Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Jack Purvis

2015-05-11T22:57:23Z

EBorgman: /* External links */

'''Jack Purvis''' (December 11, 1906 – March 30, 1962) was a [[United States]] [[jazz]] [[musician]].<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

Purvis was best known as a [[trumpet]] player and the composer of ''Dismal Dan'' and ''Down Georia Way''.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., [[Hilton Schleman|Hilton R. Schleman]], 1936, page 201</ref> He was one of the earliest trumpeters to incorporate the innovations pioneered by [[Louis Armstrong]] in the late 1920s.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> He also played [[trombone]] and on occasion a number of other instruments professionally (including [[harp]]).

== Early years ==
Jack Purvis was born in Kokomo, [[Indiana]] on December 11, 1906 to Sanford B. Purvis, a real estate agent and his wife Nettie (Jackson) Purvis.<ref>''Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz, 1915 to 1945, Richard M. Sudhalter, Oxford University Press, 1999, page 471</ref> He learned trumpet and trombone as a boy and by the time he attended high school he was playing in the school band. As early as 1921 he was playing locally in dance bands.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

After high school he worked in his home state for a time then went to Lexington, Kentucky where he played with the Original Kentucky Night Hawks. Around this time he learned to fly planes. In 1926 he was with [[Bud Rice]] and toured New England. He then worked the remainder of 1926 and the beginning of 1927 with Whitey Kaufman's Original Pennsylvanians. For a short time he played trombone with [[Hal Kemp]] and by July 1928 he traveled to [[France]] with George Carhart's band. It is reported that he had an early brush with the law when he cheated a tourist out of his travelers checks and was forced to leave the band and flee France.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

When returning in the United States in 1929 he again joined Hal Kemp's band this time playing trumpet. From 1929 to 1930 Purvis recored with Kemp, [[Smith Ballew]], [[Ted Wallace]], [[Rube Bloom]], the California Ramblers, Roy Wilson's Georgia Crackers, and the Carolina Club Orchestra. On December 17, 1929 Purvis led his own recording groups using Hal Kemp's rhythm section to produce ''Copyin' Louis'', and ''Mental Strain at Dawn''.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

== The 1930's ==
In 1930, Purvis led a couple of racially mixed recording sessions including the likes of J.C. Higginbotham, and Adrian Rollini.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> One of these sessions was organized by Adrian Rollini and OKeh A & R man, Bob Stephens.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> After leaving Hal Kemps' employ for good Purvis found work with the California Ramblers. He also worked with the Dorsey Brothers and played fourth trumpet with Fletcher Henderson.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

From 1931 to 1932 he played with a few radio orchestras and work with Fred Waring. In 1933 he toured the South with Charlie Barnet. He even talked his way into a job with the New Orleans Symphony Orchestra playing ''The Carnival of Venice''. During this time he also worked in Texas as a pilot perhaps smuggling illegal goods out of Mexico.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

He moved to California and was successful with radio broadcasting work.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., Hilton Schleman, 1936, page 201</ref> In Los Angeles, Purvis worked for the George Stall Orchestra as a writer and even worked for [[Warner Brothers]] arranging. He composed ''Legends of Haiti'' for a one hundred and ten piece orchestra. Afterwards he found work in San Francisco as a chef.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

At the end of 1935 he joined Frank Froeba's Swing Band in New York.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., [[Hilton Schleman|Hilton R. Schleman]], 1936, page 201</ref> These 1935 recordings with Froeba were the end of Purvis' recording career.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> <ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> He played a couple of weeks with Joe Haymes' orchestra and then disappears from history for a couple of years. It is speculated that he worked as a ship's cook on a freighter at the time.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

He was arrested in Texas in June 1937, while working as a cook, for his involvement in a robbery in El Paso, Texas. He was tried and convicted and sentenced to jail time in Huntsville Prison.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> While in prison he directed the Rhythmic Swingsters, the prison band and also played piano with them. The band regularly broadcast on radio station WBAP in 1938.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref> <ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

== Later life ==
In August of 1940, Purvis was conditionally pardoned from prison, but he quickly broke his parole and was sent back to prison for six more years.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> Some sources claim he did this deliberately because he missed the prison band.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref>

On September 30, 1946 Purvis was was released from prison one last time.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> He had a wild reputation and is said to have set hotel rooms on fire.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref> He seldom stuck with one band for very long and was known to hit the streets as a busker. From this time onward he worked at non-musical careers which included working as a [[chef]], an [[aviator]] in [[Florida]], a [[carpenter]], an [[radio]] repair-man in San Franscisco.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> At sometime in his checkered life he was also a [[mercenary]] in South America.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref>

Purvis is suppose to have killed himself in [[San Francisco, California]] on March 30, 1962, however stories persist that a man who looked like Jack Purvis showed up at a band date by cornetist [[Jack Goodwin]] and the two men had a long talk about his life on two occasions in 1968.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> <ref>''Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz, 1915 to 1945, Richard M. Sudhalter, Oxford University Press, 1999, pages 470 & 471</ref>

== References ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=146101856 Find-A-Grave Memorial]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purvis, Jack}}
[[Category:Musicians]]

Jack Purvis

2015-05-11T22:56:19Z

EBorgman: /* The 1930's */

'''Jack Purvis''' (December 11, 1906 – March 30, 1962) was a [[United States]] [[jazz]] [[musician]].<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

Purvis was best known as a [[trumpet]] player and the composer of ''Dismal Dan'' and ''Down Georia Way''.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., [[Hilton Schleman|Hilton R. Schleman]], 1936, page 201</ref> He was one of the earliest trumpeters to incorporate the innovations pioneered by [[Louis Armstrong]] in the late 1920s.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> He also played [[trombone]] and on occasion a number of other instruments professionally (including [[harp]]).

== Early years ==
Jack Purvis was born in Kokomo, [[Indiana]] on December 11, 1906 to Sanford B. Purvis, a real estate agent and his wife Nettie (Jackson) Purvis.<ref>''Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz, 1915 to 1945, Richard M. Sudhalter, Oxford University Press, 1999, page 471</ref> He learned trumpet and trombone as a boy and by the time he attended high school he was playing in the school band. As early as 1921 he was playing locally in dance bands.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

After high school he worked in his home state for a time then went to Lexington, Kentucky where he played with the Original Kentucky Night Hawks. Around this time he learned to fly planes. In 1926 he was with [[Bud Rice]] and toured New England. He then worked the remainder of 1926 and the beginning of 1927 with Whitey Kaufman's Original Pennsylvanians. For a short time he played trombone with [[Hal Kemp]] and by July 1928 he traveled to [[France]] with George Carhart's band. It is reported that he had an early brush with the law when he cheated a tourist out of his travelers checks and was forced to leave the band and flee France.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

When returning in the United States in 1929 he again joined Hal Kemp's band this time playing trumpet. From 1929 to 1930 Purvis recored with Kemp, [[Smith Ballew]], [[Ted Wallace]], [[Rube Bloom]], the California Ramblers, Roy Wilson's Georgia Crackers, and the Carolina Club Orchestra. On December 17, 1929 Purvis led his own recording groups using Hal Kemp's rhythm section to produce ''Copyin' Louis'', and ''Mental Strain at Dawn''.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

== The 1930's ==
In 1930, Purvis led a couple of racially mixed recording sessions including the likes of J.C. Higginbotham, and Adrian Rollini.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> One of these sessions was organized by Adrian Rollini and OKeh A & R man, Bob Stephens.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> After leaving Hal Kemps' employ for good Purvis found work with the California Ramblers. He also worked with the Dorsey Brothers and played fourth trumpet with Fletcher Henderson.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

From 1931 to 1932 he played with a few radio orchestras and work with Fred Waring. In 1933 he toured the South with Charlie Barnet. He even talked his way into a job with the New Orleans Symphony Orchestra playing ''The Carnival of Venice''. During this time he also worked in Texas as a pilot perhaps smuggling illegal goods out of Mexico.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

He moved to California and was successful with radio broadcasting work.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., Hilton Schleman, 1936, page 201</ref> In Los Angeles, Purvis worked for the George Stall Orchestra as a writer and even worked for [[Warner Brothers]] arranging. He composed ''Legends of Haiti'' for a one hundred and ten piece orchestra. Afterwards he found work in San Francisco as a chef.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

At the end of 1935 he joined Frank Froeba's Swing Band in New York.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., [[Hilton Schleman|Hilton R. Schleman]], 1936, page 201</ref> These 1935 recordings with Froeba were the end of Purvis' recording career.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> <ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> He played a couple of weeks with Joe Haymes' orchestra and then disappears from history for a couple of years. It is speculated that he worked as a ship's cook on a freighter at the time.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

He was arrested in Texas in June 1937, while working as a cook, for his involvement in a robbery in El Paso, Texas. He was tried and convicted and sentenced to jail time in Huntsville Prison.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> While in prison he directed the Rhythmic Swingsters, the prison band and also played piano with them. The band regularly broadcast on radio station WBAP in 1938.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref> <ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

== Later life ==
In August of 1940, Purvis was conditionally pardoned from prison, but he quickly broke his parole and was sent back to prison for six more years.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> Some sources claim he did this deliberately because he missed the prison band.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref>

On September 30, 1946 Purvis was was released from prison one last time.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> He had a wild reputation and is said to have set hotel rooms on fire.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref> He seldom stuck with one band for very long and was known to hit the streets as a busker. From this time onward he worked at non-musical careers which included working as a [[chef]], an [[aviator]] in [[Florida]], a [[carpenter]], an [[radio]] repair-man in San Franscisco.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> At sometime in his checkered life he was also a [[mercenary]] in South America.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref>

Purvis is suppose to have killed himself in [[San Francisco, California]] on March 30, 1962, however stories persist that a man who looked like Jack Purvis showed up at a band date by cornetist [[Jack Goodwin]] and the two men had a long talk about his life on two occasions in 1968.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> <ref>''Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz, 1915 to 1945, Richard M. Sudhalter, Oxford University Press, 1999, pages 470 & 471</ref>

== References ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>

== External links ==
* [http://shopping.yahoo.com/p:Jack%20Purvis:1927152483:page=biography;_ylt=AqXKAuGwSYurYikcfh1uXJQJGbgF;_ylu=X3oDMTA3MjE5YXBsBHNlYwNiaW8-? Yahoo Biography]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Purvis, Jack}}
[[Category:Musicians]]

Jack Purvis

2015-05-11T21:34:05Z

EBorgman: /* Early years */

'''Jack Purvis''' (December 11, 1906 – March 30, 1962) was a [[United States]] [[jazz]] [[musician]].<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

Purvis was best known as a [[trumpet]] player and the composer of ''Dismal Dan'' and ''Down Georia Way''.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., [[Hilton Schleman|Hilton R. Schleman]], 1936, page 201</ref> He was one of the earliest trumpeters to incorporate the innovations pioneered by [[Louis Armstrong]] in the late 1920s.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> He also played [[trombone]] and on occasion a number of other instruments professionally (including [[harp]]).

== Early years ==
Jack Purvis was born in Kokomo, [[Indiana]] on December 11, 1906 to Sanford B. Purvis, a real estate agent and his wife Nettie (Jackson) Purvis.<ref>''Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz, 1915 to 1945, Richard M. Sudhalter, Oxford University Press, 1999, page 471</ref> He learned trumpet and trombone as a boy and by the time he attended high school he was playing in the school band. As early as 1921 he was playing locally in dance bands.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

After high school he worked in his home state for a time then went to Lexington, Kentucky where he played with the Original Kentucky Night Hawks. Around this time he learned to fly planes. In 1926 he was with [[Bud Rice]] and toured New England. He then worked the remainder of 1926 and the beginning of 1927 with Whitey Kaufman's Original Pennsylvanians. For a short time he played trombone with [[Hal Kemp]] and by July 1928 he traveled to [[France]] with George Carhart's band. It is reported that he had an early brush with the law when he cheated a tourist out of his travelers checks and was forced to leave the band and flee France.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

When returning in the United States in 1929 he again joined Hal Kemp's band this time playing trumpet. From 1929 to 1930 Purvis recored with Kemp, [[Smith Ballew]], [[Ted Wallace]], [[Rube Bloom]], the California Ramblers, Roy Wilson's Georgia Crackers, and the Carolina Club Orchestra. On December 17, 1929 Purvis led his own recording groups using Hal Kemp's rhythm section to produce ''Copyin' Louis'', and ''Mental Strain at Dawn''.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

== The 1930's ==
In 1930, Purvis led a couple of racially mixed recording sessions including the likes of J.C. Higginbotham, and Adrian Rollini.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> One of these sessions was organized by Adrian Rollini and OKeh A & R man, Bob Stephens.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> After leaving Hal Kemps' employ for good Purvis found work with the California Ramblers. He also worked with the Dorsey Brothers and played fourth trumpet with Fletcher Henderson.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

From 1931 to 1932 he played with a few radio orchestras and work with Fred Waring. In 1933 he toured the South with Charlie Barnet. He even talked his way into a job with the New Orleans Symphony Orchestra playing ''The Carnival of Venice''. During this time he also worked in Texas as a pilot perhaps smuggling illegal goods out of Mexico.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

He moved to California and was successful with radio broadcasting work.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., Hilton Schleman, 1936, page 201</ref> In Los Angeles, Purvis worked for the George Stall Orchestra as a writer and even worked for [[Warner Brothers]] arranging. He composed ''Legends of Haiti'' for a one hundred and ten piece orchestra. Afterwards he found work in San Francisco as a chef.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

At the end of 1935 he joined Frank Froeba's Swing Band in New York.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., [[Hilton Schleman|Hilton R. Schleman]], 1936, page 201</ref> These 1935 recordings with Froeba were the end of Purvis' recording career.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> <ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> He played a couple of weeks with Joe Haymes' orchestra and then disappears from history for a couple of years. It is speculated that he worked as a ships cook on a freighter at the time.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

He was arrested in Texas in June 1937, while working as a cook, for his involvement in a robbery in El Paso, Texas. He was tried and convicted and sentenced to jail time in Huntsville Prison.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> While in prison he directed the Rhythmic Swingsters, the prison band and also played piano with them. The band regularly broadcast on radio station WBAP in 1938.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref> <ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

== Later life ==
In August of 1940, Purvis was conditionally pardoned from prison, but he quickly broke his parole and was sent back to prison for six more years.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> Some sources claim he did this deliberately because he missed the prison band.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref>

On September 30, 1946 Purvis was was released from prison one last time.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> He had a wild reputation and is said to have set hotel rooms on fire.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref> He seldom stuck with one band for very long and was known to hit the streets as a busker. From this time onward he worked at non-musical careers which included working as a [[chef]], an [[aviator]] in [[Florida]], a [[carpenter]], an [[radio]] repair-man in San Franscisco.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> At sometime in his checkered life he was also a [[mercenary]] in South America.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref>

Purvis is suppose to have killed himself in [[San Francisco, California]] on March 30, 1962, however stories persist that a man who looked like Jack Purvis showed up at a band date by cornetist [[Jack Goodwin]] and the two men had a long talk about his life on two occasions in 1968.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> <ref>''Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz, 1915 to 1945, Richard M. Sudhalter, Oxford University Press, 1999, pages 470 & 471</ref>

== References ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>

== External links ==
* [http://shopping.yahoo.com/p:Jack%20Purvis:1927152483:page=biography;_ylt=AqXKAuGwSYurYikcfh1uXJQJGbgF;_ylu=X3oDMTA3MjE5YXBsBHNlYwNiaW8-? Yahoo Biography]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Purvis, Jack}}
[[Category:Musicians]]

Jack Purvis

2015-05-11T21:19:27Z

EBorgman: /* Early years */

'''Jack Purvis''' (December 11, 1906 – March 30, 1962) was a [[United States]] [[jazz]] [[musician]].<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

Purvis was best known as a [[trumpet]] player and the composer of ''Dismal Dan'' and ''Down Georia Way''.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., [[Hilton Schleman|Hilton R. Schleman]], 1936, page 201</ref> He was one of the earliest trumpeters to incorporate the innovations pioneered by [[Louis Armstrong]] in the late 1920s.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> He also played [[trombone]] and on occasion a number of other instruments professionally (including [[harp]]).

== Early years ==
Jack Purvis was born in [[Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo]], [[Indiana]] on December 11, 1906 to Sanford B. Purvis, a real estate agent and his wife Nettie (Jackson) Purvis.<ref>''Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz, 1915 to 1945, Richard M. Sudhalter, Oxford University Press, 1999, page 471</ref> He learned trumpet and trombone as a boy and by the time he attended high school he was playing in the school band. As early as 1921 he was playing locally in dance bands.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

After high school he worked in his home state for a time then went to Lexington, Kentucky where he played with the Original Kentucky Night Hawks. Around this time he learned to fly planes. In 1926 he was with [[Bud Rice]] and toured New England. He then worked the remainder of 1926 and the beginning of 1927 with Whitey Kaufman's Original Pennsylvanians. For a short time he played trombone with [[Hal Kemp]] and by July 1928 he traveled to [[France]] with George Carhart's band. It is reported that he had an early brush with the law when he cheated a tourist out of his travelers checks and was forced to leave the band and flee France.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, Scott Yanow, 2001</ref>

When returning in the United States in 1929 he again joined Hal Kemp's band this time playing trumpet. From 1929 to 1930 Purvis recored with Kemp, [[Smith Ballew]], [[Ted Wallace]], [[Rube Bloom]], the California Ramblers, Roy Wilson's Georgia Crackers, and the Carolina Club Orchestra. On December 17, 1929 Purvis led his own recording groups using Hal Kemp's rhythm section to produce ''Copyin' Louis'', and ''Mental Strain at Dawn''.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

== The 1930's ==
In 1930, Purvis led a couple of racially mixed recording sessions including the likes of J.C. Higginbotham, and Adrian Rollini.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> One of these sessions was organized by Adrian Rollini and OKeh A & R man, Bob Stephens.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> After leaving Hal Kemps' employ for good Purvis found work with the California Ramblers. He also worked with the Dorsey Brothers and played fourth trumpet with Fletcher Henderson.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

From 1931 to 1932 he played with a few radio orchestras and work with Fred Waring. In 1933 he toured the South with Charlie Barnet. He even talked his way into a job with the New Orleans Symphony Orchestra playing ''The Carnival of Venice''. During this time he also worked in Texas as a pilot perhaps smuggling illegal goods out of Mexico.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

He moved to California and was successful with radio broadcasting work.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., Hilton Schleman, 1936, page 201</ref> In Los Angeles, Purvis worked for the George Stall Orchestra as a writer and even worked for [[Warner Brothers]] arranging. He composed ''Legends of Haiti'' for a one hundred and ten piece orchestra. Afterwards he found work in San Francisco as a chef.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

At the end of 1935 he joined Frank Froeba's Swing Band in New York.<ref>''Rhythm on Record; who's Who and register of recorded Dance Music, 1906/1936, Melody Maker Ltd., [[Hilton Schleman|Hilton R. Schleman]], 1936, page 201</ref> These 1935 recordings with Froeba were the end of Purvis' recording career.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> <ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> He played a couple of weeks with Joe Haymes' orchestra and then disappears from history for a couple of years. It is speculated that he worked as a ships cook on a freighter at the time.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

He was arrested in Texas in June 1937, while working as a cook, for his involvement in a robbery in El Paso, Texas. He was tried and convicted and sentenced to jail time in Huntsville Prison.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref> While in prison he directed the Rhythmic Swingsters, the prison band and also played piano with them. The band regularly broadcast on radio station WBAP in 1938.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref> <ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref>

== Later life ==
In August of 1940, Purvis was conditionally pardoned from prison, but he quickly broke his parole and was sent back to prison for six more years.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> Some sources claim he did this deliberately because he missed the prison band.<ref>''1930's Jazz - The Small Combos'', Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CD booklet, Michael Brooks, pages 3 and 1987</ref>

On September 30, 1946 Purvis was was released from prison one last time.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> He had a wild reputation and is said to have set hotel rooms on fire.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref> He seldom stuck with one band for very long and was known to hit the streets as a busker. From this time onward he worked at non-musical careers which included working as a [[chef]], an [[aviator]] in [[Florida]], a [[carpenter]], an [[radio]] repair-man in San Franscisco.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> At sometime in his checkered life he was also a [[mercenary]] in South America.<ref>''Black Beauty, White Heat:A Pictural History of Classic Jazz'', Frank Driggs & Harris Lewine, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995, page 103</ref>

Purvis is suppose to have killed himself in [[San Francisco, California]] on March 30, 1962, however stories persist that a man who looked like Jack Purvis showed up at a band date by cornetist [[Jack Goodwin]] and the two men had a long talk about his life on two occasions in 1968.<ref>''The Classic Jazz'', Backbeat Books, [[Scott Yanow]], 2001</ref> <ref>''Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz, 1915 to 1945, Richard M. Sudhalter, Oxford University Press, 1999, pages 470 & 471</ref>

== References ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>

== External links ==
* [http://shopping.yahoo.com/p:Jack%20Purvis:1927152483:page=biography;_ylt=AqXKAuGwSYurYikcfh1uXJQJGbgF;_ylu=X3oDMTA3MjE5YXBsBHNlYwNiaW8-? Yahoo Biography]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Purvis, Jack}}
[[Category:Musicians]]

Noah Beauchamp

2014-08-21T22:42:12Z

EBorgman: /* Aftermath */ Correction

'''Noah Beauchamp''' (February 24, 1785 - December 30, 1842) was a [[blacksmith]] and an [[Indiana]] pioneer. He was also the first person to be legally [[hanged]] in [[Parke County, Indiana]] after murdering his neighbor George Mickelberry over a dispute.

== Early life ==
Noah Beauchamp was born February 24, 1785 in [[Maryland]] to Thomas and Sarah (Adams) Beauchamp. As an adult Noah was over six feet tall, burly and had a ruddy complexion. He was said to have been quick to anger. It has also been said that when a young man Noah had a disagreement with his father over the morality of slavery. Noah was very religious, a devout [[Baptist]] and he was vehemently against [[slavery]]. His father who owned slaves, and possibly disowned Noah who left for [[Kentucky]] and then Ohio where he may have met Elizabeth Adams who became his wife. His first child Noah Beauchamp, Jr., was born in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], on November 29, 1804.

By 1811, Noah had moved with his family to [[Connersville, Indiana|Connersville Township]] in [[Fayette County, Indiana|Fayette County]] in the Indiana Territory, where he set up a blacksmith shop. On December 14, 1812 Noah purchased a tract of land in Fayette Co., Indiana and resided and there with his family. He served in the 11th Indiana Regiment and was made a Lieutenant on April 29, 1814.<ref>A History of the National Guard of Indiana, William D. Pratt, W. D. Pratt Printers, 1901, page 66.</ref>

In the 1820s Noah moved his family to [[Edgar County, Illinois]] where he remained until the mid 1830s when he relocated again to Indiana, this time to Vigo County.

== The murder ==
One of the neighboring families, in [[Sugar Creek, Indiana|Sugar Creek Township]], that abutted his farm was the Mickelberry family. It has been reported that George Mickelberry and Noah got into a heated dispute over their property boundaries, but the tension between the two families wasn't bad enough to prevent Mrs. Mickelberry from hiring Noah's daughters to knit. It was after one of these knitting jobs, in the July of 1840, that a larger dispute took place this time between the Mickelberry and Beauchamp women. The Mickelberry daughters were spreading the word around town that Noah's children stole some left over wool from the job. Noah soon got wind of the accusations and quickly became very angry over the slanderous statements made about his daughters. He decided to confront George Mickelberry and make him prevent his family from making further comments about his daughters.

Noah began walking over to George Mickelberry's house and decided to stop and ask [[God]] for guidance. He stopped in a clearing where meat had been prepared and where a large butcher's knife was left on a stump. After Noah prayed, he decided to take the knife with him in case Mickelberry's farm hands were around and gave him any trouble. Instead, only George answered the door when Noah knocked. In the doorway, Noah, in anger, began to berate him over his daughters' behavior, one of whom was in the living room, and who began talking back to Noah. Becoming enraged Noah threatened the daughter saying, "If you was a man I'd cut you into laces," as he brandished the knife. Just then George put his hand on Noah's shoulder to quiet down the situation and upon reflex Noah plunged the knife into George's chest. His breast bone cracking at the force of the blade, he died almost instantly.

Noah in a panic immediately ran from the house and made for the [[Wabash River]]. When there he stole a row boat and used the river as a means of escape. When the word got out that Noah had killed George Mickelberry a large manhunt proceeded to search all over Vigo County and the whole area, but Noah was nowhere to be found. George Mickelberry's family grieved for their loss and George was buried.

== Aftermath ==
In the meantime, Noah had managed to flee to the vast state of [[Texas]] where he borrowed money to open up a blacksmith shop. He owed large debts and the son of one of the men who loaned him money happened to see the wanted poster in the local hotel that was brought down to Texas by a traveller in April 1841. Since, Noah had not thought to use an assumed name it wasn't long before the lenders son and another man went looking to collect the $500 reward on the fugitive.

Noah was quickly apprehended and the two men set out for a river to ship Noah back up to Indiana in custody. But before they even made it to the river Noah broke free and overpowered one of the men. He made a run for it but was soon recaptured. Noah was locked in one of the cabins on the boat as it made its way up river. Unknown to his captors Noah used the sheets of the bed to fashion a noose and tried to kill himself in the cabin. Just in the nick of time someone checked up on Noah and he was prevented from killing himself.

Back in Vigo County, Noah's trial began in earnest, his lawyer, Tilghman A. Howard<ref>Indiana Magazine of History, Murphy: Parke County, page 145, 1916.</ref>, got a change of venue from Vigo County to Parke County since the case was so well known. His daughter-in-law's parents [[Sanford Ransdell|Sanford]] and Rhoda Ransdell testified for the defense but it was no use, after a lengthy trial Noah was sentenced to death on September 8, 1842.

The gallows were constructed in [[Rockville, Indiana]]. On the morning of December 30, 1842 Noah's old friend and minister Reverend Newport delivered a sermon right outside Noah's jail cell window so he could hear it. Noah had his last meal and said his goodbyes to his family and friends. He was taken out to the gallows where a large contingent from Vigo County waited. When he was asked if he had any last words, Noah said, "Goodbye," and he was hanged.

The one irony is that this had all happened before in the 1820s to a Beauchamp who, to defend the honor of a woman, killed a man in the man's own doorway with a knife. Just like Noah, this Beauchamp fled and a large manhunt took place. He was captured, tried to kill himself, was saved at the last minute, was tried and hanged. This was the case of [[Jereboam O. Beauchamp]] who killed Col. [[Solomon P. Sharp]] on November 7, 1825. The case became famous and is known as the [[Beauchamp-Sharp Tragedy]] and inspired many literary works. Jereboam was Noah's cousin.

Noah Beauchamp was a direct descendant of the [[Quaker]] [[Ambrose Dixon]], Dixon being Beauchamp's great-great-great grandfather.

==References==
<references/>
* [http://specials.tribstar.com/Columns/Historical/2002/December15.html Lynchings create somber yuletide, Mike McCormack]
*History of Vigo and Parke Counties, Together With Historic Notes on the Wabash Valley, H. W. Beckwith - 1880, Fayette Twp. - pp. 449-450
* H. C. Brsby, ''History of Vigo County, Indiana: with biographical selections'', Chicago, S. B. Nelson & Co., 1891, pages 561-563.

== External links ==
* [http://hometown.aol.com/wandastarling/myhomepage/heritage.html Beauchamp Genealogy]
* [http://www.longislandgenealogy.com/titmus/fam01843.htm Genealogy Chart]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beauchamp, Noah}}
[[Category:Criminals]]

Noah Beauchamp

2014-01-09T19:46:16Z

EBorgman: /* References */

'''Noah Beauchamp''' (February 24, 1785 - December 30, 1842) was a [[blacksmith]] and an [[Indiana]] pioneer. He was also the first person to be legally [[hanged]] in [[Parke County, Indiana]] after murdering his neighbor George Mickelberry over a dispute.

== Early life ==
Noah Beauchamp was born February 24, 1785 in [[Maryland]] to Thomas and Sarah (Adams) Beauchamp. As an adult Noah was over six feet tall, burly and had a ruddy complexion. He was said to have been quick to anger. It has also been said that when a young man Noah had a disagreement with his father over the morality of slavery. Noah was very religious, a devout [[Baptist]] and he was vehemently against [[slavery]]. His father who owned slaves, and possibly disowned Noah who left for [[Kentucky]] and then Ohio where he may have met Elizabeth Adams who became his wife. His first child Noah Beauchamp, Jr., was born in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], on November 29, 1804.

By 1811, Noah had moved with his family to [[Connersville, Indiana|Connersville Township]] in [[Fayette County, Indiana|Fayette County]] in the Indiana Territory, where he set up a blacksmith shop. On December 14, 1812 Noah purchased a tract of land in Fayette Co., Indiana and resided and there with his family. He served in the 11th Indiana Regiment and was made a Lieutenant on April 29, 1814.<ref>A History of the National Guard of Indiana, William D. Pratt, W. D. Pratt Printers, 1901, page 66.</ref>

In the 1820s Noah moved his family to [[Edgar County, Illinois]] where he remained until the mid 1830s when he relocated again to Indiana, this time to Vigo County.

== The murder ==
One of the neighboring families, in [[Sugar Creek, Indiana|Sugar Creek Township]], that abutted his farm was the Mickelberry family. It has been reported that George Mickelberry and Noah got into a heated dispute over their property boundaries, but the tension between the two families wasn't bad enough to prevent Mrs. Mickelberry from hiring Noah's daughters to knit. It was after one of these knitting jobs, in the July of 1840, that a larger dispute took place this time between the Mickelberry and Beauchamp women. The Mickelberry daughters were spreading the word around town that Noah's children stole some left over wool from the job. Noah soon got wind of the accusations and quickly became very angry over the slanderous statements made about his daughters. He decided to confront George Mickelberry and make him prevent his family from making further comments about his daughters.

Noah began walking over to George Mickelberry's house and decided to stop and ask [[God]] for guidance. He stopped in a clearing where meat had been prepared and where a large butcher's knife was left on a stump. After Noah prayed, he decided to take the knife with him in case Mickelberry's farm hands were around and gave him any trouble. Instead, only George answered the door when Noah knocked. In the doorway, Noah, in anger, began to berate him over his daughters' behavior, one of whom was in the living room, and who began talking back to Noah. Becoming enraged Noah threatened the daughter saying, "If you was a man I'd cut you into laces," as he brandished the knife. Just then George put his hand on Noah's shoulder to quiet down the situation and upon reflex Noah plunged the knife into George's chest. His breast bone cracking at the force of the blade, he died almost instantly.

Noah in a panic immediately ran from the house and made for the [[Wabash River]]. When there he stole a row boat and used the river as a means of escape. When the word got out that Noah had killed George Mickelberry a large manhunt proceeded to search all over Vigo County and the whole area, but Noah was nowhere to be found. George Mickelberry's family grieved for their loss and George was buried.

== Aftermath ==
In the meantime, Noah had managed to flee to the vast state of [[Texas]] where he borrowed money to open up a blacksmith shop. He owed large debts and the son of one of the men who loaned him money happened to see the wanted poster in the local hotel that was brought down to Texas by a traveller in April 1841. Since, Noah had not thought to use an assumed name it wasn't long before the lenders son and another man went looking to collect the $500 reward on the fugitive.

Noah was quickly apprehended and the two men set out for a river to ship Noah back up to Indiana in custody. But before they even made it to the river Noah broke free and overpowered one of the men. He made a run for it but was soon recaptured. Noah was locked in one of the cabins on the boat as it made its way up river. Unknown to his captors Noah used the sheets of the bed to fashion a noose and tried to kill himself in the cabin. Just in the nick of time someone checked up on Noah and he was prevented from killing himself.

Back in Vigo County, Noah's trial began in earnest, his lawyer, Ned McGaughey<ref>Indiana Magazine of History, Murphy: Parke County, page 145, 1916.</ref>, got a change of venue from Vigo County to Parke County since the case was so well known. His daughter-in-law's parents [[Sanford Ransdell|Sanford]] and Rhoda Ransdell testified for the defense but it was no use, after a lengthy trial Noah was sentenced to death on September 8, 1842.

The gallows were constructed in [[Rockville, Indiana]]. On the morning of December 30, 1842 Noah's old friend and minister Reverend Newport delivered a sermon right outside Noah's jail cell window so he could hear it. Noah had his last meal and said his goodbyes to his family and friends. He was taken out to the gallows where a large contingent from Vigo County waited. When he was asked if he had any last words, Noah said, "Goodbye," and he was hanged.

The one irony is that this had all happened before in the 1820s to a Beauchamp who, to defend the honor of a woman, killed a man in the man's own doorway with a knife. Just like Noah, this Beauchamp fled and a large manhunt took place. He was captured, tried to kill himself, was saved at the last minute, was tried and hanged. This was the case of [[Jereboam O. Beauchamp]] who killed Col. [[Solomon P. Sharp]] on November 7, 1825. The case became famous and is known as the [[Beauchamp-Sharp Tragedy]] and inspired many literary works. Jereboam was Noah's cousin.

Noah Beauchamp was a direct descendant of the [[Quaker]] [[Ambrose Dixon]], Dixon being Beauchamp's great-great-great grandfather.

==References==
<references/>
* [http://specials.tribstar.com/Columns/Historical/2002/December15.html Lynchings create somber yuletide, Mike McCormack]
*History of Vigo and Parke Counties, Together With Historic Notes on the Wabash Valley, H. W. Beckwith - 1880, Fayette Twp. - pp. 449-450
* H. C. Brsby, ''History of Vigo County, Indiana: with biographical selections'', Chicago, S. B. Nelson & Co., 1891, pages 561-563.

== External links ==
* [http://hometown.aol.com/wandastarling/myhomepage/heritage.html Beauchamp Genealogy]
* [http://www.longislandgenealogy.com/titmus/fam01843.htm Genealogy Chart]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beauchamp, Noah}}
[[Category:Criminals]]

Noah Beauchamp

2014-01-09T19:42:15Z

EBorgman: /* Early life */ +ref

'''Noah Beauchamp''' (February 24, 1785 - December 30, 1842) was a [[blacksmith]] and an [[Indiana]] pioneer. He was also the first person to be legally [[hanged]] in [[Parke County, Indiana]] after murdering his neighbor George Mickelberry over a dispute.

== Early life ==
Noah Beauchamp was born February 24, 1785 in [[Maryland]] to Thomas and Sarah (Adams) Beauchamp. As an adult Noah was over six feet tall, burly and had a ruddy complexion. He was said to have been quick to anger. It has also been said that when a young man Noah had a disagreement with his father over the morality of slavery. Noah was very religious, a devout [[Baptist]] and he was vehemently against [[slavery]]. His father who owned slaves, and possibly disowned Noah who left for [[Kentucky]] and then Ohio where he may have met Elizabeth Adams who became his wife. His first child Noah Beauchamp, Jr., was born in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], on November 29, 1804.

By 1811, Noah had moved with his family to [[Connersville, Indiana|Connersville Township]] in [[Fayette County, Indiana|Fayette County]] in the Indiana Territory, where he set up a blacksmith shop. On December 14, 1812 Noah purchased a tract of land in Fayette Co., Indiana and resided and there with his family. He served in the 11th Indiana Regiment and was made a Lieutenant on April 29, 1814.<ref>A History of the National Guard of Indiana, William D. Pratt, W. D. Pratt Printers, 1901, page 66.</ref>

In the 1820s Noah moved his family to [[Edgar County, Illinois]] where he remained until the mid 1830s when he relocated again to Indiana, this time to Vigo County.

