thatcher Government, 1979-83: Contemporary Conservatism and Economic Change'' (1985); ''Thatcherism: Scope and Limits, 1983-87.'' (1989). 174 pp. a sympathetic assessment.
* Jenkins, Peter. ''Mrs. Thatcher's Revolution: The Ending of the Socialist Era.'' (1988). 417 pp. critical
* Johnson, Christopher. ''The Grand Experiment: Mrs. Thatcher's Economy and How It Spread.'' (1993). 341 pp.
* Kavanagh, Dennis. ''Thatcherism and British Politics: The End of Consensus?'' (1987). 334 pp.
* Kavanagh, Dennis, and Anthony Seldon, eds. ''The Thatcher Effect'' (1989), major interpretive essays by experts
* King, Anthony. "The Outsider as Political Leader: the Case of Margaret Thatcher." ''British Journal of Political Science'' 2002 32(3): 435-454. Issn: 0007-1234 Fulltext: [[CUP]] and [[Jstor]]. Thatcher was a social outsider, psychological outsider and political outsider.
* Krieger, Joel. ''Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Decline.'' (1987). 247 pp.
* Moon, Jeremy. ''Innovative Leadership in Democracy: Policy Change under Thatcher.'' (1993). 157 pp.
* Morgan, K.O. ''The People's Peace: British History, 1945-90'' (1990) survey by leading scholar
* Pugliese, Stanislao, ed. ''The Political Legacy of Margaret Thatcher.'' (2003). 419 pp.
* Reitan, Earl A. ''The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, and Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979-2001.'' (2003). 260 pp.
* Reitan, Earl A. ''Tory Radicalism: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979-1997.'' (1997). 222 pp.
* Riddell, Peter. ''The Thatcher Decade: How Britain Has Changed during the 1980's.'' (1989). 236 pp.
* Roy, Subroto and Clarke, John, eds. ''Margaret Thatcher's Revolution: How It Happened and What It Meant.'' (2005). 209 pp.
* Savage, S.P., and L. Robbins, eds. ''Public Policy under Thatcher'' (1990), essays by experts
* Sharp, Paul. ''Thatcher's Diplomacy: The Revival of British Foreign Policy.'' (1997). 269 pp.
* Smith, Geoffrey. ''Reagan and Thatcher.'' (1991). 285 pp.
* Thompson, Juliet S., and Wayne C. Thompson. ''Margaret Thatcher: Prime Minister Indomitable'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/read/85710688?title=Margaret%20Thatcher%3a%20Prime%20Minister%20Indomitable online edition]
* Waine, Barbara. ''The Rhetoric of Independence: The Ideology and Practice of Social Policy in Thatcher's Britain.'' (1992). 172 pp.
* Wall, Stephen. ''A Stranger in Europe: Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Stranger-Europe-Britain-Thatcher-Blair/dp/0199284555/ref=sr_1_26?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212823185&sr=1-26 excerpt and text search]
* Walters, A. A. ''Britain's Economic Renaissance: Margaret Thatcher's Reforms, 1979-1984.'' (1986). 200 pp.
* Wapshott, Nicholas. ''Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher: A Political Marriage.'' (2007) 329 pp.
* Whipple, Amy C. "'Ordinary People': The Cultural Origins of Popular Thatcherism in Britain, 1964-1979." PhD dissertation Northwestern U. 2004. 253 pp. DAI 2004 65(5): 1926-A. DA3132626 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Young, Hugo. ''The Iron Lady: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher.'' (1989). 570 pp. well-written and well researched
* [http://www.amazon.com/Margaret-Thatcher-Bibliography-Bibliographies-Statesmen/dp/book-citations/0313282889/ref=sid_dp_av?ie=UTF8&citeType=citing#citing additional books]
===Primary sources===
* Clark, Alan. ''Mrs. Thatcher's Minister: The Private Diaries of Alan Clark.'' (1994). 421 pp.
* Thatcher, Margaret. ''The Path to Power (1995); ''The Downing Street Years.'' (1993). 914 pp., highly detailed memoirs

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thatcher, Margaret}}

[[Category:United Kingdom Prime Ministers]]
[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:British Politics]]

Bible

2009-10-17T19:40:55Z

DuncanB: Protected "Bible": Excessive vandalism ([edit=sysop] (expires 19:40, 24 October 2009 (UTC)) [move=sysop] (expires 19:40, 24 October 2009 (UTC)))

[[Image:800px-Crop Book of Isaiah 2006-06-06.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Holy Bible, opened to the Book of Isaiah.]]
{{Bible}}
The '''Bible''', or the '''Holy Scriptures''', is the collection of texts sacred to [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]], and consists of two parts: the thirty-nine books of the Jewish faith known as the '''Tanakh''', or the [[Old Testament]], to which additional books are recognized by [[Christians]]; and the twenty-seven books and letters of the [[New Testament]] of the Christian faith. Originally written in [[Hebrew]], Aramaic, and Greek, the Bible has been translated in more than two thousand languages; in terms of sales and distribution the Bible is the most-widely distributed, largest-selling book in history;<ref> The Bible continues to be the best-selling book ever. Americans alone buy 25 million Bibles a year, according to Publisher's Weekly. Bible sales are now reaching $609 million a year, with specialty Bibles available for myriad "niche" audiences, from motorcycle riders to campers, brides and archaeologists. "Immerse," a water-resistant Bible for troops overseas, is now available from publisher Bardin & Marsee. [http://www.washtimes.com/national/20070529-111815-7952r.htm Polls: Most believe Bible as God's word] - Jennifer Harper, ''The Washington Times'' - May 30, 2007] </ref>
the over-all influence and impact the Bible has had on literature, culture, and history is beyond calculation. Most [[Christians]], Protestant and Catholic, agree on the books of the [[New Testament]], but the Protestant Bible includes 66 books of the [[Old Testament]] while the Catholic Bible includes an extra 7 books, for a total of 73.<ref>The Catholic Bible includes these books that are not included in the Protestant Bible:
# The Wisdom of Solomon
# Tobit
# Sirach
# Judith
# 1st Maccabees
# 2nd Maccabees
# Baruch [http://www.catholicbible101.com/theholybible.htm]</ref> The Protestant Bible has 593,493 words in the Old Testament and 181,253 words in the New Testament.<ref>http://www.christiananswers.net/bible/about.html</ref>

==Name==
The word "Bible" had its origins in an ancient [[Phoenicia]]n seaport called [[Byblos]], which was so-named as a result of the trade and manufacture of writing material based on the [[papyrus]] or byblos reed, used extensively in antiquity for making [[scroll]]s and [[book]]s. The [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''biblos'' was based upon this, and it came to be the word for ''book'' (a small book was termed ''biblion''), and by the 2nd century A.D. Greek [[Christianity|Christians]] had called the Scriptures ''ta Biblia'' ('''τα βιβλία''' ''the books''), which was transferred to [[Latin]] by dropping the ''ta''; the word made its way to [[Old French]] where the plural was dropped in favor of the singular, hence becoming the [[English]] word ''Bible''. (Unger, pg 143; Moulton; Blass)

==Books of the Bible==
===The Old Testament===
{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="360" style="margin-left:5px" class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Old Testament layout
|-
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Jewish
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Christian
|-
|Genesis
|Genesis
|-
|Exodus
|Exodus
|-
|Leviticus
|Leviticus
|-
|Numbers
|Numbers
|-
|Deuteronomy
|Deuteronomy
|-
|Joshua
|Joshua
|-
|Samuel
|Judges
|-
|Kings
|Ruth
|-
|Isaiah
|1st Samuel
|-
|Jeremiah
|2nd Samuel
|-
|Ezekiel
|1st Kings
|-
|The Minor Prophets
|2nd Kings
|-
|Psalms
|1st Chronicles
|-
|Proverbs
|2nd Chronicles
|-
|Job
|Ezra
|-
|Song of Songs
|Nehemiah
|-
|Ruth
|Esther
|-
|Lamentations
|Job
|-
|Ecclesiastes
|Psalms
|-
|Ester
|Proverbs
|-
|Daniel
|Ecclesiastes
|-
|Ezra
|Song of Solomon
|-
|Chronicles
|Isaiah
|-
|
|Jeremiah
|-
|
|Lamentations
|-
|
|Ezekiel
|-
|
|Daniel
|-
|
|The Minor Prophets
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Dates of each Book
|-
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Old Testament
!align ="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|New Testament
|-
|Genesis, 1440-1400 B.C.
|Matthew, A.D. 60-65
|-
|Exodus, 1440-1400 B.C.
|Mark, A.D. 60-65
|-
|Leviticus, 1440-1400 B.C.
|Luke, A.D. 58-65
|-
|Numbers, 1440-1400 B.C.
|John, A.D. 95
|-
|Deuteronomy, 1440-1400 B.C.
|Acts, A.D. 58-65
|-
|Joshua, 1400-1360 B.C.
|Romans, A.D. 58
|-
|Judges, c. 1020 B.C.
|1st Corinthians, A.D. 57
|-
|Ruth, c. 1090 B.C.
|2nd Corinthians, A.D. 57
|-
|1st Samuel
|Galatians, A.D. 56
|-
|2nd Samuel
|Ephesians, A.D. 62-63
|-
|1st Kings, 609-600 B.C.
|Philippians, A.D. 58-60
|-
|2nd Kings, 609-600 B.C.
|Colosians, A.D. 61-63
|-
|1st Chronicles, c. 400 B.C.
|1st Thessalonians, A.D. 52
|-
|2nd Chronicles, c. 400 B.C.
|2nd Thessalonians, A.D. 53
|-
|Ezra, c. 400 B.C.
|1st Timothy, A.D. 62-65
|-
|Nehemiah, c. 400 B.C.
|2nd Timothy, A.D. 65-66
|-
|Esther, 464-425 B.C.
|Titus, A.D. 65
|-
|Job, 1440-1400 B.C.
|Philemon, A.D. 65
|-
|Psalms, 1004-965 B.C.
|Hebrews, A.D. 63-64
|-
|Proverbs, 965-925 B.C.
|James, A.D. 63-64
|-
|Eccleisiastes, 965-925 B.C.
|1st Peter, A.D. 64
|-
|Song of Solomon, 965-925 B.C.
|2nd Peter, A.D. 65
|-
|Isaiah, 785-697 B.C.
|1st John, A.D. 90-100
|-
|Jeremiah, 587-538 B.C.
|2nd John, A.D. 90-100
|-
|Lamentations, 587-538 B.C.
|3rd John, A.D. 90-100
|-
|Ezekiel, 592-572 B.C.
|Jude, c. A.D. 70-75
|-
|Daniel, 539-520 B.C.
|Revelation, A.D. 96-98
|-
|Hosea, 753-731 B.C.
|
|-
|Joel, 835-796 B.C.
|
|-
|Amos, 787-747 B.C.
|
|-
|Obadiah, 848-841 B.C.
|
|-
|Jonah, 771-754 B.C.
|
|-
|Micah, 715-687 B.C.
|
|-
|Nahum, 661-612 B.C.
|
|-
|Habbakuk, 625-608 B.C.
|
|-
|Zephaniah, 621-608 B.C.
|
|-
|Haggai, 520 B.C.
|
|-
|Zechariah, 520 B.C.
|
|-
|Malachi, 455 B.C.
|
|}
The [[Old Testament]], also called the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, consists of thirty-nine books. The books themselves were originally written in [[Hebrew]], and later on in the [[Aramaic]] language of Palestine; the Greek language version written after the conquest of [[Alexander the Great]] is known as the [[Septuagint]]. [[Melito]], a bishop of [[Sardis]] in [[Lydia]] (in what is now [[Turkey]]), is said to have coined the phrase ''Old Testament'' about A.D. 170. The Old Testament is divided in three parts (hence, "Tanakh") within the Jewish community: the [[Torah]] ("Law"), or [[Pentateuch]], the five books of [[Moses]]; [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets"), and [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings,” or [[Hagiographa]]). Here the arrangement of the books differs somewhat from the Old Testament as used by Christians, however the actual writing of each book remains the same. The Christian order of the the books of the Bible follow the Chronology of the events and the personages being related, while in the Jewish order, though there is a chronological framework, the order follows more the importance, influence, "weight of usage" within Judaism. Thus, for orthodox Judaism, The Torah of Moses (the 5 books of Moses) come first, and are the most authoritative of all Scripture. Under the Pharasaic theory that the Moses was given the Oral law explicating how the written law was to be applied, at the same time as he was given the written law contained in the Bible, and that oral law passed on through the generations, the Mishna and the Gemara composing the Talmud is equally authoritative with the Torah of Moses. Then the Prophets come next in authority. But the Prophets are broader than considered by the Christian ordering. The Prophets do include what Christians call the Former and the Latter, or the Major and the Minor prophets, but it also includes what Christinns consider History - such as the books of the Kings. The last in authority for every day life of the Jew in terms of "regulation", actually form a great influence in the Synagogue worship - the Writings, with a heavy emphasis on the Psalms.

====Torah====
The Five books of Moses, in their Hebrew and English names:
*Bereisheet ("in the beginning"), or [[Genesis]]
*Shemot (“names”), or [[Exodus]]
*Vayikra (“and God called”), or [[Leviticus]]
*Bemidbar (“in the Wilderness”), or [[Numbers]]
*Devarim (“words”), or [[Deuteronomy]]

The first eleven chapters of ''Genesis'' provide the account of the [[Creation]], the history of God's early relationship with humanity, and the [[Deluge]] of [[Noah]]. The remaining thirty-nine chapters detail the account of God's covenant with the early Hebrew nation, led by the patriarchs [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]] and [[Jacob]] (or Israel), and one of Jacob's children, [[Joseph]]. It tells the beginnings of God's chosen people, of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home to settle in the land of [[Canaan]], and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt. The remainder of the Torah, beginning with ''Exodus'', tells the story of the great Hebrew leader [[Moses]], and of the Hebrews through their sojourn and slavery in Egypt, their escape from bondage, and their wanderings in the desert until they finally enter the Promised Land.

====Nevi'im====
The [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets") is the story of the rise toward, and ultimately reaching, the Hebrew monarchy; the sad period of anarchy and revolt leading to the division into the two kingdoms of Judah and Israel; and the prophets who judged the kings of both in God's name. It ends with the conquest of both kingdoms and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. The Minor Prophets are considered a single book in the Nevi'um; in Christianity they have been split into twelve separate books and named for their authors.
* [[Joshua (Biblical book)|Joshua]]
* [[Judges (Biblical book)|Judges]]
* [[I Samuel]]
* [[II Samuel]]
* [[I Kings]]
* [[II Kings]]
* [[Isaiah (Biblical book)|Isaiah]]
* [[Jeremiah (Biblical book)|Jeremiah]]
* [[Ezekiel (Biblical book)|Ezekiel]]
* [[The Minor Prophets]]
**[[Hosea (Biblical book)|Hosea]]
** [[Joel (Biblical book)|Joel]]
** [[Amos (Biblical book)|Amos]]
** [[Obadiah (Biblical book)|Obadiah]]
** [[Jonah (Biblical book)|Jonah]]
** [[Micah (Biblical book)|Micah]]
** [[Nahum (Biblical book)|Nahum]]
** [[Habakkuk (Biblical book)|Habakkuk]]
** [[Zephaniah (Biblical book)|Zephaniah]]
** [[Haggai (Biblical book)|Haggai]]
** [[Zechariah (Biblical book)|Zechariah]]
** [[Malachi (Biblical book)|Malachi]]

====Ketuvim====
The [[Ketuvim]], or "Writings," contain lyrical poetry, philosophical reflections on life, and the writings of the prophets and other Jewish leaders during the exile in [[Babylon]].
* [[Psalms]]
* [[Proverbs]]
* [[Book of Job]]
* [[Song of Songs]], also called [[Song of Solomon]] in the Christian Bible.
* [[Book of Ruth]]
* [[Lamentations]]
* [[Ecclesiastes]]
* [[Esther]]
* [[Daniel (Biblical book)|Daniel]]
* [[Ezra]], divided into the two books of Ezra and [[Nehemiah]] in the Christian Bible.
* [[Books of Chronicles]]

[[David]] has been named as the author of the ''Psalms''; [[Solomon]] is believed to have written ''Song of Songs'' in his youth, the ''Proverbs'' in his prime, and ''Ecclesiastes'' during his old age. The prophet [[Jeremiah]] is thought to have written the aptly-named ''Lamentations'' at the beginning of the exile in Babylon. The ''Book of Ruth'' is the only biblical book that centers entirely on a non-Jew, a [[Moabite]] who married a Jew and became an ancestor of both David and [[Jesus Christ]]. ''Esther'' is unique as it is the only book in the Bible not to mention God. [[Moses]] is considered to be the author of ''Job''.

