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Talk:Confederate States of America

2011-03-11T17:52:38Z

EDmoronPOOR:

<nowiki>== Connection of Reagan with 1968 ==
Yes, I am aware that Reagan was actually elected in 1980, but it was the [[Southern Strategy]] that made his victory and re-election possible, not just Carter's incompetence. It is my contention, in fact, that a [[Sixth Party System]] came into existence at that time, although its full implications would not become clear until 1980. That became the strategy of the GOP as a result of the 1968 election.
:The names Reagan or Goldwater have no place on this page. [[User:RobS|RobS]] 18:10, 22 May 2007 (EDT)
::Yeah, we tend to appreciate conciseness, and the implications on politics a whole century later take us too far afield. [[User:DanH|DanH]] 18:14, 22 May 2007 (EDT)

This article is far too sympathetic toward the Confederacy for my tastes. This was a group who were acting '''in rebellion''' against the government of the United States. They were exemplifying the definition of treason as found in the U.S. Constitution, namely "...waging war against [the United States]" I feel like the article should make more mention of the whole "treason" and "rebellion" aspect of things but any such edits I make will most likely be removed.--[[User:Patthew|Patthew]] 22:32, 12 June 2007 (EDT)
:No, I agree with you. The article does needs balance. [[User:RobS|RobS]] 00:31, 13 June 2007 (EDT)
:I know this conversation long since went dead, but I feel I should point out that the Thirteen Colonies were also acting in treasonous rebellion against their government. :) [[User:KarlJaeger|KarlJaeger]] 16:27, 7 May 2008 (EDT)

==Trade with Britain==

This line, "including British cotton", I removed. See [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cw/17609.htm , Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861-1865], U.S. State Department,

*''Southerners began the war effort confident that the cotton their plantations provided European textile manufacturers would naturally ally their governments to the Confederacy, especially Great Britain. ''

This is an important line of investigation, as it can be shown the South never would have engaged in belligerency without the reasonable expectation or guarantee that Great Britain would trade Southern cotton for arms, as well as build the Confederate Navy. The gun running operation around the Northern blockade, that is to say, from Great Britain to British Honduras (incorporated into the British Empire in 1862), north through the Caribbean to Mobile Alabama was the supply line for Confederate weapons. [[User:RobS|RobS]] 12:08, 18 June 2007 (EDT)

== credits ==

::{{template|Part of this article was copied from [[Citizendium]] and [[Wikipedia]] but the copied text was originally written by me, RJJensen (under the name Richard Jensen and rjensen) and does not include major alterations made by others on that site.||category=Copied Articles}} [[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 18:29, 30 November 2009 (EST)</nowiki>

Confederate States of America

2011-03-11T17:52:15Z

EDmoronPOOR:

<nowiki>{{Country
|name =Confederate States of America
|map =
|map2 =
|established =February 4, 1861
|dissolved =May 10, 1865
|flag =CSAnational3.png
|arms =ConfederateStatesofAmericaSeal.jpg
|capital =Richmond, Virginia
|capital-raw =
|government =Confederate republic
|government-raw =
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|king =
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|governor general=
|governor general-raw=
|president =Jefferson Davis
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =
|pm-raw =
|chairman =
|general secretary=
|governor =
|governor-raw =
|premier =
|premier-raw =
|area =770,425 sq mi
|pop =9,103,332
|pop-basis =1860
|gdp =
|gdp-year =
|gdp-pc =
|currency =Confederate dollar
|idd =
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}}
The '''Confederate States of America''' (informally, the ''Confederacy'') was a government created from an alliance of eleven southern states which had seceded from the [[United States]] between December 1860 and April 1861. The [[American Civil War]] that was begun by the Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter proved disastrous; four years of savage fighting ended with the fledgling government defeated and dissolved, and left the southern states a financial and industrial wreck. The main reason for secession was to preserve slavery--but all the slaves were emancipated with no compensation to the owners. After the war, the states were later readmitted during [[Reconstruction]].

For the social, political, economic and diplomatic history see [[American Civil War homefront]]

==Beginnings==
Seven southern states seceded from the [[United States of America]] over the winter of 1860-61 and joined together as the "Confederate States of America" to protect slavery. They saw that the antislavery forces in the North were gaining strength, typified by the election as president of [[Abraham Lincoln]] in 1860. The political future for slavery was bleak, as the South was losing relative strength in Congress. Arguing that their Constitutional [[states' rights]] protected slavery outside the South, they saw that issue rejected in the North. The Union government rejected the claims that a state had a right to secede.