== The murder ==
One of the neighboring families, in [[Sugar Creek, Indiana|Sugar Creek Township]], that abutted his farm was the Mickelberry family. It has been reported that George Mickelberry and Noah got into a heated dispute over their property boundaries, but the tension between the two families wasn't bad enough to prevent Mrs. Mickelberry from hiring Noah's daughters to knit. It was after one of these knitting jobs, in the July of 1840, that a larger dispute took place this time between the Mickelberry and Beauchamp women. The Mickelberry daughters were spreading the word around town that Noah's children stole some left over wool from the job. Noah soon got wind of the accusations and quickly became very angry over the slanderous statements made about his daughters. He decided to confront George Mickelberry and make him prevent his family from making further comments about his daughters.

Noah began walking over to George Mickelberry's house and decided to stop and ask [[God]] for guidance. He stopped in a clearing where meat had been prepared and where a large butcher's knife was left on a stump. After Noah prayed, he decided to take the knife with him in case Mickelberry's farm hands were around and gave him any trouble. Instead, only George answered the door when Noah knocked. In the doorway, Noah, in anger, began to berate him over his daughters' behavior, one of whom was in the living room, and who began talking back to Noah. Becoming enraged Noah threatened the daughter saying, "If you was a man I'd cut you into laces," as he brandished the knife. Just then George put his hand on Noah's shoulder to quiet down the situation and upon reflex Noah plunged the knife into George's chest. His breast bone cracking at the force of the blade, he died almost instantly.

Noah in a panic immediately ran from the house and made for the [[Wabash River]]. When there he stole a row boat and used the river as a means of escape. When the word got out that Noah had killed George Mickelberry a large manhunt proceeded to search all over Vigo County and the whole area, but Noah was nowhere to be found. George Mickelberry's family grieved for their loss and George was buried.

== Aftermath ==
In the meantime, Noah had managed to flee to the vast state of [[Texas]] where he borrowed money to open up a blacksmith shop. He owed large debts and the son of one of the men who loaned him money happened to see the wanted poster in the local hotel that was brought down to Texas by a traveller in April 1841. Since, Noah had not thought to use an assumed name it wasn't long before the lenders son and another man went looking to collect the $500 reward on the fugitive.

Noah was quickly apprehended and the two men set out for a river to ship Noah back up to Indiana in custody. But before they even made it to the river Noah broke free and overpowered one of the men. He made a run for it but was soon recaptured. Noah was locked in one of the cabins on the boat as it made its way up river. Unknown to his captors Noah used the sheets of the bed to fashion a noose and tried to kill himself in the cabin. Just in the nick of time someone checked up on Noah and he was prevented from killing himself.

Back in Vigo County, Noah's trial began in earnest, his lawyer, Ned McGaughey<ref>Indiana Magazine of History, Murphy: Parke County, page 145, 1916.</ref>, got a change of venue from Vigo County to Parke County since the case was so well known. His daughter-in-law's parents [[Sanford Ransdell|Sanford]] and Rhoda Ransdell testified for the defense but it was no use, after a lengthy trial Noah was sentenced to death on September 8, 1842.

The gallows were constructed in [[Rockville, Indiana]]. On the morning of December 30, 1842 Noah's old friend and minister Reverend Newport delivered a sermon right outside Noah's jail cell window so he could hear it. Noah had his last meal and said his goodbyes to his family and friends. He was taken out to the gallows where a large contingent from Vigo County waited. When he was asked if he had any last words, Noah said, "Goodbye," and he was hanged.

The one irony is that this had all happened before in the 1820s to a Beauchamp who, to defend the honor of a woman, killed a man in the man's own doorway with a knife. Just like Noah, this Beauchamp fled and a large manhunt took place. He was captured, tried to kill himself, was saved at the last minute, was tried and hanged. This was the case of [[Jereboam O. Beauchamp]] who killed Col. [[Solomon P. Sharp]] on November 7, 1825. The case became famous and is known as the [[Beauchamp-Sharp Tragedy]] and inspired many literary works. Jereboam was Noah's cousin.

Noah Beauchamp was a direct descendant of the [[Quaker]] [[Ambrose Dixon]], Dixon being Beauchamp's great-great-great grandfather.

==References==
* [http://specials.tribstar.com/Columns/Historical/2002/December15.html Lynchings create somber yuletide, Mike McCormack]
*History of Vigo and Parke Counties, Together With Historic Notes on the Wabash Valley, H. W. Beckwith - 1880, Fayette Twp. - pp. 449-450
* H. C. Brsby, ''History of Vigo County, Indiana: with biographical selections'', Chicago, S. B. Nelson & Co., 1891, pages 561-563.

== External links ==
* [http://hometown.aol.com/wandastarling/myhomepage/heritage.html Beauchamp Genealogy]
* [http://www.longislandgenealogy.com/titmus/fam01843.htm Genealogy Chart]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beauchamp, Noah}}
[[Category:Criminals]]

Noah Beauchamp

2014-01-09T19:38:39Z

EBorgman: /* Early life */

'''Noah Beauchamp''' (February 24, 1785 - December 30, 1842) was a [[blacksmith]] and an [[Indiana]] pioneer. He was also the first person to be legally [[hanged]] in [[Parke County, Indiana]] after murdering his neighbor George Mickelberry over a dispute.

== Early life ==
Noah Beauchamp was born February 24, 1785 in [[Maryland]] to Thomas and Sarah (Adams) Beauchamp. As an adult Noah was over six feet tall, burly and had a ruddy complexion. He was said to have been quick to anger. It has also been said that when a young man Noah had a disagreement with his father over the morality of slavery. Noah was very religious, a devout [[Baptist]] and he was vehemently against [[slavery]]. His father who owned slaves, and possibly disowned Noah who left for [[Kentucky]] and then Ohio where he may have met Elizabeth Adams who became his wife. His first child Noah Beauchamp, Jr., was born in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], on November 29, 1804.

By 1811, Noah had moved with his family to [[Connersville, Indiana|Connersville Township]] in [[Fayette County, Indiana|Fayette County]] in the Indiana Territory, where he set up a blacksmith shop. On December 14, 1812 Noah purchased a tract of land in Fayette Co., Indiana and resided and there with his family. He served in the 11th Indiana Regiment and was made a Lieutenant on April 29, 1814.

In the 1820s Noah moved his family to [[Edgar County, Illinois]] where he remained until the mid 1830s when he relocated again to Indiana, this time to Vigo County.

== The murder ==
One of the neighboring families, in [[Sugar Creek, Indiana|Sugar Creek Township]], that abutted his farm was the Mickelberry family. It has been reported that George Mickelberry and Noah got into a heated dispute over their property boundaries, but the tension between the two families wasn't bad enough to prevent Mrs. Mickelberry from hiring Noah's daughters to knit. It was after one of these knitting jobs, in the July of 1840, that a larger dispute took place this time between the Mickelberry and Beauchamp women. The Mickelberry daughters were spreading the word around town that Noah's children stole some left over wool from the job. Noah soon got wind of the accusations and quickly became very angry over the slanderous statements made about his daughters. He decided to confront George Mickelberry and make him prevent his family from making further comments about his daughters.

Noah began walking over to George Mickelberry's house and decided to stop and ask [[God]] for guidance. He stopped in a clearing where meat had been prepared and where a large butcher's knife was left on a stump. After Noah prayed, he decided to take the knife with him in case Mickelberry's farm hands were around and gave him any trouble. Instead, only George answered the door when Noah knocked. In the doorway, Noah, in anger, began to berate him over his daughters' behavior, one of whom was in the living room, and who began talking back to Noah. Becoming enraged Noah threatened the daughter saying, "If you was a man I'd cut you into laces," as he brandished the knife. Just then George put his hand on Noah's shoulder to quiet down the situation and upon reflex Noah plunged the knife into George's chest. His breast bone cracking at the force of the blade, he died almost instantly.

Noah in a panic immediately ran from the house and made for the [[Wabash River]]. When there he stole a row boat and used the river as a means of escape. When the word got out that Noah had killed George Mickelberry a large manhunt proceeded to search all over Vigo County and the whole area, but Noah was nowhere to be found. George Mickelberry's family grieved for their loss and George was buried.

== Aftermath ==
In the meantime, Noah had managed to flee to the vast state of [[Texas]] where he borrowed money to open up a blacksmith shop. He owed large debts and the son of one of the men who loaned him money happened to see the wanted poster in the local hotel that was brought down to Texas by a traveller in April 1841. Since, Noah had not thought to use an assumed name it wasn't long before the lenders son and another man went looking to collect the $500 reward on the fugitive.

Noah was quickly apprehended and the two men set out for a river to ship Noah back up to Indiana in custody. But before they even made it to the river Noah broke free and overpowered one of the men. He made a run for it but was soon recaptured. Noah was locked in one of the cabins on the boat as it made its way up river. Unknown to his captors Noah used the sheets of the bed to fashion a noose and tried to kill himself in the cabin. Just in the nick of time someone checked up on Noah and he was prevented from killing himself.

Back in Vigo County, Noah's trial began in earnest, his lawyer, Ned McGaughey<ref>Indiana Magazine of History, Murphy: Parke County, page 145, 1916.</ref>, got a change of venue from Vigo County to Parke County since the case was so well known. His daughter-in-law's parents [[Sanford Ransdell|Sanford]] and Rhoda Ransdell testified for the defense but it was no use, after a lengthy trial Noah was sentenced to death on September 8, 1842.

The gallows were constructed in [[Rockville, Indiana]]. On the morning of December 30, 1842 Noah's old friend and minister Reverend Newport delivered a sermon right outside Noah's jail cell window so he could hear it. Noah had his last meal and said his goodbyes to his family and friends. He was taken out to the gallows where a large contingent from Vigo County waited. When he was asked if he had any last words, Noah said, "Goodbye," and he was hanged.

The one irony is that this had all happened before in the 1820s to a Beauchamp who, to defend the honor of a woman, killed a man in the man's own doorway with a knife. Just like Noah, this Beauchamp fled and a large manhunt took place. He was captured, tried to kill himself, was saved at the last minute, was tried and hanged. This was the case of [[Jereboam O. Beauchamp]] who killed Col. [[Solomon P. Sharp]] on November 7, 1825. The case became famous and is known as the [[Beauchamp-Sharp Tragedy]] and inspired many literary works. Jereboam was Noah's cousin.

Noah Beauchamp was a direct descendant of the [[Quaker]] [[Ambrose Dixon]], Dixon being Beauchamp's great-great-great grandfather.

==References==
* [http://specials.tribstar.com/Columns/Historical/2002/December15.html Lynchings create somber yuletide, Mike McCormack]
*History of Vigo and Parke Counties, Together With Historic Notes on the Wabash Valley, H. W. Beckwith - 1880, Fayette Twp. - pp. 449-450
* H. C. Brsby, ''History of Vigo County, Indiana: with biographical selections'', Chicago, S. B. Nelson & Co., 1891, pages 561-563.

== External links ==
* [http://hometown.aol.com/wandastarling/myhomepage/heritage.html Beauchamp Genealogy]
* [http://www.longislandgenealogy.com/titmus/fam01843.htm Genealogy Chart]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beauchamp, Noah}}
[[Category:Criminals]]

Pasquale Di Milla

2013-01-17T05:13:55Z

EBorgman: I am the author of this page here and elsewhere.

'''Rev. Pasquale Di Milla''' (September 8, 1869 - March 18, 1940) - Father Di Milla was one of the first active Italian priests in the diocese of Boston, Massachusetts.

Pasquale Di Milla was born on September 8, 1869 in Elena in the Province of Caserta, Italy the son of Antonio and Concetta (Valardocchio) Di Milla. He was educated at the Seminary of Gaeta. He was considered a brilliant scholar. Studied in the Latin language and the writings of Virgil.

Di Milla was ordained into the priesthood in June 1892 by Archbishop Nicola Contieri. He was assigned to St. James Church in Elena and taught school there for eight years. At which point he removed to the United States and settled in Boston, Massachusetts. In Boston he was placed in charge of the Italian communicants of St. James Parish on Harrison Avenue.

Father Di Milla was so successful in his position that within three years he was able to build a new church which was dedicated on October 25, 1903 and named the Church of Our Lady of Pompeii.

He was one of a small group of people to found St. Michael's Cemetery in Boston in 1905 and remained president for over a decade starting in 1908.

As a priest he was known as being zealous in his work with the poor looking after their spiritual welfare and their material needs. He remained in charge of the Italian parish work until 1927 when because of his health he was forced to resign as a pastor.

He traveled back to Italy that same year and returned to Boston after awhile where Cardinal O'Connell assigned to various chaplaincies which kept him fairly busy. Father Di Milla even served as chaplain at Emmanuel College. His final assignment was as chaplain of Convent of Good Help in East Boston.

Father Di Milla died at St. Elizabeth's Hospital on March 18, 1940 after his prolonged illness. His funeral was held at 10 O'Clock in the morning on March 20th, at St. Lazarus Church in East Boston.

==Sources==
*''Rev. Pasquale DiMilla, Priest 47 Years, Dead'', Daily Boston Globe (1928-1960); Mar 19, 1940; page 15.
*The National Cyclopædia of American Biography, Volume 16, page 278.

George A. Borgman

2012-01-29T03:26:12Z

EBorgman: /* Family */

'''George Allan Borgman'''<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> (January 22, 1928 - October 26, 2009) was a musicologist, freelance jazz journalist, and was contributing editor and columnist for ''The Mississippi Rag''.

== Early life ==
Borgman was born on January 22, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri, the only child of Herman Francis and Martha Vivien (Wecker) Borgman. He grew up in St. Louis and attended the St. Louis Institute of Music, where he earned a Bachelor of Music degree and Indiana University, Bloomington, where he received a master's degree in musicology.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref>

Borgman played saxophone and clarinet with such big bands as Larry Tice's Orchestra (1946), Jack Everett's Orchestra (1946) and Jack Staulcup's Orchestra (1950). He was a member of the U.S. Army from 1946 to 1948, playing clarinet in an Army band in Heidelberg, Germany, where he took a music appreciation course at Heidelberg University. From 1953 to 1957, he worked as a high school band<ref>Patterson's American Education, Volume 53, Homer L. Patterson, page 47, 1956.</ref> and chorus director, two years in Colorado<ref>Patterson's American Education, Volume 53, Homer L. Patterson, page 47, 1956.</ref> and two years in Nevada. He married Janet Ferroli, a Bostonian, in February 1957. In Spring and Summer 1957, Borgman took a television production course at the School of Radio Technique, New York City. He subsequently worked as a lighting assistant on the Drew Pearson and Quentin Reynolds TV documentaries, and he also worked as a film editor in New York. In 1958, he was a film editor and TV cameraman at KOMU, Missouri University's commercial (NBC affiliate) TV station in Columbia.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref>

== Military career ==
In September 1958, Borgman rejoined the United States Army in order to get into the Counter Intelligence Corps. After attending the Intelligence School, Fort Holabird, Maryland, he was assigned to a CIC unit in West Berlin. During his Army career, he was a special agent in the CIC, Military Intelligence and the Defense Investigative Service, working mostly in civilian clothes, and spent almost ten years in West Germany, about five years in Washington, D.C., and one year in the Republic of Vietnam. His military rank at retirement in September 1979 was Chief Warrant Officer 3.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref>

== Jazz journalist ==
In the early 1980s, he worked as an investigator for the Wackenhut Corporation and almost five years as a personnel security specialist (Department of Army Civilian), U.S. Army Military Personnel Center, Alexandria, Virginia.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> He later worked six years as a sportswriter for a group of suburban newspapers in the Boston area.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> In 1988, he began writing stories for jazz periodicals, mostly about traditional jazz and ragtime, although he has also written about swing, big bands, bebop and modern jazz. He claims that his military experience in conducting interrogations has helped him in interviewing musicians.<ref>[http://imdb.com/name/nm1744354/bio Internet Movie Database]</ref>

Borgman's reviews of jazz recordings and books have appeared in such periodicals as the ''IAJRC Journal'', ''Cadence'', ''Joslin's Jazz Journal'', ''TJ Today'' and since 1992, ''The Mississippi Rag'', for which he wrote a monthly column, "Yankee Jazz Beat"<ref>Internet Movie Database</ref><ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> up until the newspaper went defunct in 2009 upon the death of its owner [[Leslie Johnson]].

Borgman has written numerous reviews, in-depth articles on the history of jazz and on numerous jazz musicians including jazz drummer [[Tommy Benford]], ragtime composer [[Joseph F. Lamb]],<ref>Ragging It: Getting Ragtime Into History (and Some History Into Ragytime), H. Loring White, page 311, 2005.</ref> Ruby Braff, [[Al Casey]], [[Buzzy Drootin]], Sabby Lewis, Stan McDonald, Chuck Folds, Stan Kenton, et al.<ref>''The Mississippi Rag'' - various issues</ref> His most recent in-depth aritcle was on Glen Gray and the [[Casa Loma Orchestra]], in the October 2006 issue of ''The Mississippi Rag''.

In the mid-1990s he was voted in the top 12 jazz critics in the ''Jazz Beat'' poll. He was a member of the Jazz Journalists Association and has written liner notes for Stomp Off Records and various jazz recording artists and groups, including Neville Dickie, the Back Bay Ramblers, Stan McDonald's Blue Horizon Jazz Band and Lucinda Ellert's Happy Feet Dance Orchestra. He has also written articles for the annual Hot Steamed Jazz Festival (Essex, Connecticut).<ref>Internet Movie database</ref>

Borgman was working on a book about the Casa Loma Orchestra.<ref>''The Mississippi Rag'', October 2006</ref>

== Family ==
He has two sons and played a substantial role in his son Eric's feature comedy film The Man in the Movie.<ref>Man in the Movie Website</ref> His eldest son, Paul, is a mechanical engineer, and resides in Connecticut with his wife.<ref>Who's Who in America, 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref><ref>Internet Movie Database</ref> Two daughters predeceased him. Borgman died on October 26, 2009 in Needham, Massachusetts after a brief illness.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Borgman, George A.}}
[[Category:Authors]]

Allen Ginsberg

2011-09-20T05:10:11Z

EBorgman:

[[Image:UploaddammitGinsberg.jpg|thumb|right|Allen Ginsberg]]
'''Allen Ginsberg''', one of America's best known poets<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/08/specials/ginsberg-obit.html</ref>, was born June 3, 1926, in [[Newark]], [[New Jersey]]. Along with others such as [[Jack Kerouac]] and [[William S. Burroughs]], he became part of what was dubbed the "Beat Generation" of writers.
He's most famous for his long poem, "Howl," which drew national attention in 1956 when it was challenged on obscenity charges.
He died of liver cancer on April 5, 1997.<ref>http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm</ref> Ginsberg was supporter of homosexual rights, and was an anti-war, anti-nuclear and environmental activist, and is known for his controversial behavior. He was widely criticised, even by friends and supporters, when he joined the notorious [[North American Man/Boy Love Association]], or [[NAMBLA]].<ref>http://www.ijn.com/archive/2002%20arch/062102.htm#story8</ref> In "Thoughts on NAMBLA," Ginsberg claims his reasons for joining the organisation: "NAMBLA's a forum for reform of those laws on youthful sexuality which members deem oppressive, (it is) a discussion society not a sex club. I joined NAMBLA in defense of free speech."<ref>Bill Morgan, ed., ''Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952-1995.'' New York: HarperCollins (2000), ISBN 0-06-093081-0 (p.170)</ref>

Ginsberg became a student of the well-known [[Tibet]]an [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] teacher Chögyam Trungpa after a chance meeting in [[New York City]] in 1970.<ref>http://poetry.about.com/od/20thcenturypoets/p/ginsberg.htm</ref>

His most famous works include:

*[http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15308 "Howl"]

*[http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/america.html "America"]

*[http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15307 "Kaddish"]

He studied at [[Columbia University]] in the 1940s and moved to [[San Fransisco]] in 1954.<ref>http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/8</ref> ''Howl and Other Poems'' was published in 1956, and in May of that year, US Customs seized a shipment of the books as they were being sent from the printer (Villiers in London) to City Lights Books in San Francisco. After federal authorities declined Customs Chief Chester McPhee's urging to pursue obscenity charges, the matter was referred to the [[San Francisco Police Department]], who arrested publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti, charging him with publishing and selling an obscene and indecent book. The charge was rejected in October 1957 after a widely publicized trial when Judge Clayton Horn ruled that the book had redeeming social value.<ref>http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm</ref>

During the trial, Ginsberg was living in [[Paris]] with his partner Peter Orlovsky. They remained together for forty years, until Ginsberg's death.<ref>http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ginsberg, Allen}}
[[Category:Poets]]
[[Category:Homosexuals]]
[[Category:Buddhists]]

Allen Ginsberg

2011-09-20T05:08:36Z

EBorgman:

[[Image:UploaddammitGinsberg.jpg|thumb|right|Allen Ginsberg]]
'''Allen Ginsberg''', one of America's best known poets<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/08/specials/ginsberg-obit.html</ref>, was born June 3, 1926, in [[Newark]], [[New Jersey]]. Along with others such as [[Jack Kerouac]] and [[William S. Burroughs]], he became part of what was dubbed the "Beat Generation" of writers.
He's most famous for his long poem, "Howl," which drew national attention in 1956 when it was challenged on obscenity charges.
He died of liver cancer on April 5, 1997.<ref>http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm</ref> Ginsberg was also a fervent supporter of gay rights, and an anti-war, anti-nuclear and environmental activist, and is known for his controversial behavior. He was widely criticised, even by friends and allies, when he joined the notorious [[North American Man/Boy Love Association]], or [[NAMBLA]].<ref>http://www.ijn.com/archive/2002%20arch/062102.htm#story8</ref> In "Thoughts on NAMBLA," Ginsberg claims his reasons for joining the organisation: "NAMBLA's a forum for reform of those laws on youthful sexuality which members deem oppressive, (it is) a discussion society not a sex club. I joined NAMBLA in defense of free speech."<ref>Bill Morgan, ed., ''Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952-1995.'' New York: HarperCollins (2000), ISBN 0-06-093081-0 (p.170)</ref> When he felt his point had been made--that free speech should be afforded even those with unpopular viewpoints--he quit the organisation.

Ginsberg became a student of the well-known [[Tibet]]an [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] teacher Chögyam Trungpa after a chance meeting in [[New York City]] in 1970.<ref>http://poetry.about.com/od/20thcenturypoets/p/ginsberg.htm</ref>

His most famous works include:

*[http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15308 "Howl"]

*[http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/america.html "America"]

*[http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15307 "Kaddish"]

He studied at [[Columbia University]] in the 1940s and moved to [[San Fransisco]] in 1954.<ref>http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/8</ref> ''Howl and Other Poems'' was published in 1956, and in May of that year, US Customs seized a shipment of the books as they were being sent from the printer (Villiers in London) to City Lights Books in San Francisco. After federal authorities declined Customs Chief Chester McPhee's urging to pursue obscenity charges, the matter was referred to the [[San Francisco Police Department]], who arrested publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti, charging him with publishing and selling an obscene and indecent book. The charge was rejected in October 1957 after a widely publicized trial when Judge Clayton Horn ruled that the book had redeeming social value.<ref>http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm</ref>

During the trial, Ginsberg was living in [[Paris]] with his partner Peter Orlovsky. They remained together for forty years, until Ginsberg's death.<ref>http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ginsberg, Allen}}
[[Category:Poets]]
[[Category:Homosexuals]]
[[Category:Buddhists]]

Talk:Allen Ginsberg

2011-09-20T05:06:45Z

EBorgman: Created page with "This article needs to be revised. It has a very pro-Ginsberg style about it. It tries to negate his membership in NAMBLA and explain it away. That's hideous. Here is a quote attr..."

This article needs to be revised. It has a very pro-Ginsberg style about it. It tries to negate his membership in NAMBLA and explain it away. That's hideous. Here is a quote attributed to the pervert Ginsberg, "Attacks on NAMBLA stink of politics, witchhunting for profit, humorlessness, vanity, anger and ignorance ... I'm a member of NAMBLA because I love boys too -- everybody does, who has a little humanity."

Obama birth certificate controversy

2011-05-25T22:16:39Z

EBorgman: /* Supposed Birth Certificate Release */

[[File:Brainreboot20110429.jpg|right|350px]]

'''Barack Hussein Obama II''', former community activist and senator from Illinois and current [[President of the United States]], was allegedly<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=82033]</ref><ref>[http://www.factcheck.org/UploadedFiles/birth_certificate_5.jpg Large, high-resolution picture of his birth certificate]</ref><ref>[http://www.kitv.com/politics/17860890/detail.html?rss=hon&psp=news KITV Honolulu report]</ref><ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/farber/Obama_birth_certificate/2009/04/06/200320.html]</ref><ref>Obama's [[African]] grandmother Sarah Hussein Obama says Barack was born in her presence in Kenya.[http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2104131/posts Obama Born In Kenya? His Grandmother Says Yes, Israeli News, October 12, 2008][http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=78931 Democrat: Obama's grandma confirms Kenyan birth, WND, October 23, 2008][http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=b58_1225645143 Audio Conversation Link]</ref> born in [[Honolulu]] on Aug. 4, 1961. A growing movement contends that since Obama had refused to release his long-form birth certificate from the state of Hawaii and since documentary evidence indicates that he may have been born in [[Kenya]], Obama is ineligible to serve as president according to the U.S. Constitution. Obama's supporters and a large swath of the [[Democratic Party]] state that Obama was born in Hawaii, and is therefore a "[[natural-born citizen]]"; they have dismissed outright the claims of the "birthers" - as they derisively call them - as a non-issue or another conspiracy theory.

== Supposed Birth Certificate Release ==
With the news of Jerome Corsi's Worldnet Daily published book Where's the Birth Certificate? scheduled to be released on May 18, 2011 and with Donald Trump calling for Obama to release his long form birth certificate, it was finally released on April 27, 2011. Within days on its release it was being called a forgery.

Despite efforts by people to down play the reports of Adobe Illustrator layering and to explain them away, the anomalies on the birth certificate increased daily. The flawed forgery techniques were examined and re-examined by novices and experts alike. It would be hard for someone to explain the many multiple errors in the purported "authentic" birth certificate.

Jerome Corsi said that he was alerted by a mole in the department of records in Hawaii, three weeks before the birth certificate was to be released, that a forged certificate suddenly appeared in the record book. Corsi and Farah of Worldnet Daily held back releasing the information because they wanted Obama to release a forgery and then prove that it was a fake which would be a crime.

Despite the overwhelming bizarre and inaccurate information contained on the supposed birth certificate the mainstream media and even Conservative news outlets refuse to question the document's authenticity.

Corsi stated during a radio interview on May 24, 2011 that a scanning expert is going to file a criminal complaint with the FBI that the birth certificate released by the president is a bad forgery.

==United States Constitutional requirements==
The [[United States Constitution:Article II|Constitution]] states explicitly who is to be eligible for the office of president. The physical requirements are found in Article II, Section 1:
:''No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.''
==What is "Natural Born"==
The Founding Fathers in 1790 interpreted "natural born" as:
:''The children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States''<ref> see [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=227 Naturalization Act of 1790]</ref>

See [[Natural-born citizen]]

==See also==
*[[Birthplace of Barack Obama]]
*[[Barack Obama birthplace controversy]]
*[[Obama birth certificate lawsuits]]
*[[Essay:Born Outside the U.S.A.!]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=138293 NPR Archive describes Obama as 'Kenyan-born'] Also includes clips from newspapers from various African countries claiming Obama to be born in Kenya. Via WorldNetDaily.
*[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=78931 Democrat: Obama's grandma confirms Kenyan birth.]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Barack Hussein Obama]]
[[Category: Politics]]

Obama birth certificate controversy

2011-05-25T22:13:33Z

EBorgman: Added birth certificate release information and controversy

[[File:Brainreboot20110429.jpg|right|350px]]

'''Barack Hussein Obama II''', former community activist and senator from Illinois and current [[President of the United States]], was allegedly<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=82033]</ref><ref>[http://www.factcheck.org/UploadedFiles/birth_certificate_5.jpg Large, high-resolution picture of his birth certificate]</ref><ref>[http://www.kitv.com/politics/17860890/detail.html?rss=hon&psp=news KITV Honolulu report]</ref><ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/farber/Obama_birth_certificate/2009/04/06/200320.html]</ref><ref>Obama's [[African]] grandmother Sarah Hussein Obama says Barack was born in her presence in Kenya.[http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2104131/posts Obama Born In Kenya? His Grandmother Says Yes, Israeli News, October 12, 2008][http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=78931 Democrat: Obama's grandma confirms Kenyan birth, WND, October 23, 2008][http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=b58_1225645143 Audio Conversation Link]</ref> born in [[Honolulu]] on Aug. 4, 1961. A growing movement contends that since Obama had refused to release his long-form birth certificate from the state of Hawaii and since documentary evidence indicates that he may have been born in [[Kenya]], Obama is ineligible to serve as president according to the U.S. Constitution. Obama's supporters and a large swath of the [[Democratic Party]] state that Obama was born in Hawaii, and is therefore a "[[natural-born citizen]]"; they have dismissed outright the claims of the "birthers" - as they derisively call them - as a non-issue or another conspiracy theory.

== Supposed Birth Certificate Release ==
With the news of Jerome Corsi's Worldnet Daily published book Where's the Birth Certificate? scheduled to be released on May 18, 2011 and with Donald Trump calling for Obama to release his long form birth certificate, it was finally released on April 27, 2011. Within days on its release it was being called a forgery.

Despite efforts by people to down play the reports of Adobe Illustrator layering and to explain them away, the anomalies on the birth certificate increased daily. The flawed forgery techniques were examined and re-examined by novices and experts alike. It would be hard for someone to explain the many multiple errors in the purported "authentic" birth certificate.

Jerome Corsi said that he was alerted by a mole in the department of records in Hawaii, three weeks before the birth certificate was to be released, that a forged certificate suddenly appeared in the record book. Corsi and Farah of Worldnet Daily held back releasing the information because they wanted Obama to release a forgery and then prove that it was a fake which would be a crime.

Despite the overwhelming bizarre and inaccurate information contained on the supposed birth certificate the mainstream media and even Conservative news outlets refuse to question the documents authenticity.

Corsi stated during a radio interview on May 24, 2011 that a scanning expert is going to file a criminal complaint with the FBI that the birth certificate released by the president is a bad forgery.

==United States Constitutional requirements==
The [[United States Constitution:Article II|Constitution]] states explicitly who is to be eligible for the office of president. The physical requirements are found in Article II, Section 1:
:''No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.''
==What is "Natural Born"==
The Founding Fathers in 1790 interpreted "natural born" as:
:''The children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered natural born citizens: Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States''<ref> see [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=227 Naturalization Act of 1790]</ref>

See [[Natural-born citizen]]

==See also==
*[[Birthplace of Barack Obama]]
*[[Barack Obama birthplace controversy]]
*[[Obama birth certificate lawsuits]]
*[[Essay:Born Outside the U.S.A.!]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=138293 NPR Archive describes Obama as 'Kenyan-born'] Also includes clips from newspapers from various African countries claiming Obama to be born in Kenya. Via WorldNetDaily.
*[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=78931 Democrat: Obama's grandma confirms Kenyan birth.]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Barack Hussein Obama]]
[[Category: Politics]]

Rufus Pereira

2011-04-08T15:46:27Z

EBorgman: Created page with "'''Father Rufus Pereira''' is a Roman Catholic priest and exorcist in India. He has performed many exorcisms around the world and encourages co-operation with lay peoples involve..."

'''Father Rufus Pereira''' is a Roman Catholic priest and exorcist in India. He has performed many exorcisms around the world and encourages co-operation with lay peoples involvement with in deliverance ministry. He was chosen, in 1994, to be Vice-President of the International Association of Exorcists a group that was started in 1993. In 1995 he initiated the International Association for the Ministry of Deliverance.

William J. Whalen

2011-03-10T06:49:55Z

EBorgman:

'''William J. Whalen''' was a well known American non-fiction writer and an expert on comparative religion.<ref>[http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2009/wwhalen_masonry_sept09.asp Ignatius Press]</ref>

Whalen attended the University of Notre Dame and received degrees from Marquette and Northwestern. He was an informtion officer with the Navy during World War II and served in Saipn and Guam.<ref>[http://www.fgcquaker.org/library/welcome/whalen.html Quaker Library]</ref>

For over forty years Whalen worked at Purdue University as a professor of communications. Since 1950 he also directed the publications program at that school.

Whalen wrote over two hundred articles, author and co-authored fifteen books, and numersous pamphlets and encyclopedia articles.

== References ==
<references/>

William J. Whalen

2011-03-10T06:49:03Z

EBorgman: Created page with "'''William J. Whalen''' was a well known American non-fiction writer and an expert on comparative religion.<ref>[http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2009/wwhalen_masonry_sept0..."

'''William J. Whalen''' was a well known American non-fiction writer and an expert on comparative religion.<ref>[http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2009/wwhalen_masonry_sept09.asp Ignatius Press]</ref>

Whalen attended the University of Notre Dame and received degrees from Marquette and Northwestern. He was an informtion officer with the Navy during World War II and served in Saipn and Guam.<ref>[http://www.fgcquaker.org/library/welcome/whalen.html Quaker Library]</ref>

For over forty years Whalen worked at Purdue University as a professor of communications. Since 1950 he also directed the publications program at that school.

Professor Whalen is the author or co-author of 13 books and more than 200 articles, pamphlets, and encyclopedia entries. He is a Roman Catholic.

Whalen wrote over two hundred articles, fifteen books, and numersous pamphlets and encyclopedia articles.

== References ==
<references/>

Jerome Corsi

2011-01-30T03:13:41Z

EBorgman: /* Books by Corsi */

[[Image:Obama Nation.jpg|right]]
'''Jerome Corsi''', Ph.D.<ref>DR. JEROME CORSI received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in political science in 1972 [http://www.amazon.com/Obama-Nation-Leftist-Politics-Personality/dp/1416598065]</ref> (East Cleveland, Ohio, August 31, 1946) conservative [[Roman Catholic]] [[writer]], at one time was considered a candidate for the Constitution Party's 2008 Presidential nomination. He is best known as the co-author of the book ''Unfit for Command'' with John E. O'Neill, which played a key role in the election year attack on the war record of Democratic Presidential hopeful [[John Kerry]]. [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jerome_Corsi]

In August 2008, Jerome Corsi released a book critical of Democratic presidential candidate [[Barack Obama]], ''[[Obama Nation]]'' (Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality), publisher: Threshold Editions, a division of Simon & Schuster.