===The melodies of the Old Testament===
The Hebrew of the present day Old Testament is composed of the Hebrew consonents and, added on at a later stage, the vowels. Along with these two elements, other signs were added which indicated the melodies that were sung along with the words or phrases. Some of the signs were positioned above the individual consonents, some below, and some to the side. Some of these melody signs were associated with others providing a musical pattern that corresponds with the opening of a thought, similar to the beginning of a sentence (ex. "merkha"), the continuation of a thought (ex. "munakh"), tying in one word with the following, as one melody flowed into the next, the "resting" or completion of a thought, much in "the same way that a comma (ex. "azla"), though not ending a sentence, makes for the "semi"-ending or minor completion of a thought, a major break in the run of thoughts ("etnachta"), though the run of thought would be resumed until the major completion ("sof pasuq"), much in the same way the a period brings to a stop and a completion as a sentence ends. Thus the musical signs in the Hebrew text also provide an interpretion of the text current to the times in which the signs were incorporated as part of the text. The signs that tie one word to another providing one thought are called "conjunctive" signs and the signs that separate words and the thought of them are called "disjuctive". An example of the use of these signs to interprete the Hebrew text is the well known prophesy of the One to come. The Hebrew letters can either be understood to read "His name shall be called Wonderful counsellor of the mighty God", or "His name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty God." The melody signs (called in Hebrew "Ta'mei HaMikra) decide for the latter. After "Wonderful" there is a disjuctive, after "Counsellor" there is a disjuctive, and after "Mighty" (but adj. after the noun in Hebrew order) there is a conjunctive. It is possible to reconstruct to some extent the melody and the interpretation of the Old Testament current in the first century and therefore the melody and the interpretation of Jesus Himself. This is because of the following: the present day melodies of the various dispersions of the Jews are to a great extent different one from the other. Some of these dispersions are the Ashkenazi, representing the Jews exiled from Israel by the Romans in 70 A.D. and then on to the Rhine Valley,and then onto parts of Eastern Europe, Western Europe, America, etc. the Sephardim who saw the beginnings of their disperion from Spain in the 15th Century and then on to Greece, Turkey, North Aftrica. Holland, and America, the Yemenites, the Bnei Israel of India, the Jews of Ethiopia, etc. etc, Yet, with the diversity in melodies of the Scriptures, there are certain features which are either identical or strikingly similar. Musicologist, Joel Segal, pointed out over 40 years ago, that that could only have been possible if these dispersions were at one time together in the same place. The only time that all these dispersions were together in the same place was prior to the great dispersion of the first century and the fall of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.

===Old Testament Apocrypha===
The [[Apocrypha]] was written during the four hundred years between the last book of the Old Testament and the birth of Christ. The term itself comes from the Greek word ''apokruphos'' ("hidden" or "concealed"), and although they have an actual history and literary value, the fourteen books which make up the Apocrypha have been rejected as canonical by both the Jewish faith and most denominations of the Christian church due to historical, geographical, or literal inaccuracies; the teaching of doctrines which contradict inspired Scripture; and a lack of elements and structure which give genuine Scripture its unique characteristic (Unger, pg. 70). The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, among others, include the Apocrypha in their versions of the Bible, considering them to be canonical.

The Apocryphal books had been used in both Israel and Egypt and are part of the Old Testament in the Greek language used by Jews all over the Greek speaking world - particularly Alexandria, Egypt. This version is called the Septuaginta. The Septuaginta fell into disuse among Jews for two reasons - 1. Greek speaking Christians were using the Septuaginta in their efforts to bring Jews to faith in Jesus Christ 2. A number of the Apocryphal books were also apocalyptic, that is, focusing on the last days, the KIngdom of God in battle against the kingdoms of this world and the downfall of this world's empires. This was considered dangerous and liable to provoke Rome against the Jews. Alternative Greek translations to the Septuaginta, which was considered "loose", were adopted by the Rabbis. These were the translations of three proselytes to Judaism, Theodosious, Aquillas, and Symmachus. The Jewish Rabbinic "Council" of Jamnia (Yavneh on the Mediterraenian coast of Israel) in 90 A.D., under the leadership of Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai, effectively excluded the Apocraphal books (along with the Septuaginta) from the Jewish Canon by requiring, for a book to be considered canonical, that it have been written in Hebrew (and Aramaic). Actually, a number of the apocryphal books, or portions thereof, had been written originally in Hebrew, most notably, the Book of Ben Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) found in Hebrew at Qumran with the rest of the Dead Sea Scrolls, but this was unknown to Yohanan Ben Zakkai and the Council of Jamnia in the first century. Under the impetus of Renaissance learning, Protestant scholars, now able to translate the Bible directly from the original languages of Hebrew and Greek, instead of having to go through the Latin Vulgate, went directly to the Hebrew text. But this was the Hebrew text (eventually to be called the "Massoretic text") of the canon of books that had been authorized by the Council of Jamnia. In this way, most Protestant churches came to not include the Apocryphal books in their Canon of Scripture.

The following are the books which are most frequently referred to by the title ''Apocrypha'':
*[[1 Esdras]]
*[[2 Esdras]]
*[[1 Maccabees]]
*[[2 Maccabees]]
*[[Book of Tobit]]
*[[Book of Judith]]
*[[Book of Wisdom]]
*[[Ecclesiasticus]], also known as Sirach
*[[Book of Baruch]]
:*[[Epistle of Jeremiah]] is sometimes listed as separate book or the last chapter of Baruch
*[[Prayer of Manasseh]]
*Greek language additions to the [[Book of Esther]]

Additions to the book of Daniel
*[[The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children]]
*[[Story of Susanna]]
*[[Bel and the Dragon]]

Between 90-95 A.D. the Jewish [[Council of Jamnia]] revised the canon of the Old Testament, ensuring that the books involved conformed to the Torah, were written in the Hebrew language, written in Palestine, and written before 400 B.C. As a result, the Apocrypha was removed from the canon. <ref>http://agards-bible-timeline.com/q2_bible_english.html</ref>

===The New Testament===
The [[New Testament]] is a collection of twenty-seven books and letters, written by the early Christian community, and written primarily in [[Greek]]. The emphasis of the New Testament is the life, teachings, and gift of salvation from the central figure of the whole work, Jesus of Nazareth. These books are grouped into the following:

====[[Gospels|The Gospels]]====
The ''Gospels'' contain the history of Jesus. The ''Acts of the Apostles'' are a continuance of the Gospels, documenting the history of the early church, beginning immediately following Jesus' death and resurrection. Of the authors, only Matthew and John had met Jesus; they were among His disciples during His earthly ministry. Mark was a companion of Peter, and his gospel was the first to be written down, about A.D. 50. Luke is considered the author of both his gospel and the ''Acts''.
*[[Gospel of Matthew]]
*[[Gospel of Mark]]
*[[Gospel of Luke]]
*[[Gospel of John]]
*[[Acts of the Apostles]]

====[[Pauline Epistles]]====
These are letters written to various early Christian communities by the [[Apostle Paul]].
*[[Epistle to the Romans]]
*[[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]
*[[Second Epistle to the Corinthians]]
*[[Epistle to the Galatians]]
*[[Epistle to the Philippians]]
*[[Epistle to Philemon]]
*[[First Epistle to the Thessalonians]]
*[[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians]]
*[[Epistle to the Ephesians]]
*[[Epistle to the Colossians]]
*[[First Epistle to Timothy]]
*[[Second Epistle to Timothy]]
*[[Epistle to Titus]]
*[[Epistle to the Hebrews]]

Paul has been attributed by many as the author of ''Epistle to the Hebrews'', but several others, such as [[Barnabas]], [[Silas]], [[Stephen]], [[Apollos]] and [[Priscilla]] are also claimed to be the author. The controversy, however, does not affect the genuiness of the epistle. (Unger, pg. 748)

====[[General Epistles]]====
*[[Epistle of James]]
*[[First Epistle of Peter]]
*[[Second Epistle of Peter]]
*[[First Epistle of John]]
*[[Second Epistle of John]]
*[[Third Epistle of John]]
*[[Epistle of Jude]]

====Revelation====
The [[Book of Revelation]] is the last work in the New Testament as well as the whole Bible, written close to A.D. 100 by the [[Apostle John]] during his exile on the Greek island of [[Patmos]]. Revelation is concerned with the condition of the [[Seven Churches of Asia]] before going deeply into a description of the [[Last Days]] prior to the beginning of the [[Millennial Age]].

Most [[Fundamentalism|Fundamentalists]] hold to "[[Dispensationalism]]", a theory of the meaning of Revelations and other prophecies that was developed in the 19th century and is summarized in the ''Scofield Reference Bible'' (1909, 1917).

==Non-uniformity of language and style of original Scriptures==
Both the Old Testament and the New Testament, in the original languages of Hebrew (and Aramaic) and Greek, exhibit a non uniformity of style and language. This is in sharp contrast to most modern translations which treat the Scriptures throughout as if it was one book instead the many books they are. Modern translations can be erudite, dignified, folksy and common, clear and geared for the "common man", or replete with language resonant with literary associations for the "accomplished" reader. But they are that way througout. The Biblical originals, on the other hand, for example in the Hebrew, have imbedded within narrative of one period, as the narrative of the deeds of the prophets Debora, a similar poetic recounting in a much more ancient and even archaic Hebrew, probably emanating from a chant from the time of Deborah herself. The same with the narrative and poetic portions concerning Moses. There are even different Hebrew languages from the same period but different authors, having come from different origins and cultural levels.

For the New Testament, an example of non-uniformity can be found in the stark differences of languages in the Gospel of Luke, written by Luke the physician. The early accounts, those concerning the birth of Jesus and early life, are written in a stilted and often crude Greek while the rest of the Gospel is written in fine Greek befitting of the background and ability of a learned physician. But when the stilted and crude Greek is retranslated, word for word and phrase for phrase, into the Hebrew current in the first century in most parts of Israel, it becomes excellent Hebrew - Mishnaic Hebrew. This is because of the intent and fastidiousness of Luke, who derived his material, as he says, from people that had been "on the scene" , and his success in transmitting it faithfully as he had received it. Both the Old and New Testaments, for various reasons, exhibit little or no concern to "level through" or override the content of what they are saying by stylistic considerations.

===Inspiration===
Although the Old Testament is written by many [[homo sapiens|human]] authors, New Testament authors claim that these men were writing under the inspiration of God.

The apostle [[Paul]] wrote that "All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness" (2 Timothy 3:16).
Similarly the apostle [[Saint Peter|Peter]] wrote, "Above all, you must understand that no prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophet's own interpretation. For prophecy never had its origin in the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit" (2 Peter 1:20-21).

====Formation of New Testament and Jewish technical transmission====
In the first century and prior, the ear was more important than the eye, as far as retaining in memory. Jews would receive orally, that is, from hearing, the laws that they believed originated with Moses and then passed them on to others, down through the generations.It was important to link the present rabbis by names who taught it with the rabbis by name who had passed it on to them, on back as far as possible to Moses on Mt. Sinai. This was the startling difference of Jesus. By saying "You have heard it said, but I say unto you..." , He was by-passing Moses and the others after and getting His teaching direct from the Father.

This Jewish way of receiving (QBL) and handing on (MSR) is summed up in the lead saying of the "Ethics of the Fathers" tractate of the [[Mishna]], "Moses received Torah from God at Sinai. He transmitted it to Joshua, Joshua to the elders, the elders to the prophets, the prophets to the members of the Great Assembly [Sanhedrin] (1:1)." The teaching thus transmitted was memorized word for word by groups of disciples (Talmidim) together, thereby minimizing, by the common knowledge and plublic repetitions, all innovations and errors, though there might well have been "stylizing" for ease of retention and recall. receiving and handing on (transmission), receiving and handing on.

This methodology, with its technical Hebrew terminology appears in the New Testament with the same technical meaning and purpose, for how the earliest Christian teaching was carried on prior to the formation of the New Testament and during the time of its formation. This ensured the validity of the teaching and its authenticity going back, not to Moses, but to the time of Jesus Himself. "For I handed over (Gk. pare'doka, Heb. MSR) to you at the first what I also received (Gk. pare'labon, Heb. QBL) that Christ died for our sins, according to the Scriptures, and that He was raised on the third day, according to the Scriptures..." l Cor. 15:3. Paul knew all of the "deposit of faith" three ways, in the usual "collaborative" way of God - from Scriptures (the Old Testament), from experience (seeing the living Christ on the road to Damascas), and from authenticated oral tradition/transmission involving "receiving" and "handing on".

,

==Authority of Bible in religious communities==
The role of the Bible in the life of differing communities varies widely by both the inner tenents of the community and the outer influences bearing on the community.
===Judaism===
Orthodox Judaism through the centuries, while it was only marginally affected by growing secularization and modern learning, held to a "differing level of level of authority" understanding of the authority of the Hebrew Bible. This did not imply a different level of inspiration, but rather that importance to the regulation of life was prime for the Torah of Moses, the 5 books of the Law. But the Pharasaic teaching also posited an Oral Law given to Moses by God that was passed on through the centuries through Joshua, the prophets, pairs of Rabbis, until this day. The Oral law is found in the Talmud (Mishna and the Gemara together) The oral law became the decisive interpreter, teacher and regulator of the Written Law and determined the course of Jewish Orthodox life. The second section of the Old Testament, the Prophets, is known to the Jewish Community primarily through the synagogue readings of the prophets. the Haftorah, that are assigned to conclude the weekly reading of the Law. The Psalms, the most formative of all the Writings, besides being common throughout the synagogue services, are used in various devotional prayer contexts. Orthodox Judaism has little been affected by modern Higher Criticism of the Bible. Reformed Judaism, originally developed in Germany, and Conservative Judaism, to a lesser extent, have been greatly affected.

===Mainline Protestants===
Mainline Protestantism, represented in the major churches and their seminaries, has greatly been affected by "modernism" based on advanced scholarly research, especially from Germany in the 19th century. The "Higher Criticism" ignored God's participation in the production of Scripture. Prime among these theories is the Documentary theory of Penteteuch origins (Wellhausen- Graff) that posit that Moses wrote little or nothing, Instead the Bible originated in four sources coming from various periods. These are sources are termed J (for the use of "Jehovah" for the name of God), E (for the use of "Elohim"), P (priestly), and D (Deutoronomic). The spirit of the New Testament is far more important than the text of either Testament for modern Protestant theology.

====Orthodox Jewish critique of Documentary theory====
Jewish Orthodox scholars have pointed to flaws of the Documentary Hypothesis. For instance, Orthodox Jewish Scholar Cassuto has pointed out that rather than the names for God varying according to author and period, they vary according to emphasis from the same period, that of Moses - "Jehovah" being used for the God in his dealing with His covenental people Israel, and "Elohim" being use when His dealing with mankind are emphasis. Likewise the two terms usually translated "making a covenant", lkhrot brit (to "cut" a covenant) and lehaqim brit (to "raise" a covenenat) are not from two sources but mean different things - to initiate a covenant and to fulfill a covenant.

===Evangelical Protestants===
Evangelical Protestantism belives strongly in the divine inspiration and inerrancy of the whole Bible and has been the most receptive of Biblical Authority. Believing in full inspiration of the all Scripture does not mean to evangelicalism equal importance of all Scriptures for the healthy growth of the Christian community. This is because Evangelicalism, following Scripture's own understanding, believes in progressive revelation throughout Biblical time, culminating in Jesus Christ, and no further (thus obviating the role of Tradition). Thus Evangelicalism, does not hold to the application of Mosaic Legislation, and other biblical elements that Orthodox Judaism holds to. This applies to faith and to morals. The Mosaic regulation on executing a rebellious child does not present a problem to evangelical thought as, according to Paul and Hebrews, the Law has been rendered obsolete by the New Covenant. The Destruction of the Temple and the place for sacrifice of all kinds, present no problem for evangelicalism, as they did for Judasim, as Christ's sacrifice on the cross has now "fulfilled" the proscriptions of the Law and the ceremonials attached. Thus there is a sort of Levels of Authority understanding for evangelicalism similar (but for different reasons) to the levels of authority of Judaism.