When fighting began in April Lincoln called on all states to send troops; at this point four more states broke away and joined the Confederacy, Virginia, North Cariolina, Tennessee and Arkansas.

Of the 15 slave states, four remained in the United States: [[Delaware]], [[Kentucky]], [[Maryland]] and [[Missouri]]. Residents of the latter three states raised [[regiment]]s for the Confederacy, although not as an official act of their governments. In addition [[West Virginia]] broke away from Virginia and joined the Union as a state.

The president of the Confederate States of America was [[Jefferson Davis]], a former [[Secretary of War]] under President [[Franklin Pierce]] and Senator from [[Mississippi]]. [[Richmond, Virginia]] became the capital of the Confederacy after that state seceded. It was a poor choice for a war capital because it was hard to supply and hard to defend.

Starting in 1862 General [[Robert E. Lee]] led the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia against the Union armies, which were led by various generals appointed by [[Abraham Lincoln]], with the last, and most successful being General [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. Lee proved a tenacious defender of Richmond, which had an exposed position and a long, difficult supply line. Grant wore down Lee's army, which was unable to replace its casualties and desertions.

==Geography==
The Confederate States of America claimed a total of 2,919 miles (4,698 km) of coastline. A large part of this territory lay on the sea coast with level and sandy ground. The interior portions were hilly and mountainous, and the far western territories were deserts. The lower reaches of the [[Mississippi River]] bisected the country, with the western half referred to as the Trans-Mississippi.

===Climate===
Much of the area claimed by the CSA had a humid subtropical climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. The climate varied to semi-arid steppe and arid desert west of longitude 96 degrees west. The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed infectious diseases to flourish. Consequently disease killed more soldiers than did enemy action.

===River system===
In peacetime, the vast system of navigable rivers allowed for cheap and easy transportation of farm products. The railroad system was built as a supplement, tying plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport. The vast geography made for difficult Union logistics, and Union soldiers were used to garrison captured areas and protect rail lines. But the [[Union Navy]] seized most of the navigable rivers by 1862, making its own logistics easy and Confederate movements difficult. After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, it became impossible for units of any size to cross the Mississippi since Union gunboats constantly patrolled it. The South thus lost use of its western regions.

===Rural areas===
The area claimed by the Confederate States of America was overwhelmingly rural. Small towns of more than 1,000 were few — the typical county seat had a population of less than 500 people. Cities were rare. New Orleans was the only Southern city in the list of top 10 largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census, and it was captured by the Union in 1862. Only 13 Confederate cities ranked among the top 100 U.S. cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities were shut down by the [[Union blockade]]. The population of Richmond swelled after it became the national capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864 (Dabney 1990:182). Other large Southern cities Baltimore, St. Louis, Louisville, and Washington, as well as Wheeling, West Virginia, and Alexandria, Virginia, were never under the control of the Confederate government.

<br clear="all">
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|- style="background: #efefef;"
! # !! City !! 1860 Population !! [[List of United States metropolitan statistical areas by population|US Rank]]
| return to USA control
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 1.
| [[New Orleans]], Louisiana
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 168,675
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 6
| 1862
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 2.
| [[Charleston]], South Carolina
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 40,522
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 22
| 1865
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 3.
| [[Richmond, Virginia]]
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 37,910
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 25
| 1865
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 4.
| [[Mobile]], Alabama
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 29,258
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 27
| 1865
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 5.
| [[Memphis]], Tennessee
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 22,623
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 38
| 1862
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 6.
| [[Savannah]], Georgia
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 22,292
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 41
| 1864
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 7.
| [[Petersburg]], Virginia
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 18,266
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 50
| 1865
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 8.
| [[Nashville]], Tennessee
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 16,988
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 54
| 1862
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 9.
| [[Norfolk]], Virginia
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 14,620
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 61
| 1862
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 10.
| [[Augusta]], Georgia
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 12,493
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 77
| 1865
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 11.
| [[Columbus]], Georgia
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 9,621
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 97
| 1865
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 12.
| [[Atlanta]], Georgia
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 9,554
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 99
| 1864
|-
| style="background: #efefef;" | 13.
| [[Wilmington]], North Carolina
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 9,553
| style="text-align: right; padding-right: 1em;" | 100
| 1865
|}
{{-}}

==Economy==
Before the war the states that formed the Confederacy had an agrarian economy with exports, to a world market, of cotton, and, to a lesser extent, tobacco and sugar. Local food production included grains, hogs, cattle, and gardens. The 11 states produced $155 million in manufactured goods in 1860, chiefly from local grist mills, and lumber, processed tobacco, cotton goods and [[naval stores]] such as turpentine. The CSA adopted a low tariff of 15%, but imposed it on all imports from the rest of the United States--thus making one of the greatest tax increases in American history.<ref> See [http://docsouth.unc.edu/tariff/tariff.html]</ref> The tariff mattered little; the Confederacy's ports were blocked to commercial traffic by the Union's blockade, and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the Union states. The government collected about $3.5 million in tariff revenue from the start of their war against the Union to late 1864. The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money, which led to high inflation.