Publisher's mini-bio:
* DR. JEROME CORSI ... has written many books and articles, including the No. 1 New York Times best-seller, Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry. His latest best-seller was The Late Great USA: The Coming Merger with Mexico and Canada. He is a senior staff reporter for WorldNetDaily.com and the author of two books on contemporary Iran: Atomic Iran and Showdown with Nuclear Iran. In his 2005 book Black Gold Stranglehold: The Myth of Scarcity and the Politics of Oil, which he co-authored with Craig. R. Smith, Dr. Corsi predicted oil prices at over $100 a barrel. [http://www.amazon.com/Obama-Nation-Leftist-Politics-Personality/dp/1416598065]

== Books by Corsi ==
* ''Where's the Birth Certificate?: The Case that Barack Obama Is not Eligible to be President''
* ''America for Sale: Fighting the New World Order, Surviving a Global Depression, and Preserving USA'' Sovereignty
* ''The Shroud Codex''
* ''Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran''
* ''The Obama Nation: Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality''
* ''The Late, Great USA: The Coming Merger with Canada and Mexico''
* ''Atomic Iran: How the Terrorist Regime Bought the Bomb and American Politicians''
* ''Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry''
* ''Showdown with Nuclear Iran: Radical Islam's Messianic Mission to Destroy Israel and Cripple the United States'', with Michael D. Evans
* ''Unfit for Command : Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry'', John E. O'Neill

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==

*[[Phyllis Schlafly]]
*[[Ann Coulter]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corsi, Jerome}}

[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Authors]]

Jerome Corsi

2011-01-30T03:10:38Z

EBorgman:

[[Image:Obama Nation.jpg|right]]
'''Jerome Corsi''', Ph.D.<ref>DR. JEROME CORSI received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in political science in 1972 [http://www.amazon.com/Obama-Nation-Leftist-Politics-Personality/dp/1416598065]</ref> (East Cleveland, Ohio, August 31, 1946) conservative [[Roman Catholic]] [[writer]], at one time was considered a candidate for the Constitution Party's 2008 Presidential nomination. He is best known as the co-author of the book ''Unfit for Command'' with John E. O'Neill, which played a key role in the election year attack on the war record of Democratic Presidential hopeful [[John Kerry]]. [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Jerome_Corsi]

In August 2008, Jerome Corsi released a book critical of Democratic presidential candidate [[Barack Obama]], ''[[Obama Nation]]'' (Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality), publisher: Threshold Editions, a division of Simon & Schuster.

Publisher's mini-bio:
* DR. JEROME CORSI ... has written many books and articles, including the No. 1 New York Times best-seller, Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry. His latest best-seller was The Late Great USA: The Coming Merger with Mexico and Canada. He is a senior staff reporter for WorldNetDaily.com and the author of two books on contemporary Iran: Atomic Iran and Showdown with Nuclear Iran. In his 2005 book Black Gold Stranglehold: The Myth of Scarcity and the Politics of Oil, which he co-authored with Craig. R. Smith, Dr. Corsi predicted oil prices at over $100 a barrel. [http://www.amazon.com/Obama-Nation-Leftist-Politics-Personality/dp/1416598065]

== Books by Corsi ==
* ''Where's the Birth Certificate?: The Case that Barack Obama Is not Eligible to be President''
* ''America for Sale: Fighting the New World Order, Surviving a Global Depression, and Preserving USA'' Sovereignty
* ''The Shroud Codex''
* ''Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran''
* ''The Obama Nation: Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality''
* ''Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry''
* ''Showdown with Nuclear Iran: Radical Islam's Messianic Mission to Destroy Israel and Cripple the United States'', with Michael D. Evans
* ''Unfit for Command : Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry'', John E. O'Neill

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==

*[[Phyllis Schlafly]]
*[[Ann Coulter]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corsi, Jerome}}

[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Authors]]

Barack Hussein Obama

2011-01-30T02:58:39Z

EBorgman: /* Birth Certificate Controversy */

{{President
|image=President Barack Obama.jpg
|seq=44
|term_start=January 20, 2009
|term_end=Present
|party=Democratic
|vp=Joe Biden
|previous=George W. Bush
|next=
|birth_date=August 4, 1961
|age={{age|1961|8|4}}
|birth_place=
|death_date=
|death_place=
|spouse=[[Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama]]
|spouse2=
|religion=Described in this entry
}}
{{Officeholder
|name=Barack Hussein Obama
|party=[[Democrat]]
|spouse=[[Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama]]
|religion=
|offices=
{{Officeholder/senator
|state=Illinois
|terms=January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008
|preceded=Peter Fitzgerald
|former=y
|succeeded=[[Roland Burris]]
}}
}}
'''Barack Hussein Obama II''' ('''aka Barry Soetoro''', <ref>[http://hillbuzz.org/2011/01/23/hawaii-ground-report-could-hawaiian-governor-neil-abercrombie-not-be-as-incompetent-and-foolish-as-he-appears-but-orchestrating-a-deliberate-birth-certificate-recovery-dead-end-to-cover-his-own-pap/ Obama never changed his legal name from Soetoro, HillBuzz, January 23, 20111]</ref><ref>''When Barry Became Barack'',
By Richard Wolffe, Jessica Ramirez and Jeffrey Bartholet, NEWSWEEK, Mar 31, 2008
[http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633/page/1]<i>"It didn't happen overnight. But in college, the young Barry took to being called by his formal name. What this evolution tells us about him."</i></ref><ref>[http://web.israelinsider.com/Articles/Politics/13056.htm] israelinsider. 14 August 2008. Accessed 23 January 2010.</ref><ref>McGrew, Mark S. [http://english.pravda.ru/opinion/columnists/19-01-2009/106972-Barry_Soetoro-0 Barry Soetoro aka Barack Obama vs World Leaders]. ''[[Pravda]].ru. 19 January 2009. Accessed 23 January 2010.</ref> said to have been born in [[Honolulu]] August 4, 1961<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=82033]</ref><ref>[http://www.factcheck.org/UploadedFiles/birth_certificate_5.jpg Large, high-resolution picture of his birth certificate]</ref><ref>[http://www.kitv.com/politics/17860890/detail.html?rss=hon&psp=news KITV Honolulu report]</ref><ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/farber/Obama_birth_certificate/2009/04/06/200320.html]</ref><ref>Obama's [[African]] grandmother Sarah Hussein Obama says Barack was born in her presence in Kenya.[http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2104131/posts Obama Born In Kenya? His Grandmother Says Yes, Israeli News, October 12, 2008][http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=78931 Democrat: Obama's grandma confirms Kenyan birth, WND, October 23, 2008][http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=b58_1225645143 Audio Conversation Link]</ref>) is the 44th President of the [[United States]], and the first President who is biracial. He has been associated with numerous fringe [[radical]] groups and causes<ref>[http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=9490 President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr.] Retrieved from Project Vote Smart, 19 July 2010.</ref> and served less than four years as a first-term [[Democratic party|Democratic]] [[Senator]] from [[Illinois]] (2005-2008). In a highly controversial decision Obama was the recipient of the 2009 [[Nobel_Prize#Biased_Awards|Nobel Peace prize]].

The United States has recorded the highest [[Federal budget deficit|deficit]]s as a share of [[GDP]] since 1945 in Obama's first two years;<ref>http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/107xx/doc10708/11-06-mbr.htm</ref><ref>http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/118xx/doc11873/NovemberMBR.pdf</ref> correspondingly, [[poverty]]<ref>http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/incpovhlth/2009/pov09fig04.pdf</ref> and joblessness have increased markedly to record levels not seen in more than 50 years.<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2010-09-16-poverty-rate-income-numbers_N.htm</ref> One half million workers per week continued to lose their jobs well into the "[[Recovery Summer]]". The Unemployment Rate has stagnated in the 10% range <ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704476104575439172480870774.html?mod=googlenews_wsj</ref> with tens of millions more affected by Underemployment, long term disaffection, and loss of [[hope]] of finding a employment.<ref>[http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?data_tool=latest_numbers&series_id=LNS11300000&years_option=specific_years&include_graphs=true&to_month=1&from_month=2 United States Department of Labor], Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data extracted on: July 19, 2010 (4:31:11 PM).</ref> [[ObamaCare]], his signature legislative achievement later found to be [[unconstitutional]],<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-13/u-s-health-care-law-requirement-thrown-out-by-judge.html</ref> is cited as a major cause of [[unemployment]],<ref>http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=33220</ref> a drag on job creation,<ref>http://blog.heritage.org/2010/08/05/it%E2%80%99s-official-medicare%E2%80%99s-finances-shadowed-by-uncertainty/</ref> and risk of a Greek-style debt crisis.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/28/AR2010032802353.html</ref><ref>http://www.thestreet.com/story/10703361/cramer-obamacare-will-topple-the-market.html</ref> After his "shellacking" at the polls in the [[2010 Midterm elections]], Obama has shifted his positions on tax policy and pledges to cooperate with the incoming Congress's new priorities focusing on job creation and economic growth.

While 'turning the page' on the War on Terror, the rate of terrorist attacks in the United States has gone from three under President George W. Bush's eight years in office ([[9/11]] attacks on the [[World Trade Center|World Trade Towers]], the 9/11 attack on [[Pentagon]] and the 9/11 hijacking of United Airlines Flight 93 that crashed in Pennsylvania) <ref>During Bush's last year http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,335500,00.html</ref> to at least four per year<ref>http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-na-detroit-airline26-2009dec26,0,7673563,full.story</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/us/05explode.html?_r=1&ref=us</ref><ref>http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2009/05/25/2009-05-25_small_bomb_goes_off_outside_upper_east_side_starbucks.html</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/us/04recruit.html?_r=1&ref=us</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/us/politics/20hood.html</ref> and the Bipartisan Policy Center's National Security Preparedness Group reports [[Al-Qaeda]] leadership has become increasingly homegrown and ‘Americanized’ under U.S-based [[Islam]]ic radicals.<ref>http://www.bipartisanpolicy.org/news/press-releases/2010/09/bipartisan-policy-center-report-finds-homegrown-terrorism-presents-key-c</ref>

Then-Senator Obama and the [[110th Congress]], allowed the moratorium on offshore oil drilling in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0430/Gulf-of-Mexico-oil-spill-imperils-Obama-s-offshore-drilling-plan Gulf of Mexico oil spill imperils Obama's offshore drilling plan,] By Mark Clayton, ''Christian Science Monitor'', April 30, 2010.</ref> <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE48N8NA20080924] By Tom Doggett, Reuters, Wed Sep 24, 2008</ref> to lapse and was later criticized by the Gulf Oil Spill investigatory commission for his lack of competence and misuse of data to mislead the public<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101006/ap_on_sc/us_gulf_oil_spill;_ylt=AhD3nOSATgSQiErPjXGDsYFvzwcF;_ylu=X3oDMTJpNzluOGg1BGFzc2V0A2FwLzIwMTAxMDA2L3VzX2d1bGZfb2lsX3NwaWxsBGNwb3MDMwRwb3MDNwRzZWMDeW5fdG9wX3N0b3J5BHNsawNwYW5lbGdvdnRibG8-</ref> about the "[[Gulf oil spill disaster|worst environmental disaster]] in US history."<ref>[http://www.examiner.com/x-33986-Political-Spin-Examiner~y2010m4d29-Worst-environmental-disaster-in-US-history-Oil-slick-in-Gulf-of-Mexico-is-set-on-fire Worst environmental disaster in US history,] Maryann Tobin, ''Examiner'', April 29, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment/july-dec10/oilspill_10-07.html] Ray Suarez, PBS, October 10, 2010</ref> Obama declared,
{{Cquote|oil rigs today generally don’t cause spills. They are technologically very advanced."<ref>White House Press Release, [http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-a-discussion-jobs-and-economy-charlotte-north-carolina Remarks by the President in a Discussion on Jobs and the Economy in Charlotte, North Carolina,] Office of the Press Secretary, April 02, 2010. Retrieved from whitehouse.gov 3 May 2010.</ref><ref>''[http://members.greenpeace.org/blog/greenpeaceusa_blog/2010/04/30/president_obama_committed_to_endangering President Obama must reinstate moratorium on offshore drilling,]'' [[Greenpeace]] USA blogs, 30 Apr 2010.</ref><ref>http://wonkroom.thinkprogress.org/2010/04/28/obama-katrina-spill/</ref>}}

Charles Chaput, the Catholic Archbishop of Denver, the city where Obama was nominated for president, criticized Obama as the "most committed" [[abortion]]-supporting candidate "since the ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' abortion decision in 1973."<ref>http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/new.php?n=14088</ref> Obama said "the first thing I'd do as President is sign the Freedom of Choice Act."<ref>[http://christiannewswire.com/news/560716251.html]</ref> It "would invalidate virtually all state and federal limitations on abortion, and would make [[partial-birth abortion]] legal again."<ref>[http://www.lifenews.com/nat3961.html, Pro-Life Voters Must Work Overtime to Stop Pro-Abortion Barack Obama,] June 4, 2008. Indeed, Obama was upset with the decision of the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] not to strike down the law passed by the [[United States Congress]] to prohibit partial-birth abortion, believing that partial-birth abortion is guaranteed right of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] and that there should be no ability to legislate against it.</ref>

==Early background==

Barack Hussein Obama II early life was outside the mainstream of Black America and had little in common with [[African-American]]s social, political, and cultural experiences. Obama reportedly was born in [[Honolulu]], Hawaii to [[Barack Obama Sr.]] and Stanley Ann Dunham in 1961, however claims have been made<ref>http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/14/the-jihadist-vote/</ref> he may have been born in Kenya. Obama's birth father was a [[Muslim]] who converted to [[Marxism]] and Obama's maternal family was rooted in the [[progressivism|progressive left]] and atheist traditions yet Obama made the rather ostensible claim to the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' religion editor Cathleen Falsani on April 5, 2004, "I'm rooted in the Christian tradition."<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/falsani/726619,obamafalsani040504.article</ref> Obama was reared in the Islamic faith while living with his mother and stepfather, Lolo Soetoro, in Jakarta, [[Indonesia]] in the mid-1960s until the early 1970s.<ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/pipes_obama_muslim/2008/10/09/138898.html Obama 'Lying' About Muslim Past, Expert Says] NewsMax, October 9, 2008</ref> It is believed Stanley Ann Dunham moved to Hawaii with the young Obama about 1970 or 1971 where he attended the elite Punahou School and graduated in 1979.
[[File:FrankMarshallDavis2.jpg|right|202px|thumb|'''Frank Marshall Davis, Communist Party Card No. 47544.'''<ref>[http://www.usasurvival.org/docs/Frank_Marshall_Davis_5.pdf FBI file Frank Marshall Davis], v.5 p. 58 pdf.</ref> The [[U.S. Congress]] found the Communist Party an "instrumentality of a [[conspiracy]]...the agency of a hostile foreign power."<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00000841----000-.html Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950], 50 U.S. Code Chapter 23 Subchapter IV Sec. 841</ref> The [[FBI]] placed Davis in its security index, meaning he could be detained in the event of a national emergency.<ref>[http://www.usasurvival.org/docs/Frank_Marshall_Davis_3.pdf FBI File 100-15799 Frank Marshall Davis], v. 3 p. 26.</ref> Davis was an early influence on Obama.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA220&dq=Frank%2Brecognizing+their+struggle+as+my+own#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance''], By Barack Obama, Random House, 2007, pp. 89-91, 96-98, .</ref>]]
''[[Political Affairs]]'' magazine describes itself as "affiliated with the [[Communist Party USA]],"<ref>http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/static/17/1/3/</ref> (CPUSA) published a speech by Prof. Gerald Horne upon receipt of the CPUSA archives at the Tamiment Library at New York University on March 28 2007. Prof. Horne stated,
{{Cquote|an African-American poet and journalist by the name of [[Frank Marshall Davis]]...befriended another family – a Euro-American family – that had migrated to Honolulu...a young woman from this family eventually had a child with a young student from [[Kenya]] ...who retracing the steps of Davis eventually decamped to Chicago. In his bestselling memoir ''Dreams of my Father'', the author speaks warmly of an older black poet...as being a decisive influence in helping him to find his present identity as an African-American... At some point in the future, a teacher will add to her syllabus Barack’s memoir and instruct her students to read it alongside Frank Marshall Davis’ equally affecting memoir...when that day comes...a future student will ...examine critically the Frankenstein monsters that US imperialism created in order to subdue Communist parties..."<ref>[http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/5047/ Rethinking the History and Future of the Communist Party],By Gerald Horne, ''Political Affairs magazine, March 28 2007.</ref>}}
evoking the language in [[Chairman Mao]]'s ''Little Red Book'',
{{Cquote|unite and defeat the U.S. aggressors... Monsters of all kinds shall be destroyed.<ref>''Statement Supporting the People of the Congo (L.) Against U.S. Aggression'' (November 28, 1964), ''People of the World, Unite and Defeat the U.S. Aggressors and All Their Lackeys'', 2nd ed., p. 14. Cited in Quotations from Mao Tse Tung from: 1927 - 1964, Mao Tse Tung, [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/ch07.htm Chapter 7 Dare to Struggle and Dare to Win], Peking Foreign Languages Press, 1966. Online Version: Mao Tse Tung Internet Archive (marxists.org) 2000.</ref><ref>Quoted in [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/souls/vol1no4/vol1num4art1.pdf ''Black Like Mao: Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution''], Robin D.G. Kelley and Betsy Esche, ''Souls'' Volume 1, Number 4 Fall 1999, p. 11 in original (p. 7 pdf).</ref>}}

In the 1995 book, ''Dreams from my Father'', the author wrote Obama learned to respect Davis's struggles, "recognizing them as my own." Obama sought Davis's advise as he left for college.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA97&dq=manipulate+words+so+they+don%27t+mean+anything+anymore#v=onepage&q=manipulate%20words%20so%20they%20don't%20mean%20anything%20anymore&f=false ''Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance''], By Barack Obama, Random House, 2007, pp. 97, 220.</ref> Initially Obama attended Occidental College in Los Angeles, [[California]], before transferring to [[Columbia University]] in New York, [[New York]] and graduating without honors as a Bachelor of Arts degree, majoring in [[political science]]. Obama refuses to describe his academic performance at Columbia despite commenting about New York during this period and despite disclosures of the academic record for all other major-party presidential candidates since at least 2000.<ref>http://www.nysun.com/new-york/obamas-years-at-columbia-are-a-mystery/85015/</ref>

=== Birth Certificate Controversy ===
:''Main article: [[Barack Obama birthplace controversy]]
[[Image:Obamapullup2.JPG|325px|thumb|left|'''Candidate Obama cultivated an image''' of sportsmanship and competition; as President, Obama ridiculed disabled people who compete in the [[Special Olympics]]. The comments "set us back decades," according to the program's director. <ref>[http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2009/mar/20/local/chi-090320obama-special-olympics-react Special Olympics chief responds to Obama gaffe], Stacy St Clair, ''Chicago Tribune'', March 20, 2009]</ref>([http://www.necn.com/Boston/Politics/2009/03/20/Obamas-comment-sets-us-back/1237552251.html Video])
]]
During the democratic primaries the Clinton Campaign led a smear campaign against the validity of Barack Obama's Hawaii Birth certificate, claiming that it was false and that he was ineligible for Presidency. <ref>[http://campaignspot.nationalreview.com/post/?q=ZTgxZmIwNTg0OWVhMWJkODNmZjI4ZjY4Mjg2OWRmNzI= http://campaignspot.nationalreview.com/post/?q=ZTgxZmIwNTg0OWVhMWJkODNmZjI4ZjY4Mjg2OWRmNzI=]</ref> After initially refusing to produce a birth certificate in response to such rumors, the Obama campaign eventually endorsed a document posted on the Daily Kos as
authentic.<ref>[http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2008/6/12/11012/6168/320/534616 Obama's Birth Certificate]</ref> The response is split regarding the birth certificate. Some commentators, such as those at the ''National Review'', are satisfied with the document.<ref>[http://campaignspot.nationalreview.com/post/?q=NWVjN2I1MjlhM2ZjZjRjYzBkODAxZjZkZGQyYWNkMDk= http://campaignspot.nationalreview.com/post/?q=NWVjN2I1MjlhM2ZjZjRjYzBkODAxZjZkZGQyYWNkMDk=]</ref> However, some analysts claim that the birth certificate is false.<ref>[http://web.israelinsider.com/Articles/Politics/12939.htm http://web.israelinsider.com/Articles/Politics/12939.htm]</ref>

On August 21st, 2008, Factcheck.org published an article regarding the controversy.<ref>[http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html Born in the U.S.A.]</ref> The site stated, "FactCheck.org staffers have now seen, touched, examined and photographed the original birth certificate. We conclude that it meets all of the requirements from the State Department for proving U.S. citizenship." In addition, the site posted high-resolution photographs of the birth certificate, which clearly showed the raised seal, stamp of Hawaii state registrar Alvin T. Onaka, and certificate number. The birth date corresponds to a birth announcement published in the ''Honolulu Advertiser '' on Sunday, August 13, 1961. <ref>http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html</ref>

A Philadelphia attorney, Phillip Berg, has filed a lawsuit against the DNC and Barack Obama. Berg maintains that Sen. Obama is not a natural born U.S. citizen or that, if he ever was, he lost his citizenship when he was adopted in Indonesia. Berg also cites what he calls "dual loyalties" due to his citizenship and ties with Kenya and Indonesia. The "dual loyalties" which have not been shown to exist do not violate any constitutional or legal precedents and would make Sen. Obama a poor choice for President, not an invalid choice.

Obama website Fight The Smears has confirmed that Obama was once a Kenyan citizen until 1982. Attorney Philips Berg's lawsuit is being challenged by the Obama Campaign. Instead of producing the original birth certificate in court and paying a number of legal fees and taking several days out of his busy campaigning schedule the Obama campaign had the case dropped on the grounds that it lacked any supporting evidence. <ref>http://neighbors.denverpost.com/viewtopic.php?t=10815605</ref> The fact that Mr. Berg's dual arguments were mutually contradictory may also have contributed.

The state of Hawaii announced that the "Certification of Live Birth" document is legitimate and official. Since the state of Hawaii is the issuing body, they have ultimate authority with regards to the matter.<ref>http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html</ref> Critics rightfully point out such documents actually were issued for children not born in the state, and his "Certification of Live Birth" has likewise been dismissed as a forgery. <ref>http://atlasshrugs2000.typepad.com/atlas_shrugs/2008/07/atlas-exclusive.html</ref>

Adding fuel to the fire is Obama's persistent refusal to release documents that could provide answers. While his supporters cite an online version of a "Certification of Live Birth" from Hawaii. <ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=92810 Justice, Supremes confirm getting eligibility challenge] WND, March 24, 2009</ref>

Bob Schultz with the We The People Foundation said:

:"In the end, there is no practical reason why Obama refuses to produce his original birth certificate. He... has a duty to provide evidence that he meets the explicit requirements established by the Constitution."

Nancy Salvato with BasicsProject.org summarized:

:"What perturbs the rest of us is that President Obama has failed to produce a legitimate birth certificate. He has a team of lawyers who are opposing the examination of his sealed records in Hawaii. What he produced was a certificate of live birth... not a birth certificate. The rest of us are appalled at the lack of media examination surrounding the fact that there is no law requiring that a candidate for the highest office in our land produce an authentic birth certificate which proves natural citizenship."

In April 2010, the Arizona House approved a bill that would require presidential candidates to show his or her birth certificate in order to be on the state's ballot.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/04/22/arizona-house-oks-requiring-presidential-candidates-provide-birth-certificate/ Arizona House OKs Bill Requiring Presidential Candidates to Provide Birth Certificate], FOXNews.com, April 22, 2010.</ref> It would require U.S. presidential candidates who want to appear on the Arizona ballot to submit documents proving they meet the constitutional requirements to be president.<ref>Ashby Jones. [http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/04/22/arizona-house-to-obama-no-birth-certificate-no-ballot/ Arizona House to Obama: No Birth Certificate, No Ballot], ''The Wall Street Journal'', April 22, 2010.</ref> The Constitution says a person must be a "natural-born citizen" to be eligible for the presidency.<ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/Politics/ArizonaWantsObamaBirthProofforRun/2010/04/21/id/356375 Arizona Wants Obama Birth Proof for Run], ''Newsmax'', April 21, 2010.</ref>

In 2011, author [[Jerome Corsi]]'s book ''Where's the Birth Certificate?: The Case that Barack Obama Is not Eligible to be President'' was released which explores the whole controversy concerning Obama's birth.

=== Education ===
In 1983 and 84 while a senior undergraduate at Columbia University, Obama attended several annual sessions of the Socialist Scholars Conference<ref>http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/10/president_obama_and_the_radica.html</ref> held in New York's Cooper Union. It was here Obama first was exposed to [[Black Liberation Theology]] and [[community organizing]] and made the career choice to leave the field of foreign relations and nuclear disarmament to pursue community organizing.<ref>http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/251721/radosh-reviews-iradical-chiefi-stanley-kurtz</ref>

After working as a community organizer in New York City and Chicago, Illinois, Obama enrolled at [[Harvard]] Law School. He became a member of the ''Harvard Law Review'', which uses racial quotas, in 1989. He was then elected by popular vote as its first African American president in 1990, a story that was immediately promoted in the [[New York Times]].<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DC1631F935A35751C0A966958260&scp=3&sq=Obama%201990&st=cse</ref> He graduated ''magna cum laude'' with his J.D. in 1991, but did not serve in a clerkship. Federal clerkships are the typical post-graduate position for top law students. Obama has stated that his favorite professors in school were Marxists.

Obama has described himself as a constitutional law professor at the University of Chicago.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/03/30/politics/p132303D74.DTL&type=politics]</ref> He held the position of Lecturer, an adjunct position, from 1992 to 1996. He held the position of Senior Lecturer from 1996 until his election to the senate in 2004. Dan Ronayne, a spokesman for the Republican National Committee, has pointed that Obama was only a senior lecturer and not a full professor. <ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/03/30/politics/p132303D74.DTL&type=politics]</ref>The University states that Senior Lecturers are regarded as professors, although not full-time or tenure track.<ref>http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/was_barack_obama_really_a_constitutional_law.html</ref><ref>[http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html]</ref>
[[Image:Bernardine Dohrn.jpg|right|thumb|250px|'''Bernardine Dohrn formerly of the FBI's Ten Most Wanted''' enjoyed somewhat of a celebrity status among [[radical leftist]]s when she, along with her husband Bill Ayers, hosted a fundraiser for the relatively unknown Barack Obama in 1995; Dohrn issued the Weather Underground terrorist organization's Declaration of War Against the United States ([http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Weather_Underground_Declaration_of_a_State_of_War Full Text]) in 1970.]]
According to the White House website, White House Press Secretary [[Robert Gibbs]] responded to this to this question on April 14 2009,
<blockquote>
Q Why is the President blocking habeas corpus from prisoners at Bagram? I thought he taught constitutional law. And these prisoners have been there --<br>

MR. GIBBS: You're incorrect that he taught on constitutional law.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Briefing-by-White-House-Press-Secretary-Robert-Gibbs-4-14-09/ Office of the Press Secretary], April 14, 2009, whitehouse.gov </ref></blockquote>

=== Radicalism ===

Following law school, Obama linked up with local communist networks in Chicago<ref>[http://newzeal.blogspot.com/2009/06/obama-file-78-smoking-gun-proof-that.html The Jarrett Connection. Proof That Obama’s Hawaii and Chicago Communist Networks Were Linked] Trevor Louden, June 01, 2009.</ref> and oversaw community organizing as director of Illinois Project Vote! Obama states he saw opportunism in Chicago after the election of Harold Washington as the city’s first black mayor. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/07/us/politics/07community.html</ref> John Bachtell, CPUSA Illinois district organizer, said at a special meeting on African American Equality, Building the Communist Party and the Young Communist League on September 30, 2007, "The historic election of Washington was the culmination of many years of struggle. It reflected a high degree of unity of the African American community and the alliance with a section of labor, the Latino community and [[Progressivism|progressive]] minded whites. This legacy of political independence also endures."<ref>http://www.cpusa.org/article/articleview/858/1/39/</ref>

Obama with [[Al Sharpton]] and [[Louis Farrakhan]] led the [[Million Man March]] on Washington in 1995.[http://gatewaypundit.blogspot.com/2008/04/wright-obama-helped-organize-march-with.html][http://www1.chicagoreader.com/obama_reader/what_makes_obama_run/?q=012009K]

Obama states that he has consistently opposed the [[Iraq War]] since 2002. In his famous speech delivered at a rally organized by [[SDS]] veterans<ref>[http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/376/from_protest_to_politics/ ''From Protest to Politics:When war begins progressive work doesn’t end,''] Jeff Epton, ''In These Times,'' December 15, 2003. Retrieved March 15, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Barack_Obama's_Iraq_Speech Against Going to War with Iraq (2002)] by Barack Obama. Delivered on Wednesday, October 2, 2002 by Barack Obama, Illinois State Senator, at the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq war rally (organized by Chicagoans Against War in Iraq) at noon in Federal Plaza in Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved from Wikisource.com, March 15, 2010. </ref> [[Carl Davidson]] and Marilyn Katz in Chicago on October 2, 2002<ref>[http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq,] October 02, 2002. Retrieved from www.barackobama.com March 15, 2010.</ref> Even though Saddam had, in Obama's words, "developed [[weapons of mass destruction|chemical and biological weapons]]" Obama condoned the most hideous [[torture]]<ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jackstraw1.html Saddam Hussein's Regime Methods of Torture]</ref> and dismissed Bush administration objectives of democratization and [[human rights]] as fighting a "dumb war." A commentator observed, "one would search long and hard for any words from this apostle of hope and change about the palpable benefits that [[democracy]] might bring to the Arabs and Muslims of the Middle East.<ref>[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/obama-s-war-11263 Obama's War], Peter Wehner, ''Commentary'', April 2008.</ref>

== Early career ==

===Internship===

Michelle Robinson began employment at the Chicago Law firm of Sidley-Austin in 1988 where disbarred attorney and [[Weather Underground]] [[terrorist]] [[Bernardine Dohrn]] also worked.<ref>http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NjY4YzdhMDBkZGQ3ZmU2MTUzYjdkMzc5ZjUzYmViZWM=</ref><ref>http://corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=MDIxMDJiNzU5M2Q1MTY3ZGI1YTdmOWY5MzkwN2QxYzg=</ref> Sidley-Austin is the legal advisor to [[ACORN]],<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.printable&pageId=84434 Michelle Obama's old law firm defends ACORN], ''WorldNetDaily, December 23, 2008.</ref> a group accused of facilitating tax fraud, ballot box stuffing, human trafficking and child prostitution.<ref>http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NmIzOTBmNGY3OGEwNzgwZWU1MjMzMjJkNWM4NzVkNmI=</ref> Barack Obama was hired a year later and appears to have misrepresented where he and future First Lady - Michelle Robinson Obama - first met.

In 1993 he was hired as an associate at the Chicago law firm Miner, Barnhill & Galland, P.C., and lectured at the University of Chicago. At this time he was also cited as being the author of ''Dreams from My Father'', an account his background, youth, early life influences, and education. ''Dreams'' was published in 1995.

===Engineers defeat of moderate Democrats ===

In 1992 as head of Illinois Project Vote, Obama was instrumental in [[subversion|subverting]] the reelection bid of a [[centrist]] Democratic Senator.<ref>[http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence/ Vote of Confidence : A huge black turnout in November 1992 altered Chicago's electoral landscape—and raised a new political star: a 31-year-old lawyer named Barack Obama],
By Gretchen Reynolds, ''Chicago Magazine'', January 1993.</ref> Obama engineered the defeat of incumbent U.S. Senator Alan Dixon<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1992-03-18/news/mn-3844_1_gus-savage Veteran Illinois Senator Dixon Defeated - Congress], By Bob Sector, ''[[L.A. Times]]'', March 18, 1992.</ref> after Dixon voted in favor of placing a black man in a high federal office. The [[leftist]] website [[Daily Kos|dKosopedia]] reported "Dixon's vote to confirm [[US Supreme Court]] Justice [[Clarence Thomas]]" outraged the Braun forces.<ref>[http://www.dkosopedia.com/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun#Political_career Carol Moseley Braun], dkosopedia.com, retrieved October 25, 2009. Some sources state Moseley Braun's "outrage" was directed at the treatment of Anita Hill over her claims of sexual harassment by the nominee, however Moseley Braun voted to acquit President [[William Jefferson Clinton]] of charges stemming from a [[sexual harassment]] suit which Clinton settled by paying the aggrieved party $850,000 out of court to satisfy damage claims.</ref> With [[CPUSA]] and Obama organizing efforts,<ref>http://newzeal.blogspot.com/2008/10/obama-file-39-barack-obama-carol.html</ref> Braun's forces defeated the moderate incumbent in the Primary, 38% to 35%.

Sandy Newman, founder of Project Vote! told ''Chicago Magazine'', "I was asking around among community activists in Chicago and around the country, and they kept mentioning him (Obama)... He did one hell of a job." The magazine further reported, "To understand the full implications of Obama's effort, you first need to understand how voter registration often has worked in Chicago. The Regular [[Democratic Party]] spearheaded most drives," with Obama at the helm of Chicago's Project Vote!, those conditions had been reversed. "He helped train 700 deputy registrars, out of a total of 11,000 citywide." Joseph Gardner, the director of the steering committee for Project Vote! said the numbers of new voter registrations under Obama were "overwhelming."

== Illinois State Senate (1995-2005) ==

=== Radical and terrorist endorsements and associations ===

:''Main article see [[Weather Underground]]''
[[File:Youngobama2.jpg|320px|thumb|left|'''Dr. Quentin Young (left) is personal physician to Barack Obama (right) and [[Bernardine Dohrn]] (not shown)'''. Dr. Young was reimbursed by the [[KGB]] after he paid rent in advance on a storefront he used to treat injured rioters during the disruptions of the 1968 Democratic National Convention.<ref>[http://www.usasurvival.org/docs/Transcript_May_22_edited_version.pdf ''The Stealth Candidate''], Transcript, Cliff Kincaid and Herbert Romerstein, May 22 2008, p. 16.</ref><ref>House Committee on Un-American Activities, ''Subversive Involvement in Disruption of 1968 Democratic Party National Convention'', and ''Hearings Before the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities of the United States'' Senate. Ninety-
Fourth Congress. First Session. Volume 6. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1976, Exhibit 68-13., cited in ''Communism in Chicago and the Obama Connection'', Cliff Kincaid and Herbert Romerstein, usasurvival.org</ref> The ringleaders, principally [[Weather Underground]] terrorists, received urban guerrilla warfare training in Cuba from the [[DGI]] prior to the attacks.<ref>[http://www.usasurvival.org/docs/Cuban_DGI.pdf Final Talk to the Fourth Contingent, Julian Rizo DGI.]</ref> ]]
In 1995 a cadre of like minded individuals gathered in the home of [[Weather Underground]] (WUO) [[terrorist]]s [[Bernardine Dohrn]] and [[William Ayers|William "Bill" Ayers]]. According to Dr. [[Quentin Young]], "I can remember being one of a small group of people who came to Bill Ayers' house to learn that [[Alice Palmer]] was stepping down from the senate and running for Congress." Dohrn<ref>Georgie Anne Geyer and Keyes Beach "Cuba: School for U.S. Radicals", ''Chicago Daily News/Chicago Sun-Times'' five part series October 1970, excerpted in [http://foia.fbi.gov/filelink.html?file=/weather/weath1c.pdf FBI file Weather Underground Organization (Weatherman),] Part 1c pp. 5-7 pdf (113-115 in original). [http://therealbarackobama.wordpress.com/2009/06/07/clandestine-agents-of-the-cuban-government-ayers-dohrn-myers/]</ref> is a veteran of [[guerrilla warfare]] training in Cuba prior to the attacks on the 1968 Democratic National Convention. [[Carl Davidson]], webmaster of [[Progressives for Obama]], was told by [[Fidel Castro]] at the same time Castro believed the United States was ready for [[revolution]].