Evangelical Churches vigorously promote the reading of Scripture through Sunday sermons and Bible study programs. Emphasis is placed on "each one understanding". Coupled with American individualism, and lack of tradional vehicles of authority, this sometimes leads to spinterring and each man's interpretation "is as good as any other". Nevertheless, the "Fiundamentals" defined in 1910 are strongly retained by the Evangelical Churches - the divinity of Christ, His death for sins and Resurrection from the dead, His second coming.

===Eastern Orthodox===
The Orthodox Churches througout the world, whether of Greek, Russian, Rumanian, the various middle eastern varieties, emphasis the synod (Council) of Bishops, basis on the example of the "Council" of Jerusalem in the book of Acts, as the God authorized agent of interpretation and application of the Scriptures. Understanding that Jesus' words, " He (the Holy Spirit) wil lead you into all truth", Orthodoxy believes that the synod of bishops, none of whom are individually infallible, are given guidance from the Holy Spirit so that the Scriptures are rightly applied to the Christian Community enabling the Church to never stray from Christ. That is, the Church is given "indefectability". A minority Orthodox Church thought holds to "infallibility" in synodal decision rather than or instead of "indefectability". Scripture in the Orthodox churches are butressed by creedal formulations, the decisions of belief of past synods, and are less susceptible to the modern Higher Criticism. The Resurrection of Christ, virgin birth, return of Christ from Heaven to Earth, are all part and parcel of these churches. Individual interpretation of Scripture and manner of life are limited then by the teaching authority (the magisterium) granted to the Epsicopate - the Synod of bishops.

===Roman Catholic===
The Roman Catholic Church, like the Orthodox Churches have a strong sense of the Authority given to the Bishops by Christ to teach, interpret, defend the Faith and therefore to exercise the responsibility to interprete Scripture to the Faithful. But since Vatican ll, there has been an increased effort to bring Scripture knowledge to the laity and now there has been an increase of Scripture reading and study programs throughout most sections of the Church. This as been abetted by the Catholic Charismatic movement which has had the effect of promoting individual appropriation of the gifts and graces of the Holy Spirit and with that, the devotional and intellectual use of Holy Scriptures. However, the role of "Majesterium", that is the Teaching Authority, strongly sets limits to individual interpretation. The Roman Catholic church understands that though the Majesterium is given to all the bishops, the definitive exercise is limited to one bishop - the bishop ov Rome, the Pope. Further, it is believed that the Pope, when declaring dogma (teaching) ex-Cathedra (from the chair) speaks infaillibly (on matters of faith and morals). The first time the Pope has promulgated dogma ex-cathedra was to promulgate the doctrine itself of Papal Infallibility. The Pope , through the Vatican prelates and all the bishops can regulate much of Catholic community life, and some of the regualtion based on the interpretation of Scripture or the application of interporetation of Scripture. An example of this is the prohibition of abortion. The Church has accepted most of the modern Higher Critical methodology of Scripture, including the Documentary theory of origins first developed within German Protestantism. But the effects of this on the tenents of the Christian Faith are much mitigated due to the creedal affirmations of the Church developed centuries ago and Papal authority. This the Roman Catholic Church does not waver on the Deity of Christ, the Trinity, the death and resurrection of Christ, and the second comming.

==Evangelical Understanding of the History of the Bible==
Rejecting the "Higher Criticism" accepted by the mainline Protestant denominations, Evangelicals and many Catholics hold to a more traditional history of the Bible. This section summarizes their views.

[[Image:Gospel of Luke in Arab.gif|thumb|This tenth-century Egyptian codex was donated to Pope Eugenius IV by the Coptic delegates at the Council of Ferrara-Florence. Translated from a Coptic original, it is one of the earliest Arabic versions of any part of the New Testament, none of which can be dated before the late eighth or ninth centuries.]]

The oldest books of the Bible are certainly the five books of the Torah and ''Job''. In ''1st Kings'' 6:1, Solomon is stated to have begun building the Temple "''in the 480th year after the children of Israel were come up out of the land of Egypt''". It had been established by scholars and historians that Solomon had begun building the Temple in the fourth year of his reign, or 961 B.C., making the [[date of the Exodus]] under Moses to have been 1441 B.C. During the following forty years Moses wrote the Torah and ''Job'', completing them before his death at [[Mt. Nebo]] about 1400 B.C. According to Biblical scholar and historian Robert D. Wilson the Torah as it stands dates from the time of Moses, the five books constitute one continuous work, and was written by a single individual, Moses himself (Wilson, pg 11).

The remaining books of the Old Testament were written at various times since the death of Moses, with ''Malachi'', the last Old Testament book, being written about 455 B.C. During this period each of the books was written and re-written on parchment or papyrus, with the editors taking great care in their work; a single Biblical book hand-written today can take weeks to complete. The older scrolls were disposed of by burial or systematic destruction when worn from normal usage; as a result, the oldest surviving examples of Biblical manuscripts are those which have been carefully preserved either by direct actions of people (such as monasteries), or by removal from forces of decay. Currently, the oldest surviving manuscripts are those found within the caves of Qumran in 1948 and known as the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], dating between 250 B.C. to A.D. 70; the complete ''Isaiah'' scroll of this collection dates to 150 B.C.

Around 200 B.C. the [[Septuagint]], a Greek-language version of the Old Testament, was completed. This was due to the Hellenization of large areas of the Middle East after the conquest of Alexander the Great, making Greek the de-facto language for everyday communications and business. The Septuagint marks the first time in history that the Bible was translated into a foreign language.

===Early New Testament history===
In 1st Timothy 5:8, Paul quoted as scripture ''"the laborer is worthy of his hire."'' This line is found nowhere else in the Bible except Matthew 10:10 and Luke 5:7. In 2nd Peter 3:15-16, Peter classes Paul's letters with "other scriptures". Both lines are indicative of the writing down and general use of the New Testament prior to A.D. 60 (Halley, pg. 741-742). Spurious "gospels" which are known to have appeared by A.D. 100, make references to the New Testament. [[Clement of Rome]], writing in his own letter to the Corinthians in A.D. 95, refers to ''Matthew'', ''Luke'', ''Corinthians'', ''Hebrews'', ''1st Timothy'', and ''1st Peter'' (Halley, pg. 743).

The oldest surviving New Testament fragment of which there is a reliable date is the [[John Rylands Fragment]] (P52) of the ''Gospel of John'', dating from 117-138 A.D., just decades from when the Gospel was first written. <ref>[http://www.biblefacts.org/history/oldtext.html N.T. Ancient Manuscripts]</ref> The time span between the writing of the New Testament and the oldest surviving fragments are well under two hundred years. By comparison, Greek classics such as [[Herodotus]], [[Plato]], [[Euripides]], and [[Homer]] have a time span well over a thousand years each between the date of the oldest known fragment of writing and the time period they were first written.

==Translations==
===The Peshitta===
The second translated version of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament (after the Greek Septuaginta) was the Aramaic language Peshitta. In 36 A.D., both the Queen of Adiabene (the last existing Province of the hated and feared by the Jews Assyrian Empire), known in Greek as Queen Helena (not the mother of Constantine) and known to the Jews as Queen ShlomZion ("Peace of Zion"), and her son King Ezad were converted to Judaism. Queen Helena's conversion, as wiell as others of the Kingdom, furthered the already developing translation of the Hebrew Scriptures in her Kingdom's language -Aramaic. That developing translation came to be known as the Peshitta - meaning simple or common speech, in much the same way as the Hebrew Bible would be translated into Latin by Jerome, with extensive help from a Rabbi,and the resultant translation would be called the Vulgate - meaning simple or common speech. The Peshitta, retaining elements of the then Jewish "[[Targum]]ic" (interpretive) and other Jewish understandings of the Hebrew Bible (see[[Midrash]]), is primarily based on the Pre-Masoretic Hebrew Scriptures - though certain books, such as the Prophet Isaiah,are translations primarily from the Septuagint The development of the Old Testament Peshitta translation is held by some to have taken place alternatively in Adiabene's nearby neighbor Edessa.

As Thomas and his followers went to India, others (possibly Adai (Thaddeus), the Galilean from Caesarea Phillipi among them) arrived in [[Adiabene]], and having gone probaly to the synagogues first, as did the Apostle Paul), they found already, if not a populous, then an elite governmental element, conversant with the Biblical message in Aramaic. From these people, hearing the preaching of the messengers from Israel ,came believers in Jesus Christ, and soon after, came the translation of the Greek New Testament Scriptures into Aramaic, and so the Peshitta was added to by inclusion of the New Testament in Aramaic. Unlike the Greek canon of the New Testament Scriptures, the Peshitta originally did not include the following books: the Second Epistle of Peter, the Second Epistle of John, the Third Epistle of John, the Epistle of Jude and the Book of Revelation. But these books translated into the Syriac (as Christian Aramaic is known) are part of the Peshitta now and used by the Aramaic based churches, primarily in India and the Middle East - the Syrian Catholic Church, the Assyrian Church of the East (Holy Apostolic and Catholic Church of the East), the Indian Orthodox Church, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Maronite Church, the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church, the Syro-Malabar Church and the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church.

Adiabene and its surroundings then became the sending center for a mission to the East that would eventually, taking advantage of the newly rediscovered monsoon winds blowing for months across the Arabian sea, making it possible for ships to no longer hug the coasts, and taking advantage of the "Silk Road" all the way from Antioch in Syria to China, take the message of Jesus Christ to India (bringing about the Aramaic (Syriac) language churches of Kerala) and even to China itself. And so, the Peshitta, written in the Middle East, become the Scriptures, for a while, of the Far East Churches of Jesus Christ, particularly in India.

===The Vulgate===
[[Jerome]], a Latin scholar deeply interested in the study of the Scriptures, completed the second edition of the Bible in the Latin language. The ''[[Vulgate]]'' was meant to replace the inaccuracies of the earlier ''[[Vetus Latina]]'', the standard Bible of the early Catholic Church. Jerome had moved to [[Jerusalem]] in 382, and set to work on what eventually became a fresh translation of the Bible from the Greek of the ''Septuagint'' to translating the New Testament into Latin; from 390-405 he decided to re-translate his Old Testament directly from the Hebrew then in use by the Jewish community. The ''Vulgate'' had a marked influence in church history, and remained the standard Latin Bible in the Roman Catholic Church for centuries; such was the length of time in use that it was finally replaced by the ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'' in 1979.
==Printing==
[[Image:Gutenburg1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Printers copy of a page from a Gutenberg Bible, printed in Germany about 1469.]]
[[Johannes Gutenberg]] of [[Mainz]], [[Germany]] invented the first mechanical printing press in 1448. His machine consisted of a large press which when cranked down, pressed a sheet of paper upon a platform in which were set thousands of inked metal letter typefaces (called "movable type"), set in place to read for a particular page. The first book in history printed by this method was the [[Gutenberg Bible]], in the ''Vulgate'' Latin version, of which 180 were printed, and approximately 50 survive today in varying conditions around the world.

The Gutenberg Bible marked another first: printed Bibles could be mass produced to get into the hands of many people at a low cost. They first had to be translated out of Latin into a common language, and [[Martin Luther]] made the great German translation, 1522-1534. The Protestant Reformers emphasized that laymen should study the Bible, and printing made it possible to go beyond the interpretationsd shown in stained glass windows to the actual text.

==English language versions of the Bible==

===Wycliff's Bible===
The first translation of the Bible into English was made under the supervision of the English cleric [[John Wyclif]] in the 1380's, with the assistance of Nicholas Hereford and John Purvey. Wyclif held that the Bible should be placed directly in the hands of the people, but was this was opposed by the English Church hierarchy of his day; indeed, one of Wyclif's opponents, Henry Knighton, compared giving the Bible to the people in English to "casting pearls before swine". Archbishop Arundel of Canterbury promulgated a ban on all English Bibles in 1407, and possession of one was considered evidence of [[heresy]].

Wyclif's was a scholarly translation, based on the [[Latin]], [[Greek]], and [[Hebrew]] texts, but was found to be unweildy due to its adherence to Latin grammar (in which, for instance, verbs tend to be at the end of sentences). A second Wycliffite translation was prepared late in this period, which avoided this problem, but due to the fact that it could only be distributed in manuscript form, it was an expensive volume. Outside of the nobility and gentry, it was more common to see only a single [[The Gospels|Gospel]], or a copy of the Psalms, than an entire Bible, which cost more than the average working person could earn in a year.

Over the next century, its form of English gradually became antiquated, leading English Protestants such as [[William Tyndale]] to feel that an entirely new translation was needed.

===Tyndale===
During the middle of the 16th century there was a renewed sense of the need to get the Bible directly into the hands of the common man; prior to that the Bible was restricted to readings in the Church alone. The Reformers were a group of people who were shocked at the differences between what the Roman Catholic Church was practicing as opposed to what the Bible stated can or cannot be done (this was one of the causes of the [[Reformation]]). At great cost to themselves, the Reformers began the work of translating the Bible in the various languages of Europe; the printing press would ensure the newly-translated Bibles would be mass-produced.

[[William Tyndale]] was committed to getting the Bible in the hands of his English countrymen. Expressing open defiance of the Pope, Tyndale declared that if God would spare his life he would make it possible for even an ordinary farmer to know more about the Scriptures than the Pope. <ref>http://www.tbaptist.com/aab/tyndale.htm</ref> Tyndale's translation of the New Testament was completed by 1525. By April, 1526, 6,000 copies were printed and delivered to England. Official opposition led to the destruction of most of them. Nevertheless, the printing press rendered it impossible to completely suppress such a book, and new copies were printed and smuggled into [[England]] Tyndale was arrested and charged with heresy for his efforts on May 21, 1536, and was executed the following year. His efforts at translating the Bible led to the Matthews and Bishop's Bibles, then finally to the [[King James Version]], where ninety percent of the text closely follows Tyndale's translation.

===Authorised or King James Version===
[[Image:E-sword.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The internet has increased the availability of the Bible world-wide. Shown here is a screenshot to [[E-Sword]], a freely-downloadable Bible study program. <ref>[http://www.e-sword.net E-Sword]</ref> (Rick Meyers, 2007)]]
In 1601 King [[James I]] selected forty-seven of the ablest scholars in [[England]] to undertake the creation of a standard Bible in English, based upon careful translations of the [[Masoretic Text]] used by the Jewish community, and the best Greek translations (especially the ''[[Textus Receptus]]'') then available. The scholars were divided into six committees in [[Oxford]], [[Westminster]], and [[Cambridge]], with each scholar had dedicating himself to doing a portion of the Bible, often consulting each other to check the flow and harmony of the work in progress. The result was the 1611 Authorised Version, known in [[United States of America|America]] as the [[King James Bible|King James Version]].

The effects of the Authorised Version were profound. Using less than 2,500 different words in its vocabulary, this Bible was written in a poetic style matched by few. The work influenced the writings of [[Shakespeare]]. [[John Milton]] has numerous images taken from this Bible in his ''[[Paradise Lost]]''. The direct style of writing caused it to be easily available to the common man. Poets and writers, such as [[Herman Melville]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[Emily Dickinson]] and many others were deeply inspired by it. It altered the course of English history, with England growing to a world power since the book's publication; when asked by a visiting dignitary what made England great, [[Queen Victoria]] pulled out her copy of the Bible and declared "This is the secret of England's greatness."

=== Other versions ===

Today, the Bible is available in many versions across the English-speaking world, and has been translated into languages spoken by the vast majority of people on Earth, and even portions into a recently-created language from the fictional world of [[Star Trek]], [[Klingon]]. <ref>[http://www.kli.org/wiki/index.php?Klingon%20Bible%20Translation%20Project Klingon Bible Translation Project]</ref> The past two decades saw the emergence of [[Internet]] use; the creation of the Bible as a software program was inevitable, and several, such as [[E-Sword]] and Theophilos, are available at no cost with a wealth of Bible-study material as well.