== Ideology ==
Historian Emory Thomas compared the correspondence sent by the Confederate government in the first year of its existence to different governments. He writes, "The Southern nation was by turns a guileless people attacked by a voracious neighbor, an 'established' nation in some temporary difficulty, a collection of bucolic aristocrats making a romantic stand against the banalities of industrial democracy, a cabal of commercial farmers seeking to make a pawn of [[King Cotton]], an apotheosis of nineteenth-century nationalism and revolutionary liberalism, or the ultimate statement of social and economic reaction." <ref> Emory M. Thomas, ''The Confederate Nation: 1861-1865'' (1979), pp. 83-84. </ref>

The example of the [[U. S. Constitution]] clearly guided the drafters of the [[Full Text of the Confederate States Constitution|Confederate Constitution]], enabling the latter group to complete their work in less than half as much time. <ref> Thomas, p. 63. </ref> However, this Confederate Constitution contained a provision banning efforts to end de jure slavery, found at Article I, Section 9, clause 4, lumped in with the provisions banning [[ex post facto laws]] and [[bills of attainder]]. Another clause banned the international [[slave trade]], but permitted the importation of slaves from the United States; this clause was consistent with the United States' banning of Atlantic slave trading in 1808, which had the effect of improving the domestic slave market, benefiting states such as [[Virginia]]. The wording of this clause demonstrates that the drafters clearly anticipated that not all slave states would secede, although they also included a provision for accepting new states into the Confederacy. This proved essential when [[Virginia]], [[Arkansas]], [[Tennessee]] and [[North Carolina]] seceded from the United States after the Confederate Constitution was in effect. Although the Confederate document includes no [[bill of rights]], the [[Ninth Amendment]] and [[Tenth Amendment]] of the U.S. Bill of Rights are reproduced in Article VI as Sections 5 and 6. The Confederate Constitution implemented a ban on a [[religious test for office]] in Section 4, notwithstanding the preamble's invocation of God's blessing on the Confederate experiment. <ref> Thomas, Appendix, pp. 306-322. </ref> Other differences had to do with the [[appropriations]] process in Congress. Not only was a [[line-item veto]] expressly included, but Congress required a two-thirds [[supermajority]] to appropriate any funds not specifically requested by the President, giving Jefferson Davis in a real sense more Constitutional power than Abraham Lincoln possessed - an irony, given the Confederate states' putative objection to centralized power.

Despite the later romanticization of the Confederate cause, the perpetuation of Southern conceptions of race and slavery was of prime importance to the new nation. In his "Cornerstone Speech," Vice President Alexander Stephens argued that a major difference between the Confederate Constitution and the United States Constitution was the belief that blacks were not inherently equal. In describing this fundamental difference, Stephens said, "The new constitution has put at rest, forever, all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar institution—African slavery as it exists amongst us—the proper status of the negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution... Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner- stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man." <ref>[http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=76]</ref> The rejection of slavery as a dominant ideology of the Confederate States began after the Civil War, as Confederate leaders sought to legitimize their failed rebellion.