Dr. Young related Illinois State Senator Alice Palmer was choosing then Chicago city councilman Barack Obama as her successor.<ref>[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0208/8630.html Obama once visited '60s radicals.], Ben Smith, Politico, February 22, 2008.</ref> Palmer once served on the executive board of the [[U.S. Peace Council]], a [[KGB]] front organization<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=_PZy-U7G2EMC&pg=PA111&dq=U.S.+Peace+Council%2Bkgb&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q=%22U.S.%20Peace%20Council%22&f=false The Apocalyptic premise : Nuclear Arms Debated], By Ernest W. Lefever, E. Stephen Hunt, Ethics and Public Policy Center, Washington, D.C., 1982, pp. 127-137.</ref> that actively opposed President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s defense program.
[[Image:Features ayers1.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Obama served on the Board of the Woods Fund of Chicago with [[Weather Underground]] [[terrorist|terrorist group]] co-founder Bill Ayers'''<ref>[http://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1a.pdf FBI file Weather Underground]</ref> '''at the time this photo appeared of Ayers stomping the American flag''' in ''Chicago Magazine'' in 2001. Ayers, Obama's boss at the Chicago Annenberg Challenge, contributes to Obama election campaigns and hosted an important fundraiser in Obama's early career to meet and greet Ayers contacts.]]

Ayers and Dohrn took credit, and have never denied, responsibility for a series of [[terrorist]] bombings which included the [[U.S. Capitol]], the [[Pentagon]] and the [[State Department]].

Ayers, Dohrn and Barack Obama's friendship and associations go back to the 1980s. The Ayers/Dohrn group lent notoriety among [[leftist]]s to launch Obama's career. Ayers, Dohrn and [[Jeff Jones]]<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=106653 ''Obama's 'green jobs czar' worked with terror founder] Van Jones served on board of activist group where ex-Weatherman serves as top director'', By Aaron Klein, [[WorldNetDaily]], August 13, 2009.</ref> of the Apollo Alliance authored ''[[Bill_Ayers#Prairie_Fire_Organizing_Committee_and_Maoist_thought|Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-imperialism]],'' the title of which is taken from ''The Sayings of Mao Zedong,''<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/]</ref> "a single spark can set a prairie fire." The book declares "we are communist men and women."<ref>Harvey Klehr, ''Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today'' (Transaction Books, New Brunswick, 1988), 109.</ref> Obama Green Czar [[Van Jones]] is a founder of the Apollo Alliance. In response to the [[Gulf of Mexico]] oil spill disaster, Katrina Vanden Huevel of ''[[The Nation]]'' magazine suggested "we need a [[Manhattan Project]], an Apollo Alliance."<ref>[http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100007216&docId=l:1179238159&isRss=true ''This Week,''] [[ABC News]] Transcript, 2 May 2010. Retrieved from LexisNexis, 3 May 2010.</ref>

Obama was elected to the Illinois State Senate in 1996 and served there for the next eight years.

President Obama is the first person having ties to a known former terrorist to gain control over America's nuclear weapons.<ref>http://www.clevelandleader.com/node/7127</ref><ref>http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/08/26/obama-associate-bill-ayers-unrepentant-for-acts-of-terror/</ref> Author and blogger Jack Cashill requisitioned a comparison of the writing style of [[Bill Ayers]]' 2001 memoir, ''Fugitive Days'', with Barack Obama's earlier 1995 book, ''Dreams From My Father'', and came to the conclusion that Obama's former boss, Bill Ayers, may have ghostwritten ''Dreams''.<ref>www.cashill.com, ''Who Wrote "Dreams From My Father"?'', by Jack Cashill, October 9, 2008, retrieved on 10/16/2008 [http://www.cashill.com/natl_general/who_wrote_dreams_from.htm] Cashill states that a computer comparison of Obama's so-called autobiography with that of the terrorist Bill Ayers, supports the theory that Ayers actually wrote parts of Obama's book; also he wrote "None of this, of course, proves Ayers' authorship conclusively, but the evidence makes him a much more likely candidate than Obama to have written the best parts of ''Dreams''". "In assessing the signature of sample passages from ''Dreams''," the experienced analyst found "a very strong match to all of the Ayers samples" that he processed. He did not address the possibility that Ayers had plagiarized from Obama's earlier book. A philosophy professor from England disagreed.[http://wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=77815]</ref> Ayers confesses to violent acts, planting bombs, says he has no regrets and feels he "should have done more."<ref>[http://www.clevelandleader.com/node/7127]</ref>

=== Candidate of the Marxist New Party ===
:''For the full article see '''[[New Party]]'''''
In 1995 Obama accepted the nomination, signed a contract,<ref>From the Chicago DSA website, "Candidates must be approved via a NP political committee. Once approved, candidates must sign a contract with the NP. The contract mandates that they must have a visible and active relationship with the NP. The political entourage included ...Barack Obama, chief of staff for State Sen. [[Alice Palmer]]. Obama is running for Palmer's vacant seat." Retrieved from [http://www.chicagodsa.org/ngarchive/ng42.html#anchor792932 Chicago New Party Update,]
by Bruce Bentley. Retrieved March 15,2010.</ref> and ran as a candidate of the openly [[Marxist]] New Party.<ref>[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/groupProfile.asp?grpid=7434 NEW PARTY (NP)], discoverthenetwork.org.</ref><ref>Rick Moran. [http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2008/06/obamas_alliance_with_marxists.html Obama's Alliance with Marxists], ''American Thinker'', June 03, 2008.</ref> The [[New Party]] was an electoral alliance that worked alongside [[ACORN]], formed by members of the Democratic Socialists for America (SPUSA and DSAUSA) and leaders of an offshoot of the [[Communist Party of the United States of America|Community Party USA]] (CPUSA).<ref>Aaron Klein. [http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=78945 Newspaper shows Obama belonged to socialist party], ''[[WorldNetDaily]]'', October 24, 2008.</ref> The New Party was funded by literally hundreds of leftist front-groups operating as special interest 527 organizations.<ref>JB Williams. [http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/13872 Obama’s Well Organized Community Is Falling Apart], ''Canada Free Press'', August 18, 2009.</ref>
[[File:O-2002-antiwar-rally-davidson.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Obama speaking at the October 2002 anti-war rally in Chicago organized by Carl Davidson. Davidson is a longtime [[Mao]]ist and champion of the ''Thought of Mao Tse Tung.''<ref>Davidson's anti-Trotskyite polemic, [http://www.wengewang.org/read.php?tid=10925 ''Left in Form, Right in Essence''] defends Maoist doctrine.<br> Retrieved from 对当代托洛茨基主义的批判：英文论集百花齐放 - 中国文革研究网, March 15, 2010.</ref>]]

=== Opposition to the War on Terror ===

Obama established himself as a chief spokesperson in opposition to the [[War on Terror]] during an October 2002 rally at Federal Plaza in Chicago<ref>The rally was organized by Chicagoans Against War in Iraq (CAWI) later renamed Chicagoans Against War and Injustice. [http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?page_id=2 About CAWI] by Carl Davidson, Nov 02 2006. Retrieved from Chicagoans Against War and Injustice, March 15, 2010.</ref> [[community organizing|organized]] by [[radical]] [[SDS]] veteran and later [[Progressives for Obama]] webmaster,<ref>[http://www.linkedin.com/in/carldavidson Carl Davidson,] LinkedIn.com, retrieved March 13, 2010.</ref> [[Carl Davidson]]. The speech was delivered before [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] was authorized by the [[Democratic]] controlled [[U.S. Senate]]. Obama's speech was not recorded, nor an audiotape ever found, yet according to [[NPR]]'s Don Gonyea the [[Barack Hussein Obama 2008 Presidential campaign|2008 Obama Presidential campaign]] re-created portions of the speech for a television ad with Obama rereading the text and crowd noises added in a sound studio.<ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88988093</ref>

== U.S. Senate (2004-2008) ==
Following a failed campaign for the House of Representatives, Obama ran for the open Senate seat from Illinois in 2004. Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. He won a seat in the [[U.S. Senate]] after [[liberals]] obtained the release of confidential and personally embarrassing divorce records of his opponent, Jack Ryan, forcing him to resign from the race and be replaced by the out-of-state candidate [[Alan Keyes]].

===Radical endorsements, support and get out the vote efforts===

The ''[[People's Weekly World]]'' which describes itself as "the direct descendant of the ''[[Daily Worker]]'' " that enjoys "a special relationship with the [[Communist Party USA]], founded in 1919," and publishes its news and views,<ref>[http://www.pww.org/article/static/320 About the People's Weekly World] pww.org</ref> reported on Obama's 2004 Senate primary campaign: [[Image:Democrat Obama during the Pledge.jpg|325px|thumb|right|''Candidaate Obama stands with folded hands''during the Democratic primaries while [[Bill Richardson]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] honor the flag by placing their hands over their heart during the [[National Anthem]] in 2008. [http://rawstory.com/news/2007/Obama_doesnt_put_hand_over_heart_1022.html See Video] ]]
{{Cquote|Activists from Illinois were immersed in the campaign to elect Barak Obama to the U.S. Senate. Obama won a landslide victory in the March 16 Democratic primary.<ref>''A turning point election'', Joelle Fishman, People's Weekly World, 04/24/04.</ref>}} John Bachtell, Illinois Communist Party district organizer added,
{{Cquote|This was a historic victory. It was a victory for political independence and grassroots, coalition, and issue oriented politics over the machine and money.<ref>[http://www.pww.org/article/articleprint/5145/ The CPUSA fires up its members to ‘Dump Bush!’], By Tim Wheeler, Washington correspondent, People's Weekly World , 04/24/04.</ref>}} In June the ''People’s Weekly World'' carried a piece by Dee Myles, chair of the education commission of the Communist Party USA, eulogizing [[Frank Marshall Davis]]'s old colleague, [[Vernon Jarrett]]. Myles said,
{{Cquote|from his hospital bed, [Jarrett] wrote an article appealing to Black Chicago to turn out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] in the Illinois primaries. Obama astounded everyone with an incredible landslide victory as the [[Progressivism|progressive]], Black candidate for the [[Democratic Party]] nomination for the U.S. Senate seat from Illinois. From his sickbed, Vernon Jarrett issued a clarion call, and the people responded.<ref>[http://www.pww.org/article/articleview/5331/ Vernon Jarrett: a partisan journalistic giant], Dee Myles, [[People's Weekly World]] Newspaper, Jun 5, 2004.</ref>}}

===Senate career===
[[Image:obama.jpg|thumb|left|Senator Barack Obama]]

October 2008 crimes against Academy Award winner Jennifer Hudson's family highlighted Obama's record against law and order, as he voted against making it a crime in Illinois "for convicts on probation or on bail to have contact with a street gang".<ref>[http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals-2007-03-13.html]</ref><ref>The person of interest in the murders of Hudson's mother, brother, and 7-year-old nephew is the estranged husband of Hudson's sister and a convicted felon who had violated his parole conditions.[http://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-julian-king-autopsy-1029,0,2752431.story]</ref> "'We've got 75,000 gang members - that's almost six gang members to one police officer,'" in Obama's hometown of Chicago.<ref>"More people have been murdered in Chicago this year than in New York - even though New York's population is three times greater. When Hudson's mother, brother and nephew were killed last month, they pushed the city's homicide total for the year to 436 and counting. New York has had 430 homicides." [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2008/11/01/2008-11-01_chicago_buried_in_murders.html]</ref>

A March 16th, 2005 AP article puts Senator Obama on record to ban oil drilling in the Alaska frontier known as ANWR <ref>http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0316-13.htm</ref>

In May 2007, Obama (and Sen. Hillary Clinton) voted against funding the Iraq War for the first time.<ref>[http://uspolitics.about.com/od/legislatio1/a/HR2206.htm HR 2206 - Emergency Appropriations], Kathy Gill, Your Guide to U.S. Politics: Current Events. May 26 2007.</ref><ref>[http://more.gov.mtopgroup.com/2007/05/votes-hr-2206-iraq-supplemental.html Votes - H.R. 2206: Iraq Supplemental], May 28, 2007. Retrieved from Deeper Inside the Mountain, June 4, 2007.</ref>

His 2007 voting record in the U.S. [[Senate]] makes him as its most [[liberal]] member. Among fellow Senate Democrats, he was further left than liberals like [[Ted Kennedy]], [[John Kerry]], [[Dianne Feinstein]], [[Charles Schumer]], [[Russ Feingold]], [[Carl Levin]], [[Joseph Biden]] and [[Harry Reid]].<ref>[http://nationaljournal.com/voteratings/sen/lib_cons.htm?o1=lib_composite&o2=desc]</ref> He has grown steadily more liberal since arriving at the Senate: the same analysis assessed him as 10th most liberal in 2006<ref>[http://www.nationaljournal.com/members/news/2007/voteratings/sen/lib_cons.htm?o1=lib_composite&o2=desc]</ref> and 16th most liberal in 2005.<ref>[http://www.nationaljournal.com/members/news/2007/voteratings/sen/lib_cons.htm?o1=lib_composite&o2=desc]</ref>

In late 2006, Obama's second book, ''The Audacity of Hope'', was published. Its title was supplied by the Rev. Jeremiah A. Wright Jr., a minister who has stated that "racism is how this country was founded and how this country was run .... We believe in white supremacy and black inferiority and believe it more than we believe in God."<ref>http://blog.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/03/14/obama_condemns_pastors_remarks.html</ref> The book contains more of Senator Obama's personal story including the roles of both family and politics. ''Audacity'' spent 30 weeks on the ''New York Times'' Nonfiction Best Sellers list.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/27/books/bestseller/0527besthardnonfiction.html?_r=1&oref=slogin New York Times Best Sellers Non Fiction]</ref>

Senator Obama is the chairman of an important subcommittee that has oversight of our efforts in Afghanistan. He has not held a single hearing on Afghanistan even though American forces are risking their lives in a theater of war. Since joining Foreign Relations, Obama has missed three meetings on a "new strategy" in [[Afghanistan]], a country he only visited in 2008.<ref>[http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/obama-absent-at-afghanistan-hearings-2008-03-01.html</ref> Barack Obama clinched his party's nomination for President after 16 straight months of campaigning.

In June 2008, Obama voted with the Democratic party to kill the sunset provision of the [[Bush]] tax cuts. By letting these tax cuts expire, single mothers with two kids will pay an additional $1,800 annually. Married couples with incomes of $50,000 will pay an additional $2,180 annually. Elderly couples will pay an additional $2,000 annually and a family of four will pay 191% more per year in taxes. Barack Obama often claims to be for taxing the rich their fair share. By voting to eliminate the Bush tax cuts, Obama is taxing most middle class and blue collar families.

Obama and the Democratic-led Congress has voted for the upgraded GI Bill despite the opposition from the President, the Secretary of Defense, the Pentagon, the generals in combat zones and the GOP Presidential nominee. It was crafted to increase veteran benefits. Yet, the strain on our military is great.<ref>[http://marcambinder.theatlantic.com/archives/2008/05/mccain_to_obama_dont_demagogue.php] http://marcambinder.theatlantic.com/archives/2008/05/mccain_to_obama_dont_demagogue.php , McCain To Obama: Don't Demagogue The GI Bill, May 22, 2008</ref> The bill would cost $2.8 to $4 billion per month. Some argue that this bill depletes the US's volunteer military personnel by enticing them to leave service rather than be re-deployed.

As senator, Obama has requested nearly $936 million in earmarks which averages to $500,000. per day over four years, <ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122108935141721343.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Obama Can't Win Against Palin] Wall Street Journal, September 11, 2008</ref> for which the Council for Citizens Against Government Waste has given him a rating of 10% in 2007 (18% lifetime).<ref>[http://councilfor.cagw.org/site/DocServer/2007_Senate_Ratings_Final.pdf?docID=3242 2007 Senate Scorecard]</ref> A score of 100% represents voting against all pork, and 0% represents voting ''for'' all pork. Democrats averaged 5% in 2007, whereas Republicans averaged 60%. <ref>[http://councilfor.cagw.org/site/News2?abbr=CCAGW_&page=NewsArticle&id=11590 CCAGW Releases ''2007 Congressional Ratings'']</ref>

According to a Fox News report on October 5th, Obama has taken more than $126,000. in campaign contribution from [[Fannie Mae]] in a little over three years. This ranks him second, only Chris Dodd has received more campaign contribution dollars from Fannie Mae.

===Use of filibuster and obstructionism ===

White House Communication Director Dan Pfeiffer described the frustration of an Administration having its legislative agenda delayed by [[filibuster]]s and obstructionism:

{{quotebox|If we're going to have a government that works for the American people, then we need to focus on the things that actually matter ...Every day we waste delaying votes on well-qualified public servants or obstructing progress on problems that need solving is a day we're not doing our jobs. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/02/03/needless-delays-and-filibusters-run-amok-a-case-study]}}
The ''[[Washington Post]]'' claims [[partisan]] obstructionism is "a legislative tactic [Obama] once practiced himself" :
:*In 2005, a year after his election to the Senate, Obama placed a hold on Susan Bodine to lead the Environmental Protection Agency office that oversees Superfund and emergency cleanup programs because the agency had missed a deadline on new regulations for lead paint exposure.
:*In September 2006, Obama and Sen. Richard J. Durbin (D-Ill.) blocked Robert L. Wilkie's nomination as a Defense Department assistant secretary over a long-delayed Pentagon report on Midwestern wind farms.
:*And Obama joined with other Democrats in October 2007 to block the nomination of Hans von Spakovsky to the Federal Election Commission. Von Spakovsky later withdrew; Wilkie and Bodine were eventually confirmed. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303801_pf.html]

=== Bills co-sponsored ===
Obama's principal legislation was S. 2433, which was an attempt to force the U.S. to increase its foreign aid by hundreds of billions of dollars under the guise of reducing global poverty, which was subsequently blocked by [[conservatives]].<ref>http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s110-2433</ref>

Obama did support and co-sponsor a bill championed by [[Tom Coburn]] and known as the Coburn-Obama Government Transparency Act of 2006, which was signed into law by President [[George W. Bush]] on Sept. 9, 2006. This law created a website that will list the federal government's grants and contracts.<ref> http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/09/20060926.html</ref>

Between Jan 13, 2007 and March 13, 2008, Sen. Obama has sponsored 120 mostly [[liberal]] resolutions and bills in the Senate.<ref>http://thomas.loc.gov/</ref> His supporters cite the following less liberal examples, but this list is not representative:

*S.117 : A bill to amend titles 10 and 38, United States Code, to improve benefits and services for members of the Armed Forces, veterans of the Global War on Terrorism, and other veterans, to require reports on the effects of the Global War on Terrorism, and for other purposes.

*S.133 : A bill to promote the national security and stability of the economy of the United States by reducing the dependence of the United States on oil through the use of alternative fuels and new technology, and for other purposes.

*S.453 : A bill to prohibit deceptive practices in Federal elections.

*S.713 : A bill to ensure dignity in care for members of the Armed Forces recovering from injuries.

*A bill to raise the [[minimum wage]]; Obama voted against the bill when it was later attached to an Iraq war supplemental bill to pay the troops.<ref>[http://uspolitics.about.com/od/legislatio1/a/HR2206.htm HR 2206 - Emergency Appropriations], Kathy Gill, Your Guide to U.S. Politics: Current Events. May 26 2007.</ref><ref>[http://more.gov.mtopgroup.com/2007/05/votes-hr-2206-iraq-supplemental.html Votes - H.R. 2206: Iraq Supplemental], May 28, 2007. Retrieved from Deeper Inside the Mountain, June 4, 2007.</ref>

=== Senate Foreign Relations Committee ===

Obama worked with Sen. Lugar writing legislation aimed at improving conventional and nuclear non-proliferation efforts. This legislation was signed by [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] in January 2008.

In June 2007 the Senate passed his resolution condemning violence by the [[Zimbabwe]] government. It also passed legislation co-sponsored by Obama that financed a Special Court for Sierra Leone to prosecute former [[Liberia | Liberian]] President [[Charles Taylor]]. <ref> http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/02/26/obamas_senate_foreign_relations_work/ </ref>

Barack Obama continued to collect money for a 2010 Senate re-election campaign as late as June 2008, and filed reports indicating money was still pouring into this fund. This is especially notable because it is an efficient way of sidetracking donations from his Presidential race. The website<obamasenate2010.gov> is now defunct.
[[File:OenEReuters.jpg|left|200px|thumb|In Egypt, June 2009.]]

=== Foreign policy experience ===

In his presidential campaign, Obama stated<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mayhill-fowler/obama-says-no-to-foreign_b_95357.html</ref> that "foreign policy is the area where I am probably most confident" and then cited "having lived in Indonesia for four years, having family that is impoverished in small villages in Africa". He lived in Indonesia from age 6 to 10, and he later discovered that his father had some other children in Africa.

While campaigning, he has visited several foreign countries. In [[Russia]] and the former Soviet republics, he met with representatives of the International Republican Institute and National Democratic Institute to discuss democracy in the former Soviet republics. He also met with Russian military officials and visited several nuclear and biological weapons destruction sites in Russia, [[Ukraine]], and [[Azerbaijan]] with Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Richard Lugar (R-IN). On the same tour, he visited London, UK, and met with [[Tony Blair]], sitting UK Prime Minister.

Obama visited South Africa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Chad; he discussed his tour of Robben Island prison, met with U.S. troops, and visited refugee camps of the people fleeing Darfur. He also addressed Africa's growing [[AIDS]] epidemic.

During a ten-day-long tour of the Middle East, he talked with government leaders in Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel.
<br>
[[File:EndOfAnError.jpg|right|200px]]

== Presidential Election (2008) ==
:''See Main article'' : [[Barack Hussein Obama 2008 Presidential campaign]]
Obama and his running mate [[Senator Joseph Biden]] won the presidential election<ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/obama_wins_presidency/2008/11/04/147788.html?utm_medium=RSS]</ref> after 23 months of campaigning that spent over $700 million,<ref>http://www.opensecrets.org/pres08/summary.php?cid=N00009638</ref> much of it raised from undisclosed or [[fraud]]ulent donors,<ref>"Obama’s finance team missed quite a few obviously troubling large donations, from such unsavory individuals as Mr. Jfggjjfgj, 'Mong Kong,' 'Test Person,' and 'Jockim Alberton,' who lives at a fictional address on a street that does not exist in Wilmington, Delaware. How many fictional characters might there be among the $220 million that Obama has collected in small, undisclosed contributions? Obama's small donors have all been recorded, and he could easily follow McCain’s lead by disclosing this major source of his campaign’s money."[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OTllNTk2MDNmNDk1YmQ0OWEzOTZmMTVmODUwZTQwY2E= "Fake Donors, Phony Pledge, ''National Review'' (Oct. 22, 2008)] Obama did not.</ref> [[bailout]] recipients<ref>http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cid=N00009638&cycle=2008</ref><ref>http://www.votesmart.org/finance.php?can_id=9490</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/10/14/business/14bailout.graphic2.html ''Beneficiary Banks'', New York Times. 2008-10-14.]</ref><ref>[http://www.investmentnews.com/article/20090219/FREE/902199983]''UBS fined $780 million in tax evasion scandal, Investment News, February 19, 2009.</ref> and big oil [[pollution|polluter]]s.<ref>http://rawstory.com/rs/2010/0505/obama-biggest-recipient-bp-political-action-money-20-years Obama is biggest recipient of BP’s political action cash in the last 20 years,] John Byrne, 5 May 2010. Retrieved from rawstory.com 9 May 2010.</ref><ref>Jake Tapper, Political Punch, [[ABC News]], 5 May 2010. [http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/05/white-house-idea-that-bp-given-special-exemption-because-of-campaign-cash-to-obama-silly-and-ridiculous.html?cid=6a00d8341c4df253ef0134807669a3970c]</ref><ref>http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2010/04/on-thursday-oil-giant-bp.html</ref> Obama spent far more per vote than McCain did: Obama spent $7.39 per vote, while McCain spent only $5.78 per vote.<ref>http://query.nictusa.com/cgi-bin/cancomsrs/?_08+00+PR</ref>

To announce his trip to [[Berlin]] in July 2008, Obama used posters which show a marked similarity to posters of [[Lenin]] and [[Che Guevara]].<ref>[http://andrightlyso.com/2008/07/24/obama-lenin-gaffe/ Obama's direct copy of a Lenin poster for his Berlin visit]</ref><ref>[http://michellemalkin.com/2008/05/31/the-la-times-looks-into-the-obama-che-iconcography-connection/ The LA Times looks into the Obama-Che iconography connection] by Michelle Malkin </ref>

Obama carried 52% of the popular vote and the states [[John Kerry]] won in 2004, in addition to Iowa, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Florida, and Indiana. Of the 127 million votes cast, Obama beat John McCain by 8 million total votes.<ref>http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/</ref> [http://images.newsmax.com/misc/2008_Election_Map.jpg See county breakdown map] <ref>[www.cnn.com/election]</ref>

The [[Association of American Physicians and Surgeons]] observed that Obama used techniques of [[mind control]] in his campaign, as in this speech: "a light will shine down from somewhere, it will light upon you, you will experience an epiphany, and you will say to yourself, 'I have to vote for Barack.'"<ref name="mind control">http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/0089 . The doctors observe that "Obama's logo is noteworthy. It is always there, a small one in the middle of the podium, providing a point of visual fixation ... [that] resembles a crystal ball, a favorite of hypnotists."</ref>

===Hamas endorsement===
Obama hired Robert Malley as a senior foreign policy adviser. Malley told the ''Times of London'' that he had been in regular contact with the [[terrorist]] organization [[Hamas]]. In April 2008 Hamas made its endorsement of Obama for President.<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=61631 Hamas terrorists make 2008 U.S. presidential pick], WolrdNetDaily.com, April 14, 2008.</ref> Malley is the son of a key member of the Egyptian Communist Party.<ref>http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/individualProfile.asp?indid=2310</ref>

== Presidency (2009-Present) ==
[[File:Obama-6th-grade-teleprompter.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Obama speaks to sixth grade students utilizing [[teleprompter]]s.]]
:''Main article:'' [[Obama Administration]]
Obama's budgets, stimulus, deficits, health care and regulatory "reform" have advanced his [[Socialism|progress liberal]] agenda of "'''spreading the wealth'''."<ref>"My attitude is that if the economy's good for folks from the bottom up, it's gonna be good for everybody. I think when you spread the wealth around, it's good for everybody." [http://www.nypost.com/seven/10152008/news/politics/obama_fires_a_robin_hood_warning_shot_133685.htm OBAMA FIRES A 'ROBIN HOOD' WARNING SHOT], N.Y. Post </ref>
<ref>John McCain quipped during the campaign, "He's running for Redistributor In Chief, I'm running for Commander In Chief."[http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=9fab8324-a1a1-4ad6-840f-76b04a405a65&CATEGORYNAME=INTER McCain Attacks Obama's Faith in Americans] Fox News, 10-31-2008. The slogan "from each according to their ability to each according to their need" is an idea originally proposed by [[Karl Marx]] and is the inspiration for the centrally [[planned economy]] Obama hopes to introduce to the US.</ref> Claimed by many to be a brilliant orator, Obama has been criticized by former Vice President [[Walter Mondale]] for depending on [[teleprompter]]s or "idiot boards,"<ref>http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1010/Mondale_to_Obama_Ditch_the_idiot_boards.html</ref> even when speaking in an elementary school.<ref>"President Barack Obama visited a sixth grade classroom in Falls Church, Virginia. What is particularly odd is Mr. Obama brought two teleprompters into the classroom along with the podium with the Presidential seal (video below)."[http://www.washingtontimes.com/weblogs/watercooler/2010/jan/24/compare-obamas-teleprompters-classroom-moment-2006/]</ref> Obama has pushed for establishing a Palestinian state over the objection of [[Israel]]'s Prime Minister,<ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/news/us-is-not-and-will-never-be-at-war-with-islam....-many-americans-have.../444572/</ref> inclusion of [[Turkey]] in the [[European Union]],<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6051268.ece</ref> against gay marriage and holding [[Guantanamo]] detainees indefinitely without trial.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/21/AR2009052104045.html Obama Endorses Indefinite Detention Without Trial for Some], Peter Finn, Washington Post, May 22, 2009. </ref>

===Class warfare and identity politics===
:''Main article:'' [[Class warfare]]
Several prominent [[Democratic]] pollsters and strategists have noted,
{{Cquote|Rather than being a unifier, Mr. Obama has divided America on the basis of race, class and partisanship.}} The commentators also note Obama's approach to governance has encouraged radical leftists to pursue a similar strategy on his behalf. Mary Frances Berry, former head of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, acknowledged that the [[Obama administration]] has taken to polarizing America around the issue of race as a means of diverting attention from other issues,
{{Cquote|Having one's opponent rebut charges of racism is far better than discussing [[Unemployment|joblessness]].<ref>http://www.politico.com/arena/perm/Mary_Frances_Berry_91E3D9D5-C40D-440C-9D48-1C50CBC60C87.html</ref>}} Patrick Caddell and Douglas Schoen who worked for President Carter and Clinton respectively further stated,
{{Cquote|Mr. Obama has also cynically [[class warfare|divided the country on class lines]]. He has taken to playing the populist card time and time again. He bashes Wall Street and insurance companies whenever convenient to advance his programs, yet he has been eager to accept campaign contributions and negotiate with these very same banks and [[corporation]]s behind closed doors in order to advance his political agenda... President Obama's divisive approach to governance has weakened us as a people and paralyzed our political culture.<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_PUB:SB10001424052748703700904575391553798363586.html</ref> }}
In just 18 months in office, Obama has been criticized for setting back race relations a generation.<ref>http://article.nationalreview.com/438474/the-new-racial-mess/victor-davis-hanson</ref><ref>http://townhall.com/columnists/RichGalen/2010/07/21/sorcerers_apprentice</ref><ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE66K6JN20100721</ref><ref>http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/22/opinion/la-ed-sherrod-20100723</ref> Gay rights activists similarly have expressed concern over Obama's handling of the [[Bill_Clinton#Don.27t_ask_don.27t_tell|Clinton-era "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy]] considered by many to be [[homophobic]]. James Pietrangelo II, a former Army infantryman and lawyer told ''[[TIME magazine|TIME]] magazine,
{{Cquote|[Obama's] a coward, a [[bigot]] and a pathological liar. This is a guy who spent more time picking out his dog, Bo, and playing with him on the White House lawn than he has working for equality for gay people. If there were millions of black people as second-class citizens, or millions of Jews or Irish, he would have acted immediately.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1903545,00.html?imw=Y</ref>}}

===Tax increases on the poor and working class===
Although Obama campaigned on the promise to increase taxes on the rich, he extended tax cuts for the rich of President [[George W. Bush]] and, as ''[[CBS News]]'' reports, increased taxes on the working class, with the poor, the homeless, and the unemployed particularly the hardest hit.

=== Stimulus and health-care bill effects on high Unemployment ===
:''Main article:'' [[Barack Obama and United States Unemployment]]
[[File:Jobs_lost_since_2009_stimulus.png|right|400px|thumb|Job loss after President Obama's economic stimulus and healthcare bills passed.<br>''Source: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.'']]
The United States unemployment rate was 9.7% in February of 2010.<ref>http://www.dsnews.com/articles/unemployment-rate-unchanged-at-97-2010-03-05</ref> In addition, on March 5, 2010, MarketWatch reported concerning U.S. unemployment, "The U6 alternative gauge of the unemployment rate, which includes discouraged workers and those forced to work part-time, rose to 16.8% from 16.5%."<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/story/payrolls-fall-36000-jobless-rate-steady-at-97-2010-03-05?reflink=MW_news_stmp</ref>

A Kauffman Foundation study found that American entrepreneurs will limit hiring in 2010.<ref>http://www.gaebler.com/News/Small-Business-Finance/Entrepreneurs-will-limit-hiring-in-2010-19568840.htm</ref> According to the U.S. Small Business Administration, "Over a recent 15-year period, small businesses created some 65 percent of the net new jobs in the private sector."<ref>http://www.sba.gov/advo/press/10-03.html</ref> On February 12, 2010, an [[American]] small business owner published a piece in the ''American Thinker'' critical of President [[Obama]] entitled, ''Dear Mr. President: Why We Are Not Hiring '' that was reflective of anti-[[Obama administration]] policy sentiment among many United States small business owners. <ref>http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/02/dear_mr_president_why_we_are_n.html</ref> American businessman William H Watson also wrote a piece critical of President Obama policies entitled, ''Why is Small Business Not Hiring?''<ref>http://www.goarticles.com/cgi-bin/showa.cgi?C=2509637</ref> Given that small business owners are among the most respected individuals in the United States with a 94% approval rating among the U.S. public, small business owners speaking out against President Obama's policies likely contributes to his plunging approval ratings among the United States public.<ref>http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/business/general_business/september_2009/americans_now_view_congress_as_least_respected_job</ref> On March 6, 2010, a coalition of business people allied with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, announced they were going spend between 4-10 million dollars in ads criticizing ObamaCare. The ads will be focused on how ObamaCare will hurt companies by adding additional taxes and requirements plus it will not control medical costs.<ref>http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-03-10/obama-s-health-care-push-gets-challenge-from-business-coalition.html</ref>

Following the [[Recession of 2008]] Obama declared failure to pass his [[Economic stimulus]] for "shovel ready" public works projects would turn a "crisis into a catastrophe," and promised [[Unemployment]] would not rise above 7.8%.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1910208,00.html Obama's Stimulus Plan: Failing by Its Own Measure,] Stephen Gandel, ''TIME'', July 14, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31165217/ Obama promises economic relief this summer], AP, 6/8/2009.</ref> During the [[Recovery Summer]] of 2010 another 400,000 jobs were lost.<ref>http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?request_action=wh&graph_name=CE_cesbref1</ref>Obama later was to admit "there’s no such thing as shovel-ready projects," as Unemployment, government debt and spending spiraled out of control.<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20019468-503544.html</ref>

The ''Christian Science Monitor'' questions whether [[Obama]] is tough enough to help [[America]] break down foreign trade barriers which would create more American jobs.<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/the-monitors-view/2010/0311/Jobs-jobs-jobs-For-Obama-they-lie-in-more-exports</ref>

=== Obama policies and return of stagflation concerns ===
In February of 2010, the ''[[Washington Times]]'' reported:
{{cquote|Prices rose 2.7 percent during 2009, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics' recent update of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). This is a worrisome fact because last year's unemployment rate averaged more than 9 percent. This trend may signal a return of "stagflation," a merger of stagnation and [[inflation]].

In the 1970s, stagflation shocked traditional [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]] economists, whose models said the economy could not suffer from both high unemployment and rapid inflation at the same time. Unfortunately, the Keynesians were wrong, because an economy obviously can experience both evils simultaneously...