==Bible Scientific Foreknowledge==
[[Bible scientific foreknowledge]] holds that the Bible shows an understanding of scientific knowledge beyond that believed to exist at the time the Bible was composed. Many Christian scientists and apologists such as the Christian scientists and apologists at [[Creation Ministries International]], [[Answers in Genesis]], and [[CreationWiki]] assert that the [http://creationwiki.org/index.php/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge Bible contains knowledge that shows an understanding of scientific knowledge beyond that believed to exist at the time the Bible was composed].<ref>[http://creationwiki.org/index.php/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge Bible Scientific Foreknowledge]</ref><ref>http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/1718/</ref><ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v17/i1/medicine.asp</ref>

==Humor in the Bible==

{{main|Humor in the Bible}}

The Bible, especially the Old Testament, contains irony, puns, sarcasm, etc. It may be noted that the sense of what is humorous varies from people to people and from nation to nation, as well as varying from age to age. What caused a chuckle, smile, or laughter in the biblical "genre" was more connected with ''satisfaction'' at the vindication of righteousness among men. Thus to our day and age, and the commonality of people, for believers and non believers, the meaning of the spewing up of Jonah on the shores (even the great fish could not stomach him!) might be viewed as God working out His original will in history, Jonah flight from responsiblity being aborted, for the "days and ages" of the Bible, there was the added satisfaction derived from the understanding that God was not mocked by the rebellion of Jonah. Likewise that the "many cattle" also found repentence and acceptance by God, would not have brought the smile of glee, mingled with doubt, but the smile of satisfaction that God's wide heart found its exultant victory over the measly, narrow perspective of the renagade prophet. There was no shame to stifle the Biblical chuckle at the "hows" of the vindication of God's justice. Yet, what we consider humorous also appears:

For example:

:After noticing that his father-in-law Laban was not treating him as in the past, Jacob decided to flee with his family. Rachel, one of Jacob’s wives, stole her father Laban’s teraphim (statues used for idolatry and/or divination). Laban pursued them and intercepted them in the Gilead mountains (Genesis 31:30): "Why have you stolen my gods?" Laban said to Jacob. The Midrash comments that it cannot be much of a god if it can be stolen (Midrash Genesis Rabbah 74:8). Jonsson (1985, 44-45) suggests that there is humor (albeit "rough" humor) in the fact that, not only was Laban deceived, but his idols were actually underneath his daughter Rachel’s posterior while she claimed that the "manner of women" was upon her. This idol did not get much respect. [http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/economic/friedman/bibhumor.htm]

==Bible Translations==
The Bible has been translated many times and in many ways so anyone, from the youngest child to the learned scholar, can read the entire scpripture in their language and reading level. A Latin version is the [[Latin Vulgate]] Bible. Here are some common English versions:

*[[American Standard Version]]
*[[Amplified Bible]]
*[[Douey-Rheims]]
*[[English Standard Version]]
*[[Good News Version]]
*[[King James Version]]
*[[Living Bible]]
*[[New American Standard Version]]
*[[New English Bible]]
*[[New International Version]]
*[[New King James Version]]
*[[Revised Standard Version]]
*[[Revised Version]]
*[[Septuagint]]
*[[Conservative Bible]] - still a work-in-progress here at Conservapedia

==Bible versions==
Apart from Bibles that include the [[Apocrypha]], The [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]] is a distinct version that was produced to justify many of the unique doctrines of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].

== See also ==
*[[Bible exegesis]]
*[[Bible prophecy]]
*[[Biblical accuracy]]
*[[Famous Bible paintings]]
*[[Midrash]]
*[[Targum]]
*[[Aramaic Church]]
*[[Judaism]]
*[[Essay: The Way of Salvation]]
*[[Conservative Bible Project]]

==External links==
===Bible societies ===
*[http://www.americanbible.org/ American Bible Society]
*[http://www.biblesociety.org/ United Bible Society]
*[http://www.ibs.org/ The International Bible Society (New York/Colorado Springs)]
*[http://www.wbtc.com/site/PageServer World Bible Translation Center]
*[http://www.wycliffe.org/home.htm Wycliffe Bible Translators]
*[http://www.labibliaweb.com/ La Biblia] In Spanish.

===Online, internet, and downloadable Bibles===
====Hebrew====
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm Hebrew-English Bible] ([[Jewish Publication Society of America|JPS]] 1917 translation; includes Hebrew audio)
* [http://tanakhml2.alacartejava.net/cocoon/tanakhml/d13.php2xml?sfr=1&prq=1&pnt=tru&acc=tru&dia=tru&enc=heb XML Hebrew-English (KJV) Bible]
* [http://www.spcm.org/english/Hebrew_OT/ Old Testament in Hebrew]

====Latin====
* [http://www.LatinVulgate.com/ Latin Vulgate] — Latin Vulgate with parallel Douay-Rheims and King James English translations
* [http://www.sacredbible.org/ SacredBible.org] — Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible
* [http://www.spcm.org/english/Vulgate/ Jerome's Latin Vulgate (405 A.D.)]

====English====
* [http://www.audio-bible.com/bible/bible.html AudioBible] — Audio version of the King James Version.
* [http://www.blueletterbible.org/ Blue Letter Bible] — On-line interactive reference library continuously updated from the teachings and commentaries of selected pastors and teachers who hold to the conservative, historical Christian faith.
* [http://www.e-sword.net E-sword] — Downloadable Bible for Windows.
* [http://www.onlinebible.net/ The Online Bible North America] — Downloadable Bible for Windows.
* [http://www.theophilos.sk/ Theophilos Bible program]
* [http://www.spcm.org/english/ASB/ American Standard Version].
* [http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/ English Standard Version] from Good News/Crossway (the publisher).
* [http://www.verselink.org/ King James Version with dictionary].
* [http://www.spcm.org/english/KJV/ King James Version].
* [http://www.newlivingtranslation.com New Living Translation]
* [http://bible.oremus.org/ New Revised Standard Version].
* [http://www.europepourchrist.org/biblesite/WEB/ World English Bible].
* [http://www.dynamicbible.com/ King James Version built using AJAX technologies], with Strongs and Greek Morphological Codes by Robinson.
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/index.htm#index The Hypertext Bible] with side-by-side translations in English, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew at the [[Internet Sacred Text Archive]]
* [http://www.biblegateway.com/ Bible Gateway at GospelCom.net] text search in any one of many translations in numerous languages.
* [http://www.biblereadthrough.com/ Bible Read-Through] — read through the Bible in a year aid.
* [http://www.TheFreeBible.com/ TheFreeBible.com] Bible software downloads
* [http://www.scripture4all.org/ Interlinear (word-by-word) translation of the Christian Bible] Hebrew and Koine Greek
* http://www.aramaicpeshitta.com/aramaic_nt_resources.htm - Aramaic New Testament resources
* [http://www.spcm.org/en/versions.php Over 40 versions of the Bible]
* [http://www.armenianchurchlibrary.com/Bibletranslationsandstudies.html Eastern and Western Armenian Bible]
* [http://www.bible9.com/ Online Bible (King James Version & Old Testament)]
* [http://www.spcm.org/LSG_FR/ Bible — Louis Segond de 1910]
* [http://www.latinvulgate.com/christverse.aspx Complete Sayings of Christ]
* [http://bible.crosswalk.com/ParallelBible/ Crosswalk.com Parallel Bible]
* [http://www.blueletterbible.org/search.html#verse Blue Letter Bible]
* [http://recoveryversion.org/ Recovery Version Bible]

====Spanish====

* [http://www.wbtc.com/site/PageServer?pagename=downloads_spanish Spanish Bible] PDT version
* [http://www.labibliaweb.com/cid/1 Versiones de la Biblia] In Spanish.

====Turkish====
* [http://www.incil.info Turkish Bible] (Turkish Old and New Testament)

====Finnish====
* [http://www.raamattu-kirja.com Finnish Bible] (Finnish Old and New Testament)
* [http://vastaus.net Raamattu] (Study Finnish Bible)

====Japanese====
*[http://www.ibsstl.org/bibles/japanese/index.php On-line version hosted by the International Bible Society]
*[http://www.bible.or.jp/e/index.html Japan Bible Society]

====Others====
* [http://agards-bible-timeline.com/q2_bible_english.html Bible Timeline]
* [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/texts/bible/TO_Torah_880.htm?OVRAW=Torah&OVKEY=torah&OVMTC=standard My Jewish Learning.com]
* [http://search.americanbible.org/ American Bible Society] to search NASB, KJV, CEV, ASV and others.
* [http://etext.virginia.edu/kjv.browse.html University of Virginia Library] KJV word proximity search.
* [http://www.1enormousidea.com/Default.aspx?tabid=42 Many translations in English, verse by verse]
* [http://www.bible-marathi.com Nava Karar] NT Translation from Greek to Marathi
* [http://www.bible-researcher.com/links12.html Gender-neutral Bible translations].
* [http://www.evangelicalbible.com/why.htm Word-for-Word vs.Thought-for-Thought translation] Outlines the difference between formal and dynamic equivalent translation philosopy.
* [http://www.kli.org/wiki/index.php?Klingon%20Bible%20Translation%20Project Klingon Bible].

===Commentaries and analysis===
* [http://www.ldolphin.org/icc-am.html Biblical chronology] by Alan Montgomery, B.Sc.(Hon)
* [http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryID=411&rsid=478 Biblical History], The Jewish History Resource Center — Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
* [http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?aid=63255 Judaica Press Translation] — online Jewish translation of the Tanakh.
* [http://www.angdatingdaan.org/biblicaltopics/bib_bible_1.htm Reading and Understanding the Bible].
* [http://en.bibleinfo.com/ Source for Bible Answers].
* [http://www.amazingfacts.org/school/af_logon.asp Amazing Facts Bible Studies].
* [http://www.iishj.org/images/Bible.pdf Learning Bible Today] — a historical approach the Bible.
* [http://eword.gospelcom.net/comments/gill/ John Gill's Exposition of the Bible] — verse by verse commentary.
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc.i.html/ Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible] — unabridged.
*[http://www.verselink.org/ Topical References]
*[http://www.verselink.org/ Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedia]

===Wikis===
* [http://bible.tmtm.com BibleWiki]
* [http://wikible.org Wikible]

==Bibliography==
* Achtemeier, Paul J., ed. ''Harper's Bible Dictionary'' (1985), 1190pp; mainstream scholarship
* Ackroyd, P.R., ed. ''The Cambridge History of the Bible: From the Beginnings to Jerome; the West from the Fathers to the Reformation; the West from the Reformation to the Present Day'' (3 vol 1978), standard summary of scholarship; [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-Bible-Beginnings-Jerome/dp/0521099730/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243248143&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search vol 1]; [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-Bible-Fathers-Reformation/dp/0521290171/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243248143&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search vol 2]; [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-Bible-Reformation-Present/dp/0521290163/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243248143&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search vol 3]
* Coggins, R.J. ''Introducing the Old Testament'' (Oxford University Press: 1990), 172pp. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22765464 online edition]
* Morgan, Robert, and John Barton. ''Biblical Interpretation'' (Oxford University Press: 1988), 342 pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=74356941 online edition]
* Sakenfeld, Katharine Doob, ed. ''The New Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible'' ('''NIDB''') (5 vol 2009), the latest mainstream scholarship
*Unger, Merril F. ''Unger's Bible Dictionary'', Moody Press, Chicago, IL (1966; new edition 2006); Evangelical
**Unger, Merril F. ''The New Unger's Bible Dictionary'', (2006); 1416pp; Evangelical
*Unger, Merril F. ''Unger's Bible Handbook'', Moody Press, Chicago, IL (1967); Evangelical.
*Halley, Henry H. ''Halley's Bible Handbook'', Zondervan, Grand Rapids, MI (1965); Evangelical
* Sandys-Wunsch, John. ''What Have They Done to the Bible: A History of Modern Biblical Interpretation'' 2005) Scholarly history of transations and interpretations to 1900; [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0814650287 excerpt and text search]
* Williamspn, Peter. ''Catholic principles for interpreting scripture: a study of the Pontifical Biblical Commission's The interpretation of the Bible in the Church'' (2001); Catholic; [http://books.google.com/books?id=kooFtFGQsfsC&dq=intitle:bible+intitle:interpretation&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpts and text search]
*Wilson, Robert D. ''A Scientific Investigation of the Old Testament'', Sunday School Times, Inc, Philadelphia, PA (1926).

===Language===
*Blass, Frederich, and others. ''A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and other early Christian literature,'' translated by Robert W. Funk; University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (1961); German edition ''Grammatik des Neutestamentlichen Griechisch'' Friedrich Rehkopf, editor, 14th edition. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1976.
*Moulton, James H., and others. ''A Grammar of New Testament Greek'' (two volumes), edited by Wilbert Francis Howard, T&T Clark Publishers, Harrisburg, PA (1985); originally published 1920, Edinburgh, Scotland.
*Bauer, Walter. ''Griechisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Scriften des Neuen Testaments und der frühchristlichen Litteratur''. Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland, editors; 6th edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany (1988). Heading βιβλίον, columns 281-82.

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Bible| ]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Book of Worship]]

User:Jokestress

2009-10-17T19:25:17Z

DuncanB: Redirected page to User:AndreaJ

#REDIRECT [[User: AndreaJ]]

Moses

2009-10-17T19:17:19Z

DuncanB: Protected "Moses": Excessive vandalism: see history ([edit=sysop] (expires 19:17, 24 October 2009 (UTC)) [move=sysop] (expires 19:17, 24 October 2009 (UTC)))

Moses

2009-10-17T19:14:21Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Spalt (Talk) to last version by Jpatt

Debate: At what point does "Human" life begin?

2009-10-17T14:29:09Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Tothdj (Talk) to last version by WPA

{{Debate}}

==Background==

One of the fundamental issues in the pro-life/pro-choice controversy is determining when human life begins, particularly in terms of being regarded as fully "human" in the eyes of the law. The catalyst for this page was the legislative initiative in North Dakota to define human life from the earliest possible stage. The bill declares that "any organism with the genome of homo sapiens" is a person protected by rights granted by the North Dakota Constitution and state laws. This interpretation would not only define unborn, developing fetuses in the womb as fully human, but also carry the label and legal protections of being fully human to fertilized human eggs or frozen embryos that have yet to be implanted in a mother's womb.

Others feel that life as a human begins once a baby is independent of the womb and can survive in that mode, even if significant medical assistance is required. In this context, a developing fetus still in the womb in the 7th month is not a human being, but if prematurely born at that time it becomes one because it is now independent of the mother's body.

Neither definition is satisfactory to people who stand fully behind being either pro-life or pro-choice, and each side has compelling reasons to support those positions. The purpose of this debate page is to allow those ideas and expressions to be given a fair and open airings, which will hopefully provide guidance to people who are unsure if the truth is one side, the other, or somewhere in the middle.

Please note that the section labels below do not represent the only options - they are placeholders to organize responses, so new sections can be added as appropriate.

==Human Life begins with a fertilized egg==

==Human Life begins with childbirth==
When it is born, a baby changes. Its white blood cells change, it uses its lungs for the first time and its blood takes a different route through its heart. It is at this point that human life begins. Before this, a foetus is just part of its mother's body, like an extra limb. When it is born, it becomes its own person and is no longer an extra bit of the mother.I personally believe that the baby's first breath is its soul being breathed into it, signifying the start of its life. Before the first breath, the baby is just a shell of a person or the potential to be a person, like a car without its engine. When the white blood cells change from those of a foetus to those of a baby, they change the blood from support blood into Life Blood, which no-one can live without. If a baby did not go through these changes, it would not survive. Pregnancy prepares a foetus for life, but does not create it. Childbirth creates life. [[User:Ululator|Ululator]] 12:54, 5 May 2009 (EDT)

==Human Life begins at a certain stage of neonatal development==

It is my belief that life begins at the point where the brain has developed sufficiently for the fetus to be "self aware". Essentially when the brain is formed to the point that non automatic (or regulatory) brain activity (such as non auto response to stimulus) can be registered. Prior to this I consider the fetus a cell cluster, in the same way that I consider my heart a muscle.

On a side note, I wish there was more activity in the debate boards, or am I just missing it? I do love debate, and I realize that talk pages are usually not appropriate for such things, which is why I wish there was more going on around these parts. I'm not sure if this particular subject is especially debatable, since much of it hinges on personal belief rather than empirical fact with verifiable veracity.

Also, a question. Should any syops happen to wander around this way, I was wondering. Where do debate posts fall within the 90/10 rule. As I said before I love debate, but I would not want to violate any rules. I hope that partaking in ongoing debate counts as worthwhile contribution.--[[User:NicholasT|NicholasT]] 09:58, 13 April 2009 (EDT)

==Human Life begins earlier than that==
Human life began 6000 or so years ago. The gametes in the sex organs are small parts of humans and are just as human as when they have fertilised an egg and grown into an adult, albeit less developed. In the same way that an unattached exhaust pipe is still part of a car, and a new car cn be built around it, all cells of a human are in themnselves human.