==Leadership==
===Legislative branch===
'''President of the Congress'''
:Robert Woodward Barnwell, 4 Feb 1861 (served for several hours)
:Howell Cobb, 4 Feb 1861 - 18 Feb 1861
'''President Pro Tempore of the Senate'''
:Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, 18 Feb 1862 - 18 Mar 1865
'''President Pro Tempore of the Provisional Congress'''
:Robert Woodward Barnwell, 4 Feb 1861 - 16 Mar 1861
:Thomas Stanhope Bobcock, Josiah A.P. Campbell, 18 Nov 1861 - 17 Feb 1862
'''Speaker of the House of Representatives'''
:Thomas Stanhope Bobcock, 18 Feb 1862 - 18 Mar 1865
===Executive branch===
'''President of the Confederate States'''
:Jefferson Finis Davis, 18 Feb 1861 - 10 May 1865 (provisional president to 6 Nov 1861)
'''Vice President of the Confederate States'''
:Alexander Hamilton Stephens, 18 Feb 1861 - 11 May 1865 (provisional vice president to 6 Nov 1861)
'''Secretary of State'''
:Robert Augustus Toombs, 21 Feb 1861 - 24 Jul 1861
:Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, 25 Jul 1861 - 1 Feb 1862
:William Montague Brown, 1 Feb 1862 - 17 Mar 1862
:Judah Philip Benjamin, 18 Mar 1862 - 3 May 1865
'''Attorney General'''
:Judah Philip Benjamin, 25 Feb 1861 - 17 Sep 1861
:Wade Rutledge Keyes, 17 Sep 1861 - 21 Nov 1861
:Thomas Bragg, Jr., 21 Nov 1861 - 17 Mar 1862
:Thomas Hill Watts, 18 Mar 1862 - 1 Oct 1863
:Wade Rutledge Keyes, 1 Oct 1863 - 2 Jan 1864
:George Davis, 2 Jan 1864 - 24 Apr 1865
'''Commissioner of Patents'''
:Rufus Randolph Rhodes, 31 May 1861 - Apr 1865
'''Postmaster General'''
:Henry T. Ellet, 25 Feb 1861 - 6 Mar 1861 (nominated and confirmed; declined appointment)
:John Henninger Reagan, 6 Mar 1861 - 5 May 1865
'''Secretary of the Treasury'''
:Christopher Gustavus Memminger, 21 Feb 1861 - 18 Jul 1864
:George Alfred Trenholm, 18 Jul 1864 - 27 Apr 1865
:John Henninger Reagan, 28 Apr 1865 - 4 May 1865
'''Treasurer of the Confederate States'''
:Edward Carrington Elmore, 6 Mar 1861 - 1865
'''Comptroller and Solicitor'''
:Lewis Cruger, 1861 - 1865
'''Secretary of War'''
:Leroy Pope Walker, 21 Feb 1861 - 16 Sep 1861
:Judah Philip Benjamin, 17 Sep 1861 - 23 Mar 1862
:George Wythe Randolph, 24 Mar 1862 - 17 Nov 1862
:Gustavus Woodson Smith, 17 Nov 1862 - 21 Nov 1862
:James Alexander Seddon, 21 Nov 1862 - 6 Feb 1865
:John Cabell Breckenridge, 6 Feb 1865 - 5 May 1865
'''Chiefs of the Army Engineers Bureau (subordinated to Secretary of War)'''
:Josiah Gorgas, 8 Apr 1861 - 3 Aug 1861
:Danville Leadbetter, 3 Aug 1861 - 10 Nov 1861
:Alfred Landon Rives, 13 Nov 1861 - 24 Sep 1862
:Jeremy Francis Gilmer, 25 Sep 1862 - 17 Aug 1863
:Alfred Landon Rives, 18 Aug 1863 - 9 Mar 1864
:Martin Luther Smith, 9 Mar 1864 - Apr 1864
:Alfred Landon Rives, Apr 1864 - Jun 1864
:Jeremy Francis Gilmer, Jun 1864 - Apr 1865
'''Commissioner of Indian Territory (subordinated to Secretary of War)'''
:Albert Pike, 16 Mar 1861 - 1862
:Benjamin J. McCullough, 1862 - 7 Mar 1862
:Albert Pike, 1862 - 5 Nov 1862
:Douglas Hancock Cooper, Nov 1862 - Jan 1863
:William Steels, Jan 1863 - Dec 1863
'''Commander of the Department of Indian Territory and Superintendent of Indian Affairs (subordinated to Secretary of War)'''
:Samuel Ball Maxey, Dec 1863 - 1865
:Douglas Hancock Cooper, 1865
'''Surgeon-general (subordinated to Secretary of War)'''
:Samuel Preston Moore, 16 Mar 1861 - 1865
'''Secretary of the Navy'''
:Stephan Russell Mallory, 4 Mar 1861 - 5 May 1865
'''Colonel-Commandant of the Confederate States Marine Corps (subordinated to Secretary of the Navy)'''
:Lloyd J. Beall, 23 May 1861 - 10 May 1865
'''Superintendent of the Confederate States Naval Academy'''
:William Parker, 23 Jul 1863 - 2 May 1865

===Judicial branch===
:A federal court system with a chief justice was not created during the 1861-1865 Confederacy.