It seems every week the Obama administration announces some new tax or mandate that will further handicap businesses. Regardless of the official definitions of recession, the economy will remain sluggish for years to come. But if the [[Federal Reserve]] continues with its reckless policies, Americans will experience high inflation on top of high unemployment. As in the late 1970s, Americans will see that the pundits are wrong, because stagflation is very real.<ref>http://washingtontimes.com/news/2010/feb/19/setting-the-stage-for-stagflation/</ref>}}

=== Declining popularity ===
[[File:800px-Beer summit cheers.jpg|thumb|right|350px|center|President Obama toasts Henry Louis Gates Jr. The president told the nation at a prime time news conference Gates was a close personal friend. Gates is cited as the inspiration of the 1999 communist apologetic, ''Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution.''<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/souls/vol1no4/vol1num4art1.pdf ''Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution''], Robin D.G. Kelley and Betsy Esche, ''Souls'' Volume 1, Number 4 Fall 1999, p. 39 in original (p. 34 pdf).</ref> ]]
:''Main article :'' [[Barack Obama approval ratings]]
President Obama’s approval rating for handling health care fell steadily after April 2009 and his overall approval ratings were lower than [[George W. Bush]] at the same point in the Bush presidency.<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jOXgdP1BoxXRqTf4yf3BSFn2sa1Q Obama popularity lower than Bush's at six-month mark: poll]</ref> Despite poll after poll showing that Americans’ main priority was jobs, President Obama focused on passing a law to require all Americans to purchase health insurance.<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7043884.ece</ref> Shortly after the "Gates flap"<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/30/AR2009073004097.html</ref> polls revealed Obama's personal popularity declined significantly across the board, on every major subject among all demographic groups<ref>http://people-press.org/report/532/obamas-ratings-slide</ref> including independents and Democrats. A poll conducted by former [[Clinton]] advisers [[James Carville]] and Stan Greenberg in July 2010 found 55% of Americans viewed Barack Obama as "a socialist."<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/09/majority-likely-voters-agree-socialist-accurately-describes-obama/</ref>

=== Obama Administration Health Care Plan and Its Advocacy Methods ===
:''Main article'': [[Obamacare]]
Senior citizens are key Democratic party constituents that could kill [[Socialized medicine|Obama's socialistic health care plan]].<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsImVGsFlmA</ref> President Obama falsely claimed that the senior citizen group [[AARP]] endorsed his administration's health care plan when they never made such an endorsement.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Zxf5ELaC4Q&feature=channel_page</ref> In addition, Barack Obama's "Disinformation Czar" (whose supposed job was to correct disinformation that others are spreading about the Obama administration's health care plan) was caught spreading misleading information.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4HgDfNsH3M&feature=channel_page</ref> Skepticism is mounting concerning Obama's health care plan and Obama himself and the skepticism is growing for valid reasons.<ref>http://www.buffalonews.com/248/story/762324.html</ref> For example, the usually pro-Obama news organization the [[Associated Press]] recently published an article which was critical of Obama that was entitled ''FACT CHECK: Obama's health care claims adrift''?<ref>http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gayIiVSnEX8h2nbrvI2X4a9eo4qQD99K0NP00</ref>

The [[Association of American Physicians and Surgeons]] (AAPS) maintains there are no redeeming provisions of Obama's health care plan and offers a number of criticisms.<ref>http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/00377</ref> The AAPS maintains that Obama's plan will significantly increase the overall cost of health care to the United States public plus reduce the quality of care that the system provides.<ref>http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/00377</ref> Political analyst and commentator [[Dick Morris]] has asserted that Obama's health care plan will lead to the significant rationing of senior health care which will decrease the life span of senior citizens.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsImVGsFlmA</ref>

==== Obama Administration Health Care Plan and Liberal Elitism ====

''See also:'' [[Barack Obama and liberal elitism]]

[[File:arrogant_obama.jpg|right|125px|thumbnail|Barack Obama ]]
In 2007, when Obama was running for the office of President of the United States, he promised Americans "health care that is as good as the health care that I have as a member of Congress."<ref>http://www.emaxhealth.com/10/18430.html</ref> However, recently when a newspaper reporter pressed Obama on whether he would commit to Americans having the same health care as congressmen, Obama repeatedly refused to commit to his previous promise of Americans having the same coverage as members of Congress.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvzLDb2igKM</ref> President Obama merely claimed Americans would have health care coverage that would "largely match up" with what members of Congress have.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvzLDb2igKM</ref> President Obama also stated he is constantly followed around by a personal physician.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvzLDb2igKM</ref> The Obama administration's [[Liberal Elite|liberal elitism]] is not unusual when it comes to health care. For example, [[Belinda Stronach]], a former Member of the Canadian Parliament, chose to have a surgical treatment in the United States rather than be treated in Canada for her condition ([[Canada]] has a [[socialized medicine]] system of health care).<ref>http://blogs.dailymail.com/donsurber/2007/09/14/canadian-official-refuses-canadian-health-care/</ref>

Obama's [[Socialized Medicine|health care plan]] forces individuals to purchase health care or pay fines and could force many into a poorly run single payer system.<ref>The socialization of health care will force taxpayers to pay for healthcare for those who refuse to or can not afford to purchase it themselves.</ref>

==== Obama's Medical Administrator ====
President Obama skipped the Senate confirmation process to make a controversial hire as his Medicare/Medicaid administrator: [[Donald Berwick]].<ref>[http://video.foxnews.com/v/4276563/ Obama Under Fire for Recess Appointment], FOXNews.com, July 09, 2010.</ref> Under a Recess Appointment, Donald Berwick has been tasked the position as the head of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) as Obama's Medical administrator. Donald Berwick is a radical socialist with an [[Socialism|progressive liberal]] agenda that includes support for massive government rationing and support of using health care bureaucracy to redistribute wealth.<ref>Ben Domenech. [http://biggovernment.com/bdomenech/2010/05/13/how-donald-berwick-will-run-your-health-care/ How Donald Berwick Will Run Your Health Care], BigGovernment.com, May 13, 2010.</ref><ref>[[Glenn Beck]]. [http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/198/42727/ Glenn Beck: Obama forces through another socialist], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', July 08, 2010.</ref><ref>[[Rush Limbaugh]]. [http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_070710/content/01125106.guest.html What's So Shocking? The Regime Recess Appoints Another Marxist], RushLimbaugh.com, July 07, 2010.</ref> Donald Berwick strongly advocates redistributing America's wealth.<ref>[http://video.foxnews.com/v/4276343/ Who Is Donald Berwick?], FOXNews.com, July 08, 2010.</ref>

Donald Berwick has said this of America's need for [[ObamaCare|socialist health care]] policies:
{{Cquote|Sick people tend to be poorer and that poor people tend to be sicker and that any health care funding plan that is just, equitable, civilized, and humane must, must redistribute wealth from the richer among us to the poorer and the less fortunate. Excellent health care is by definition redistributional. Britain, you chose well.}}

==== Public relations and the enemies list ====
[[File:Maria-and-Che.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A community organizer poses in front of [[mass murder]]er [[Che Guevara]] poster during the 2008 campaign; [http://patterico.com/2009/08/14/roxana-mayer-invited-to-town-hall-by-obama-organizer-who-sported-che-guevara-poster-at-obama-campaign-office/] the same community organizer [http://my.barackobama.com/page/event/detail/4r9wf] falsely represented herself as a physician during a Townhall meeting on [[healthcare reform]] in 2009.
[http://beltwayblips.dailyradar.com/story/roxana_mayer_im_not_a_doctor_but_i_play_one_at_town/] ]]
A webpage at whitehouse.gov entitled "Reality Check" claims that the president's program "would be fully paid for over 10 years, and it would not add one penny to the deficit."<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/realitycheck/faq</ref> The [[CBO]] is mandated to prepare cost estimates and to show how individual legislative proposals would change spending or revenue levels under current law.<ref>http://www.cbo.gov/aboutcbo/budgetprocess.shtml</ref> A July 15 2009 letter from the CBO made this assessment,
{{Cquote|enacting the proposal would result in a net increase in the federal budget deficits of about $1.0 trillion over the 2010-2019 period."<ref>http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/103xx/doc10310/06-15-HealthChoicesAct.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=52306</ref>}}

In July 2009 suspicions arose over reports the Obama administration was creating a network<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27655039/</ref> of domestic informants and began compiling an enemies list. In a letter to President Obama, U.S. Sen. [[John Cornyn]], R-Texas, expressed serious concern about the White House's new program requesting Americans to forward email chains and other communications opposing the President's [[socialized medicine|health care reform]] policies. Sen. Cornyn asked for assurances that the program was being carried out in a manner consistent with the [[First Amendment]] and America's tradition of [[free speech]] and public discourse.

Sen. Cornyn's letter also inquired about the collection of names, email addresses, IP addresses, and private speech of U.S. citizens that informants report, and raises the specter of a data collection program.
{{Cquote|I am not aware of any precedent for a President asking American citizens to report their fellow citizens to the White House for pure political speech that is deemed ‘fishy' or otherwise inimical to the White House's political interests. You should not be surprised that these actions taken by your White House staff raise the specter of a data collection program. As Congress debates health care reform and other critical policy matters, citizen engagement must not be chilled by fear of government monitoring the exercise of [[free speech]] rights.<ref>http://cornyn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=ForPress.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=ebc2c77d-802a-23ad-4ae4-6ccf4c7a255c</ref>}}

Congressman Darrell Issa also expressed grave concern about the administration blurring the lines between political and official business by collecting data on administration critics.<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=8352544</ref>

===Regulatory failures and environmental disaster===
:''Main article:'' [[Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster]]
Five weeks into the "worst disaster in United States history," President Obama responded to critics of his administration's inability to stem the flow of oil from a sunken drilling rig into the [[Gulf of Mexico]]:{{Cquote|My job right now is just to make sure that everybody in the Gulf understands this is what I wake up to in the morning and this is what I go to bed at night thinking about: the spill.<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704596504575272542364164212.html#printMode</ref>}}[[Democratic]] operative [[James Carville]] said of the inept and lackluster response,{{Cquote|[[Franklin Roosevelt]] would have jumped out of his wheelchair and run down here to be in the middle of this.<ref>[http://dev.www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/Obama_s-dereliction-on-the-oil-spill-94934369.html Obama's dereliction on the oil spill,] Examiner Editorial, 27 May 2010. Retrieved from the washingtonexaminer.com 30 May 2010.</ref>}}
A Congressional investigating committee<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=11816570</ref> and a [[Department of Interior]] Inspector General's Report have cited the president's use of [[junk science]] to decieve the public about the true nature of the spill and resulting environmental damage.
<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/10/AR2010111002553.html</ref>

=== Obamunism ===
:''Main article'' : [[Obamunism]]
[[File:4135523219 e140763872 o.jpg|thumbnail|430px|A new study demonstrates Obama currently has dramatically fewer advisors who’ve made their living via the private sector than any other [[America]]n President in the last 108 years — since the turn of the 20th century when the business of America became business.<ref>http://www.redstate.com/erick/2009/12/01/obamas-achilles-heel/</ref><ref>http://blog.american.com/?p=7572</ref>]]
Critics of the Obama administration have coined the word "[[Obamunism]]" to describe Barack Obama's [[socialism|socialistic]] and "[[fascism]] light" [[economic planning]] policies ([[Benito Mussolini]] defined fascism as the wedding of state and corporate powers. Accordingly, trend forecaster [[Gerald Celente]] labels [[Obama administration corporate bailouts|Obama's corporate bailouts]] as being "fascism light" in nature).<ref>http://www.thebigmoney.com/articles/daily-intel/2009/07/20/obamunism-inc</ref><ref>http://www.smallbusinessadvocate.com/small-business-interviews/gerald-celente-6944</ref> Obamunism can also refer to Obama's [[Obama administration fiscal policy|ruinous fiscal policies]] and [[Obama administration monetary policy|reckless monetary policies]].<ref>http://seekingalpha.com/article/120883-monetary-policynot-obama-s-stimulusis-what-needs-watching</ref><ref>http://www.nypost.com/seven/05172009/postopinion/editorials/bams_wise_words_169731.htm</ref><ref>http://blog.heritage.org/2009/03/24/bush-deficit-vs-obama-deficit-in-pictures/</ref> In February of 2010, Jim Rogers, the world renowned investor, said concerning the [[Obama administration]]'s [[monetary policy]], that the [[European Union]], [[China|Chinese]], and [[Australia|Australian]] central bankers are more competent and honest than the [[Federal Reserve]].<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzTXaAXusiI</ref> Furthermore, Mr. Rogers asserted that Federal Reserve Chairman [[Ben Bernanke]], whom President Obama re-appointed to be the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, is "throwing gasoline on a fire" via his [[inflation|inflationary]] policies which are debasing the United States dollar.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzTXaAXusiI</ref> Under President Obama the American government's share of the national gross domestic product has significantly increased.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kABRyZdQXGw&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakingnews.com%2Fvideo%2Fdick-morris-obamas-waterloo&feature=player_embedded</ref>

[[Wall Street]] firms and banks that were bailed out were among Obama's biggest campaign supporters.<ref>http://www.opensecrets.org/pres08/contrib.php?cycle=2008&cid=N00009638</ref> Therefore, the Obama administration bailouts of corrupt, unproductive, and reckless Wall Street firms was hardly surprising, although it certainly was not helpful in making the United States economy more productive and prosperous. A 2005 study found that government corporate bailouts are often done for mere political considerations and the economic resources allocated exhibit significantly worse economic performance than resources allocated using purely business considerations.<ref>http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=676905</ref> Proponents of [[free market]] capitalism said Bernanke should not have bailed out failing firms and instead should have allowed free market capitalism to quickly recover as it did in the depression of 1920 without government intervention (free market capitalists assert that government intervention drags out economic recessions and depressions).<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzTXaAXusiI</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czcUmnsprQI</ref>

Top trend forecaster [[Gerald Celente]] predicts that the corrupt economic policies of the Obama administration will lead to a second [[Great Depression|great depression]] (Celente predicted the 1987 US stock market crash, the dot.com crash, the US 2008/2009 recession, and the collapse of the USSR in the early 1990s) and may lead to a "second [[American Revolution]]" (Celente predicted the [[Tea Party Movement|tax protests]] that are now occurring in America).<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MMX3SKzrfU&feature=channel_page</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sy9bfw1ebgw&feature=response_watch</ref> Celente also asserts that the costly and inefficient temporary short term methods that the Obama administration is using to alleviate economic problems in the short term (which is causing massive increases in [[Obama administration deficit spending]]) is only making matters worse and will not prevent the worse economic depression in United States history from occurring.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C8K7rWkGGw</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LBffdIW0XA&feature=response_watch</ref>

The Obama administration has been sharply criticized for [[Obama administration deficit spending|its massive deficit spending]] and [[Obama administration monetary policy|its reckless monetary policy]] via vast increases in the [[money supply]].<ref>http://seekingalpha.com/article/120883-monetary-policynot-obama-s-stimulusis-what-needs-watching</ref><ref>http://www.nypost.com/seven/05172009/postopinion/editorials/bams_wise_words_169731.htm</ref><ref>http://blog.heritage.org/2009/03/24/bush-deficit-vs-obama-deficit-in-pictures/</ref> Celente predicts that if a "second American Revolution" occurs in a peaceful and productive manner, it may include a [[Third Party System|third party movement]] of governance that will advocate a more [[free market]] [[capitalism]] approach to the American economy and a more strict interpretation of the [[United States Constitution|United States constitution]] as far as the authors' [[original intent]].<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MMX3SKzrfU&feature=channel_page</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sy9bfw1ebgw&feature=response_watch</ref>

=== Obama administration and land ownership ===
In August of 2010, [[Hot Air]] declared:
{{cquote|The federal government, as the memo boasted, is the nation’s “largest land manager.” It already owns roughly [http://bigthink.com/ideas/21343 one of every three acres] in the United States. This is apparently not enough. At a “listening session” in New Hampshire last week, government bureaucrats trained their sights on millions of [http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9HGKEAG0.htm private forest land] throughout the [[New England]] region. Agriculture Secretary [[Tom Vilsack]] crusaded for “the need for additional attention to the Land and Water Conservation Fund — and the need to promptly support full funding of that fund.”

Property owners have every reason to be worried. The Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) is a pet project of green radicals, who want the decades-old government slush fund for buying up private lands to be freed from congressional appropriations oversight. It’s paid for primarily with receipts from the government’s offshore oil and gas leases. Both Senate and House Democrats have included $900 million in full LWCF funding, not subject to congressional approval, in their energy/BP oil spill legislative packages.<ref>http://hotair.com/archives/2010/08/14/great-outdoors-initiative-a-federal-land-grab/</ref>}}

=== Barack Obama and American Conservatism backlash ===
In October of 2009, Niles Gardiner reported in the [[Britain|British]] newspaper ''The Daily Telegraph'':
{{cquote|This week’s striking [[Gallup]] poll on political ideology is further confirmation that the United States is in essence a [[conservative]] nation, which has ironically become even more conservative under Barack Obama. According to Gallup, 40 percent of Americans describe their political views as conservative, 36 percent as moderate and 20 percent as liberal. This is the first time conservatives have outnumbered moderates in America since 2004.<ref>http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/nilegardiner/100014891/barack-obama-has-failed-to-defeat-conservatism-in-america/</ref>}}

== Ideological views and affiliations ==
:''For the full article see [[Political positions of Barack Obama]]''
Although polls<ref>http://pewforum.org/A-Religious-Portrait-of-African-Americans.aspx#1</ref> reveal [[African-American]]s claim a Christian identity in larger numbers (78%) than the U.S. population as a whole, only one in three Americans believe Obama's contention that he is a Christian.<ref>Pew Research Center Poll, August 2010.</ref>
Obama's socio-political positions have been described as that of a [[Communism|“Marxist leftist".]]<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1753197/posts</ref> On numerous occasions Obama [[community organizer]]s have been found flaunting banners of the notorious [[Marxist]] [[guerrilla]] and [[murder]]er, [[Che Guevara]].<ref>[http://www.moonbattery.com/archives/2008/02/obama_workers_c.html Obama Workers' Che Guevara Poster Was No Fluke] from Moonbattery</ref> Former presidential candidate [[Alan Keyes]] calls Obama a "radical communist." <ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/keyes_obama_destroy_US/2009/02/23/184503.html Alan Keyes: Obama Will Destroy U.S.] NewsMax, February 23, 2009</ref>

===Obama and Islam===
[[Image:OBAMA MUSULMAN.jpg|right|thumb|'''Then-Senator Obama wearing traditional African garb''', a gift from his hosts while visiting Kenya<ref>[http://sweetness-light.com/archive/obama-wore-muslim-gear-during-kenya-trip]</ref>]]
More than a year and a half into Obama's presidency, a poll conducted by the Pew Research Center found a growing number of Americans believe the president is a [[Muslim]]. The poll found only about one-third of adults (34%) believe Obama is a [[Christian]], down sharply from 48% in 2009. Among Democrats, 46% said they think Obama is a Christian, down from 55% in March 2009.<ref>http://pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Growing-Number-of-Americans-Say-Obama-is-a-Muslim.aspx</ref> The evidence that Obama is a Muslim may include:
*Obama declared in prepared remarks, "The United States has been enriched by '''Muslim Americans'''. Many other Americans have Muslims in their families or have lived in a Muslim-majority country - I know, because '''I am one of them'''."<ref>http://middleeast.about.com/b/2009/04/06/obama-in-turkey-at-the-gates-of-islam.htm</ref>
*Obama's wife Michelle does not accompany him to Muslim nations because [[Sharia law]] would apply to her there; on a presidential trip she was with him until France, but then returned home.
*Obama's background, education, and outlook are [[Muslim]], and fewer than 1% of Muslims convert to Christianity.<ref>http://www.religionnewsblog.com/17736/barack-obama-2</ref><ref>http://www.faithfreedom.org/oped/sina31103.htm. During the third and fourth grades, Obama learned about Islam for two hours each week in religion class, according to the LATimes. [http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nation/bal-te.obama16mar16,0,1634059,print.story?coll=bal_news_nation_promo Campaign downplays his connection during boyhood in Indonesia, Baltimore Sun, March 16, 2007]</ref>
*Obama's middle name (Hussein) references '''Husayn''', who was the grandson of [[Muhammad]],<ref>A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. 2004.</ref><ref>al-Qarashi, Baqir Shareef (2007). The life of Imam Husain. Qum: Ansariyan Publications.</ref> which most Christians would not retain.<ref>Only after Obama became politically ambitious did he declare himself to be a [[Christian]], yet he never replaced his [[Muslim]] name "Hussein" with a Christian one as most do when they undergo a religious conversion. For example, when the Italian journalist Magdi Allam recently converted to Christianity, he took a new name: "Cristiano".[http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=30814] When Saul became a Christian, he changed his name to "Paul"; when the famous boxer Cassius Clay converted to [[Islam]], he took the Muslim name of [[Muhammad Ali]]. "It is common for those converting to a new religion to change their name on conversion"[http://www.ukdp.co.uk/pages/religiousconversion.php] or adopt a Christian name at [[baptism]].[http://www.answers.com/topic/christian-name]</ref>
*Obama mentioned his religion as "[[my Muslim faith]]."<ref>Obama declared, "John McCain has not talked about my Muslim faith."[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKGdkqfBICw]</ref>
*He has said that "Islam can be compatible with the modern world."<ref> [http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 Barack Obama's Christian Journey | Newsweek Politics: Campaign 2008]</ref>
*Obama said the Muslim call to prayer is "one of the prettiest sounds on Earth at sunset," and recited "with a first-class [[Arabic]] accent" the opening lines: Allah is Supreme! ... I witness that there is no god but Allah ...."<ref>http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=78309</ref>
*Obama stated that the autobiography of Malcolm X, a Nation of Islam leader who became a Muslim, inspired him in his youth.<ref>For example, Obama writes in his own autobiography, "Only Malcolm X's autobiography seemed to offer something different. His repeated acts of self-creation spoke to me. The blunt poetry of his words, his unadorned insistence on respect, promised a new and uncompromising order, martial in its discipline, forged through sheer force of will. ... [E]ven as I imagine myself following Malcolm's call, one line in the book stayed with me. He spoke of a wish he'd once had, the wish that the white blood that ran through him, there by an act of violence, might somehow be expunged."[http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/04/does_obama_know_america.html]</ref>
*Obama raised nearly $1 million and campaigned for a [[Kenyan]] presidential candidate who had a written agreement with [[Muslim]] leaders promising to convert Kenya to an Islamic state that bans Christianity.<ref> [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=78324] Text of the agreement, as three images: [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=78323]</ref>
*Obama's claims of conversion to Christianity arose after he became politically ambitious, lacking a date of conversion or baptism.<ref>In his book, Obama oddly claims to have been baptized without giving his age or date, and later gave a date that postdates his political ambition (1992).</ref>
*In the book ''Obama,"Renegade"'' his friends say that "he actually really wasn't much of a churchgoer." <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/jeff-poor/2009/06/16/wolffe-president-missed-rev-wright-s-racist-rants-because-he-wasn-t-much- Wolffe: President Missed Rev. Wright’s Racist Rants Because 'He Wasn’t Much of a Churchgoer'] NewsBusters.org, June 16, 2009</ref>
*On the campaign trail, Obama was reading "The Post-American World" by [[Fareed Zakaria]],<ref>http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=fa8cf1bf-2cc8-4d6e-b72d-a07d406e19ff</ref> which is written from a Muslim point-of-view.<ref>http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-08-09/news/the-interpreter/</ref>
*Contrary to [[Christianity]], the Islamic doctrine of [[taqiyya]] encourages adherents to deny they are Muslim if it advances the cause of Islam.
*Obama uses the Muslim Pakistani pronunciation for "Pakistan" rather than the common American one.<ref>Obama repeatedly pronounced "Pakistan" as "Pokiston" in the first presidential debate.</ref>
*Obama was thoroughly exposed to Christianity as an adult in Chicago prior to attending law school, yet no one at law school saw him display any interest in converting. Obama unabashedly explained how he became "churched" in a 2007 speech: "It's around that time [while working as an organizer for the Developing Communities Project (DCP) of the Calumet Community Religious Conference (CCRC) in Chicago] that some pastors I was working with came around and asked if I was a member of a church. 'If you're organizing churches,' they said, 'it might be helpful if you went to a church once in a while.' And I thought, 'I guess that makes sense.'"<ref>[http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=15363 Obama, ACORN, and the churches] SperoNews, October 7, 2008</ref>
[[File:Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi in Dimashq.jpg|left|175px|thumb|''"I really endorse and support the policies that he has adopted,"''<br> [[Libya]]n leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] said of President Barack Obama<br> as reported by the<br> ''[[Washington Post]]''.<ref> [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/26/AR2010042604170.html ''Man's worst friend?''] By Dana Milbank, ''Washington Post'', April 27, 2010.</ref><br>]]
*Obama is mentioned as helping to organize the 1995 million man march led by black [[Muslim]] leader [[Louis Farrakhan]] from the [[Nation of Islam]]. <ref>[http://www.nowpublic.com/world/obama-organized-farrakhan-s-million-man-march, Obama Organized Farrakhan’s ‘Million Man March’, NowPublic.com, April 2, 2008 </ref>
*Obama visited "more than one mosque" in Kenya while on a political trip there but did not visit any churches, although there are a large proportion of churches and even a National Temple in Kenya.<ref>http://islamizationwatch.blogspot.com/2010/01/kenyan-delegation-visits-sderot-israel.html</ref>
*Obama refuses to refer to the United States as "''our country''", "What I think we know separate and apart from this incident -- is that there is a long history '''in this country''' of African-Americans and Latinos being stopped by law enforcement disproportionately, and that's just a fact."[8]
*Obama has chosen the [[Secret Service]] code name "Renegade". "Renegade" conventionally describes someone who goes against normal conventions of behavior, but its first usage was to describe someone who has turned from their religion. It is a word derived from the [[Spanish]] ''renegado'', meaning "Christian turned Muslim."<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/3452281/Renegade-and-Renaissance-Obama-to-replace-Trailblazer-and-Tempo-Bush-in-the-White-House.html</ref>
*Obama enjoyed a bigger increase in voter support in 2008 (compared to 2004) by Muslims than by any other voting group, including blacks;<ref>http://www.altmuslim.com/a/a/a/2873/</ref> "Muslim turnout in the U.S. elections reached 95 percent, the highest Muslim turnout in U.S. history."<ref>http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/islamsadvance/2008/11/is_obama_the_muslim_worlds_sup.html</ref>
*"President-elect [[Barack Obama]] has yet to attend [Sunday] church services since winning the [[White House]] earlier ..., a departure from the example of his two immediate predecessors."<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1108/15902.html</ref><ref>http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/washingtondc/la-na-obama-religion26-2008dec26,0,1910913.story</ref>
*Obama used his Muslim middle name when sworn in as President.<ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Obama_to_take_oath_using_middle_name_/articleshow/3813120.cms</ref><ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/12/10/politics/main4660590.shtml?source=RSSattr=Politics_4660590</ref>
*Obama botched his public oath of office in which he placed his hand on a Bible, then chose not to use the Bible for his real, private oath.
*'''At the G20 summit in April 2009, Obama bowed deeply to Saudi King Abdullah, a Muslim who is also the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.'''<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEUif1--r38&feature=player_embedded Video of Obama bowing almost to King's waist]</ref> [[Image:Obamabow.jpg|thumb|right|250px|'''President Obama bowing to the King of Saudi Arabia''' - April 2009]]Never before in the history of the U.S. has a president displayed such shocking deference to a foreign official and Obama has not bowed to any other royal leaders. Obama later stated, "We have to change our behavior in showing the Muslim world greater respect."<ref>http://washingtontimes.com/news/2009/apr/07/barack-takes-a-bow/</ref> Obama's spin doctors and left-wing apologists dismissed the obviousness of the bow. One anonymous aide stated, "It wasn't a bow. He grasped his hand with two hands, and he's taller than King Abdullah."<ref>http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0409/White_House_No_bow_to_Saudi.html</ref> However, in video of the incident, Obama's left hand can clearly be seen staying at his side until after he had finished his bow.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WlqW6UCeaY</ref> Additionally, Obama also met with Queen Elizabeth, who is much shorter than King Abdullah, but he did not bow when he shook her hand and neither he nor the queen appeared to have any difficulty.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71N34K9EVLU</ref> (Many liberals and even a handful of conservatives have proposed that President Bush also bowed before King Abdullah.<ref>http://littlegreenfootballs.com/article/33289_Bush_Bowed_Too</ref> However, there is a vast, inexorable difference between bending down to receive a medal as Bush did and bowing in deference to a foreign leader as Obama did.)
*Obama required that a religiously affiliated college take the extraordinary action of concealing with wood the monogram "IHS", which represents the name of Jesus, during a speech by Obama there<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/first100days/2009/04/16/georgetown-university-hid-religious-symbols-white-house-request/ Georgetown hides Jesus' name at request of Obama's White House]</ref>
*On more than one occasion, Obama verbally attacks the economic livelihood of Las Vegas for unknown reasons. The reason may be his contempt of gambling which is forbidden in the Koran. <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2010/02/02/AR2010020203169.html Lawmakers upset over Obama's 2nd anti-Vegas remark, WashingtonPost, February 2, 2010]</ref>
*Americans of the Muslim faith give Barack Obama the highest job approval rating of any major religion. <ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/ct-talk-obama-muslims-0830-20100829,0,5457812.story Obama job approval highest among Muslim, Chicago Tribune, August 29, 2010]</ref>

Obama tries to downplay his [[Islamic]] background by claiming that his [[Kenya|Kenyan]] [[Muslim]] father was a "confirmed [[atheist]]" before Obama was born, but in fact less than 1% of Kenyans are atheists, agnostics, or non-religious.<ref>http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_14.html</ref> There is apparently no evidence of any Christian activities or local church participation by Obama while he was in Massachusetts from 1988 to 1991, nor of Barack Obama's joining of a Mosque (The Islamic house of worship) at any time in his life. Finally, Obama abruptly left his radical Christian church in Chicago in 2008, when it became politically controversial, without first finding another church to join. On April 7, 2009, Obama visited a mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.<ref>http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=CNG.c2e3700ab4e271bc32827b0fccfe560b.421&show_article=1</ref>

=== Barack Obama and Liberal Elitism ===

''See also:'' [[Barack Obama and liberal elitism]]

Obama has consistently shown himself to be a [[Liberal Elite|liberal elitist]] who looks down on "ordinary" Americans. Asked while campaigning for the [[Pennsylvania]] primary to explain why small-town [[Democrats]] did not support him, Obama fumed "it's not surprising, then, they get bitter, they cling to guns or religion or antipathy to people who aren't like them or anti-immigrant sentiment or anti-trade sentiment as a way to explain their frustrations." When Obama made this remark he was alluding to small-town people who had experienced long periods of joblessness. In response to predictable outrage when his remarks were unexpectedly publicized, Obama did not recant his statement but instead replied, I "didn't say it as well as I should have."<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7344532.stm</ref> Although many rural counties went for McCain, Obama carried the state with 54.6% of the vote, compared to 44.3% for John McCain.<ref>[http://www.electionreturns.state.pa.us/ElectionsInformation.aspx?FunctionID=13&ElectionID=28&OfficeID=1]</ref>

In an attempt to counter the view held by many of Obama's elitist and [[bourgeois]] lifestyle, he began running campaign ads claiming that he "worked his way through college and Harvard Law." This claim is at best an exaggeration, as Obama only held summer jobs while in college and law school<ref>http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/obamas_work_claim.html</ref>, and he would have likely benefited from special scholarships not available to most students.

====Obama's Charitable Giving====

''For more information please see'': [[Barack Obama and uncharitableness]]

[[File:Poor-woman.jpg|right|thumb|300px|In the years 2000 through 2004, before becoming a United States Senator and being in the public spotlight, Obama gave less than 2% of his earnings to charity even though he made about $250,000 per year (In the years 2000 to 2002, Barack Obama gave less than 1% of his income to charity).<ref>http://patterico.com/2008/10/31/obama-and-bidens-charitable-giving-they-dont-want-to-spread-their-own-wealth-around/</ref><ref>http://atangledweb.squarespace.com/httpatangledwebsquarespace/obamas-charitable-contributions.html</ref> For more information please see: [[Barack Obama and uncharitableness]] ]]
In the years 2000 through 2004, before becoming a United States Senator and being in the public spotlight, Obama gave less than 2% of his earnings to charity even though he made $250,000 per year. Since becoming a national figure, that amount has jumped to about 6%.<ref>http://patterico.com/2008/10/31/obama-and-bidens-charitable-giving-they-dont-want-to-spread-their-own-wealth-around/</ref>

Below is Obama's charitable giving expressed as percentage of his income for the years of 2000 to 2006 when he was earning about $250,000 per year:

*2000: 0.9%
*2001: 0.5%
*2002: 0.4%
*2003: 1.4%
*2004: 1.2%
*2005: 4.7%
*2006: 6.1%<ref>http://atangledweb.squarespace.com/httpatangledwebsquarespace/obamas-charitable-contributions.html</ref>

Obama's charitable giving pattern is not surprising given what we know about United States [[liberal]] politicians and charitable giving and also the charitable giving in the general population of liberals in the United States.<ref>http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=1c5_1238044128&c=1</ref><ref>http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/conservatives_more_liberal_giv.html</ref>

====Liberal politicians and uncharitableness ====
''For more information please see: [[Liberal politicians and uncharitableness]]''.

The political magazine the ''[[American Spectator]]'' declared:
{{cquote|The last two Democratic Party nominees for President have come up short on the charity scale. [[Al Gore]] has been famously stingy when it comes to actually giving his own money to charities. In 1998 he was embarrassed when his tax returns revealed that he gave just $353 to charity...

Senator [[John Kerry]] likewise has a poor record. In 1995 he gave zero to charity, but did spend $500,000 to buy a half stake in a seventeenth century painting. In 1993, he gave $175 to the needy. Later, of course, Kerry married the rich widow Theresa Heinz, and today is active in charitable causes using the Heinz foundation as his vehicle...

[Senator Ted] [[Ted Kennedy|Kennedy]]’s tax returns are obviously a closely guarded secret. But when he chose to run for President in the 1970s, he released some of them. With a net worth of more than $8 million in the early 1970s and an income of $461,444 from a series of family trusts, Senator Robin Hood gave barely 1 percent of his income to charity. The sum is about as much as Kennedy claimed as a write-off on his fifty-foot sailing sloop Curragh.<ref>http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=1c5_1238044128&c=1</ref>}}

====Liberals and uncharitableness ====
''For more information please see: [[Liberals and uncharitableness]]''.

In March of 2008, [[George Will]] cited a study by Arthur C. Brooks, a professor at [[Syracuse University]], which indicated that American liberal households earn more than conservative American households but give less to charity.<ref>http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/conservatives_more_liberal_giv.html</ref> In addition American conservatives donate more time and given more blood than American liberals.<ref>http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/conservatives_more_liberal_giv.html</ref>

==== Barack Obama's Brother George Obama and Poverty ====
In August of 2008 the NY Daily News reported the following concerning Obama and his half-brother [[George Obama]]:
[[File:Barack Obamas Brother in Bengo-002.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[George Obama]]]]
{{cquote|Barack Obama wants to live in the White House - but his youngest half-brother lives in the poorhouse.

George Obama, one of the candidate's seven living half-siblings, lives on pennies a month in a hut in Africa, the Italian edition of Vanity Fair revealed.

"No one knows who I am," George Obama, 26, told the magazine. "I live like a recluse, no one knows I exist."

He lives on the outskirts of Nairobi in a 65-square-foot shack decorated with posters of the Italian soccer clubs AC Milan and Inter, and a calendar of beaches.

"I live here on less than a dollar a month," he said....<ref>http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/08/20/2008-08-20_barack_obamas_povertystricken_halfbrothe.html</ref>

A spokesman for Barack Obama declined repeated requests for comment yesterday.

George Obama said he met his famous brother as a 5-year-old, and again in 2006 when Obama toured East Africa and visited Nairobi.