==Life Begins at Conception==
Two hundred years ago a one month premature fetus was not expected to live outside the womb. Today, with the advancement of medical knowledge and care, a one month premature human fetus is almost surely expected to be able to be brought to a fully independent and functional mature human being capable of sustaining life on it’s own. As medical abilities advance it seems entirely possible that a two month premature fetus could be expected to survive outside the womb and continue to maturity. It would seem that, one day future, medical advancements could also nurture a three month premature fetus with the same result. Logically, with great advancement in medicine, wouldn’t it seem possible that someday a fertilized egg could be nurtured to full maturity? An acorn planted in an appropriate environment and with adequate nurturing is expected to become a mighty oak. Just so, the fertilized human ovum, in the right environment, is expected become a fully functional baby. An acorn will never become a human nor a fertilized ovum an oak tree. In the bible, God speaks of the mystery of a man leaving his father and mother and being joined to his wife and the two becoming ‘one’ flesh. I think we can extrapolate this mystery to include a sperm being joined to an ovum and the two becoming ‘one’ flesh, as well. Life is in the acorn and life is also in the fertilized egg.
Life begins with conception. --[[User:WPA|WPA]] 14:52, 13 October 2009 (EDT)

NATO reporting system

2009-10-17T14:21:35Z

DuncanB:

Names for [[Soviet]] fighter [[plane]]s all started with F, like "Fishbed" for the [[MiG-21]] series. [http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Aircraft]

Names for Soviet [[bomber]]s started with B, such as "Blinder", "Badger", and "Backfire".

A two [[syllable]] codename was used for [[jet]] aircraft, such as "Badger" or "Bison", while a one syllable name meant a piston-engine or turboprop aircraft, such as the Tu-95 "Bear".

Soviet submarines were usually named after [[NATO phonetic alphabet]] letters: Alfa, Delta, Yankee, Victor. (One exception was the ''Akula'' (shark) class.)

[[Category:Aviation]]
[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Military]]

F4F Wildcat

2009-10-17T14:18:32Z

DuncanB: Created page with 'The '''F4F Wildcat''' was a United States Navy and Marine Corps single-engine carrier-based fighter, used extensively in the Pacific Theatre during World War II. == Development ...'

The '''F4F Wildcat''' was a United States Navy and Marine Corps single-engine carrier-based fighter, used extensively in the Pacific Theatre during World War II.

== Development ==

The United States Navy placed an order for a single-engine monoplane carrier fighter in 1936, initially selecting the Brewster Buffalo, but also authorizing an alternative, the XF4F-2, which first flew in September 1937. Despite its fine performance during tests, the Navy ordered the Buffalo. By 1939, the XF4F-3, with an upgraded engine and larger wings, had been developed. Some of these aircraft served in the British Navy as the Martlet Mark 1, and the US Navy ordered seventy-eight F4F-3s in August 1939, entering service in 1940. By late that same year, the F4F-4, which featured self-sealing gas tanks, folding wings and two more machine guns.

== Service ==

131 Wildcats in eleven squadrons were in service when the United States entered World War II, most of them in the Pacific. Twelve F4Fs led a gallant air defense of Wake Island, one of them sinking a Japanese destroyer with bombs and machine guns. The aircraft also took part in several minor raids on Japanese bases throughout 1942.

Seven Wildcats were based at Midway Island when the Japanese made their attack on the island, all of which were destroyed in the air or on the ground after landing. The carrier-based F4Fs escorted the strike aircraft-SBD Dauntlesses and TBD Devastators-but failed, due to poor communication, to provide proper air cover, although the ''Yorktown'' group claimed five Zeros. Later in the day, the ''Yorktown'' squadron protected their carrier from Japanese strike aircraft, claiming eleven, but several craft got throught and crippled the carrier.

Wildcats were the primary fighter based at Guadacanal.

== Retirement ==

By 1943, most Wildcats had been phased out for the more modern [[F6F Hellcat]].

[[Category: Aircraft]]

Vice President

2009-10-17T13:34:30Z

DuncanB: wanted page

#REDIRECT [[Vice President of the United States]]

Stephen Colbert

2009-10-17T13:31:35Z

DuncanB: Protected "Stephen Colbert": Excessive vandalism ([edit=sysop] (expires 13:31, 24 October 2009 (UTC)) [move=sysop] (expires 13:31, 24 October 2009 (UTC)))

[[File:Stephencolbert2.jpg|thumb]]

'''Stephen Colbert''' is a writer, a comedian, and an actor. Colbert claims to be [[Catholic]] and an erstwhile Sunday school teacher<ref>http://www.tvsquad.com/2006/07/13/ask-tv-squad-stephen-colbert-teaches-sundayschool/</ref>, and a self-proclaimed [[liberal]] [[Democrat]]. <ref>http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/jon_stewart_stephen_colbert_americas_anchors/page/4 Rolling Stone Interview, Oct 31, 2006</ref>

Colbert began his career at [[Comedy Central]] in the year 2000 on the show ''Strangers with Candy''. He later left in order to become a correspondent on ''[[The Daily Show|The Daily Show with Jon Stewart]]'', where he began to build what would later be the character he would play on ''The Colbert Report''. He was well-regarded on the show, and was occasionally guest-hosting when Stewart had to be elsewhere.

Due to his work on ''The Daily Show'', he won three [[Emmy Awards]] and two [[Peabody Awards]] along with the other writers.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0170306/awards IMDB List of Stephen Colbert Awards </ref> <ref>http://128.192.29.189/news/pressrelease.asp?ID=151 List of 2007 Peabody Award Winners</ref>

==''The Colbert Report''==

In 2005, Colbert left ''The Daily Show'' in order to become the host of a spinoff, ''The Colbert Report''.

In the show, Colbert plays a satirical right-wing political talk show host. This personna was largely based on [[Bill O'Reilly]], who has a friendly rivalry with the show.

''The Colbert Report'' has a very loyal following which the Colbert character often uses for his various pranks. For example, in every public vote for naming something, Colbert urges his fans to vote for him.

In his recurring segment "The Word", which is a parody of O'Reilly's "Talking Points", Colbert coined the word "truthiness" in order to refer to the quality possessed by statements which, though factually false, are repeated by supporters who feel in their hearts that they ''ought'' to be true, and regard it as quibbling to object to their falsehood.

Colbert has poked fun at [[Wikipedia]] and its apparent democratization of truth. He has coined the word "Wikiality" (as opposed to "reality") and caused trouble for Wikipedia by suggesting that his listeners alter articles. In August of 2006, he encouraged users to state that the population of African [[elephants]] had tripled in the last decade. Colbert's point was that if enough people believe something, it becomes "the truth". Wikipedia responded by reverting and locking down the pages to prevent further vandalism.

Recently, Colbert had viewers write in his name to a public vote done by [[NASA]] to name a new room addition to the [[International Space Station]]. Colbert's cult-like followers won the contest for him with an astonishing 230,539 total votes, 40,000 more than NASA's choice of Serenity.

Stephen Colbert recently has gained attention in the media with his satirical mocking of [[Fox News]]'s [[Glenn Beck]]. Colbert has mocked Beck's claims that [[Barack Hussein Obama]] is a racist and that Obama is a socialist.

==Call to vandalize Conservapedia==
After learning about [[Conservapedia]]'s [[Conservative Bible Project|initiative to remove "liberal bias" from the Bible]], Stephen Colbert urged his followers to insert him into the planned conservative rewrite as a Biblical figure.<ref>{{cite episode
| title = The Colbert Report (October 7, 2009 episode)
| series = The Colbert Report
| serieslink = The Colbert Report
| airdate = 10-7-2009
| url = http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/251994/october-07-2009/tip-wag---conservapedia--louvre---honda-unicycle}}</ref> This was followed by mass vandalism by Colbert fans.<ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Stephen_Colbert&diff=709438&oldid=709432 Example of vandalism on the Stephen Colbert article]</ref><ref>[http://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Genesis_1-8_%28Translated%29&diff=prev&oldid=709520 Example of vandalism on the Genesis 1-8 page of the Conservative Bible Project]</ref>

== See also ==

*''[[The Daily Show]]''

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT: Colbert, Stephen}} 
[[Category:Actors]]
[[Category:Television Show Hosts]]
[[Category:Comedians]]
[[Category: Liberals]]
{{liberalism}}

User:DuncanB

2009-10-15T21:07:29Z

DuncanB:

''One sword keeps another in its sheath.''- George Herbert

''If the Lord made a problem, he also made a solution.''- Thomas Edison

{{userboxtop}}
{{User CPLeader|Aschlafly}}
{{User Sysop}}
{{User straightforwardbiblereading}}
{{User Christian1}}
{{User progun}}
{{User American}}
{{User Israel}}
{{User weapon|Barrett .50 cal}}
{{User Reagan}}
{{User patriot}}
{{User homeschool}}
{{User KnowsNoEvo}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User Maia| Oromë}}
{{User Numenorian}}
{{User Yankee fan}}
{{userboxbottom}}

Hi Tresspasser!

I am a [[Christian]] [[homeschooled]] student living in [[New Jersey]]. I enjoy baseball, track, sailing, skiing, and history.

[[User: DuncanB/To do]]

==Articles I created==

*[[A-5 Vigilante]]

*[[A-6 Intruder]]

*[[A-7 Corsair II]]

*[[AGM-45 Shrike]]

*[[AIM-120 AMRAAM]]

*[[AIM-54 Phoenix]]

*[[AIM-7 Sparrow]]

*[[Asterix the Gaul]]

*[[Asterix]]

*[[Avionics]]

*[[B-36 Peacemaker]]

*[[Battle of Surigao Strait]]

*[[Battle of the Philippine Sea]]

*[[Characters in Asterix]]

*[[EA-18G Growler]]

*[[EA-6B Prowler]]

*[[Electronic countermeasures]]

*[[F/A-18 Hornet]]

*[[FIM-92 Stinger]]

*[[Forward looking infrared]]

*[[Improvised explosive device]]

*[[Los Angeles class submarine]]

*[[McDonnell Douglas]]

*[[MiG-21]]

*[[MiG-25]]

*[[MiG-29]]

*[[MIM-104 Patriot]]

*[[Missing in action]]

*[[Nuclear war]]

*[[Red Storm Rising]]

*[[S-3 Viking]]

*[[Spacecraft]]

*[[UGM-27 Polaris]]

*[[X-15]]

*[[XB-70 Valkyrie]]

*[[Zork I]]

*[[Zork II]]

*[[Zork III]]

(list may be incomplete)

User:DuncanB

2009-10-15T21:06:39Z

DuncanB:

''One sword keeps another in its sheath.''- George Herbert

''If the Lord made a problem, he also made a solution.''- Thomas Edison

{{userboxtop}}
{{User CPLeader|Aschlafly}}
{{User Sysop}}
{{User straightforwardbiblereading}}
{{User Christian1}}
{{User progun}}
{{User American}}
{{User Israel}}
{{User weapon|Barret .50 cal}}
{{User Reagan}}
{{User patriot}}
{{User homeschool}}
{{User KnowsNoEvo}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User Maia| Oromë}}
{{User Numenorian}}
{{User Yankee fan}}
{{userboxbottom}}

Hi Tresspasser!

I am a [[Christian]] [[homeschooled]] student living in [[New Jersey]]. I enjoy baseball, track, sailing, skiing, and history.

[[User: DuncanB/To do]]

==Articles I created==

*[[A-5 Vigilante]]

*[[A-6 Intruder]]

*[[A-7 Corsair II]]

*[[AGM-45 Shrike]]

*[[AIM-120 AMRAAM]]

*[[AIM-54 Phoenix]]

*[[AIM-7 Sparrow]]

*[[Asterix the Gaul]]

*[[Asterix]]

*[[Avionics]]

*[[B-36 Peacemaker]]

*[[Battle of Surigao Strait]]

*[[Battle of the Philippine Sea]]

*[[Characters in Asterix]]

*[[EA-18G Growler]]

*[[EA-6B Prowler]]

*[[Electronic countermeasures]]

*[[F/A-18 Hornet]]

*[[FIM-92 Stinger]]

*[[Forward looking infrared]]

*[[Improvised explosive device]]

*[[Los Angeles class submarine]]

*[[McDonnell Douglas]]

*[[MiG-21]]

*[[MiG-25]]

*[[MiG-29]]

*[[MIM-104 Patriot]]

*[[Missing in action]]

*[[Nuclear war]]

*[[Red Storm Rising]]

*[[S-3 Viking]]

*[[Spacecraft]]

*[[UGM-27 Polaris]]

*[[X-15]]

*[[XB-70 Valkyrie]]

*[[Zork I]]

*[[Zork II]]

*[[Zork III]]

(list may be incomplete)

Conservapedia:Userboxes/Uncategorized

2009-10-15T20:51:49Z

DuncanB:

===Uncategorized===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|{{UB|Galactic Empire}}
|-
|{{User_Runescape}}
|-
|{{UB|Touchy}}
|-
|{{UB|Pi}}
|-
|{{UB|Interest}}
|-
|{{UB|Mark Levin}}
|-
|{{UB|Geek}}
|-
|{{UB|admires|example}}
|-
|{{UB|noracists}}
|-
|{{UB|nobias}}
|-
|{{UB|Maia|(name of Valar)}}
|-
|{{UB|Horse Lover}}
|-
|{{UB|Mythbusters}}
|-
|{{UB|Numenorian}}
|-
|{{UB|faveband|band}}
|-
|{{UB|Wikipedian}}
|-
|{{UB|MIMS}}
|-
|{{UB|pubschool}}
|-
|{{UB|homeschool}}
|-
|{{UB|homeandpubschool}}
|-
|{{UB|tiny flags}}
|-
|{{UB|elephants}}
|-
|{{UB|Life begins|age}}
|-
|{{UB|G}}
|-
|{{UB|noBush}}
|-
|{{UB|Socrates}}
|-
|{{UB|Earth}}
|-
|{{UB|Romans disco}}
|-
|{{UB|PhD awesome}}
|-
|{{UB|gay rights}}
|-
|{{UB|cows tasty}}
|-
|{{UB|lose weight}}
|-
|{{UB|environment}}
|-
|{{UB|sysopother}}
|-
|{{UB|weapon|''weapon name''}}
|}

Template:User weapon

2009-10-15T20:47:40Z

DuncanB: Protected "Template:User weapon": Template protection policy ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

{{Userbox |border-c=#000 |border-s=1 |id-c=#fff |id-s=12 |id-fc=#000 |info-c=#039 |info-s=8 |info-fc=#fff |id=[[File:Glock30.jpg|64px]] |info=<center>This user's weapon of choice against Colbert zombies is a '''{{{1}}}'''.</center>}}

Red Storm Rising

2009-10-15T01:43:11Z

DuncanB: continued

[[Template:Inuse]]

'''Red Storm Rising''' is a techno-thriller novel by [[Tom Clancy]] (assisted by Larry Bond), published in 1986. It describes a conventional war between the [[Warsaw Pact]] nations and [[NATO]]. It is one of two Clancy novels which are not set in the [[Ryaniverse]].

== Plot ==

{{spoiler}}

Azerbaijani terrorists destroy the oil refinery at Nizhnevartovsk, USSR, cutting Soviet oil production by nearly a third. Without oil, the always-fragile Soviet economy will collapse. Rather than increase oil imports and cut use by the military, the Politburo decides to go to war and seize the Persian Gulf oil fields. To prevent a coordinated NATO response, the Politburo creates a plan: they arrange a KGB operation to make it appear that the Germans launched a terrorist attack on the USSR, then launching an attack on Germany (code-named "Red Storm": a conventional mechanized attack on Germany) as "retaliation." With Germany occupied and NATO defeated, they hope they can seize the fields with impunity. The KGB, under the Politburo's orders, detonates a bomb in the Kremlin, making it appear that a West German planted the explosive, to encourage hatred for the Germans.

In the final few days before the Soviets have scheduled their attack, a Soviet ''Spetsnaz'' major is captured in Germany; he is interrogated and the planned attack is detected, leaving NATO virtually intact and giving the West time to mobilize. Greece and Japan refuse to interfere in this "German-Russian" disagreement, and Turkey is unwilling to attack Russia, giving Russia quiet southern and eastern fronts.

Early in the first day of the war, the NATO forces launch a massive air assault, using stealth aircraft (the [[F-19]] Ghostrider) and fighter-bomber aircraft to eliminate bridges, bridging equipment, and several Mainstay AWACS aircraft, as well as over 200 Soviet fighters. This gives NATO a key air advantage, which is badly needed. The Soviet forces advance into Germany; the NATO forces gradually trading land for time.

In the opening days of the war, Soviet forces seize Keflavik, Iceland, disrupting the SOSUS lines of hydrophones designed to detect Soviet submarines, and the Soviet navy places their ballistic missile submarines in port, allowing them to use their entire attack submarine force against resupply convoys. The NATO expedition against Iceland is disastrous: Badger and Backfire bombers fire cruise missiles at the task force, severely damaging the carriers ''Nimitz'' and ''Saratoga'', and sinking the transport ''Saipan'' and the French aircraft carrier ''Foch''.