"It was very brief - we spoke for just a few minutes," he said.<ref>http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/08/20/2008-08-20_barack_obamas_povertystricken_halfbrothe.html</ref>}}
[[File:KenyaSlumR 468x301.jpg|right|200px|thumbnail|[[George Obama]]'s neighborhood]]
In September of 2008, [[National Review]] featured an article by [[Dinesh D'Souza]] which declared:
{{cquote|George Obama’s shack measures six feet by ten feet, and yet he says that Barack Obama has done nothing to reach out to him or to help him. “I live like a recluse. If anyone says something about my surname, I say we are not related. I am ashamed.”<ref>http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YTk1OTc2ZGVlNjg2NmU1YTlkMGJjZjk5OGEzMzIxYjA=</ref>}}

A critic of Barack Obama's uncharitableness towards his brother wrote:
{{cquote|Well, they say charity begins at home, but it hasn't apparently in this case. Hearing about what George is going through, you can't help but wonder why his brother Barack won't send the guy $20? I mean it would double his annual income.<ref>http://www.zimbio.com/George+Hussein+Onyango+Obama/articles/3/George+Obama+Barack+Obama+Brother+Fights+Life</ref>}}

Asked by Harry Smith from CBS about Obama leaving the campaign to visit his ailing grandmother, Obama replied, "Yeah, well, the -- I think most people understand that if you're not caring for your family, then you're probably not the kind of person who's going to be caring for other people." <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/kyle-drennen/2008/10/23/cbs-s-smith-compares-obama-lincoln-obama-attacks-hannity CBS’s Smith Compares Obama to Lincoln; Obama Attacks Hannity] NewsBusters.org, October 23, 2008</ref>

==== Barack Obama's Treatment of George Obama and Barack Obama's Inaugural Speech ====

Barack Obama's treatment of George Obama is particularly ironic and hypocritical given Barack Obama's inaugural speech.

Barack Obama declared in his inaugural speech:
{{cquote|To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to the suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it."<ref>http://uk.oneworld.net/guides/guidesweek/obama-inauguration-speech-world-poverty</ref>}}
[[Image:CharlesDarwin.jpg|thumb|125px|right|[[Charles Darwin]] ]]

==== Barack Obama's Uncharitableness/Liberal Elitism and Social Darwinism ====
''See also'': [[Social effects of the theory of evolution]]

[[Barack Obama and uncharitableness|Barack Obama's recent pattern of charitable giving]] and [[Barack Obama and liberal elitism|Barack Obama's liberal elitism]] is consistent with Obama being a [[Narcissism|narcissist]] which is a charge that has often been made against Barack Obama.<ref>http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/09/obama_oprah_and_the_guru_malig_1.html</ref> However, it is also true that Barack Obama is an [[evolution|evolutionist]]. Barack Obama told the ''York Daily Record'' that "I believe in [[evolution]]...".<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1999910/posts</ref> Barack Obama's recent pattern of charitable giving and liberal elitism is also in accordance with someone who has a certain degree of [[Social Darwinism|social darwinistic]] thinking. In addition to [[Liberals and uncharitableness|American liberals giving less to charity]], it is also true that [[Theory of evolution and liberalism|American liberals are also more likely to believe in evolution]].

==== American Exceptionalism and Obama's Liberal Elitism ====
The [[tradition|traditions]] of America are less meaningful to those who do not experience [[American exceptionalism]], especially when growing up, as children, as a positive environmental influence on those who surround themselves with these patriotic values. These are values which inspire a love for country, and develops a patriotism which become instilled in Americans as they grow to become young adults. America's traditions and values are taught to young Americans through family experiences and in education as they grow from children to adults. A good example of past time patriotism in public education was seen in the once great tradition of children learning the [[pledge of allegiance]] and love of country in a classroom environment. As progressive liberals gained more power, the pledge of allegiance and the [[American Flag]] was removed from the classroom and replaced with democratic thought.

Still today, as children grow to become adults, experiences of their environment become less influential on their daily lives and on the development of human character as they grow older. Those who miss out on the opportunity to grow up in America ultimately lack the American values that created the greatest nation on earth. This lack of patriotism due to these variables are most visibly seen through the character of Barack Hussein Obama.

Barack Obama never experienced the greatness of America's traditions when growing up as a child. Starting at the young age of 6, Obama attended a Catholic school in [[Indonesia]]. At age 8, he attended a public school in Indonesia, nominally a [[Muslim]] school. At age 10, Obama left his mother and Muslim stepfather behind in Indonesia, moving to [[Honolulu]] to live with his Mom's parents. During the first and most crucial years for a child when growing up, which are the years of a child's life when environmental influences are most profound, Obama didn't learn what it meant to be an American with values that coincide with American exceptionalism; Obama became inspired by Muslim values, and his character developed along with the cultural experiences he learned to love in Indonesia.

The [[Boy Scouts of America]] is an example of a great tradition in America for over 100 years. The scout Oath, for instance, reads: "'''On my honor, I will do my best: To do my duty to God and my country, and to obey the [[Boy_Scouts_of_America#The_Scout_Oath_.26_Law|Scout Law]], To help other people at all times. To keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight.'''" Although the Scout Oath is a symbol of patriotic spirit in America, for a [[Progressivism|progressive]] person who may have grown up with Muslim values in Indonesia, the scout Oath sounds like nothing more than imperialist oppression with a lack of social justice. Intrinsic values of the Boy Scouts of America and the general character of American citizens who love their country does not coincide with values of those who are outsiders to America and have learned from experiences that do not match American exceptionalism. Barack Hussein Obama's distaste for the Boy Scouts can be seen in his lack of interest to take part in one of the greatest traditions of scouting: the Boy Scouts' National Jamboree, which in 2010 marked the group's 100th anniversary.

The Jamboree kicked off celebration at Fort A.P. Hill in Virginia, where organizers had invited the president to speak to the 45,000 scouts in attendance. All three of Obama's predecessors have made it to one Jamboree while in office, which is an opportunity that only arises once every four years.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/27/obama-missing-historic-boy-scout-jamboree-fundraisers-view-taping/</ref><ref>http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_072810/content/01125108.guest.html</ref> Instead of attending the event to honor the Boy Scouts of America, Barack Obama snubbed the scouts and opted to go to New York for a taping of the [[ABC News|ABC show]], as well as Democratic fundraisers and a stop in New Jersey. The White House said that the fundraisers, not the TV appearance, prevented the president from attending. After all, honoring America's traditions and past-time are a waste if Obama does not get paid to do so, and the values of the Boy Scouts do not match Obama's Muslin faith and socialist political philosophy.

=== Radical leftism and ACORN ===
:''Main article : [[ACORN]]''
[[File:1223acorn.jpg|thumb|241px|right|'''Obama was lead attorney for ACORN Housing prior to the subprime mortgage crisis''' and has extensive experience with the groups "community organizing" tactics.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMQ20wNhB_M</ref> ACORN has been accused of voter fraud, facilitating tax fraud, human trafficking, and child prostitution.]]
Madeleine Talbot, a leader of the Chicago Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), was arrested along with ACORN members while pursuing direct action against the Chicago City Council. Talbot hired Obama to train her staff in organizing techniques. From 1992 to 2004, Obama ran leadership training sessions.<ref>[http://www.socialpolicy.org/index.php?id=838 Case Study: Chicago-The Barack Obama Campaign], By Toni Foulkes, ''Social Policy'', Winter 2003, Vol. 34, No. 2 Spring 2004, Vol. 34, No. 3.</ref> According to the ''Chicago Daily Herald'', Acorn demonstrators pushed over the metal detector and table used to screen visitors, backed police against the doors to the council chamber, and blocked late-arriving aldermen and city staff from entering the session.<ref>http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=NDZiMjkwMDczZWI5ODdjOWYxZTIzZGIyNzEyMjE0ODI=</ref>

In 1994 Obama represented ACORN in the ''Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank'' suit against redlining. ACORN was the driving force<ref>http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/09/barack_obama_and_the_strategy.html</ref> behind a 1995 regulatory revision pushed through by the [[Clinton Administration]] that greatly expanded the [[Community Redevelopment Act]] (CRA). Obama represented ACORN before Clinton administration regulators in this effort. With the new regulations, ACORN used its subsidiary, ACORN Housing, and the threat of lawsuits under fair housing laws, to induce lenders to expand subprime lending, or so-called "toxic assets." A 2007 report by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis notes 50% of all subprime mortgages were in predominantly minority census tracks.<ref>http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/06/01/ChomPennCross.pdf</ref>
<ref>http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2008/200829/200829pap.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.frbsf.org/publications/community/cra/cra_lending_during_subprime_meltdown.pdf</ref>

In the weeks leading up to the [[2008 Presidential election]], [[MSNBC]] reported the [[FBI]] was looking into ACORN voter fraud in several states.<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27220798/</ref> Obama's staff worked to delay investigations into Obama's former employer. In this way, hundreds of thousands, if not many more, votes may have been overcounted. [http://www.onenewsnow.com/Election2008/Default.aspx?id=297446]

=== The influence of Maoist thought ===
:''For more information, see [[Maoism]]''
A deep strain of Maoist thought has pervaded Barack Obama's influences throughout his life and has persisted in appointments he has made while serving as President.

SDS veteran and [[Progressives for Obama]] webmaster<ref>[http://www.linkedin.com/in/carldavidson Carl Davidson,] LinkedIn.com, retrieved March 13, 2010.</ref> [[Carl Davidson]] first met Barack Obama through the Chicago [[New Party]], whose endorsement and campaign workers Obama sought and accepted in his run for the Illinois state senate in 1996. Davidson organized the October 2002 rally at Federal Plaza in Chicago<ref>The rally was organized by Chicagoans Against War in Iraq (CAWI) later renamed Chicagoans Against War and Injustice. [http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?page_id=2 About CAWI] by Carl Davidson, Nov 02 2006. Retrieved from Chicagoans Against War and Injustice, March 15, 2010.</ref> where Obama was established as a chief spokesperson for anti-US [[foreign policy]]. Davidson was a leading member of the October League (OL) and the Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist), or CP(M-L)<ref>[http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w11/msg00045.htm Reply to Carl Davidson], 15 Mar 2005. Progressive Economists Network List (PEN-L) Internet discussion. The poster states, "Any investigation of the 1970s will reveal that the "New Communist Movement" evolved more than less outside the Soviet ideological polarity, with many clinging to their particular conception of ''Mao Ze Tung Thought.'' During the 1973-1975 period Mr. Davidson did conduct polemics against [[Trotsky]]ism in the pages of the [[Guardian (NY)|Guardian]] and this is perhaps the reason for the current continuing dispute. At that time I was a member of the Communist League in Detroit and Mr. Davidson was a leading member of the October League which sided with the China polarity in the "Sino-Soviet" split rather than taking marching orders from the [[Kremlin]]."</ref> hailed by [[Chinese Communist Party]] chairman [[Hua Guofeng]] at banquet for CP(M-L) leaders in [[Beijing]] in 1977 as the semi-official Maoist party in the United States. Hua Guofeng declared the founding of the CP(ML) a “new victory of the [[Marxist-Leninist]] Movement in the U.S.”<ref>[http://www.revolutionintheair.com/chron/chron4.html Chronology of Political Events, Part Four 1975-1980.] Max Elbaum. Retrieved from Revolution In The Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che, March 16, 2010. Exerpted:<small><br>'''1977-''' June 4-5: October League holds founding convention of Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) - CP(ML); [[Mike Klonsky]] is chair... <br>August 12-18: Eleventh Congress of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. Mao and the [[Cultural Revolution]] are given positive assessments but the Congress officially declares the Cultural Revolution ended. That same month, CPC chair [[Hua Guofeng]] and U.S. CP(M-L) chair Mike Klonsky exchange toasts at banquet for CP(M-L) leaders in [[Beijing]]; this is effective recognition of the CP(M-L) as the semi-official pro-China party in the U.S. The June founding of the CP(ML) had been hailed by a top CPC leader as a “new victory of the [[Marxist-Leninist]] Movement in the U.S.”...<br>'''1979-''' Beginning of crisis and collapse of CP(ML)... In early 1979 there was also a trip to [[China]] by representatives of CP(ML), LRS, RWH, PUL, BACU and other “pro-China” collectives as part of the efforts to build unity among all those who supported the [[CCP|CPC]] and the Three Worlds Theory, but the Chinese do not press the groups to unite although they effectively withdraw the idea (as does CP(ML) itself) that the CP(ML) is “the” party in the U.S...<br>'''[[U.S. Peace Council]]''', with CP activists in pivotal positions, is founded... </small></ref> Davidson is a longtime supporter of the [[VVAW]]<ref>[http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=412 VVAW Letter of Support,] ''The Veteran'', Spring 2004 (Volume 34, Number 1).</ref> whose chief spokesman [[John Kerry]] charged American servicemen with [[war crimes]]. The VVAW worked in collusion with [[North Vietnam]] and the [[Vietcong]] to organize a domestic insugency<ref>[http://www.wintersoldier.com/staticpages/index.php?page=vcdirective Directive on the American Antiwar Movement] captured by US military forces in South Vietnam on May 12, 1972, is a communist Directive designed to motivate discussions within Vietnam about promoting the ongoing antiwar activities in the United States. <small>The fifth paragraph of this document makes clear that the Vietnamese communists were utilizing for their [[propaganda]] purposes the activities of the [[Vietnam Veterans Against the War]]. The protest described as occurring from April 19 through April 22, 1971 coincides directly with the dates of Dewey Canyon III, the Washington, DC, protest led by John Kerry, during which John Kerry's testimony before Senator Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee was a televised centerpiece. The description of the protest activities in the Directive even include the "return their medals" ceremony in which John Kerry and other VVAW members threw their medals and/or ribbons toward the steps of the US Capitol, with several shouting threats of violence against their government as they did so.</small>Retrieved from www.wintersoldier.com, March 16, 2010.</ref> and the defeat of the United States in [[Vietnam]].<ref>[http://www.wintersoldier.com/staticpages/index.php?page=puppets ''John Kerry and the VVAW: Hanoi's American Puppets?] Newly discovered documents link Vietnam Veterans Against the War to Vietnamese communists,'' Jerome R. Corsi and Scott Swett. Retrieved from www.wintersoldier.com, March 16, 2010.</ref> In 2004 Davidson said, "the U.S government, at least over the past 50 years, has been the chief terrorist and sponsor of terrorism in the world."<ref>[http://www.zcommunications.org/the-2004-elections-by-carl-davidson ''The 2004 Elections'',] Carl Davidson, May 20, 2004. Retrieved from zcommunications.org, March 18, 2010.</ref>
[[File:Shepard-Fairey-imgs.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Shepard Fairey, designer of the official Obama hope and change logo, is more known for his anti-American and pro-communist themes. Here a Maoist revolutionary is depicted. [http://images.google.com/images?um=1&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-ContextMenu&rlz=1I7ACAW_en___US352&tbs=isch:1&q=Shepard+Fairey&sa=N&start=40&ndsp=20] ]]
[[ACORN]] founder Wade Rathke was an alumni of the Maoist dominated [[Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS).<ref>[http://www.americanthinker.com/printpage/?url=http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/11/a_tale_of_two_community_organi.html ''A Tale of Two Community Organizers,''] Elinor Lynn Warner, American Thinker, November 19, 2009.</ref> Obama told ACORN "during the transition, we're going to be calling all of you in to help us shape the agenda. We're going to be having meetings all across the country with community organizations so that you have input into the agenda for the next presidency of the United States of America."<ref>[http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=110131 ''Unearthed! Obama's twisted ACORN roots'',] Chelsea Schilling, ''WorldNetDaily'', Track timeline of president's ties to group immersed in scandals, September 18, 2009.</ref>

Obama appointee [[Van Jones]] was a founder<ref>[http://machete408.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/revolutionaries-in-high-places-van-jones/ Revolutionaries in High Places- Van Jones], by adamfreedom March 23, 2009.</ref> of the "often vulgar Maoist"<ref>
[http://newzeal.blogspot.com/2009/04/obama-file-72-obama-appoints-former.html Obama File 72 Obama Appoints "Former" Communist To White House "Green Job"], Trevor Louden, April 06, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:9UyDTPx6dGEJ:machete408.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/revolutionaries-in-high-places-van-jones/+van+jones+demos&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=nz Machete 48]</ref> organization STORM. STORM's own literature describes the organization as laying a foundation to build "Third World communism." The group studied [[Lenin]]'s theories of the state, revolution, the party, and "the political ideas of Mao Tse-tung."<ref>[http://www.capitalresearch.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/stormsummation.pdf ''Reclaiming Revolution]: history, summation & lessons from the work of Standing Together to Organize a Revolutionary Movement (STORM)'', Spring 2004, p.15 pdf.</ref> According to the document, the "growing Maoist orientation" within the group was a factor contributing to internal strife and the group's eventual dissolution.<ref>Ibid, p. 23 pdf.</ref> The document states that in addition to "the basics of Marxism, including [[dialectical materialism]]," it conducted "a group reading of Mao's ''On Practice'' and ''On Contradiction''" and "pushed at or went beyond the limits of the traditional Marxist canon, studying such topics as revolutionary feminism, the Palestinian liberation struggle, transgender liberation, methods of evaluation, self-care for cadre and revolutionary mass [community] organizing."<ref>Ibid, p. 25 pdf.</ref> The group was extensively involved in the [[community organizing]] movement.<ref>Ibid, pp. 8, 10, 15 pdf.</ref> In 1992 the premier Maoist organization in the United States, the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP)<ref>[http://www.discoverthenetworks.org/groupProfile.asp?grpid=6197 Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP).] Retrieved from dicoverthenetworks.org, March 8, 2010.</ref> and offshoot of SDS was instrumental in fomenting riots in Los Angelas in which 58 people were killed, and more than 2,300 injured in the wake of the trial of four police officers charged with beating [[Rodney King]].<ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=8939 ''Unholy Alliance: The "Peace Left" and the Islamic Jihad Against America,''] David Horowitz and John Perazzo, FrontPageMagazine.com, April 13, 2005. Retrieved March 11, 2010.</ref> Van Jones traveled from Connecticut to be on hand and was arrested in the aftermath.<ref>[http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-722-Conservative-Politics-Examiner~y2009m7d17-Van-Jones-Green-Jobs-Czar-a-selfdescribed-communist-arrested-during-Rodney-King-riots ''Van Jones, 'Green Jobs Czar', a self-described 'communist' arrested during Rodney King riots'',] Kathy Shaidle, July 17, 2009. Retrieved from examiner.com March 11, 2010.</ref> Van Jones is also a founding board member of Apollo Alliance for clean energy and so-called "green-collar jobs." [http://apolloalliance.org/blog/?tag=van-jones] [[Jeff Jones]] is the New York State director of Apollo Alliance. [http://apolloalliance.org/state-local/new-york-state/new-york-state-partners/] Jeff Jones was a member of the Maoist Action Faction of SDS and along with Ayers and Dohrn co-authored ''[[Prairie Fire: The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-imperialism]]'' based on the ''Sayings of Chairman Mao.''

Obama fundraiser, personal friend, and former employer Dr. [[Bill Ayers]]' teaching curricula relies heavily on material that use Mao Zedong, Josef Stalin, Vladimir Lenin, and Fidel Castro as authoritative sources.<ref>[http://www.academia.org/bill-ayers-unmasked/ Bill Ayers Unmasked,] Bethany Stotts, August 25, 2009, Accuracy in Academia. Retrieved February 15, 2010.</ref> Ayers has been a committed Maoist since at least 1969.<ref>Foreign Influence - Weather Underground Organization (WUO). FBI Chicago Field Office Report, August 20, 1976. Section I. Ideology D. [http://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1b.pdf ''Influence of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thought'',] Pages 55-62 in original (pp. 18-25 pdf).</ref> Ayers is said to have ghost written part of Barack Obama's autobiography, ''Dreams From My Father.''<ref>[http://www.cashill.com/natl_general/who_wrote_dreams_from.htm, ''Who Wrote “Dreams From My Father"?'',] by Jack Cashill, October 9, 2008.</ref> Ayers was a leader in the [[SDS]]'s Maoist "Action Faction" which became the [[Weather Underground]] (WUO). Ayers, [[Jeff Jones]], and [[Mark Rudd]] of [[Progressives for Obama]] paid homage to [[Anna Louise Strong]], author of the ''The Thought of Mao Tse-tung,''<ref>[http://openlibrary.org/b/OL16335649M/thought_of_Mao_Tse-Tung ''The thought of Mao Tse-Tung,''] Anna Louise Strong, Published in 1947, ''[[Amerasia]]'' (New York).</ref> after purging deviationist elements from the SDS leadership in 1969.<ref>Foreign Influence - Weather Underground Organization (WUO). FBI Chicago Field Office Report, August 20, 1976, [http://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1c.pdf ''Influence of China''], Pages 144-145 in original (pp. 32-33 pdf).</ref>

Ayers wife, former FBI Top Ten Most Wanted terrorist [[Bernardine Dohrn]], worked in the Law Firm of Sidley Austin<ref>Of the nearly $700 million dollars Barack Obama raised in 2008 to run for President, Sidley Austin was the 9th largest donor to the campaign. [http://www.opensecrets.org/pres08/contrib.php?cycle=2008&cid=n00009638 Barack Obama (D) Top Contributors',] Center For Responsive Politics. Retrieved from opensecrets.org, March 2, 2010.</ref> in the late 1980s where Barack, Michelle Obama, and Dohrn first met. Dohrn participated in the purging of [[CPUSA]] elements from SDS leadership and declared the refurbished SDS leadership would be responsible for the correct Marxist-Leninist line and would exclude non-Maoist, "[[deviationist]]" views. Dohrn held the leadership position of Inter-Organizational Secretary in the SDS National Office. The Ayers/Dohrn faction of SDS formed the Weather Underground Organization. SDS Regional [[Community organizing|Community Organizer]] [[David Gilbert]] declared violent [[Third World]] revolution was the only way to achieve "world communism," the goal of WUO.<ref>Foreign Influence - Weather Underground Organization (WUO). [http://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath2a.pdf FBI Chicago Field Office Report,] August 20, 1976. Page 202 in original (p. 17 pdf). Gilbert reiterated the WUO's founding statement from [http://foia.fbi.gov/weather/weath1a.pdf ''You Don't Need A Weatherman To Know Which Way The Wind Blows,''] ''New Left Notes,'' June 18, 1969, reprinted in the Chicago Field Office Report, Section I. Ideology. A. Major Political Statements, pp. 6-15 original (pp. 39-48 pdf), which reads in part, "The goal is the destruction of US imperialism and the achievement of a classless world: world communism. Winning state power in the US will occur as a result of the military forces of the US overextending themselves around the world..." (p.41 pdf).</ref>

The ''[[Koji_Ariyoshi#The_Honolulu_Record|Honolulu Record]]'', the newspaper Obama's mentor [[Frank Marshall Davis]] wrote for was accused of Maoist [[deviationism]] during the Sino-Soviet split by its CPUSA overlords.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/scopeofsovietact411956unit#page/n248/mode/1up Scope of Soviet activity in the United States.] Hearing before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-fourth Congress, second session - Eighty-fifth Congress, first session. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. (1956), [http://www.usasurvival.org/docs/Scope_of_Soviet_Activity.pdf p. 2865 (p. 14 pdf).]</ref>

Obama Car Czar [[Ron Bloom]] declared himself in agreement with Chairman Mao and referred to the free market system as "nonsense."<ref>[http://www.breitbart.tv/obama-czar-agrees-with-mao-too-and-thinks-free-market-is-nonsense/ Speech delivered to the 6th Annual Distressed Investing Forum Union Club], New York, February 27-28, 2008, BriebartTV, Retrieved February 15, 2010.</ref>

Obama appointed [[Anita Dunn]] as White House Communications Office Director in April 2009. In June 2009 Dunn publicly declared herself, before a group of high students, to be a deep admirer of Chairman Mao's political philosophy. Mao is recognized as the largest mass murderer ever on the planet.<ref>[http://mises.org/daily/3796 ''Maoist in the White House,''] Dr. George Reisman,
Ludwig von Mises Institute, October 19, 2009.</ref>

=== Jeremiah Wright and liberation theology ===
[[Image:Barack Obama Jeremiah Wright.jpg|thumb|left|'''Obama and Jeremiah Wright.'''<br>Despite Wright's rabid and sarcastic anti-American sermons, the Obama's regularly took their two small children to hear him speak. One Obama supporter remarked, "I cannot fathom allowing my children to hear filth from the pulpit."<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barack-obama/on-my-faith-and-my-church_b_91623.html?show_comment_id=12042024#comment_12042024</ref> ]]
Obama and his wife (raised a Baptist) were members of the Trinity [[United Church of Christ]]<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1776246/posts</ref> in Chicago. The church embraces [[black liberation theology]] and its emphasis on empowering so-called "oppressed groups" against "establishment forces." This denomination was the first in America to ordain gays as ministers.<ref>http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/31079.html, Obama's church pushes controversial doctrines, March 20, 2008</ref> According to his sister, Obama was baptized at this church the same year.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/04/30/america/30obama.php?page=2 http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/04/30/america/30obama.php?page=2]</ref> Obama describes his conversion in ''The Audacity of Hope''. The title was inspired by one of Wright's sermons.
After 20 years of being an active member, in April 2008 candidate Obama made public statements poised to set him at odds with the man who conducted his wedding and baptized his children. With the negative publicity persisting, a month later Obama ended the friendship, left Wright's church, and blamed the media.<ref>[http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/05/31/obama-resigns-church-membership-in-chicago/], Obama Drops Church Membership in Chicago, May 31, 2008</ref> Obama claimed “It’s not fair to the other members of the church who seek to worship in peace...", and distanced himself from Wright's sermons as "a bunch of rants that aren't grounded in the truth."<ref>USA TODAY, ''Obama breaks with former pastor, Candidate cites rants on U.S. role in terror, AIDS'', by Kathy Kiely and David Jackson [http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20080430/1a_offlede30_dom.art.htm]</ref><ref>''Obama Says He Is Outraged By Wright's "Rants"''[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/politics/bulletin/bulletin_080430.htm]</ref> Wright had been making inflammatory comments and posting his sermons online for sale. These include the statement "G-d damn America," and in describing the September 11th attacks, "We have supported state terrorism against the Palestinians and black South Africans, and now we are indignant because the stuff we have done overseas is now brought right back to our own front yards. America's chickens are coming home to roost."<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4443788 Obama's Pastor: G-d Damn America, U.S. to Blame for 9/11]</ref> In addition, Rev. Wright blamed America saying "We supported Zionism shamelessly while ignoring the Palestinians and branding anybody who spoke out against it as being [[anti-Semitic]]."

[[Daniel Pipes]] claims that Obama was raised a [[Muslim]] because he attended classes on the [[Koran]] while attending a Muslim school.<ref>[http://www.danielpipes.org/article/5286 Was Barack Obama a Muslim]</ref> Obama did attend a school administrated by Muslims but [[CNN]] reports that it was a non-religious public school attended by students of many faiths, not a [[madrassa]].<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/22/obama.madrassa/</ref>

{{QuoteBox|In Indonesia, I'd spent 2 years at a Muslim school, 2 years at a Catholic school. In the Muslim school, the teacher wrote to tell mother I made faces during Koranic studies. In the Catholic school, when it came time to pray, I'd pretend to close my eyes, then peek around the room. Nothing happened. No angels descended. Just a parched old nun and 30 brown children, muttering words. Sometimes the nun would catch me, and her stern look would force my lids back shut. But that didn't change how I felt inside." <ref>Dreams from My Father, by Barack Obama, p.142 Aug 1, 1996 </ref>}}

Obama has described his upbringing as occurring in a non-religious environment.

{{QuoteBox|In sum, my mother viewed religion through the eyes of the anthropologist that she would become; it was a phenomenon to be treated with a suitable respect, but with a suitable detachment as well. Moreover, as a child I rarely came in contact with those who might offer a substantially different view of faith. My father was almost entirely absent from my childhood, having been divorced from my mother when I was 2 years old; in any event, although my father had been raised a Muslim, by the time he met my mother he was a confirmed atheist, thinking religion to be so much superstition.

And yet for all her professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I've ever known. She had an unswerving instinct for kindness, charity, and love, and spent much of her life acting on that instinct, sometimes to her detriment. Without the help of religious texts or outside authorities, she worked mightily to instill in me the values that many Americans learn in Sunday school: honesty, empathy, discipline, delayed gratification, and hard work. She raged at poverty and injustice.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579-4,00.html My Spiritual Journey] Time Magazine, October 2006</ref>}}

===Michelle Obama and Liberal Elitism===

''For more information please see:'' [[Michelle Obama and liberal elitism]]

==== Michelle Obama and Patient Dumping Allegations ====

[[Michelle Malkin]] and others allege that [[Michelle Obama]] created a [[Patient dumping|patient dumping]] scheme for a Chicago health care facility.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80YK2o3kq0E</ref><ref>http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/03/michelle_obamas_patientdumping_1.html</ref><ref>http://hotair.com/archives/2009/07/23/video-did-michelle-obama-start-a-patient-dumping-program/</ref> In March of 2009, the ''[[American Thinker]]'' wrote:
{{cquote|Substantial coverage was given to a recent indictment of the program by the American College of Emergency Physicians. ACEP's president, Dr. Nick Jouriles, released a statement suggesting that the initiative comes "dangerously close to ‘patient dumping,' a practice made illegal by the Emergency Medical Labor and Treatment Act, and reflected an effort to ‘cherry pick' wealthy patients over poor."<ref>http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/03/michelle_obamas_patientdumping_1.html</ref>}}

==== Michelle Obama and Food Bank Incident ====
[[Image:Obama_Michelle.jpg|right|thumb|[[Michelle Obama]] is reported to have worn $540 shoes to a food bank.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/29/michelle-obama-wears-silv_n_193138.html</ref><ref>http://christwire.org/2009/05/michelle-obama-makes-fun-of-homeless-by-wearing-540-shoes-to-a-food-bank/</ref>]]
In May of 2008, the following was reported:
{{cquote|[[Michelle Obama]] continued to flaunt her money recently, as she made fun of homeless people by wearing $540 shoes to a food bank.

What a sick day and age we live in when millionaires endlessly gallivant around the globe in their jets and fancy clothes, but still make sure to remind the poor of just how little they have in pocket.

This is just more proof of how the progressive liberal elite live these extravagant lives and are not in touch with us common people. We do all the hard work of fighting wars and building up this country, while they enjoy the fruits of our labor and control all the wealth.

My stomach churns with disgust because of these types of liberal antics and disregard for human life. For just about $5 a day, you can feed a starving child in Africa. With $540, Michelle Obama could by a struggling American family a month’s worth of groceries.<ref>http://christwire.org/2009/05/michelle-obama-makes-fun-of-homeless-by-wearing-540-shoes-to-a-food-bank/</ref><ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/29/michelle-obama-wears-silv_n_193138.html</ref>}}

[[Powerline]] offers the following criticism of Michelle Obama:
{{cquote|She says that she and Barack were born to parents of modest means, not with "silver spoons" in their mouths. Nobody knows the trouble they've seen. The burden of paying for her undergraduate education at [[Princeton]] and her law school education at [[Harvard]] has scarred her. It remains a motif of her stump speech. No one is accorded a chance to ask her if she thought about attending the University of Illinois, or if she's grateful for any of the financial assistance that facilitated her and her husband's attendance at the finest institutions of higher learning in the United States.<ref>http://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2008/05/020456.php</ref>}}

== Books ==

* ''Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance.'' (B. Obama and, allegedly, William Ayers <ref>http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/10/who_wrote_dreams_from_my_fathe_1.html</ref>) ISBN 0307383415
* ''The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream.'' (B. Obama) ISBN 0307455874
* ''Barack Obama in His Own Words.'' (B. Obama and Lisa Rogak) ISBN 0786720573
* ''Change We Can Believe In. Barack Obama's Plan to Renew America's Promise.'' (B. Obama)
* ''The Case Against Barack Obama. The Unlikely Rise and Unexamined Agenda of the Media's Favorite Candidate. '' (David Freddso) ISBN 1596985666
* ''The Obama Nation. Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality.'' (Jerome R. Corsi) ISBN 1416598065
* ''Obama Unmasked. Did Slick Hollywood Handlers Create the Perfect Candidate?'' (Floyd Brown and Lee Trexler) ISBN 0936783591
* ''Obama: The Man Behind The Mask.'' (Andy Martin) ISBN 0965781240
* ''The Audacity of Deceit. Barack Obama's War on American Values.'' (Brad O'Leary) ISBN 1935071025

== Quotes ==
* Early in his campaign for president in 2007, Obama declared in an interview with the [[Chicago Tribune]], "I'm a [[Christian]]. And so, although I try not to have my religious beliefs dominate or determine my political views on this issue ... my religious beliefs say that [[marriage]] is something sanctified between a man and a woman."<ref>http://thehill.com/cheri-jacobus/obama-and-miss-california-2009-04-23.html</ref>
*"This country is going to honor our [[collective]] responsibility." [http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Weekly-Address-President-Obama-Announces-New-Initiatives-for-Retirement-Savings/]

== Also See ==
*[[Previous Breaking News/Barack Obama|Articles about '''Barack Obama''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN)]]
*Birthplace of Barack Obama:
**[[Birthplace of Barack Obama]]
**[[Barack Obama birthplace controversy]]
**[[Obama birth certificate controversy]]
**[[Obama birth certificate lawsuits]]
**[[Essay:Born Outside the U.S.A.!]]
*[[Essay: The Special Interests Candidate]]
*[[Jobsgate]]
*[[Recovery Summer]]
*[[Lobbyists ties to the Obama administration]]
*[[New Party]]
*[[ObamaCare]]
*[[Obama doublespeak]]
*[[Obama inauguration]]
*[[Religion of Barack Hussein Obama]]
*[[The Honorable James David Manning]]
*[[Young Communist League]]

== Further reading ==
<small>
*[[Peter Hitchens|Hitchens, Peter]] [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/worldnews.html?in_article_id=511901&in_page_id=1811 ''The Black Kennedy: But does anyone know the real Barack Obama?''] [[Daily Mail]]. Accessed 4 February 2008.
*James Simpson, [http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/09/barack_obama_and_the_strategy.html ''Barack Obama and the Strategy of Manufactured Crisis''], American Thinker, September 28, 2008.
*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/ ''What Is To Be Done?] Burning Questions of our Movement'', [[Vladimir Ilyich Lenin]], Lenin’s Collected Works, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961, Moscow, Volume 5, pp. 347-530.
*The Manchurian President: Barack Obama's Ties to Communists, Socialists and Other Anti-American Extremists (April 20, 2010) by Aaron Klein, Brenda J. Elliott ISBN 1935071874
</small>

== Sources ==
<small>
*[http://www.barackobama.com/ Official Obama for President Website]
*[http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/pfd2005/N00009638_2005.pdf Barack Obama Personal Financial Disclosures Summary: 2005], retrieved from opensecrets.org 17 June 2007.
*[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]
*[http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html University of Chicago Law School] Faculty Listing
*[http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=12782369 Barack Obama Biography] from Biography.com
*[http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/o/barack_obama/index.html?inline=nyt-per New York Times Topics, Barack Obama]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=zUdjhKbImwE Documentary on Barack Hussein Obama]
*[http://www.votesmart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=9490 Voting Record of Barack Hussein Obama]</small>

==References==

<small>{{reflist|3}}</small>

==External Links==
*[http://www.antiobama.net/ Anti Obama.net]
*[http://www.dontvoteobama.net/ Don’t Vote For Obama.net]
*[http://nobamanetwork.com/ Nobama Network]
*[http://www.audacityofhypocrisy.com/ Audacity Of Hypocrisy]
*[http://therealbarackobama.wordpress.com/ The Real Barack Obama]
*[http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/6130/ The New Cult of Personality]
*[http://www.survivingobamunism.com/index.html Surviving Obamunism T-shirts]
*[http://www.barackobamaantichrist.blogspot.com/ Barack Obama the Anti-Christ ?]
*[http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/2008/06/23/che-obama-and-the-revolutionary-agenda/ Che, Obama, and the Revolutionary Agenda]
*[http://www.audacityofhypocrisy.com/fashion-shows/ Obama Laundry List of Lies]
*[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/09/americas-first-muslim-president/ GAFFNEY: America's first Muslim president?] Washington Times
*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-l-esposito/barack-obama-and-islam_b_212519.html Barack Obama and Islam.] by [[John L. Esposito]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Obama, Barack Hussein}}
{{USPresidents}}
{{2008 presidential candidates}}
{{Liberalism}}
[[Category: Barack Hussein Obama]]
[[Category:Socialists]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Obama Administration]]
[[Category:Illinois]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Peace]]
[[Category:Featured articles]]

Talk:George Soros

2011-01-27T03:53:49Z

EBorgman: Blanked the page

Talk:George Soros

2011-01-27T03:52:40Z

EBorgman:

== World War II ==
I was just wondering if there was a reason that there is no mention of the teenage Soros helping to confiscate property of Jews and others who were sent off to concentration camps during World War II and the imortant fact that he never felt guilty of his part in the Holocaust. In fact, I've seen video of him saying that it was an "exciting" time for him. EBorgman

Talk:George Soros

2011-01-27T03:52:09Z

EBorgman: Created page with "== World War II == I was just wondering if there was a reason that there is no mention of the teenage Soros helping to confiscate property of Jews and others who were sent of to ..."