In Germany, the campaign settles to a high-tech war of attrition. The Soviets attempt a breakthough through NATO lines, but succeed only at Alfeld, where General Alekseyev leads a brilliant assault, but NATO reinforcements arrive and the Soviets cannot capitalize on it.

An attack on the Soviet bomber bases by American fast-attack submarines armed with Tomahawk missiles eliminates nearly half of the aircraft, severely hampering the Soviet's convoy killing ability.

User talk:MarkGall

2009-10-15T01:37:01Z

DuncanB: /* Userbox */ new section

{{welcome|sig=[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 00:50, 10 June 2009 (EDT)}}

Hello there, Mark! I am truly glad to see that you are adding new pages for Obama's "Czars." So far, so good for a newcomer to Conservapedia!
-[[User:RKLuffy88|RKLuffy88]]

== Czars... ==

<big>Great work, Mark, but can we please consolidate these into one Obama Czar article?</big> --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 22:10, 11 June 2009 (EDT)

:As before, I'm happy to merge them -- I only created seperate pages since it was requested on the main page by DeanS to fill in red links he added to [[Obama Administration]]. What should the new article be titled, and how would you recommend laying it out? --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 16:44, 7 July 2009 (EDT)

::One would have to find the articles, as they are not linked from the Obama Administration page. If you can do that, provide the links, I can move them onto the same page, entitled Obama Administration Czars. --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 21:31, 7 July 2009 (EDT)

:::Here they are:
:::[[Alan Bersin]], [[Steven Rattner]], [[Gil Kerlikowske]], [[Paul A. Volcker]], [[Carol Browner]], [[Jeffrey Zients]], [[Cameron Davis]], [[Nancy-Ann DeParle]], [[John Brennan]], [[Dennis Blair]], [[Kenneth R. Feinberg]], [[Cass R. Sunstein]], [[Vivek Kundra]], [[Adolfo Carrion, Jr.]], [[Gary Samore]]
:::These are all linked at [[Obama Administration]] (the sixth section, "czars"), which ought to be updated accordingly. I can go through and clean up the redundant information once your merge is finished. Thanks! --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 21:46, 7 July 2009 (EDT)

== String Theory ==

Thanks for adding the attributions to Givental, Lian, Liu, and Yau. Don't ask me why I left out such an important credit.--[[User:Lemonpeel|Lemonpeel]] 12:36, 16 June 2009 (EDT)

*Lotrsw86? --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 05:13, 23 June 2009 (EDT)

::Who/what is Lotrsw86? If you suspect me of having another username, I assure you that's not the case. I hope it's clear from my contributions by now that I'm not a vandal. --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 11:12, 23 June 2009 (EDT)

==Math articles==
If you please, try to place an example of a problem within the math articles that are posted. For instance, in your [[Fundamental group]] article there could be a problem within each subtopic, broken down in a step-by-step manner to lead the reader in understanding and solving it. Think this is possible? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 01:42, 4 July 2009 (EDT)

:I like your idea about problems in the math articles. The issue here is that it's difficult to come up with problems on the fundamental group that could really be answered at this level. An exposition at this level doesn't give the reader the knowledge to solve any real problems. I don't even prove what the fundamental group of the circle is -- a proof requires much more theory than is in the article, but the intuition is clear. I could ask for intuitive guesses about fundamental groups, but just about every space that a new reader knows about is given as an example already! I will try to think something up, I'm sure it can be done.
:In the article [[differential geometry]] which I did a bit of work on a couple weeks ago, I inserted "motivating questions" in a few places, to indicate why someone would care about it. I can certainly do this in the fundamental group article. Actually, I was thinking that on the front page [[mathematics]], it would be neat to put motivating questions under all the headers you created, to give a flavor of these areas of mathematics. What do you think of that idea? --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 09:33, 4 July 2009 (EDT)

::I added two problems/solutions to [[fundamental group]]. What do you think? One is for conceptual understanding, while one tests ability to manipulate the definitions. I'll try to add more. What do you think? --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 21:51, 7 July 2009 (EDT)

== big bang ==
You undid my edit; why? The list of astronomers I posted contained many people who are far more knowledgeable than either Arp or Burbidge, as evidenced by their continued research in the field of cosmology. While Arp and Geoff might be fine astronomers, they certainly do not understand the preponderance of data that contradicts their pet theories; if their's are notable names to be attached to an article in opposition to the Big Band Theory, why should the names of proponents not be included?

:You added a useless list of mostly obscure scientists. It did nothing to improve the exposition of the article and created the appearance that the theory is more widely supported among scientists than it actually is. --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 16:53, 2 September 2009 (EDT)

==Edit summaries==

Hi, Mark. Could you be more specific than ''reinserted some correct info'' when you edit difficult or advanced articles like [[Infinity]]? Our readers and contributors need to know WHAT is being inserted and WHY. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 10:36, 18 September 2009 (EDT)

:My apologies. I was reinserting some correct information which I had inadvertently removed when taking out some apparent vandalism, and didn't think to state what it actually was. That material's been there for some time so I hope it won't be controversial, but I'll try to pay more attention in the future. --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 11:28, 18 September 2009 (EDT)

::Excellent edit summary here. [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Windows_bugs&curid=87465&diff=701666&oldid=701664&rcid=768499] Keep this link for a get-out-of-jail-free card! ;-) --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 18:42, 18 September 2009 (EDT)

== Possibility ==

Mark, it just dawned on me that you might enjoy teaching a math course here to high school homeschoolers. Just a thought for you to consider ...--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 10:42, 19 September 2009 (EDT)

:Mr. Schlafly, I would certainly love to do that at some point. Unfortunately, for now I don't have time to put in the effort it would require to do it well -- I'm busy enough teaching undergrads (who I suspect are much less motivated than the homeschoolers here!) and keeping up with my own work. I'd consider it at some point in the future, perhaps next year so I can develop materials over the summer. I saw that you once tried to start up a [[Conservapedia:Critical_Thinking_in_Math|math course]] here -- if enough interest materializes again, I'd be happy to be an assistant teacher and help out as much as I'm able! --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 10:49, 19 September 2009 (EDT)

:: Mark, that's fine and I appreciate your work ethic! Maybe I'll get a math course started sometime early next year, and with your help it can grow.

:: The advantage of teaching with the wiki software is that a course can improve dramatically each time it is taught. I'm seeing that with the Economics course now. Thanks again for your insights and effort.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 12:35, 19 September 2009 (EDT)

== Templates etc. ==

(Sorry about ping-ponging this thread all over my page, Andy's page, and your page, but it will be finished very soon.)

Thanks for weighing in on this. I've made the "H" change, calculus; I don't think there's any issue about that one.

On the "A" change (topology/Riemann), I've been going back and forth in my mind about how to do this. I don't think that it being an open question or not is really important. These things are really just decorations. Though I think the best description should be along the lines of "You should know what the equation to the left is talking about before reading this article." (Sort of like the "You must be this tall to go on this ride" signs at amusement parks :-) Or maybe it should be stronger, as in "You should know what this is talking about ''and be able to solve it''." Which of course means Riemann is not suitable. And I think the higher homotopy groups would cut me out. :-( My topology study ended at about the point of the higher homotopy groups. :-( In any case, by the "and be able to solve it" criterion, which works for the other 3 templates, pi-1 of S-1 is about right.

In any case, let me know if this is OK, or if you want pi-m of S-n, and we can let Andy re-protect them. Unprotecting the two lower ones ("E" and "M") was not necessary; it was never my intention to modify those, but I was in too big a hurry last night, at 12 minutes past midnight, to deal with such subtleties. [[User:PatrickD|PatrickD]] 09:51, 22 September 2009 (EDT)

:Sure, sounds good to me. \pi_1(S^1) is about the right level. Thanks for fixing this! --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 14:19, 22 September 2009 (EDT)

== Incompleteness Theorem ==

Mark:

I'm planning to work on the issues of logic, completeness, undecidability, and the Gödel incompleteness theorem next. Basically, everywhere I look, I see things to do, and I happened to look at the [[Undecidable]] page and the [[Axiom]] page. The latter is fairly straightforward -- the characterization of the axioms of geometry being "challenged" by Non-Euclidean geometry needs to be clarified.

But the "undecidable" stuff needs a lot more care. I'm pretty sure I understand the issues, but I'm not 100% sure, so I want to run it by you. It seems to me that essentially all of the material about "Famous undecidable statements" is wrong. These may be statements that are at the edge of what ZF and ZFC mean, but they don't relate to the Gödel incompleteness theorem. And "undecidablility" is about the Gödel incompleteness theorem, ''not'' about the axioms of ZF.

My understanding is that the Gödel incompleteness theorem says, roughly
:*Any logical system rich enough to express integer arithmetic is "incomplete" in the sense that it is not true that, for every well-formed formula F, either F or not F is a theorem (has a proof in that logic).
The logical systems being analyzed by Gödel are simple logics about integers, with nowhere near the sophistication of ZF or ZFC. The non-provability of AC in plain ZF is not really what the Gödel incompleteness theorem is about. You simply add AC, get ZFC, note that the result is still consistent (that is, you now have a trivial proof of AC because it is an axiom, but you do not have a proof of not-AC) and move on.

Hence, it seems to me that all the things in the article related to AC (Banach-Tarski, Continuum hypothesis, large cardinals, non-measurable sets) belong in a different article, since they distract from Gödel's contribution. Only the halting problem (a result from the closely related field of theoretical computer science) is directly relevant to Gödel. And that's what "decidability" should be about.

Of course, fact that neither AC nor not-AC has a proof in ZF is an example of incompletness, but it's not what Gödel was talking about. That is, plain ZF is incomplete, but incomplete logics are a dime a dozen. Gödel showed that ''no'' logic rich enough for integers could be complete.

Does this make sense?

[[User:PatrickD|PatrickD]] 23:07, 23 September 2009 (EDT)

:Hi Patrick,

:Logic's not my forte (you may have noticed I haven't really touched those articles), but I believe everything you say is correct. I am certain that the only thing on the list of "undecidable problems" which is actually undecidable is the halting problem. "Undecidable" is certainly not the same thing as "not provable within ZF", and choice is independent of ZF, not undecidable. Your statement of incompleteness is also good, and I think understandable.

:If you haven't seen it, there's a nice little book called "Godel's Proof" by Nagel that sketches the proof (in 100+ pages) in a fairly nontechnical way. I couldn't give a formal statement of the theorem, but your summary is more or less the same as the one there. I'm looking forward to seeing the article!

== [[Dirichlet's theorem]] ==

Thanks for explaining the requirement!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 00:38, 1 October 2009 (EDT)

:No problem... thanks for catching the error in the statement! Can't believe I missed that one. --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 00:48, 1 October 2009 (EDT)

== Functors ==

Sorry to mess up your elegant article on mathematical functors with low-class computer stuff, but there are probably more people familiar with the latter usage. :-(

Was the material on contravariant functors OK? I remember learning about this back in college. The cohomology functor is contravariant, right?

[[User:PatrickD|PatrickD]] 15:31, 1 October 2009 (EDT)

:My article's not elegant at all! It's just a cleanup until the CP treatment of category theory gets redone (if ever; I don't think it's a high priority). Thanks for adding the CS definition -- I'd heard the term, but never knew what it was before! I think the ideal situation would be a single page about basic notions in category theory -- definition of category, examples, definition of functor, examples, definition of natural transformation, examples, .... It doesn't make sense to me for functor to have its own page. I'd put things like "pushout square" and "adjoint functor" on their own pages, if they were ever written, but I'm not sure they belong here.

:You're right on about contravariant functors. I probably should've mentioned it. Sometimes these days when people write "functor" they just mean covariant functor, and a controvariant functor from A is just regarded as a covariant functor from A^op (A with all arrows reversed). It's definitely more illuminating this way, and cohomology is indeed an example.

:The other example I'm thinking about adding is Hom(-,V) and Hom(V,-), both functors from Vect_k to Vect_k. Given a fixed vector space V, Hom(-,V) is the functor that sends an object W in Vect_k to the set of linear maps from W to V, which is itself a vector space. The first of these is contravariant and the second is covariant (or the other way, I always get it wrong), and it's easy to write down why. It's a nice pair of examples in an easy-to-understand category. --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 17:00, 1 October 2009 (EDT)

== Awesome work! ==

Great job on some of these math articles, especially all that content to diffeomorphism! [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 17:57, 1 October 2009 (EDT)

:Thanks! I'm not really sure what to do with that one -- the notion and examples are obvious to anyone who knows what a smooth manifold is, but not very useful to anyone else. It's a hard thing to motivate. But hopefully the exotic spheres will be news to some. Jump in if you have any ideas to make it easier to read for people with less background!

If you like the geometric style argument we talked about on [[Talk:Essay:Quantifying Openmindedness]], you should check out "Visual Complex Analysis" by Tristan Needham, a doctoral student of Roger Penrose. It's full of cool geometric arguments for complex analysis and Riemann manifolds that I haven't seen anywhere else. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 00:11, 2 October 2009 (EDT)

:I'm a big fan of that book! I was a teaching assistant in a complex analysis course a couple years ago, and almost all of my review sessions (an hour a week) consisted of presenting the arguments from Needham to try to convince the students the theorems were plausible! My intuitions in physics are really bad, I ought to work on seeing things like that. Do you know any physics books along those lines? --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 00:43, 2 October 2009 (EDT)

::Oh, that's awesome! I had the privilege of studying under Dr. Needham at USF, in private sessions my senior year, and I know for a fact that he is working on a similar book for differential geometry. He based the methods of the book off of Newton's Principia, which uses tons and tons of geometric arguments (and a similar lack of rigor!), and Misner Thorne Wheeler is another book recommended by Dr. Needham, and riddled with geometric arguments. Even if you're not interested in GR, it's an excellent resource for differential geometry. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 01:05, 2 October 2009 (EDT)

:::Actually, I had a Fields medalist professor recommend once that we all read Needham's book, that's where I heard about it in the first place. I wish the differential geometry one had come out earlier -- my text had almost no geometry at all. GR is something that I'm hoping to understand better -- I'll definitely give Misner Thorne Wheeler a look. Thanks! --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 01:16, 2 October 2009 (EDT)

::::A Fields medalist professor? That's so cool, who is it? [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 01:20, 2 October 2009 (EDT)

==Typo==
Good work MarkGall, you have become a real contributor here.--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 15:29, 3 October 2009 (EDT)

I've learned a great deal from you Mark. Your catching the typo was one of many examples. Thanks.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 17:31, 3 October 2009 (EDT)

== Blocking and editing ==

Mark, you've received well-deserved blocking and night editing. Congratulations!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 18:52, 6 October 2009 (EDT)

:Thanks, I appreciate it! Yet another distraction from those late-night problem sets. Is there a page where I can learn how to block correctly? --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 19:19, 6 October 2009 (EDT)

== Gravity ==

I finally got around to reading the gravity material in [[Talk:Essay:Quantifying_Openmindedness]],
and there are a lot of correct things, a few things that may miss the point slightly, and a few instances of people talking past each other unnecessarily.

First, you are absolutely right that the divergence theorem establishes an exponent of exactly 2 for divergenceless vector fields in flat Euclidean space. But there's no reason to require that the gravitational "field" be divergenceless. In fact, it could be argued that "dark energy" creates the nonzero divergence, if people used a pure classical gravitational "field", which they don't.

Remember that Newton's formula was a mathematically exact consequence of Kepler's laws (ellipses, focus, equal-area law, etc.), which were an exact geometrical formulation from Brahe's not-completely-exact observations. And that all this was done hundreds of years before the divergence theorem. Newton was exactly matching Kepler's laws, and therefore set the exponent to exactly 2. That was exactly the correct thing to do, in terms of the observations available at the time.

But I think the reasoning in terms of geometry and divergences and "the force spreading out over a greater area" isn't right. The notion of forces being inversely proportional to the square of the distance is something that comes from optics and electromagnetism. We know that light power must diminish exactly as the square of the distance because it contains energy, energy is conserved, and the vacuum is completely transparent. But there is no such requirement for the gravitational "field" of the Sun. It doesn't emit energy. If gravity worked differently, Kepler's geometrical laws might have been different, and Newton very well might have made the force inversely proportional to r3. He was fitting data; he knew nothing about divergences or the flatness of space.

Andy also makes the very valid point that a mathematical theory must obey physical observations, and, if it doesn't, that theory needs to be re-examined. So the question might well have been worded as:
*Do you think that is impossible that the correct behavior of gravity is that of Newtonian gravity, but with the gravitational force proportional to 1/r2.00000001, rather than 1/r2?
We could make other similar questions:
*Do you think that is impossible that the formula F = ma (or E = mc2, or E = hν, or any other famous formula) is not correct?
But formulating the gravity question in terms of an exponent of 2.00000001 may not be the right way to formulate the question. It is well known that alternative exponents don't work. This was tried around 1900, to explain the anomalous perihelion shift of Mercury, but it didn't work. There is no one exponent that works for both Mercury and Earth. General Relativity is the accepted better explanation, though it is known that there are problems with that -- quantum gravity, cosmological constant, dark energy, and a peculiar behavior of the Voyager spacecraft.

Now one ''could'' ask whether the person is openminded enough to question the "experts" that have analyzed the Mercury data, and understand General Relativity, and have crunched the numbers. After all, very few people have crunched the numbers; they depend on perceived "experts". So, in view of question 13, this may be a valid question to ask:
*Do you think it impossible that General Relativity is not correct?
But I doubt that many people who doubt General Relativity believe that going back to Newton's theory with a different exponent is the way to go. Unless, of course, they have crunched those numbers.

[[User:PatrickD|PatrickD]] 00:17, 7 October 2009 (EDT)

:You raise some interesting points. To your question "Do you think that is impossible that the correct behavior of gravity is that of Newtonian gravity, but with the gravitational force proportional to 1/r2.00000001, rather than 1/r2?", I might still answer no, on the grounds that if there is divergence in the gravitational field, then I wouldn't consider the force to be Newtonian gravity: you need dark energy, or an object creating a force from outside itself (possibly I'm wrong about this -- would you agree with this statement at least?)
:I agree that a theory must fit observation, and some question along these lines would be fine -- it strikes me as odd to ask things about gravity being an inverse square law, since (at least as I understand physics), outside of the Newtonian context we don't really want think about gravity as a force with such and such strength at such and such distance anyway. And if we're talking about gravity not being an inverse-square law, then to me, we're no longer talking about Newtonian physics anyway. Some of your other suggested formulae I don't know the derivations of -- I bet there's another one that I'd prefer to use for this question.
:I also like your point about trusting experts in science. To some extent, this is necessary -- I'm not sure I have any personal reason to believe in the germ theory of disease, much less general relativity: I'm just taking someone's word for it. Obviously how much we should trust the experts on a particular subject depends on a lot of things. I bet some philosopher of science has thought hard about this -- I'd be interested to read the results! --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 00:33, 7 October 2009 (EDT) (hope I didn't forget to respond to anything!)
:Fantastic job on [[complex number]], by the way.

== Pictures, etc. ==

(Now that things have quieted down to the point where I don't have a 75% failure rate when I try to view a page.)

Warning -- long, rambling message!

About gravity:

:... if we're talking about gravity not being an inverse-square law, then to me, we're no longer talking about Newtonian physics anyway.

Yes, someone else had mentioned the point that Newton's law is Newton's law, and Newton said 2.0; case closed. You would have to call it something else. That's why my "straw man" question had been carefully worded "... the correct behavior of gravity is that of Newtonian gravity, but with ...".

The issue of trusting experts (I'm not about to reconstruct a few thousand years of science experiments in my basement; the Hubble telescope won't fit) is central to the whole question, and is what the "quantifying openmindedness" question should be aimed at. But I have no idea how to phrase that question in the right way.

About complex numbers: Thanks for the kind words. I need all the public support I can get.

I see that my picture request has gotten noticed by an admin (Jpatt). I had been about to ask you, here, to do what you could to get some action, since I'm staying strictly off of admins' talk pages. But Jpatt's "If he provides the pic link, no problem" comment shows that either he doesn't appreciate the difficulty, or else I don't appreciate what "pic link" means. I need to either mail the jpeg to someone (and the normal Conservapedia "email this user" feature doesn't take attachments) or I need to be given access to some web site, somewhere on the planet, that I can upload it to. And no, I'm not going to create a facebook account :-(

About the Riemann mapping theorem: Conformal map displays, that is, graphs of horizontal and vertical lines as mapped under analytic functions, are very pretty to look at. Can you outline for me what the square/circle function would be? I may have known it at one time, but I sure can't remember it now. It sort of goes crazy in the "corners", I believe.

As far as software to create it, I recall that William Beason had once named "winplot", something that I had never heard of. But I looked at the WP page for a random diagram (Argand diagrams from their complex number article, naturally!), and they have some nice pictures, with the usual explanation of how they got them. Answer: Matlab! For example, go to the "geometric interpretation of the operations" section of their "complex number" page. (I won't give the URL; I can't stand the captcha.) Click on a picture; look at the properties. You'll see the actual Matlab code. So we could do this sort of thing. But I don't have Matlab; it's hugely expensive. Further looking around shows that there's a free program from the FSF called GNU Octave. This might be worth checking out. That is, if either of us finds ourselves with an enormous excess of spare time :-) If this works out, we should be able to put something on the [[Tips for writing math and science articles]] page.

There's also a little graphing program I wrote for my own use that might be able to be pressed into service.

About the "imaginary number" fiasco. This guy needs to be watched carefully. Not with a "bot", but with human eyeballs. I think he's a fairly obvious parodist trying to get his jollies by singlehandedly creating another Bible translation / Stephen Colbert phenomenon. He has a zero chance of succeeding in any case; he won't get 2 million Google hits with that kind of garbage. I had planned to revert with an edit comment along the lines of "We have a higher standard of logic here; proving that there is no real number satisfying X doesn't show that there is no complex number satisfying X." His "proof" makes no sense anyway, even though it's a proof of something that can be shown in 1 or 2 lines.

Then I saw that you had jumped in, and figured that I ought to jump in with a redirect.

Oh, I see he's at it again, at 13:00 EDT. I'd rather not engage him personally; I'm keeping a low profile, especially on talk pages.

:Thanks for the tip about graphing. The usual way to construct conformal maps between polygons and a circle is using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz%E2%80%93Christoffel_mapping Schwartz-Christoffel mappings]. Unfortunately this is a bit of a pain to compute, but I think the square <-> circle example is a particularly nice one for people who have seen this before, and might not be too impressed by circle <-> upper half plane or other such. I'll take a look at your suggestions when I have a chance -- I think I may have tried to do this in mathematica once as well. Unfortunately I don't have upload rights to help you, but I'll keep at that talk page.
:I've got my eye on Mr. Conservative Math Project too. I do not think he will be long for this site; I'll ban him if he posts any more nonsense. --[[User:MarkGall|MarkGall]] 13:38, 12 October 2009 (EDT)

== Userbox ==

I thought you might like this userbox. [[Template:User weapon‎]]--[[User:DuncanB|Duncan]][[User talk:DuncanB|Channel 16]] 21:37, 14 October 2009 (EDT)

Hermaphrodite

2009-10-15T01:35:59Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Athiestgirl101 (Talk) to last version by TK

A '''hermaphrodite''' is an animal or plant having both male and female [[reproductive organs]].

The word 'hermaphrodite' comes from the [[Greek mythology|Greek mythological]] [[other gods|god]] Hermaphroditus whose own name was a combination of the names of his parents, [[Hermes]] and [[Aphrodite]]. In Greek mythology Hermaphroditus was originally born male but was then later cursed into a combined male/female form.

==Human Hermaphrodites==
Often in humans afflicted by hermaphroditism, one or both sets of organs are non-functional, and the condition is considered to be a [[birth defect]], which can be caused by abuses of [[alcohol]] or [[drugs]] during [[pregnancy]]. The abnormality in humans occurs at exceedingly rare interval; the individuals in question are generally not able to reproduce through [[sexual intercourse]].

[[Sigmund Freud]] held that all people were hermaphrodites while in the [[womb]], and that this stage affected human [[psychology]] permanently. This view is contradicted by modern medical understanding of the process, however, where [[ultrasound]]s clearly indicate just one sex of the [[fetus]].

===Disproof of evolution===

Hermaphroditism, as stated above, can be caused by environmental factors. However there may be a genetic link. Given this, there is no [[Darwin]]ian reason for human hermaphrodites to exist, since hermaphrodism does not provide any reproductive or survival benefits. Human hermaphrodites therefore provide yet another challenge to Darwin's theories, often explained away by evolutionists as an "unfavorable" [[mutation]], yet they are unable to explain its repeated occurrence over the ages.

===Christian perspective===

[[Christianity]] teaches that all can be saved through Christ. In most cases, hermaphrodites are more male or more female. Doctors can then perform operations shortly after birth to correct the child to the dominant gender and most hermaphrodites will then lead perfectly normal lives in Christ.

Those who are not or can not be corrected to a dominant gender are not [[bisexual]], and are not permitted to be sexual libertines. Liberals often believe that any person with even marginally ambivalent genitals (or even feelings) may perform whatever sex acts they like with whomever they please. Christians, however, point out that there are many situations in which the Bible mandates [[chastity]]. Indeed, marital relations are a gift God gives humans, and a true hermaphrodite may simply not be given this gift, like a person born without legs is not given the gift of running. The latter is not justified in robbing an Olympic athlete of his medal, and the former is not justified in bedding anyone he chooses.

[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Biology]]

User:DuncanB

2009-10-15T01:35:42Z

DuncanB:

''One sword keeps another in its sheath.''- George Herbert

''If the Lord made a problem, he also made a solution.''- Thomas Edison

{{userboxtop}}
{{User CPLeader|Aschlafly}}
{{User Sysop}}
{{User straightforwardbiblereading}}
{{User Christian1}}
{{User progun}}
{{User American}}
{{User Israel}}
{{User weapon|Barret .50 cal}}
{{User Reagan}}
{{User patriot}}
{{User homeschool}}
{{User KnowsNoEvo}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User Maia| Oromë}}
{{User Numenorian}}
{{User Yankee fan}}
{{userboxbottom}}

Hi Tresspasser!

I am a [[Christian]] [[homeschooled]] student living in [[New Jersey]]. I enjoy baseball, track, sailing, skiing, and history.

[[User: DuncanB/To do]]

==Articles I created==

*[[A-5 Vigilante]]

*[[A-6 Intruder]]

*[[A-7 Corsair II]]

*[[AGM-45 Shrike]]

*[[AIM-120 AMRAAM]]

*[[AIM-54 Phoenix]]

*[[AIM-7 Sparrow]]

*[[Asterix the Gaul]]

*[[Asterix]]

*[[Avionics]]

*[[B-36 Peacemaker]]

*[[Battle of Surigao Strait]]

*[[Battle of the Philippine Sea]]

*[[Characters in Asterix]]

*[[EA-18G Growler]]

*[[EA-6B Prowler]]

*[[Electronic countermeasures]]

*[[F/A-18 Hornet]]

*[[Forward looking infrared]]

*[[Improvised explosive device]]

*[[McDonnell Douglas]]

*[[MiG-21]]

*[[MiG-25]]

*[[MiG-29]]

*[[MIM-104 Patriot]]

*[[Missing in action]]

*[[Nuclear war]]

*[[S-3 Viking]]

*[[Spacecraft]]

*[[UGM-27 Polaris]]

*[[X-15]]

*[[XB-70 Valkyrie]]

*[[Zork I]]

*[[Zork II]]

*[[Zork III]]

(list may be incomplete)

Template:User weapon

2009-10-15T01:27:16Z

DuncanB: Created page with '{{Userbox |border-c=#000 |border-s=1 |id-c=#fff |id-s=12 |id-fc=#000 |info-c=#039 |info-s=8 |info-fc=#fff |id=64px |info=<center>This user's weapon of choice...'

Economics Homework Five Answers - Student Eight

2009-10-14T23:17:21Z

DuncanB: homework

'''Economics Homework 5'''

'''Duncan B.'''

'''1.''' Efficiency is the way of doing something so that you spend minimal time and resources to get the maximum benefit.

'''2.''' If goods are substitutes, the cross elasticity is positive; if the goods are complements, it is negative. Thus, A and B are substitutes and X and Y are complements.

'''3.''' Your marginal cost is $20: $100/5=20.

'''4.''' Hamburgers are an inferior good, because your demand for them goes down as your income rises. [[Steak]] is a normal good: your demand for it increases as your income rises.

'''5.''' In the absence of transaction costs, maximum economic efficiency is found. The first part of the theorem "in the absence of transaction costs," is unrealistic, but without it you cannot have maximum efficiency.

'''6.''' When a producer's marginal revenue (the amount of money which one more unit sells for) exceeds his marginal cost (the amount needed to produce one more unit), he makes and sells more, until MR=MC. At that point, if he made more, MR would eventually be less than MC, and he would actually lose money.

'''7.''' The Coase Theorem says that government-induced transaction costs hamper a free economy, reducing the incentive to invent and create new things. As transaction costs increase, efficiency decreases.

'''8.''' The more substitutes there are for a good, the more price elastic it is. If the price of a widget rises 10%, and there are several ready-to-hand substitutes for it at a lesser price, far more people will purchase the substitutes, resulting in a large drop in demand for a small increase in price.

'''9.''' The smaller amount of income that is consumed by the purchase of a good, the more inelastic it is. For example, if the price of a $0.50 stick of gum went to $0.60(a 20% increase) very few would not buy it or instead buy something else. By contrast, if a sports car went from $50,000 to $60,000 (also a 20% increase) fewer would buy it.

'''10.''' The government prefers to tax price inelastic goods, so that if there is a radical upwards shift in price or a radical downward one in income, most will still purchase it.

'''11.''' Steak=0.08 Hamburger=-0.04

'''12.''' The cross elasticity is %∆(quantity demanded of good Y)/% ∆(change in price of good X). Thus, for this problem, it is -10%/50%, or -0.2. These goods are complements, as the cross elasticity for complements is always negative.

Books of the Old Testament

2009-10-12T15:54:54Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Tyronehunnibi (Talk) to last version by Rhamllib

The exact books included in the [[Old Testament]] vary from Christian tradition to Christian tradition. While all major Christian traditions recognize the books of the Hebrew [[Tanakh]], some also recognize certain other books. For instance, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church recognizes 1 [[Enoch]] as a canonical book, whereas other Christian denominations do not.

The Protestant Old Testament takes a very conservative approach; in most respects, it is identical to the Tanakh, recognizing no Deuterocanonical works. Thus, there are 39 books in the Protestant Old Testament. These are, in order:

*[[Genesis]]
*[[Exodus]]
*[[Leviticus]]
*[[Numbers]]
*[[Deuteronomy]]
*[[Joshua]]
*[[Judges]]
*[[Ruth]]
*[[1 Samuel]]
*[[2 Samuel]]
*[[1 Kings]]
*[[2 Kings]]
*[[1 Chronicles]]
*[[2 Chronicles]]
*[[Ezra]]
*[[Nehemiah]]
*[[Esther]]
*[[Job]]
*[[Psalms]]
*[[Proverbs]]
*[[Ecclesiastes]]
*[[Song of Solomon]]
*[[Isaiah]]
*[[Jeremiah]]
*[[Lamentations]]
*[[Ezekiel]]
*[[Daniel]]
*[[Hosea]]
*[[Joel]]
*[[Amos]]
*[[Stephen Colbert|Colbert]]
*[[Jonah]]
*[[Micah]]
*[[Nahum]]
*[[Habakkuk]]
*[[Zephaniah]]
*[[Haggai]]
*[[Zechariah]]
*[[Malachi]]

==Memorizing the Books of the Old Testament==

Committing all 39 books to memory can be daunting; the following poem may prove a useful mnemonic.