== World War II ==
I was just wondering if there was a reason that there is no mention of the teenage Soros helping to confiscate property of Jews and others who were sent of to concentration camps during World War II and the imortant fact that he never felt guilty of his part in the Holocaust. In fact, I've seen video of him saying that it was an "exciting" time for him. EBorgman

Spanish Civil War

2010-11-28T04:33:46Z

EBorgman: /* Atrocities */

[[Image:Fin de la guerra.jpg|right|thumb|April 1, 1939, General Franco officially ended the war]]
The '''Spanish Civil War''' was a conflict within [[Spain]], from 1936 to 1939, between the Republican forces of the democratically elected Popular Front, a [[left-wing]] coalition including [[Communists]], [[Socialists]] and [[Anarchists]], and the rebel Nationalist forces under [[Francisco Franco|General Francisco Franco]] comprising Monarchists, traditionalists, [[fascism|Fascists]] and Catholics who opposed the Republicans.

The Nationalists were eventually victorious after a number of bloody battles and executed over a hundred thousand of their opponents shortly afterwards.

==International participation==
At the time, the [[League of Nations]] barred international participation in the war and set up a Non-Intervention council. Britain and France were among the leading nations proposing non-intervention as a strategy to prevent the ideological conflict in Spain from engulfing all of Europe.

France, however, had sent some materiel to the Spanish Republicans during the early weeks of the war due to their sympathetic government. This discovery had led Franco to pursue contacts with fascist [[Italy]] and Nazi [[Germany]]. Both of these countries provided massive amounts of aid in weapons and soldiers, most of which was free or provided on credit. Highly notable was Germany's Condor Legion, made up of [[Luftwaffe]] units who played an important role in the war and participated in the famous bombing of Guernica. For the Axis Spain served as a testing ground for the weapons and strategies which they would use during [[World War II]].

The Republicans, no longer able to seek help from France or Britain, went to the [[Soviet Union]] for assistance. The Soviet Union was wary of entering the war outright as it did not wish to come into conflict with the Axis powers. The Soviet Union did sell weapons and foodstuff to the Republican government, but did so at the cost of most of Spain's gold reserves. In addition, instead of providing troops from the Red Army (as Germany and Italy had done from their armies), the USSR sent orders to local Communist parties to organize groups of volunteers to go to fight with the Republicans in Spain, the [[International Brigades]]. Individuals from across Europe (including exiles from Germany and Italy) as well as North America joined, primarily due to an ideological opposition to fascism. Many famous figures fought in the Brigades, including [[George Orwell]], and [[Laurie Lee]]. In addition to the Brigades, some Soviet military men did go to Spain. These were, however, mostly pilots and tank drivers who accompanied these vehicles as the Republican army did not have men who were experienced with Soviet equipment.
Non-state "volunteers" from many nations, including North American (the so-called [[International Brigades]]), joined the fighting on both sides, including Orwell and [[Laurie Lee]] and military contingents sent by Soviet Union fought with the Republicans, while Germany and Italy provided forces on the Nationalist side.

== Franco's dictatorship ==
''General Franco's victory marked the beginning of a forty-year dictatorship in Spain (1939-1975). In the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, Hitler sought Franco's support for his own military campaign, but Spain was in no position to provide either financial or human aid. Although the Spanish Civil War had been a training field for the
battles to be waged in the Second World War.''<ref> [http://www.donquijote.org/culture/spain/history/civilwar.asp Spanish Civil War]</ref>

As the war progressed, and an English blockade of Spanish ports brought Spain close to famine, Franco distanced himself from Hitler and started making overtures to the USA. After the war, Spain could not match pre-war industrial and agricultural production. Inflation was rampant and hunger forced many people out of the country and into cities. The rest of Europe was receiving help from the Marshall Plan so Franco continued to woo the US, moving away from the overtly fascist Falangist party and closer to the Catholic church.

The first US aid package was granted in 1953 and Franco replaced all the ideologues in his government with technocrats. As more US aid paid for roads and hydroelectric projects in the 6Os, Franco became slightly more liberal. However, he still did not allow elections and his attitude to communists and regional separatists remained hard. Membership of the Communist Party or one of the regional parties carried the death sentence.

[[Image:German plane.jpg|thumb|right|German plane]]

== Atrocities ==
Atrocities were committed on both sides during the war. At the beginning, over 50,000 people who were caught on the "wrong" side of the lines were assassinated or summarily executed. The whole town of [[Guernica]] was bombed by German and Italian planes on April 26, 1937, resulted in widespread destruction and civilian death; the attacks destroyed the majority of Guernica. It also led to the creation of the phrase, "[[weapons of mass destruction]]". The Battle of the Ebro (1938) ended with a Republican defeat and 70,000 casualties.

On the Republican side, radical factions were responsible for many attacks on Churches, clergy, and members of religious orders. In the book, ''70 Years of the Communist Revolution'', Dr. Warren H. Carroll wrote that the number of priests executed by the Communists were 6,549 and nuns 283.<ref>St. Laurence and The Holy Grail, Janice Bennett, page 197.</ref>

== Spanish War children ==

Spanish War children were evacuated to Britain, Belgium, the Soviet Union, Portugal, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and other European countries. Many of them never came back. Others came back to "advise" [[Fidel Castro]] in Cuba.

<center>
[[Image:Banrep2.jpg]]
[[Image:Bannac2.jpg]]
</center>

== See also ==

*[[Morris Cohen]]
*[[Emma Goldman]]
*[[Ilya Ehrenburg]]
*[[Jack Fahy]]
*[[Zalmond Franklin]]
*[[Samuel Krafsur]]
*[[Carl Marzani]]
*[[Jenny Levy Miller]]
*[[Robert Talbott Miller III]]
*[[Pablo Neruda]]
*[[Kim Philby]]
*[[Pablo Picasso]]
*[[Alexander Orlov]]
*[[Republicans in Spain]]
*[[Blitzkrieg]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/history/pdf/chr_vol1.pdf Columbia Historical Review ''Dutch Involvement in the Spanish Civil War'']

[[Category:Civil Wars]]
[[Category:Spanish History]]
[[Category:Anarchists]]
[[Category:Communism]]

Spanish Civil War

2010-11-28T04:33:14Z

EBorgman: /* Atrocities */ added info on killed religious

[[Image:Fin de la guerra.jpg|right|thumb|April 1, 1939, General Franco officially ended the war]]
The '''Spanish Civil War''' was a conflict within [[Spain]], from 1936 to 1939, between the Republican forces of the democratically elected Popular Front, a [[left-wing]] coalition including [[Communists]], [[Socialists]] and [[Anarchists]], and the rebel Nationalist forces under [[Francisco Franco|General Francisco Franco]] comprising Monarchists, traditionalists, [[fascism|Fascists]] and Catholics who opposed the Republicans.

The Nationalists were eventually victorious after a number of bloody battles and executed over a hundred thousand of their opponents shortly afterwards.

==International participation==
At the time, the [[League of Nations]] barred international participation in the war and set up a Non-Intervention council. Britain and France were among the leading nations proposing non-intervention as a strategy to prevent the ideological conflict in Spain from engulfing all of Europe.

France, however, had sent some materiel to the Spanish Republicans during the early weeks of the war due to their sympathetic government. This discovery had led Franco to pursue contacts with fascist [[Italy]] and Nazi [[Germany]]. Both of these countries provided massive amounts of aid in weapons and soldiers, most of which was free or provided on credit. Highly notable was Germany's Condor Legion, made up of [[Luftwaffe]] units who played an important role in the war and participated in the famous bombing of Guernica. For the Axis Spain served as a testing ground for the weapons and strategies which they would use during [[World War II]].

The Republicans, no longer able to seek help from France or Britain, went to the [[Soviet Union]] for assistance. The Soviet Union was wary of entering the war outright as it did not wish to come into conflict with the Axis powers. The Soviet Union did sell weapons and foodstuff to the Republican government, but did so at the cost of most of Spain's gold reserves. In addition, instead of providing troops from the Red Army (as Germany and Italy had done from their armies), the USSR sent orders to local Communist parties to organize groups of volunteers to go to fight with the Republicans in Spain, the [[International Brigades]]. Individuals from across Europe (including exiles from Germany and Italy) as well as North America joined, primarily due to an ideological opposition to fascism. Many famous figures fought in the Brigades, including [[George Orwell]], and [[Laurie Lee]]. In addition to the Brigades, some Soviet military men did go to Spain. These were, however, mostly pilots and tank drivers who accompanied these vehicles as the Republican army did not have men who were experienced with Soviet equipment.
Non-state "volunteers" from many nations, including North American (the so-called [[International Brigades]]), joined the fighting on both sides, including Orwell and [[Laurie Lee]] and military contingents sent by Soviet Union fought with the Republicans, while Germany and Italy provided forces on the Nationalist side.

== Franco's dictatorship ==
''General Franco's victory marked the beginning of a forty-year dictatorship in Spain (1939-1975). In the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, Hitler sought Franco's support for his own military campaign, but Spain was in no position to provide either financial or human aid. Although the Spanish Civil War had been a training field for the
battles to be waged in the Second World War.''<ref> [http://www.donquijote.org/culture/spain/history/civilwar.asp Spanish Civil War]</ref>

As the war progressed, and an English blockade of Spanish ports brought Spain close to famine, Franco distanced himself from Hitler and started making overtures to the USA. After the war, Spain could not match pre-war industrial and agricultural production. Inflation was rampant and hunger forced many people out of the country and into cities. The rest of Europe was receiving help from the Marshall Plan so Franco continued to woo the US, moving away from the overtly fascist Falangist party and closer to the Catholic church.

The first US aid package was granted in 1953 and Franco replaced all the ideologues in his government with technocrats. As more US aid paid for roads and hydroelectric projects in the 6Os, Franco became slightly more liberal. However, he still did not allow elections and his attitude to communists and regional separatists remained hard. Membership of the Communist Party or one of the regional parties carried the death sentence.

[[Image:German plane.jpg|thumb|right|German plane]]

== Atrocities ==
Atrocities were committed on both sides during the war. At the beginning, over 50,000 people who were caught on the "wrong" side of the lines were assassinated or summarily executed. The whole town of [[Guernica]] was bombed by German and Italian planes on April 26, 1937, resulted in widespread destruction and civilian death; the attacks destroyed the majority of Guernica. It also led to the creation of the phrase, "[[weapons of mass destruction]]". The Battle of the Ebro (1938) ended with a Republican defeat and 70,000 casualties.

On the Republican side, radical factions were responsible for many attacks on Churches, clergy, and members of religious orders. In the book 70 Years of the Communist Revolution Dr. Warren H. Carroll wrote that the number of priests executed by the Communists were 6,549 and nuns 283.<ref>St. Laurence and The Holy Grail, Janice Bennett, page 197.</ref>

== Spanish War children ==

Spanish War children were evacuated to Britain, Belgium, the Soviet Union, Portugal, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and other European countries. Many of them never came back. Others came back to "advise" [[Fidel Castro]] in Cuba.

<center>
[[Image:Banrep2.jpg]]
[[Image:Bannac2.jpg]]
</center>

== See also ==

*[[Morris Cohen]]
*[[Emma Goldman]]
*[[Ilya Ehrenburg]]
*[[Jack Fahy]]
*[[Zalmond Franklin]]
*[[Samuel Krafsur]]
*[[Carl Marzani]]
*[[Jenny Levy Miller]]
*[[Robert Talbott Miller III]]
*[[Pablo Neruda]]
*[[Kim Philby]]
*[[Pablo Picasso]]
*[[Alexander Orlov]]
*[[Republicans in Spain]]
*[[Blitzkrieg]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/history/pdf/chr_vol1.pdf Columbia Historical Review ''Dutch Involvement in the Spanish Civil War'']

[[Category:Civil Wars]]
[[Category:Spanish History]]
[[Category:Anarchists]]
[[Category:Communism]]

Janice Bennett

2010-11-28T00:22:26Z

EBorgman: + info

'''Janice Bennett''' is an American non-fiction author who writes on Christian religious subjects.

Bennett received an MA from [[Colorado University]] - Boulder in 1997. She is a member of the Spanish Center for Sindonology based in [[Valencia, Spain]].

She researched the [[Sudarium of Oviedo]] a cloth with purported blood stains from [[Jesus]]' head on it and wrote the book, ''Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Orvieto''.<ref>Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Orvieto, Ignatius Press, Janice Bennett, 2002.</ref>

She then researched and wrote about the [[Holy Grail]], the chalice that Jesus used at the Last Supper, entitled ''St. Laurence and the Holy Grail''.

== External links ==
* [http://www.janicebennett.com/Janice_Bennett/Welcome.html Janice Bennett Official Website ]

== References ==
<references/>

Janice Bennett

2010-11-28T00:21:27Z

EBorgman: I created this article at Wikipedia under my pen name Friuli.

'''Janice Bennett''' is an American non-fiction author.

Bennett received an MA from [[Colorado University]] - Boulder in 1997. She is a member of the Spanish Center for Sindonology based in [[Valencia, Spain]].

She researched the [[Sudarium of Oviedo]] a cloth with purported blood stains from [[Jesus]]' head on it and wrote the book, ''Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Orvieto''.<ref>Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Orvieto, Ignatius Press, Janice Bennett, 2002.</ref>

She then researched and wrote about the [[Holy Grail]], the chalice that Jesus used at the Last Supper, entitled ''St. Laurence and the Holy Grail''.

== External links ==
* [http://www.janicebennett.com/Janice_Bennett/Welcome.html Janice Bennett Official Website ]

== References ==
<references/>

Shroud of Turin

2010-05-04T00:14:29Z

EBorgman: /* Critics */

[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
The '''Shroud of Turin''' is a long cloth presently kept in the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, which contains the image of a [[crucifixion|crucified]] man<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/]</ref>, with many believing it to be the actual burial cloth of [[Jesus Christ]]. It has been the source of intense scientific controversy and there have many modern attempts to prove or disprove its authenticity. It was owned and maintained by families in [[Italy]] for centuries and given only in the late 20th century to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which has never taken a position for or against its authenticity.

Scientists have devoted years of work in analyzing the Shroud. Several of these scientists who have studied the Shroud converted to [[Christianity]] as a result.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/mrinobnf.pdf]</ref>

==Description==
The Shroud is about 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide, consisting of a single piece of linen cloth made from fibers of the flax plant (''Linum usitatisismum''), and woven in a 3-over-1 herringbone twill<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>. Centered on the cloth is the front and back images of a man who is pictured as if in a burial repose; the man's estimated height is somewhere between 5'8" to 6'1"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/Details/howtall2.htm]</ref>. He is rather powerfully-built, with classical eastern Mediterranean features. The images of the feet are at both ends of the cloth, indicating that if it was a burial linen the body was placed on one end with the other end bought over the head to cover the body. On either side of the image is severe damage from a fire which took place in 1532.

The image of the body shows a man who had died a violent death. Upon both front and back are dumbbell-shaped markings; approximately 140 such marks were applied upon the back, chest, and legs. Roman soldiers involved in "scourging" as a form of punishment for offenders employed a whip called a "[[flagrum]]"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/terms/flagrum.htm]</ref>, which was studded with either bone or lead knobs, and when used it tore into flesh and muscle.

==History==
Historians and authors of written works on the Shroud have generally divided its history into two periods of time: a first period, from the time of the Resurrection ca. 33 A.D. to the fall of Constantinople in 1204; and the second period from 1349 to present. The first version is based on largely on circumstantial evidence.

===First Period: A.D. 33 to 1204===
====Gospels====
The ''Gospel of John'' contains the first description of what is today regarded as the Shroud of Turin (the "linen clothes"), and the "napkin", a small head wrap which may be a relic known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, Spain. <ref>http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm</ref>
:''The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre.''
:''Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him.''
:''Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre.''
:''So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulchre.''
:''And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in.''
:''Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie,''
:''And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.''
:''Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed.''
:''For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. (Gospel of John, Ch. 20 1-9; King James Version)''

====Bardesane of Edessa====
The earliest possible extra-Biblical reference to the Shroud is found in a second century poem by Bardesane of Edessa. Called the "Hymn of the Pearl", it was embedded within the non-canonical ''Acts of Thomas'', and tells the story of a boy - apparently the figure in the poem - to retrieve a pearl from Egypt. He describes the "mirror of myself" embedded in his robe in some detail similar to the Shroud:
:''"And because I remembered not its fashion / for in my childhood I had left it in my father's house, / on a sudden, when I received it, / the garment seemed to me to become like a mirror of myself. / I saw it all in all, / and I to received all in it, / for we were two in distinction / and yet gain one in one likeness. / And the treasurers too, / who brought it to me, I saw in like manner / to be two (and yet) one likeness, for one sign of the king was written on them (both), / of the hands of him who restored to me through them / my trust and my wealth"'' <ref>[http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnpearl.htm]</ref>

====Image of Edessa/Mandylion====
According to [[Eusebius]], King Abgar of Edessa was afflicted of an illness, and hearing of the miracles of Jesus as a healer he sent a letter to Him, asking if He would come to his aid. Jesus responded that He could not come, but would send his disciple Thaddeus, who comes and heals him <ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html</ref>; according to variants of this story King Abgar is left with the cloth image of Jesus, beginning with the ''Doctrine of Addai'' (ca. 400 A.D.) in which a court painter created an image of the Lord and "brought with him to Abgar the king, his master. And when Abgar the king saw the likeness, he received it with great joy, and placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses." <ref>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/addai_2_text.htm</ref>. Artistic works of this relic - called either the "Image of Edessa" or the "[[Mandylion]]" - generally have it portrayed as the face of Christ upon a towel or kerchief.

The Mandylion would surface again around 525 when Edessa was flooded by the Daisan River. Workmen repairing one of the city's gates discovered a niche with the cloth inside; the mandylion was declared to be ''Acheiropoietos'' (Greek: Αχειροποίητος), "not made by hands", meaning that it was a miraculous image created supernaturally and not by man. The Mandylion stayed in Edessa as a means of protection for the city from harm until forcibly taken to [[Constantinople]] in 944, where it was received with great fanfare by Emperor Romanus I. Placed within the church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, it stayed there as a Christian relic until disappearing in the sack of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. One of the knights who participated in the sacking of Constantinople, Robert de Clari, left a detailed letter of what he observed at the time, and he referred to this relic as being more than a facial image:
:''"But among the rest, there was also another of the minsters, which was called the Church of my Lady Saint Mary of Blachernae, within which was the shroud wherein Our Lord was wrapped. And on every Friday that shroud did raise itself upright, so that the form of Our Lord could clearly be seen. And none knows - neither Greek nor Frank - what became of that shroud when the city was taken."''<ref>http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/clari4.htm</ref>

== Dating the Shroud ==

Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what Pliny the Elder reported from his time," about A.D. 70. "It's a shroud from the right time, but you're never going to find out (through science) if it was used on a person named [[Jesus]]," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref>

In 1988, [[carbon dating]] of a small snippet of the Shroud was performed, and the results suggested that the Shroud originated between A.D. 1238 and 1430. However, a peer-reviewed scientific paper later demonstrated the invalidity of those results, suggesting instead that the Shroud is between 1,300 and 3,000 years old.<ref>Rogers, Raymond N., "Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin". Thermochimica Acta, Volume 425 Issue 1–2, pp. 189-194 (Jan. 20, 2005)[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THV-4DTBVHC-1&_user=10&_handle=B-WA-A-W-WE-MsSAYWA-UUA-AAUYYDZUYC-AAUZVCZYYC-YZEWAVVVC-WE-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=01%2F20%2F2005&_rdoc=26&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235292%232005%23995749998%23553672!&_cdi=5292&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3d89246a5d4144616be7657f0d83b6cf]</ref> <ref>Mark Antonacci "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence"</ref> The sample for the 1988 analysis had actually been taken from cloth woven into the Shroud during the [[Middle Ages]], thereby giving a false result.<ref>[http://www.shroudcentersocal.com/]</ref> Moreover, "the 12th Century Hungarian 'Pray Manuscript' come to depict Jesus being wrapped in the shroud - with authentic herringbone pattern and burn marks - 100 years before carbon-dating says the material originated."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>

The defect in the carbon dating was that the samples were "uniquely coated with a yellow–brown [[plant]] gum containing dye lakes. [[Pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry]] results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin." Instead, [e]stimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of vanillin from lignin indicate a much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analyses."<ref>[http://bibleprobe.com/]</ref>

== The Lamb ==
According to a paper by Dr. Petrus Soons scientific research of some of the photographs of the shroud show an oval object under the beard of the image. After much research three cursive letters were identified and translated from the Hebrew. The meaning of the translation was, "The Lamb," a name in which Jesus was referred to in the New Testament.<ref>Dr. Soons Paper [http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache%3ACtDFWbA8AfIJ%3Awww.ohioshroudconference.com%2Fpapers%2Fp24.pdf+THE+SHROUD+OF+TURIN%2C+THE+HOLOGRAPHIC+EXPERIENCE+By+DR.+PETRUS+SOONS&hl=en&gl=us]</ref> This finding now makes the person on the shroud exclusively identified with Christ.

== Critics ==
Over the centuries there have been critics and doubters of the Shroud being the authentic burial cloth of Jesus. One of the earliest unbelievers was Pierre d'Arcis, Bishop of Troyes who wrote a scathing letter to the pope in 1389 claiming that the Shroud was a "cunning" painting and that the artist had been discovered.<ref>The Shroud, Ian Wilson, 2010, page 102.</ref> Another critic was scientist Walter McCrone who insisted that it was a painting despite all the evidence against it being a painting.

== Replication ==
Luigi Garlaschelli, professor of organic chemistry at the University of Pavia, announced that he had made a full size reproduction of the Shroud of Turin using only medieval technologies on October 5th, 2009. Garlaschelli placed a linen sheet over a volunteer and then rubbed it with an acidic pigment. The shroud was then aged in an oven before being washed to remove the pigment. He then added blood stains, scorches and water stains to replicate the original. The image on the reproduction would closely match that of the Turin Shroud with differences explained as the result of natural fading over the centuries. <ref>Italian scientist reproduces Shroud of Turin [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5943HL20091005]</ref> But according to noted sindonologist Giulio Fanti, "the image in discussion does not match the main fundamental properties of the Shroud image, in particular at thread and fiber level but also at macroscopic level."<ref>[http://www.acheiropoietos.info/abstracts/talks-image_formation.html]</ref> Further criticism of Garlaschelli's replica has come from shroud scholars Peter Soons <ref>[http://shroudofturin.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/why-the-italian-fake-does-not-reproduce-the-shroud-of-turin/]</ref> and Thibault Heimburger.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/thibault-lg.pdf]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/guscin3.pdf Sermon of Gregory Referendarius, Archdeacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, August, 944]
*[http://www.shroudstory.com/shroud-of-turin-picture-01.htm Amazing Details about the Shroud]

[[Category:Christianity]]

Shroud of Turin

2010-05-04T00:14:08Z

EBorgman: /* Replication */

[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
The '''Shroud of Turin''' is a long cloth presently kept in the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, which contains the image of a [[crucifixion|crucified]] man<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/]</ref>, with many believing it to be the actual burial cloth of [[Jesus Christ]]. It has been the source of intense scientific controversy and there have many modern attempts to prove or disprove its authenticity. It was owned and maintained by families in [[Italy]] for centuries and given only in the late 20th century to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which has never taken a position for or against its authenticity.

Scientists have devoted years of work in analyzing the Shroud. Several of these scientists who have studied the Shroud converted to [[Christianity]] as a result.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/mrinobnf.pdf]</ref>

==Description==
The Shroud is about 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide, consisting of a single piece of linen cloth made from fibers of the flax plant (''Linum usitatisismum''), and woven in a 3-over-1 herringbone twill<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>. Centered on the cloth is the front and back images of a man who is pictured as if in a burial repose; the man's estimated height is somewhere between 5'8" to 6'1"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/Details/howtall2.htm]</ref>. He is rather powerfully-built, with classical eastern Mediterranean features. The images of the feet are at both ends of the cloth, indicating that if it was a burial linen the body was placed on one end with the other end bought over the head to cover the body. On either side of the image is severe damage from a fire which took place in 1532.

The image of the body shows a man who had died a violent death. Upon both front and back are dumbbell-shaped markings; approximately 140 such marks were applied upon the back, chest, and legs. Roman soldiers involved in "scourging" as a form of punishment for offenders employed a whip called a "[[flagrum]]"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/terms/flagrum.htm]</ref>, which was studded with either bone or lead knobs, and when used it tore into flesh and muscle.

==History==
Historians and authors of written works on the Shroud have generally divided its history into two periods of time: a first period, from the time of the Resurrection ca. 33 A.D. to the fall of Constantinople in 1204; and the second period from 1349 to present. The first version is based on largely on circumstantial evidence.

===First Period: A.D. 33 to 1204===
====Gospels====
The ''Gospel of John'' contains the first description of what is today regarded as the Shroud of Turin (the "linen clothes"), and the "napkin", a small head wrap which may be a relic known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, Spain. <ref>http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm</ref>
:''The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre.''
:''Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him.''
:''Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre.''
:''So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulchre.''
:''And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in.''
:''Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie,''
:''And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.''
:''Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed.''
:''For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. (Gospel of John, Ch. 20 1-9; King James Version)''

====Bardesane of Edessa====
The earliest possible extra-Biblical reference to the Shroud is found in a second century poem by Bardesane of Edessa. Called the "Hymn of the Pearl", it was embedded within the non-canonical ''Acts of Thomas'', and tells the story of a boy - apparently the figure in the poem - to retrieve a pearl from Egypt. He describes the "mirror of myself" embedded in his robe in some detail similar to the Shroud:
:''"And because I remembered not its fashion / for in my childhood I had left it in my father's house, / on a sudden, when I received it, / the garment seemed to me to become like a mirror of myself. / I saw it all in all, / and I to received all in it, / for we were two in distinction / and yet gain one in one likeness. / And the treasurers too, / who brought it to me, I saw in like manner / to be two (and yet) one likeness, for one sign of the king was written on them (both), / of the hands of him who restored to me through them / my trust and my wealth"'' <ref>[http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnpearl.htm]</ref>

====Image of Edessa/Mandylion====
According to [[Eusebius]], King Abgar of Edessa was afflicted of an illness, and hearing of the miracles of Jesus as a healer he sent a letter to Him, asking if He would come to his aid. Jesus responded that He could not come, but would send his disciple Thaddeus, who comes and heals him <ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html</ref>; according to variants of this story King Abgar is left with the cloth image of Jesus, beginning with the ''Doctrine of Addai'' (ca. 400 A.D.) in which a court painter created an image of the Lord and "brought with him to Abgar the king, his master. And when Abgar the king saw the likeness, he received it with great joy, and placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses." <ref>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/addai_2_text.htm</ref>. Artistic works of this relic - called either the "Image of Edessa" or the "[[Mandylion]]" - generally have it portrayed as the face of Christ upon a towel or kerchief.

The Mandylion would surface again around 525 when Edessa was flooded by the Daisan River. Workmen repairing one of the city's gates discovered a niche with the cloth inside; the mandylion was declared to be ''Acheiropoietos'' (Greek: Αχειροποίητος), "not made by hands", meaning that it was a miraculous image created supernaturally and not by man. The Mandylion stayed in Edessa as a means of protection for the city from harm until forcibly taken to [[Constantinople]] in 944, where it was received with great fanfare by Emperor Romanus I. Placed within the church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, it stayed there as a Christian relic until disappearing in the sack of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. One of the knights who participated in the sacking of Constantinople, Robert de Clari, left a detailed letter of what he observed at the time, and he referred to this relic as being more than a facial image:
:''"But among the rest, there was also another of the minsters, which was called the Church of my Lady Saint Mary of Blachernae, within which was the shroud wherein Our Lord was wrapped. And on every Friday that shroud did raise itself upright, so that the form of Our Lord could clearly be seen. And none knows - neither Greek nor Frank - what became of that shroud when the city was taken."''<ref>http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/clari4.htm</ref>

== Dating the Shroud ==

Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what Pliny the Elder reported from his time," about A.D. 70. "It's a shroud from the right time, but you're never going to find out (through science) if it was used on a person named [[Jesus]]," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref>

In 1988, [[carbon dating]] of a small snippet of the Shroud was performed, and the results suggested that the Shroud originated between A.D. 1238 and 1430. However, a peer-reviewed scientific paper later demonstrated the invalidity of those results, suggesting instead that the Shroud is between 1,300 and 3,000 years old.<ref>Rogers, Raymond N., "Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin". Thermochimica Acta, Volume 425 Issue 1–2, pp. 189-194 (Jan. 20, 2005)[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THV-4DTBVHC-1&_user=10&_handle=B-WA-A-W-WE-MsSAYWA-UUA-AAUYYDZUYC-AAUZVCZYYC-YZEWAVVVC-WE-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=01%2F20%2F2005&_rdoc=26&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235292%232005%23995749998%23553672!&_cdi=5292&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3d89246a5d4144616be7657f0d83b6cf]</ref> <ref>Mark Antonacci "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence"</ref> The sample for the 1988 analysis had actually been taken from cloth woven into the Shroud during the [[Middle Ages]], thereby giving a false result.<ref>[http://www.shroudcentersocal.com/]</ref> Moreover, "the 12th Century Hungarian 'Pray Manuscript' come to depict Jesus being wrapped in the shroud - with authentic herringbone pattern and burn marks - 100 years before carbon-dating says the material originated."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>

The defect in the carbon dating was that the samples were "uniquely coated with a yellow–brown [[plant]] gum containing dye lakes. [[Pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry]] results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin." Instead, [e]stimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of vanillin from lignin indicate a much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analyses."<ref>[http://bibleprobe.com/]</ref>

== The Lamb ==
According to a paper by Dr. Petrus Soons scientific research of some of the photographs of the shroud show an oval object under the beard of the image. After much research three cursive letters were identified and translated from the Hebrew. The meaning of the translation was, "The Lamb," a name in which Jesus was referred to in the New Testament.<ref>Dr. Soons Paper [http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache%3ACtDFWbA8AfIJ%3Awww.ohioshroudconference.com%2Fpapers%2Fp24.pdf+THE+SHROUD+OF+TURIN%2C+THE+HOLOGRAPHIC+EXPERIENCE+By+DR.+PETRUS+SOONS&hl=en&gl=us]</ref> This finding now makes the person on the shroud exclusively identified with Christ.

== Critics ==
Over the centuties there have been critics and doubters of the Shroud being the authentic burial cloth of Jesus. One of the earliest unbelievers was Pierre d'Arcis, Bishop of Troyes who wrote a scathing letter to the pope in 1389 claiming that the Shroud was a "cunning" painting and that the artist had been discovered.<ref>The Shroud, Ian Wilson, 2010, page 102.</ref> Another critic was scientist Walter McCrone who insisted that it was a painting despite all the evidence against it being a painting.

== Replication ==
Luigi Garlaschelli, professor of organic chemistry at the University of Pavia, announced that he had made a full size reproduction of the Shroud of Turin using only medieval technologies on October 5th, 2009. Garlaschelli placed a linen sheet over a volunteer and then rubbed it with an acidic pigment. The shroud was then aged in an oven before being washed to remove the pigment. He then added blood stains, scorches and water stains to replicate the original. The image on the reproduction would closely match that of the Turin Shroud with differences explained as the result of natural fading over the centuries. <ref>Italian scientist reproduces Shroud of Turin [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5943HL20091005]</ref> But according to noted sindonologist Giulio Fanti, "the image in discussion does not match the main fundamental properties of the Shroud image, in particular at thread and fiber level but also at macroscopic level."<ref>[http://www.acheiropoietos.info/abstracts/talks-image_formation.html]</ref> Further criticism of Garlaschelli's replica has come from shroud scholars Peter Soons <ref>[http://shroudofturin.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/why-the-italian-fake-does-not-reproduce-the-shroud-of-turin/]</ref> and Thibault Heimburger.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/thibault-lg.pdf]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/guscin3.pdf Sermon of Gregory Referendarius, Archdeacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, August, 944]
*[http://www.shroudstory.com/shroud-of-turin-picture-01.htm Amazing Details about the Shroud]

[[Category:Christianity]]

Shroud of Turin

2010-05-04T00:05:30Z

EBorgman: /* Dating the Shroud */

[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
The '''Shroud of Turin''' is a long cloth presently kept in the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, which contains the image of a [[crucifixion|crucified]] man<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/]</ref>, with many believing it to be the actual burial cloth of [[Jesus Christ]]. It has been the source of intense scientific controversy and there have been many modern attempts to prove or disprove its authenticity. It was owned and maintained by the Savoy family for centuries and willed by Umberto II in the late 20th century to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which has never taken a position for or against its authenticity.

Scientists have devoted years of work in analyzing the Shroud. Several of these scientists who have studied the Shroud converted to [[Christianity]] as a result.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/mrinobnf.pdf]</ref>

==Description==
The Shroud is about 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide, consisting of a single piece of linen cloth made from fibers of the flax plant (''Linum usitatisismum''), and woven in a 3-over-1 herringbone twill<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>. Centered on the cloth is the front and back images of a man who is pictured as if in a burial repose; the man's estimated height is somewhere between 5'8" to 6'1"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/Details/howtall2.htm]</ref>. He is rather powerfully-built, with classical eastern Mediterranean features. The images of the feet are at both ends of the cloth, indicating that if it was a burial linen the body was placed on one end with the other end bought over the head to cover the body. On either side of the image is severe damage from a fire which took place in 1532.

The image of the body shows a man who had died a violent death. Upon both front and back are dumbbell-shaped markings; approximately 140 such marks were applied upon the back, chest, and legs. Roman soldiers involved in "scourging" as a form of punishment for offenders employed a whip called a "[[flagrum]]"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/terms/flagrum.htm]</ref>, which was studded with either bone or lead knobs, and when used it tore into flesh and muscle.

==History==
Historians and authors of written works on the Shroud have generally divided its history into two periods of time: a first period, from the time of the Resurrection ca. 33 A.D. to the fall of Constantinople in 1204; and the second period from 1349 to present. The first version is based on largely on circumstantial evidence.

===First Period: A.D. 33 to 1204===
====Gospels====
The ''Gospel of John'' contains the first description of what is today regarded as the Shroud of Turin (the "linen clothes"), and the "napkin", a small head wrap which may be a relic known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, Spain. <ref>http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm</ref>
:''The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre.''
:''Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him.''
:''Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre.''
:''So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulchre.''
:''And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in.''
:''Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie,''
:''And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.''
:''Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed.''
:''For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. (Gospel of John, Ch. 20 1-9; King James Version)''

====Bardesane of Edessa====
The earliest possible extra-Biblical reference to the Shroud is found in a second century poem by Bardesane of Edessa. Called the "Hymn of the Pearl", it was embedded within the non-canonical ''Acts of Thomas'', and tells the story of a boy - apparently the figure in the poem - to retrieve a pearl from Egypt. He describes the "mirror of myself" embedded in his robe in some detail similar to the Shroud:
:''"And because I remembered not its fashion / for in my childhood I had left it in my father's house, / on a sudden, when I received it, / the garment seemed to me to become like a mirror of myself. / I saw it all in all, / and I to received all in it, / for we were two in distinction / and yet gain one in one likeness. / And the treasurers too, / who brought it to me, I saw in like manner / to be two (and yet) one likeness, for one sign of the king was written on them (both), / of the hands of him who restored to me through them / my trust and my wealth"'' <ref>[http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnpearl.htm]</ref>

====Image of Edessa/Mandylion====
According to [[Eusebius]], King Abgar of Edessa was afflicted of an illness, and hearing of the miracles of Jesus as a healer he sent a letter to Him, asking if He would come to his aid. Jesus responded that He could not come, but would send his disciple Thaddeus, who comes and heals him <ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html</ref>; according to variants of this story King Abgar is left with the cloth image of Jesus, beginning with the ''Doctrine of Addai'' (ca. 400 A.D.) in which a court painter created an image of the Lord and "brought with him to Abgar the king, his master. And when Abgar the king saw the likeness, he received it with great joy, and placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses." <ref>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/addai_2_text.htm</ref>. Artistic works of this relic - called either the "Image of Edessa" or the "[[Mandylion]]" - generally have it portrayed as the face of Christ upon a towel or kerchief.

The Mandylion would surface again around 525 when Edessa was flooded by the Daisan River. Workmen repairing one of the city's gates discovered a niche with the cloth inside; the mandylion was declared to be ''Acheiropoietos'' (Greek: Αχειροποίητος), "not made by hands", meaning that it was a miraculous image created supernaturally and not by man. The Mandylion stayed in Edessa as a means of protection for the city from harm until forcibly taken to [[Constantinople]] in 944, where it was received with great fanfare by Emperor Romanus I. Placed within the church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, it stayed there as a Christian relic until disappearing in the sack of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. One of the knights who participated in the sacking of Constantinople, Robert de Clari, left a detailed letter of what he observed at the time, and he referred to this relic as being more than a facial image:
:''"But among the rest, there was also another of the minsters, which was called the Church of my Lady Saint Mary of Blachernae, within which was the shroud wherein Our Lord was wrapped. And on every Friday that shroud did raise itself upright, so that the form of Our Lord could clearly be seen. And none knows - neither Greek nor Frank - what became of that shroud when the city was taken."''<ref>http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/clari4.htm</ref>

== Dating the Shroud ==
Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what Pliny the Elder reported from his time," about A.D. 70. "It's a shroud from the right time, but you're never going to find out (through science) if it was used on a person named [[Jesus]]," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref>

In 1988, [[carbon dating]] of a small snippet of the Shroud was performed, and the results suggested that the Shroud originated between A.D. 1238 and 1430. However, a peer-reviewed scientific paper later demonstrated the invalidity of those results, suggesting instead that the Shroud is between 1,300 and 3,000 years old.<ref>Rogers, Raymond N., "Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin". Thermochimica Acta, Volume 425 Issue 1–2, pp. 189-194 (Jan. 20, 2005)[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THV-4DTBVHC-1&_user=10&_handle=B-WA-A-W-WE-MsSAYWA-UUA-AAUYYDZUYC-AAUZVCZYYC-YZEWAVVVC-WE-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=01%2F20%2F2005&_rdoc=26&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235292%232005%23995749998%23553672!&_cdi=5292&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3d89246a5d4144616be7657f0d83b6cf]</ref> <ref>Mark Antonacci "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence"</ref> The sample for the 1988 analysis is believed by some to have actually been taken from cloth woven into the Shroud during the [[Middle Ages]], thereby giving a false result.<ref>[http://www.shroudcentersocal.com/]</ref> Moreover, "the 12th Century Hungarian 'Pray Manuscript' depicts Jesus being wrapped in the shroud - with authentic herringbone pattern and burn marks - 100 years before carbon-dating says the material originated."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>

The defect in the carbon dating was that the samples were "uniquely coated with a yellow–brown [[plant]] gum containing dye lakes. [[Pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry]] results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin." Instead, [e]stimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of vanillin from lignin indicate a much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analyses."<ref>[http://bibleprobe.com/]</ref>

== The Lamb ==
According to a paper by Dr. Petrus Soons scientific research of some of the photographs of the shroud show an oval object under the beard of the image. After much research three cursive letters were identified and translated from the Hebrew. The meaning of the translation was, "The Lamb," a name in which Jesus was referred to in the New Testament.<ref>Dr. Soons Paper [http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache%3ACtDFWbA8AfIJ%3Awww.ohioshroudconference.com%2Fpapers%2Fp24.pdf+THE+SHROUD+OF+TURIN%2C+THE+HOLOGRAPHIC+EXPERIENCE+By+DR.+PETRUS+SOONS&hl=en&gl=us]</ref> This finding now makes the person on the shroud exclusively identified with Christ.

== Replication ==

Luigi Garlaschelli, professor of organic chemistry at the University of Pavia, announced that he had made a full size reproduction of the Shroud of Turin using only medieval technologies on October 5th, 2009. Garlaschelli placed a linen sheet over a volunteer and then rubbed it with an acidic pigment. The shroud was then aged in an oven before being washed to remove the pigment. He then added blood stains, scorches and water stains to replicate the original. The image on the reproduction would closely match that of the Turin Shroud with differences explained as the result of natural fading over the centuries. <ref>Italian scientist reproduces Shroud of Turin [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5943HL20091005]</ref> But according to noted sindonologist Giulio Fanti, "the image in discussion does not match the main fundamental properties of the Shroud image, in particular at thread and fiber level but also at macroscopic level."<ref>[http://www.acheiropoietos.info/abstracts/talks-image_formation.html]</ref> Further criticism of Garlaschelli's replica has come from shroud scholars Peter Soons <ref>[http://shroudofturin.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/why-the-italian-fake-does-not-reproduce-the-shroud-of-turin/]</ref> and Thibault Heimburger.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/thibault-lg.pdf]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/guscin3.pdf Sermon of Gregory Referendarius, Archdeacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, August, 944]
*[http://www.shroudstory.com/shroud-of-turin-picture-01.htm Amazing Details about the Shroud]

[[Category:Christianity]]

Shroud of Turin

2010-05-04T00:04:36Z

EBorgman: /* Dating the Shroud */ Ian Wilson does not believe this explanation to be valid.

[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
The '''Shroud of Turin''' is a long cloth presently kept in the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, which contains the image of a [[crucifixion|crucified]] man<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/]</ref>, with many believing it to be the actual burial cloth of [[Jesus Christ]]. It has been the source of intense scientific controversy and there have been many modern attempts to prove or disprove its authenticity. It was owned and maintained by the Savoy family for centuries and willed by Umberto II in the late 20th century to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which has never taken a position for or against its authenticity.

Scientists have devoted years of work in analyzing the Shroud. Several of these scientists who have studied the Shroud converted to [[Christianity]] as a result.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/mrinobnf.pdf]</ref>

==Description==
The Shroud is about 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide, consisting of a single piece of linen cloth made from fibers of the flax plant (''Linum usitatisismum''), and woven in a 3-over-1 herringbone twill<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>. Centered on the cloth is the front and back images of a man who is pictured as if in a burial repose; the man's estimated height is somewhere between 5'8" to 6'1"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/Details/howtall2.htm]</ref>. He is rather powerfully-built, with classical eastern Mediterranean features. The images of the feet are at both ends of the cloth, indicating that if it was a burial linen the body was placed on one end with the other end bought over the head to cover the body. On either side of the image is severe damage from a fire which took place in 1532.

The image of the body shows a man who had died a violent death. Upon both front and back are dumbbell-shaped markings; approximately 140 such marks were applied upon the back, chest, and legs. Roman soldiers involved in "scourging" as a form of punishment for offenders employed a whip called a "[[flagrum]]"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/terms/flagrum.htm]</ref>, which was studded with either bone or lead knobs, and when used it tore into flesh and muscle.

==History==
Historians and authors of written works on the Shroud have generally divided its history into two periods of time: a first period, from the time of the Resurrection ca. 33 A.D. to the fall of Constantinople in 1204; and the second period from 1349 to present. The first version is based on largely on circumstantial evidence.

===First Period: A.D. 33 to 1204===
====Gospels====
The ''Gospel of John'' contains the first description of what is today regarded as the Shroud of Turin (the "linen clothes"), and the "napkin", a small head wrap which may be a relic known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, Spain. <ref>http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm</ref>
:''The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre.''
:''Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him.''
:''Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre.''
:''So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulchre.''
:''And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in.''
:''Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie,''
:''And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.''
:''Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed.''
:''For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. (Gospel of John, Ch. 20 1-9; King James Version)''

====Bardesane of Edessa====
The earliest possible extra-Biblical reference to the Shroud is found in a second century poem by Bardesane of Edessa. Called the "Hymn of the Pearl", it was embedded within the non-canonical ''Acts of Thomas'', and tells the story of a boy - apparently the figure in the poem - to retrieve a pearl from Egypt. He describes the "mirror of myself" embedded in his robe in some detail similar to the Shroud:
:''"And because I remembered not its fashion / for in my childhood I had left it in my father's house, / on a sudden, when I received it, / the garment seemed to me to become like a mirror of myself. / I saw it all in all, / and I to received all in it, / for we were two in distinction / and yet gain one in one likeness. / And the treasurers too, / who brought it to me, I saw in like manner / to be two (and yet) one likeness, for one sign of the king was written on them (both), / of the hands of him who restored to me through them / my trust and my wealth"'' <ref>[http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnpearl.htm]</ref>

====Image of Edessa/Mandylion====
According to [[Eusebius]], King Abgar of Edessa was afflicted of an illness, and hearing of the miracles of Jesus as a healer he sent a letter to Him, asking if He would come to his aid. Jesus responded that He could not come, but would send his disciple Thaddeus, who comes and heals him <ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html</ref>; according to variants of this story King Abgar is left with the cloth image of Jesus, beginning with the ''Doctrine of Addai'' (ca. 400 A.D.) in which a court painter created an image of the Lord and "brought with him to Abgar the king, his master. And when Abgar the king saw the likeness, he received it with great joy, and placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses." <ref>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/addai_2_text.htm</ref>. Artistic works of this relic - called either the "Image of Edessa" or the "[[Mandylion]]" - generally have it portrayed as the face of Christ upon a towel or kerchief.

The Mandylion would surface again around 525 when Edessa was flooded by the Daisan River. Workmen repairing one of the city's gates discovered a niche with the cloth inside; the mandylion was declared to be ''Acheiropoietos'' (Greek: Αχειροποίητος), "not made by hands", meaning that it was a miraculous image created supernaturally and not by man. The Mandylion stayed in Edessa as a means of protection for the city from harm until forcibly taken to [[Constantinople]] in 944, where it was received with great fanfare by Emperor Romanus I. Placed within the church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, it stayed there as a Christian relic until disappearing in the sack of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. One of the knights who participated in the sacking of Constantinople, Robert de Clari, left a detailed letter of what he observed at the time, and he referred to this relic as being more than a facial image:
:''"But among the rest, there was also another of the minsters, which was called the Church of my Lady Saint Mary of Blachernae, within which was the shroud wherein Our Lord was wrapped. And on every Friday that shroud did raise itself upright, so that the form of Our Lord could clearly be seen. And none knows - neither Greek nor Frank - what became of that shroud when the city was taken."''<ref>http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/clari4.htm</ref>

== Dating the Shroud ==
Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what Pliny the Elder reported from his time," about A.D. 70. "It's a shroud from the right time, but you're never going to find out (through science) if it was used on a person named [[Jesus]]," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref>

In 1988, [[carbon dating]] of a small snippet of the Shroud was performed, and the results suggested that the Shroud originated between A.D. 1238 and 1430. However, a peer-reviewed scientific paper later demonstrated the invalidity of those results, suggesting instead that the Shroud is between 1,300 and 3,000 years old.<ref>Rogers, Raymond N., "Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin". Thermochimica Acta, Volume 425 Issue 1–2, pp. 189-194 (Jan. 20, 2005)[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THV-4DTBVHC-1&_user=10&_handle=B-WA-A-W-WE-MsSAYWA-UUA-AAUYYDZUYC-AAUZVCZYYC-YZEWAVVVC-WE-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=01%2F20%2F2005&_rdoc=26&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235292%232005%23995749998%23553672!&_cdi=5292&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3d89246a5d4144616be7657f0d83b6cf]</ref> <ref>Mark Antonacci "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence"</ref> The sample for the 1988 analysis is believed by some to have actually been taken from cloth woven into the Shroud during the [[Middle Ages]], thereby giving a false result.<ref>[http://www.shroudcentersocal.com/]</ref> Moreover, "the 12th Century Hungarian 'Pray Manuscript' come to depict Jesus being wrapped in the shroud - with authentic herringbone pattern and burn marks - 100 years before carbon-dating says the material originated."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>

The defect in the carbon dating was that the samples were "uniquely coated with a yellow–brown [[plant]] gum containing dye lakes. [[Pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry]] results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin." Instead, [e]stimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of vanillin from lignin indicate a much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analyses."<ref>[http://bibleprobe.com/]</ref>

== The Lamb ==
According to a paper by Dr. Petrus Soons scientific research of some of the photographs of the shroud show an oval object under the beard of the image. After much research three cursive letters were identified and translated from the Hebrew. The meaning of the translation was, "The Lamb," a name in which Jesus was referred to in the New Testament.<ref>Dr. Soons Paper [http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache%3ACtDFWbA8AfIJ%3Awww.ohioshroudconference.com%2Fpapers%2Fp24.pdf+THE+SHROUD+OF+TURIN%2C+THE+HOLOGRAPHIC+EXPERIENCE+By+DR.+PETRUS+SOONS&hl=en&gl=us]</ref> This finding now makes the person on the shroud exclusively identified with Christ.

== Replication ==

Luigi Garlaschelli, professor of organic chemistry at the University of Pavia, announced that he had made a full size reproduction of the Shroud of Turin using only medieval technologies on October 5th, 2009. Garlaschelli placed a linen sheet over a volunteer and then rubbed it with an acidic pigment. The shroud was then aged in an oven before being washed to remove the pigment. He then added blood stains, scorches and water stains to replicate the original. The image on the reproduction would closely match that of the Turin Shroud with differences explained as the result of natural fading over the centuries. <ref>Italian scientist reproduces Shroud of Turin [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5943HL20091005]</ref> But according to noted sindonologist Giulio Fanti, "the image in discussion does not match the main fundamental properties of the Shroud image, in particular at thread and fiber level but also at macroscopic level."<ref>[http://www.acheiropoietos.info/abstracts/talks-image_formation.html]</ref> Further criticism of Garlaschelli's replica has come from shroud scholars Peter Soons <ref>[http://shroudofturin.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/why-the-italian-fake-does-not-reproduce-the-shroud-of-turin/]</ref> and Thibault Heimburger.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/thibault-lg.pdf]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/guscin3.pdf Sermon of Gregory Referendarius, Archdeacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, August, 944]
*[http://www.shroudstory.com/shroud-of-turin-picture-01.htm Amazing Details about the Shroud]

[[Category:Christianity]]

Shroud of Turin

2010-05-04T00:00:31Z

EBorgman:

[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
The '''Shroud of Turin''' is a long cloth presently kept in the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, which contains the image of a [[crucifixion|crucified]] man<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/]</ref>, with many believing it to be the actual burial cloth of [[Jesus Christ]]. It has been the source of intense scientific controversy and there have been many modern attempts to prove or disprove its authenticity. It was owned and maintained by the Savoy family for centuries and willed by Umberto II in the late 20th century to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which has never taken a position for or against its authenticity.

Scientists have devoted years of work in analyzing the Shroud. Several of these scientists who have studied the Shroud converted to [[Christianity]] as a result.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/mrinobnf.pdf]</ref>

==Description==
The Shroud is about 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide, consisting of a single piece of linen cloth made from fibers of the flax plant (''Linum usitatisismum''), and woven in a 3-over-1 herringbone twill<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>. Centered on the cloth is the front and back images of a man who is pictured as if in a burial repose; the man's estimated height is somewhere between 5'8" to 6'1"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/Details/howtall2.htm]</ref>. He is rather powerfully-built, with classical eastern Mediterranean features. The images of the feet are at both ends of the cloth, indicating that if it was a burial linen the body was placed on one end with the other end bought over the head to cover the body. On either side of the image is severe damage from a fire which took place in 1532.

The image of the body shows a man who had died a violent death. Upon both front and back are dumbbell-shaped markings; approximately 140 such marks were applied upon the back, chest, and legs. Roman soldiers involved in "scourging" as a form of punishment for offenders employed a whip called a "[[flagrum]]"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/terms/flagrum.htm]</ref>, which was studded with either bone or lead knobs, and when used it tore into flesh and muscle.

==History==
Historians and authors of written works on the Shroud have generally divided its history into two periods of time: a first period, from the time of the Resurrection ca. 33 A.D. to the fall of Constantinople in 1204; and the second period from 1349 to present. The first version is based on largely on circumstantial evidence.

===First Period: A.D. 33 to 1204===
====Gospels====
The ''Gospel of John'' contains the first description of what is today regarded as the Shroud of Turin (the "linen clothes"), and the "napkin", a small head wrap which may be a relic known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, Spain. <ref>http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm</ref>
:''The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre.''
:''Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him.''
:''Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre.''
:''So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulchre.''
:''And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in.''
:''Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie,''
:''And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.''
:''Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed.''
:''For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. (Gospel of John, Ch. 20 1-9; King James Version)''

====Bardesane of Edessa====
The earliest possible extra-Biblical reference to the Shroud is found in a second century poem by Bardesane of Edessa. Called the "Hymn of the Pearl", it was embedded within the non-canonical ''Acts of Thomas'', and tells the story of a boy - apparently the figure in the poem - to retrieve a pearl from Egypt. He describes the "mirror of myself" embedded in his robe in some detail similar to the Shroud:
:''"And because I remembered not its fashion / for in my childhood I had left it in my father's house, / on a sudden, when I received it, / the garment seemed to me to become like a mirror of myself. / I saw it all in all, / and I to received all in it, / for we were two in distinction / and yet gain one in one likeness. / And the treasurers too, / who brought it to me, I saw in like manner / to be two (and yet) one likeness, for one sign of the king was written on them (both), / of the hands of him who restored to me through them / my trust and my wealth"'' <ref>[http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnpearl.htm]</ref>

====Image of Edessa/Mandylion====
According to [[Eusebius]], King Abgar of Edessa was afflicted of an illness, and hearing of the miracles of Jesus as a healer he sent a letter to Him, asking if He would come to his aid. Jesus responded that He could not come, but would send his disciple Thaddeus, who comes and heals him <ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html</ref>; according to variants of this story King Abgar is left with the cloth image of Jesus, beginning with the ''Doctrine of Addai'' (ca. 400 A.D.) in which a court painter created an image of the Lord and "brought with him to Abgar the king, his master. And when Abgar the king saw the likeness, he received it with great joy, and placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses." <ref>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/addai_2_text.htm</ref>. Artistic works of this relic - called either the "Image of Edessa" or the "[[Mandylion]]" - generally have it portrayed as the face of Christ upon a towel or kerchief.

The Mandylion would surface again around 525 when Edessa was flooded by the Daisan River. Workmen repairing one of the city's gates discovered a niche with the cloth inside; the mandylion was declared to be ''Acheiropoietos'' (Greek: Αχειροποίητος), "not made by hands", meaning that it was a miraculous image created supernaturally and not by man. The Mandylion stayed in Edessa as a means of protection for the city from harm until forcibly taken to [[Constantinople]] in 944, where it was received with great fanfare by Emperor Romanus I. Placed within the church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, it stayed there as a Christian relic until disappearing in the sack of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. One of the knights who participated in the sacking of Constantinople, Robert de Clari, left a detailed letter of what he observed at the time, and he referred to this relic as being more than a facial image:
:''"But among the rest, there was also another of the minsters, which was called the Church of my Lady Saint Mary of Blachernae, within which was the shroud wherein Our Lord was wrapped. And on every Friday that shroud did raise itself upright, so that the form of Our Lord could clearly be seen. And none knows - neither Greek nor Frank - what became of that shroud when the city was taken."''<ref>http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/clari4.htm</ref>

== Dating the Shroud ==

Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what Pliny the Elder reported from his time," about A.D. 70. "It's a shroud from the right time, but you're never going to find out (through science) if it was used on a person named [[Jesus]]," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref>

In 1988, [[carbon dating]] of a small snippet of the Shroud was performed, and the results suggested that the Shroud originated between A.D. 1238 and 1430. However, a peer-reviewed scientific paper later demonstrated the invalidity of those results, suggesting instead that the Shroud is between 1,300 and 3,000 years old.<ref>Rogers, Raymond N., "Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin". Thermochimica Acta, Volume 425 Issue 1–2, pp. 189-194 (Jan. 20, 2005)[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THV-4DTBVHC-1&_user=10&_handle=B-WA-A-W-WE-MsSAYWA-UUA-AAUYYDZUYC-AAUZVCZYYC-YZEWAVVVC-WE-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=01%2F20%2F2005&_rdoc=26&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235292%232005%23995749998%23553672!&_cdi=5292&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3d89246a5d4144616be7657f0d83b6cf]</ref> <ref>Mark Antonacci "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence"</ref> The sample for the 1988 analysis had actually been taken from cloth woven into the Shroud during the [[Middle Ages]], thereby giving a false result.<ref>[http://www.shroudcentersocal.com/]</ref> Moreover, "the 12th Century Hungarian 'Pray Manuscript' come to depict Jesus being wrapped in the shroud - with authentic herringbone pattern and burn marks - 100 years before carbon-dating says the material originated."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>

The defect in the carbon dating was that the samples were "uniquely coated with a yellow–brown [[plant]] gum containing dye lakes. [[Pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry]] results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin." Instead, [e]stimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of vanillin from lignin indicate a much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analyses."<ref>[http://bibleprobe.com/]</ref>

== The Lamb ==
According to a paper by Dr. Petrus Soons scientific research of some of the photographs of the shroud show an oval object under the beard of the image. After much research three cursive letters were identified and translated from the Hebrew. The meaning of the translation was, "The Lamb," a name in which Jesus was referred to in the New Testament.<ref>Dr. Soons Paper [http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache%3ACtDFWbA8AfIJ%3Awww.ohioshroudconference.com%2Fpapers%2Fp24.pdf+THE+SHROUD+OF+TURIN%2C+THE+HOLOGRAPHIC+EXPERIENCE+By+DR.+PETRUS+SOONS&hl=en&gl=us]</ref> This finding now makes the person on the shroud exclusively identified with Christ.

== Replication ==

Luigi Garlaschelli, professor of organic chemistry at the University of Pavia, announced that he had made a full size reproduction of the Shroud of Turin using only medieval technologies on October 5th, 2009. Garlaschelli placed a linen sheet over a volunteer and then rubbed it with an acidic pigment. The shroud was then aged in an oven before being washed to remove the pigment. He then added blood stains, scorches and water stains to replicate the original. The image on the reproduction would closely match that of the Turin Shroud with differences explained as the result of natural fading over the centuries. <ref>Italian scientist reproduces Shroud of Turin [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5943HL20091005]</ref> But according to noted sindonologist Giulio Fanti, "the image in discussion does not match the main fundamental properties of the Shroud image, in particular at thread and fiber level but also at macroscopic level."<ref>[http://www.acheiropoietos.info/abstracts/talks-image_formation.html]</ref> Further criticism of Garlaschelli's replica has come from shroud scholars Peter Soons <ref>[http://shroudofturin.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/why-the-italian-fake-does-not-reproduce-the-shroud-of-turin/]</ref> and Thibault Heimburger.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/thibault-lg.pdf]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/guscin3.pdf Sermon of Gregory Referendarius, Archdeacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, August, 944]
*[http://www.shroudstory.com/shroud-of-turin-picture-01.htm Amazing Details about the Shroud]

[[Category:Christianity]]

John Salza

2009-12-29T19:17:42Z

EBorgman: updated books and some info

'''John Salza''' (November 30, 1967) is an American lawyer, non-fiction author and Catholic apologist.

John Salza was raised in the [[Roman Catholic]] faith. He attended law school and was invited to join freemasonry. He was a member for several years and became a 32nd degree mason in the Scottish Rite. He eventually would renounce his membership in freemasonry and write about it.

Salza has written several books on the Catholic faith and freemasonry. He runs the website Scripture Catholic and uses the Old and New Testament to explain the Catholic faith.

== Partial list of works ==
* ''The Biblical Basis for the Catholic Faith'' (2005)
* ''Masonry Unmasked: An Insider Reveals the Secrets of the Lodge'' (2006)
* ''The Biblical Basis for the Papacy''
* ''The Biblical Basis for the Eucharist''
* ''The Biblical Basis for Tradition''
* ''The Biblical Basis for Purgatory''

== External links ==
* [http://www.scripturecatholic.com/john_salza.html Scripture Catholic.com]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Salza, John}}
[[Category:Authors]]

George A. Borgman

2009-11-07T22:59:20Z

EBorgman:

'''George Allan Borgman'''<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> (January 22, 1928 - October 26, 2009) was a musicologist, freelance jazz journalist, and was contributing editor and columnist for ''The Mississippi Rag''.

== Early life ==
Borgman was born on January 22, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri, the only child of Herman Francis and Martha Vivien (Wecker) Borgman. He grew up in St. Louis and attended the St. Louis Institute of Music, where he earned a Bachelor of Music degree and Indiana University, Bloomington, where he received a master's degree in musicology.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref>

Borgman played saxophone and clarinet with such big bands as Larry Tice's Orchestra (1946), Jack Everett's Orchestra (1946) and Jack Stalcup's Orchestra (1950). He was a member of the U.S. Army from 1946 to 1948, playing clarinet in an Army band in Heidelberg, Germany, where he took a music appreciation course at Heidelberg University. From 1953 to 1957, he worked as a high school band<ref>Patterson's American Education, Volume 53, Homer L. Patterson, page 47, 1956.</ref> and chorus director, two years in Colorado<ref>Patterson's American Education, Volume 53, Homer L. Patterson, page 47, 1956.</ref> and two years in Nevada. He married Janet Ferroli, a Bostonian, in February 1957. In Spring and Summer 1957, Borgman took a television production course at the School of Radio Technique, New York City. He subsequently worked as a lighting assistant on the Drew Pearson and Quentin Reynolds TV documentaries, and he also worked as a film editor in New York. In 1958, he was a film editor and TV cameraman at KOMU, Missouri University's commercial (NBC affiliate) TV station in Columbia.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref>

== Military career ==
In September 1958, Borgman rejoined the United States Army in order to get into the Counter Intelligence Corps. After attending the Intelligence School, Fort Holabird, Maryland, he was assigned to a CIC unit in West Berlin. During his Army career, he was a special agent in the CIC, Military Intelligence and the Defense Investigative Service, working mostly in civilian clothes, and spent almost ten years in West Germany, about five years in Washington, D.C., and one year in the Republic of Vietnam. His military rank at retirement in September 1979 was Chief Warrant Officer 3.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref>

== Jazz journalist ==
In the early 1980s, he worked as an investigator for the Wackenhut Corporation and almost five years as a personnel security specialist (Department of Army Civilian), U.S. Army Military Personnel Center, Alexandria, Virginia.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> He later worked six years as a sportswriter for a group of suburban newspapers in the Boston area.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> In 1988, he began writing stories for jazz periodicals, mostly about Dixieland|traditional jazz]] and ragtime, although he has also written about swing, big bands, bebop and modern jazz. He claims that his military experience in conducting interrogations has helped him in interviewing musicians.<ref>[http://imdb.com/name/nm1744354/bio Internet Movie Database]</ref>

Borgman's reviews of jazz recordings and books have appeared in such periodicals as the ''IAJRC Journal'', ''Cadence'', ''Joslin's Jazz Journal'', ''TJ Today'' and since 1992, ''The Mississippi Rag'', for which he wrote a monthly column, "Yankee Jazz Beat"<ref>Internet Movie Database</ref><ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> up until the newspaper went defunct in 2009 upon the death of its owner [[Leslie Johnson]].

Borgman has written numerous reviews, in-depth articles on the history of jazz and on numerous jazz musicians including jazz drummer [[Tommy Benford]], ragtime composer [[Joseph F. Lamb]],<ref>Ragging It: Getting Ragtime Into History (and Some History Into Ragytime), H. Loring White, page 311, 2005.</ref> Ruby Braff, [[Al Casey]], [[Buzzy Drootin]], Sabby Lewis, Stan McDonald, Chuck Folds, Stan Kenton, et al.<ref>''The Mississippi Rag'' - various issues</ref> His most recent in-depth aritcle was on Glen Gray and the [[Casa Loma Orchestra]], in the October 2006 issue of ''The Mississippi Rag''.

In the mid-1990s he was voted in the top 12 jazz critics in the ''Jazz Beat'' poll. He is a member of the Jazz Journalists Association and has written liner notes for Stomp Off Records and various jazz recording artists and groups, including Neville Dickie, the Back Bay Ramblers, Stan McDonald's Blue Horizon Jazz Band and Lucinda Ellert's Happy Feet Dance Orchestra. He has also written articles for the annual Hot Steamed Jazz Festival (Essex, Connecticut).<ref>Internet Movie database</ref>

Borgman was working on a book about the Casa Loma Orchestra.<ref>''The Mississippi Rag'', October 2006</ref>

== Family ==
He has two sons and played a substantial role in his son Eric's feature comedy film The Man in the Movie.<ref>Man in the Movie Website</ref> His eldest son, Paul, is a mechanical engineer, and resides in Connecticut with his wife.<ref>Who's Who in America, 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref><ref>Internet Movie Database</ref>

Borgman died on October 26, 2009 in Needham, Massachusetts after a brief illness.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Borgman, George A.}}
[[Category:Authors]]

George A. Borgman

2009-10-27T01:18:59Z

EBorgman: added death information

'''George Allan Borgman'''<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> (January 22, 1928 - October 26, 2009) was a musicologist, freelance jazz journalist, and was contributing editor and columnist for ''The Mississippi Rag''.

== Early life ==
Borgman was born on January 22, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri, the only child of Herman Francis and Martha Vivien (Wecker) Borgman. He grew up in St. Louis and attended the St. Louis Institute of Music, where he earned a Bachelor of Music degree and Indiana University, Bloomington, where he received a master's degree in musicology.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref>

Borgman played saxophone and clarinet with such big bands as Larry Tice's Orchestra (1946), Jack Everett's Orchestra (1946) and Jack Stalcup's Orchestra (1950). He was a member of the U.S. Army from 1946 to 1948, playing clarinet in an Army band in Heidelberg, Germany, where he took a music appreciation course at Heidelberg University. From 1953 to 1957, he worked as a high school band and chorus director, two years in Colorado and two years in Nevada. He married Janet Ferroli, a Bostonian, in February 1957. In Spring and Summer 1957, Borgman took a television production course at the School of Radio Technique, New York City. He subsequently worked as a lighting assistant on the Drew Pearson and Quentin Reynolds TV documentaries, and he also worked as a film editor in New York. In 1958, he was a film editor and TV cameraman at KOMU, Missouri University's commercial (NBC affiliate) TV station in Columbia.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref>

== Military career ==
In September 1958, Borgman rejoined the United States Army in order to get into the Counter Intelligence Corps. After attending the Intelligence School, Fort Holabird, Maryland, he was assigned to a CIC unit in West Berlin. During his Army career, he was a special agent in the CIC, Military Intelligence and the Defense Investigative Service, working mostly in civilian clothes, and spent almost ten years in West Germany, about five years in Washington, D.C., and one year in the Republic of Vietnam. His military rank at retirement in September 1979 was Chief Warrant Officer 3.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref>

== Jazz journalist ==
In the early 1980s, he worked as an investigator for the Wackenhut Corporation and almost five years as a personnel security specialist (Department of Army Civilian), U.S. Army Military Personnel Center, Alexandria, Virginia.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> He later worked six years as a sportswriter for a group of suburban newspapers in the Boston area.<ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> In 1988, he began writing stories for jazz periodicals, mostly about Dixieland|traditional jazz]] and ragtime, although he has also written about swing, big bands, bebop and modern jazz. He claims that his military experience in conducting interrogations has helped him in interviewing musicians.<ref>[http://imdb.com/name/nm1744354/bio Internet Movie Database]</ref>

Borgman's reviews of jazz recordings and books have appeared in such periodicals as the ''IAJRC Journal'', ''Cadence'', ''Joslin's Jazz Journal'', ''TJ Today'' and since 1992, ''The Mississippi Rag'', for which he wrote a monthly column, "Yankee Jazz Beat"<ref>Internet Movie Database</ref><ref>''Who's Who in America'', 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref> up until the newspaper went defunct in 2009 upon the death of its owner [[Leslie Johnson]].

Borgman has written numerous reviews, in-depth articles on the history of jazz and on numerous jazz musicians including jazz drummer [[Tommy Benford]], ragtime composer [[Joseph F. Lamb]], Ruby Braff, [[Al Casey]], [[Buzzy Drootin]], Sabby Lewis, Stan McDonald, Chuck Folds, Stan Kenton, et al.<ref>''The Mississippi Rag'' - various issues</ref> His most recent in-depth aritcle was on Glen Gray and the [[Casa Loma Orchestra]], in the October 2006 issue of ''The Mississippi Rag''.

In the mid-1990s he was voted in the top 12 jazz critics in the ''Jazz Beat'' poll. He is a member of the Jazz Journalists Association and has written liner notes for Stomp Off Records and various jazz recording artists and groups, including Neville Dickie, the Back Bay Ramblers, Stan McDonald's Blue Horizon Jazz Band and Lucinda Ellert's Happy Feet Dance Orchestra. He has also written articles for the annual Hot Steamed Jazz Festival (Essex, Connecticut).<ref>Internet Movie database</ref>

Borgman was working on a book about the Casa Loma Orchestra.<ref>''The Mississippi Rag'', October 2006</ref>

== Family ==
He has two sons and played a substantial role in his son Eric's feature comedy film The Man in the Movie.<ref>Man in the Movie Website</ref> His eldest son, Paul, is a mechanical engineer, and resides in Connecticut with his wife.<ref>Who's Who in America, 1994, 48th Edition, Vol. 1, page 362</ref><ref>Internet Movie Database</ref>

Borgman died on October 26, 2009 in Needham, Massachusetts after a brief illness.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Borgman, George A.}}
[[Category:Authors]]