<pre>
That great Jehovah speaks to us,
In Genesis and Exodus,
Leviticus and Numbers see,
Followed by Deuteronomy,
Joshua and Judges sway the land,
Ruth gleans sheaves with trembling hand,
Samuel and two Kings appear,
Whose Chronicles we wondering hear,
Ezra and Nehemiah now,
Esther, the beauteous mourner show,
Job speaks in sighs, David in Psalms,
The Proverbs teach to scatter alms,
Ecclesiastes then comes on,
And the sweet Song of Solomon,
Isaiah, Jeremiah then,
With Lamentations takes his pen,
Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea's lyres,
Swell Joel, Amos, and Colbert's,
Next Jonah, Micah, Nahum come,
And lofty Habbakuk finds room,
While Zephaniah Haggai calls,
Rapt Zechariah builds his walls,
And Malachi, with garments rent,
Concludeth the Old Testament.
</pre>
[[Category: Bible]]

Genesis 1-8 (Translated)

2009-10-12T15:48:49Z

DuncanB: Reverted edits by Mknoll (Talk) to last version by JacobB

==Chapter 1==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
|God created heaven and earth in the beginning
|The first word is God
|-
|2
|And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
|The earth was formless,empty and dark.The Spirit of God was on the oceans.
|
|-
|3
|And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
|God only commanded an there was light
|
|-
|4
|And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.
|God enjoyed the light, because it was good and he separated it from the darkness.
|
|-
|5
|And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
|
|
|-
|6
|And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
|
|
|-
|7
|And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
|
|
|-
|8
|And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
|
|
|-
|9
|And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
|
|
|-
|10
|And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.
|
|
|-
|11
|And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
|
|
|-
|12
|And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
|
|
|-
|13
|And the evening and the morning were the third day.
|
|
|-
|14
|And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:
|
|
|-
|15
|And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
|
|
|-
|16
|And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.
|
|
|-
|17
|And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,
|
|
|-
|18
|And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.
|
|
|-
|19
|And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.
|
|
|-
|20
|And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
|
|
|-
|21
|And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
|
|
|-
|22
|And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
|
|
|-
|23
|And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.
|
|
|-
|24
|And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.
|
|
|-
|25
|And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
|
|
|-
|26
|And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
|
|
|-
|27
|So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
|
|
|-
|28
|And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.
|
|
|-
|29
|And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
|
|
|-
|30
|And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.
|
|
|-
|31
|And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
|
|
|}

==Chapter 2==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them.
|
|
|-
|2
|And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.
|
|
|-
|3
|And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made.
|
|
|-
|4
|These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens,
|
|
|-
|5
|And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground.
|
|
|-
|6
|But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.
|
|
|-
|7
|And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
|
|
|-
|8
|And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.
|
|
|-
|9
|And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
|
|
|-
|10
|And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads.
|
|
|-
|11
|The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
|
|
|-
|12
|And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.
|
|
|-
|13
|And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia.
|
|
|-
|14
|And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.
|
|
|-
|15
|And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.
|
|
|-
|16
|And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat:
|
|
|-
|17
|But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.
|
|
|-
|18
|And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him.
|
|
|-
|19
|And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.
|
|
|-
|20
|And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.
|
|
|-
|21
|And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof;
|
|
|-
|22
|And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.
|
|
|-
|23
|And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.
|
|
|-
|24
|Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.
|
|
|-
|25
|And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.
|
|
|}
==Chapter 3==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?
|
|
|-
|2
|And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden:
|
|
|-
|3
|But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.
|
|
|-
|4
|And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die:
|
|
|-
|5
|For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.
|
|
|-
|6
|And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat.
|
|
|-
|7
|And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
|
|
|-
|8
|And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden.
|
|
|-
|9
|And the LORD God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?
|
|
|-
|10
|And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself.
|
|
|-
|11
|And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat?
|
|
|-
|12
|And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.
|
|
|-
|13
|And the LORD God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
|
|
|-
|14
|And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:
|
|
|-
|15
|And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.
|
|
|-
|16
|Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.
|
|
|-
|17
|And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life;
|
|
|-
|18
|Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field;
|
|
|-
|19
|In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.
|
|
|-
|20
|And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother of all living.
|
|
|-
|21
|Unto Adam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of skins, and clothed them.
|
|
|-
|22
|And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever:
|
|
|-
|23
|Therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.
|
|
|-
|24
|So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.
|
|
|}
==Chapter 4==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD.
|
|
|-
|2
|And she again bare his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.
|
|
|-
|3
|And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto the LORD.
|
|
|-
|4
|And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat thereof. And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his offering:
|
|
|-
|5
|But unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.
|
|
|-
|6
|And the LORD said unto Cain, Why art thou wroth? and why is thy countenance fallen?
|
|
|-
|7
|If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? and if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him.
|
|
|-
|8
|And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him.
|
|
|-
|9
|And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not: Am I my brother's keeper?
|
|
|-
|10
|And he said, What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the ground.
|
|
|-
|11
|And now art thou cursed from the earth, which hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother's blood from thy hand;
|
|
|-
|12
|When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth.
|
|
|-
|13
|And Cain said unto the LORD, My punishment is greater than I can bear.
|
|
|-
|14
|Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth; and from thy face shall I be hid; and I shall be a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth; and it shall come to pass, that every one that findeth me shall slay me.
|
|
|-
|15
|And the LORD said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold. And the LORD set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill him.
|
|
|-
|16
|And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.
|
|
|-
|17
|And Cain knew his wife; and she conceived, and bare Enoch: and he builded a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch.
|
|
|-
|18
|And unto Enoch was born Irad: and Irad begat Mehujael: and Mehujael begat Methusael: and Methusael begat Lamech.
|
|
|-
|19
|And Lamech took unto him two wives: the name of the one was Adah, and the name of the other Zillah.
|
|
|-
|20
|And Adah bare Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle.
|
|
|-
|21
|And his brother's name was Jubal: he was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ.
|
|
|-
|22
|And Zillah, she also bare Tubal-cain, an instructer of every artificer in brass and iron: and the sister of Tubal-cain was Naamah.
|
|
|-
|23
|And Lamech said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah, Hear my voice; ye wives of Lamech, hearken unto my speech: for I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt.
|
|
|-
|24
|If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold.
|
|
|-
|25
|And Adam knew his wife again; and she bare a son, and called his name Seth: For God, said she, hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew.
|
|
|-
|26
|And to Seth, to him also there was born a son; and he called his name Enos: then began men to call upon the name of the LORD.
|
|
|}
==Chapter 5==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of God made he him;
|
|
|-
|2
|Male and female created he them; and blessed them, and called their name Adam, in the day when they were created.
|
|
|-
|3
|And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, after his image; and called his name Seth:
|
|
|-
|4
|And the days of Adam after he had begotten Seth were eight hundred years: and he begat sons and daughters:
|
|
|-
|5
|And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years: and he died.
|
|
|-
|6
|And Seth lived an hundred and five years, and begat Enos:
|
|
|-
|7
|And Seth lived after he begat Enos eight hundred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters:
|
|
|-
|8
|And all the days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years: and he died.
|
|
|-
|9
|And Enos lived ninety years, and begat Cainan:
|
|
|-
|10
|And Enos lived after he begat Cainan eight hundred and fifteen years, and begat sons and daughters:
|
|
|-
|11
|And all the days of Enos were nine hundred and five years: and he died.
|
|
|-
|12
|And Cainan lived seventy years, and begat Mahalaleel:
|
|
|-
|13
|And Cainan lived after he begat Mahalaleel eight hundred and forty years, and begat sons and daughters:
|
|
|-
|14
|And all the days of Cainan were nine hundred and ten years: and he died.
|
|
|-
|15
|And Mahalaleel lived sixty and five years, and begat Jared:
|
|
|-
|16
|And Mahalaleel lived after he begat Jared eight hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters:
|
|
|-
|17
|And all the days of Mahalaleel were eight hundred ninety and five years: and he died.
|
|
|-
|18
|And Jared lived an hundred sixty and two years, and he begat Enoch:
|
|
|-
|19
|And Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight hundred years, and begat sons and daughters:
|
|
|-
|20
|And all the days of Jared were nine hundred sixty and two years: and he died.
|
|
|-
|21
|And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah:
|
|
|-
|22
|And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters:
|
|
|-
|23
|And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years:
|
|
|-
|24
|And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him.
|
|
|-
|25
|And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech:
|
|
|-
|26
|And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters:
|
|
|-
|27
|And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died.
|
|
|-
|28
|And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two years, and begat a son:
|
|
|-
|29
|And he called his name Noah, saying, This same shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground which the LORD hath cursed.
|
|
|-
|30
|And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and daughters:
|
|
|-
|31
|And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy and seven years: and he died.
|
|
|-
|32
|And Noah was five hundred years old: and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
|
|
|}
==Chapter 6==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them,
|
|
|-
|2
|That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.
|
|
|-
|3
|And the LORD said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years.
|
|
|-
|4
|There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.
|
|
|-
|5
|And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
|
|
|-
|6
|And it repented the LORD that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.
|
|
|-
|7
|And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them.
|
|
|-
|8
|But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD.
|
|
|-
|9
|These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God.
|
|
|-
|10
|And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
|
|
|-
|11
|The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence.
|
|
|-
|12
|And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.
|
|
|-
|13
|And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.
|
|
|-
|14
|Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.
|
|
|-
|15
|And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.
|
|
|-
|16
|A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it.
|
|
|-
|17
|And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die.
|
|
|-
|18
|But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee.
|
|
|-
|19
|And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female.
|
|
|-
|20
|Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive.
|
|
|-
|21
|And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them.
|
|
|-
|22
|Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he.
|
|
|}
==Chapter 7==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And the LORD said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation.
|
|
|-
|2
|Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female.
|
|
|-
|3
|Of fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed alive upon the face of all the earth.
|
|
|-
|4
|For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth.
|
|
|-
|5
|And Noah did according unto all that the LORD commanded him.
|
|
|-
|6
|And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth.
|
|
|-
|7
|And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood.
|
|
|-
|8
|Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth,
|
|
|-
|9
|There went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah.
|
|
|-
|10
|And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.
|
|
|-
|11
|In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.
|
|
|-
|12
|And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.
|
|
|-
|13
|In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark;
|
|
|-
|14
|They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort.
|
|
|-
|15
|And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life.
|
|
|-
|16
|And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: and the LORD shut him in.
|
|
|-
|17
|And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth.
|
|
|-
|18
|And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters.
|
|
|-
|19
|And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered.
|
|
|-
|20
|Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered.
|
|
|-
|21
|And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man:
|
|
|-
|22
|All in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died.
|
|
|-
|23
|And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark.
|
|
|-
|24
|And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days.
|
|
|}
==Chapter 8==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Verse
!King James Version
!Proposed Conservative Translation
!Analysis
|-
|1
|And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters asswaged;
|
|
|-
|2
|The fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained;
|
|
|-
|3
|And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated.
|
|
|-
|4
|And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat.
|
|
|-
|5
|And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, were the tops of the mountains seen.
|
|
|-
|6
|And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made:
|
|
|-
|7
|And he sent forth a raven, which went forth to and fro, until the waters were dried up from off the earth.
|
|
|-
|8
|Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground;
|
|
|-
|9
|But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark.
|
|
|-
|10
|And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark;
|
|
|-
|11
|And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth.
|
|
|-
|12
|And he stayed yet other seven days; and sent forth the dove; which returned not again unto him any more.
|
|
|-
|13
|And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth: and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry.
|
|
|-
|14
|And in the second month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, was the earth dried.
|
|
|-
|15
|And God spake unto Noah, saying,
|
|
|-
|16
|Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee.
|
|
|-
|17
|Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth.
|
|
|-
|18
|And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him:
|
|
|-
|19
|Every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl, and whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of the ark.
|
|
|-
|20
|And Noah builded an altar unto the LORD; and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar.
|
|
|-
|21
|And the LORD smelled a sweet savour; and the LORD said in his heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done.
|
|
|-
|22
|While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease.
|
|
|}

[[Category:Conservative Bible]]

Red Storm Rising

2009-10-10T19:27:43Z

DuncanB:

Template:Inuse

'''Red Storm Rising''' is a techno-thriller novel by [[Tom Clancy]] (assisted by Larry Bond), published in 1986. It describes a conventional war between the [[Warsaw Pact]] nations and [[NATO]]. It is one of two Clancy novels which are not set in the [[Ryanverse]].

== Plot ==

{{spoiler}}

Azerbaijani terrorists destroy the oil refinery at Nizhnevartovsk, USSR, cutting Soviet oil production by nearly a third. Without oil, the always-fragile Soviet economy will collapse. Rather than increase oil imports and cut use by the military, the Politburo decides to go to war and seize the Persian Gulf oil fields. To prevent a coordinated NATO response, the Politburo creates a plan: they arrange a KGB operation to make it appear that the Germans launched a terrorist attack on the USSR, then launching an attack on Germany (code-named "Red Storm": a conventional mechanized attack on Germany) as "retaliation." With Germany occupied and NATO defeated, they hope they can seize the fields with impunity. The KGB, under the Politburo's orders, detonates a bomb in the Kremlin, making it appear that a West German planted the explosive, to encourage hatred for the Germans.

In the final few days before the Soviets have scheduled their attack, a Soviet ''Spetsnaz'' major is captured in Germany; he is interrogated and the planned attack is detected, leaving NATO virtually intact and giving the West time to mobilize. Greece and Japan refuse to interfere in this "German-Russian" disagreement, and Turkey is unwilling to attack Russia, giving Russia quiet southern and eastern fronts.

Early in the first day of the war, the NATO forces launch a massive air assault, using stealth aircraft (the [[F-19]] Ghostrider) and fighter-bomber aircraft to eliminate bridges, bridging equipment, and several Mainstay AWACS aircraft, as well as over 200 Soviet fighters. This gives NATO a key air advantage, which is badly needed. The Soviet forces advance into Germany; the NATO forces gradually trading land for time.

In the opening days of the war, Soviet forces seize Keflavik, Iceland, disrupting the SOSUS lines of hydrophones designed to detect Soviet submarines, and the Soviet navy places their ballistic missile submarines in port, allowing them to use their entire attack submarine force against resupply convoys. The NATO expedition against Iceland is disastrous: Badger and Backfire bombers fire cruise missiles at the task force, severely damaging the carriers ''Nimitz'' and ''Saratoga'', and sinking the transport ''Saipan'' and the French aircraft carrier ''Foch''.

Red Storm Rising

2009-10-10T19:21:28Z

DuncanB: Created page with ''''Red Storm Rising''' is a techno-thriller novel by Tom Clancy (assisted by Larry Bond), published in 1986. It describes a conventional war between the Warsaw Pact natio...'

'''Red Storm Rising''' is a techno-thriller novel by [[Tom Clancy]] (assisted by Larry Bond), published in 1986. It describes a conventional war between the [[Warsaw Pact]] nations and [[NATO]]. It is one of two Clancy novels which are not set in the [[Ryanverse]].

== Plot ==

{{spoiler}}

Azerbaijani terrorists destroy the oil refinery at Nizhnevartovsk, USSR, cutting Soviet oil production by nearly a third. Without oil, the always-fragile Soviet economy will collapse. Rather than increase oil imports and cut use by the military, the Politburo decides to go to war and seize the Persian Gulf oil fields. To prevent a coordinated NATO response, the Politburo creates a plan: they arrange a KGB operation to make it appear that the Germans launched a terrorist attack on the USSR, then launching an attack on Germany (code-named "Red Storm": a conventional mechanized attack on Germany) as "retaliation." With Germany occupied and NATO defeated, they hope they can seize the fields with impunity. The KGB, under the Politburo's orders, detonates a bomb in the Kremlin, making it appear that a West German planted the explosive, to encourage hatred for the Germans.

In the final few days before the Soviets have scheduled their attack, a Soviet ''Spetsnaz'' major is captured in Germany; he is interrogated and the planned attack is detected, leaving NATO virtually intact and giving the West time to mobilize. Greece and Japan refuse to interfere in this "German-Russian" disagreement, and Turkey is unwilling to attack Russia, giving Russia quiet southern and eastern fronts.

Early in the first day of the war, the NATO forces launch a massive air assault, using stealth aircraft (the [[F-19]] Ghostrider) and fighter-bomber aircraft to eliminate bridges, bridging equipment, and several Mainstay AWACS aircraft, as well as over 200 Soviet fighters. This gives NATO a key air advantage, which is badly needed. The Soviet forces advance into Germany; the NATO forces gradually trading land for time.

In the opening days of the war, Soviet forces seize Keflavik, Iceland, disrupting the SOSUS lines of hydrophones designed to detect Soviet submarines, and the Soviet navy places their ballistic missile submarines in port, allowing them to use their entire attack submarine force against resupply convoys. The NATO expedition against Iceland is disastrous: Badger and Backfire bombers fire cruise missiles at the task force, severely damaging the carriers ''Nimitz'' and ''Saratoga'', and sinking the transport ''Saipan'' and the French aircraft carrier ''Foch''.

Category:United States Air Force Aircraft

2009-10-09T19:02:18Z

DuncanB: Created page with 'Category: Military Aircraft Category: United States Air Force'

[[Category: Military Aircraft]]
[[Category: United States Air Force]]