{| class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor=#cccccc
! Seal and Flags!!Detail!!Dates of Use
|- valign="center"
|-
| [[Image:ConfederateStatesofAmericaSeal.jpg|125px]] ||Great Seal of the Confederate States of America. The Latin motto ''Deo Vindice'' reads either ''"Under God, Our Vindicator"'' or ''"With God as [our] Champion"''. || 1862-1865
|-
| [[Image:Bonnieblue.png|125px]] ||The ''Bonnie Blue'' flag, unofficial first flag of the Confederacy. First flown January 9, 1861 over the state capitol building of Jackson, Mississippi. Originally, it was used by settlers of west Florida in a short, 74-day republic after they had revolted against the Spanish government, raising it at the Spanish fort in Baton Rouge on September 23, 1810.||1861
|-
| [[Image:Starsand bars1.png|125px]] ||Called the ''Stars and Bars'', it was first flown over Fort Sumter on April 13, 1861. || 1861
|-
| [[Image:CSAnational1.png|125px]] ||The First National Flag of the Confederacy. Like the flag before, it was also called the ''Stars and Bars''; this flag incorporated the 11 stars which symbolized the states that had seceeded from the Union by March, 1861.|| March 4, 1861 to May 26, 1863
|-
| [[Image:CSAnational2.png|125px]] ||The Second National Flag; also known as the ''Stainless Banner'' due to the large white field. It was also referred to as the ''Stonewall Flag'', as its first official use was to cover the casket of Lieutenant General [[Thomas J. Jackson]] in 1863.|| May 26, 1863 to March 3, 1865
|-
|[[Image:CSAnational3.png|125px]] ||The Third National Flag. The red stripe was added to the fly to correct a major drawback of the previous flag: the appearence of a flag of surrender when it hung limp.|| March 4, 1865 to April 26, 1865
|-
| [[Image:CSAbattleflag.png|125px]] ||The flag of General [[Robert E. Lee]]'s Army of Northern Virginia, called the ''Southern Cross''; the design became so popular that is was used as the canton of the Confederate national flag.|| November 28, 1861 to the fall
|-
|[[Image:CSA Naval Ensign.png|125px]] ||A variation of the Second National Flag, with a shorter 1.5:1 ratio instead of 2:1. This was the last flag hauled down in surrender, when [[CSS Shenandoah]] lowered it on November 7, 1865 in Liverpool, England.|| May 1, 1863 to the fall
|-
| [[Image:1st CSAJack.png|125px]] ||This 7-star jack was used on Confederate naval warships until 1863.|| 1861-1863
|-
| [[Image:Conf Navy Jack.png|125px]] ||Official Confederate naval jack for use on all warships from 1863, and patterned after the design of the battle flag. This flag was adopted in the years since as the ''de-facto'' flag of the South itself.|| 1863-1865
|-
|
|}

==Diplomacy==
===Relations with the United States===
For the four years of its existence, the Confederate States of America asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. The United States government, by contrast, asserted that the Southern states were provinces in rebellion and refused any formal recognition of their status. Thus, U.S. Secretary of State [[William H. Seward]] issued formal instructions to [[Charles Francis Adams Sr.]], the new minister to Great Britain:
<blockquote>You will indulge in no expressions of harshness or disrespect, or even impatience concerning the seceding States, their agents, or their people. But you will, on the contrary, all the while remember that those States are now, as they always heretofore have been, and, notwithstanding their temporary self-delusion, they must always continue to be, equal and honored members of this Federal Union, and that their citizens throughout all political misunderstandings and alienations, still are and always must be our kindred and countrymen.<ref>William Seward to Charles Francis Adams Sr., April 10, 1861 in Marion Mills Miller, Ed. ''Life And Works Of Abraham Lincoln'' (1907) Vol 6.</ref></blockquote>

However, if the British seemed inclined to recognize the Confederacy, or even waver in that regard, they were to be sharply warned, with a strong hint of war:
<blockquote>[if Britain is] tolerating the application of the so-called seceding States, or wavering about it, you will not leave them to suppose for a moment that they can grant that application and remain friends with the United States. You may even assure them promptly, in that case, that if they determine to recognize, they may at the same time prepare to enter into alliance with the enemies of this republic."<ref>Seward to Adams April 10, 1861 ibid</ref></blockquote>

The Confederate Congress responded to the hostilities by formally declaring war on the United States in May 1861 — calling it "The War between the Confederate States of America and the United States of America." The Union government never declared war but conducted its war efforts under a proclamation of [[Union blockade|blockade]] and rebellion. Mid-war negotiations between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the laws of war governed military relationships.

Four years after the war, in 1869, the United States Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Texas v. White]]'' that secession was unconstitutional and legally null. The court's opinion was authored by Chief Justice [[Salmon P. Chase]]. Jefferson Davis and his vice president Alexander Stephens both wrote long books expounding their theories of secession's legality.

===International diplomacy===
Once the war with the United States began, the best hope for the survival of the Confederacy was military intervention by Britain and France. The U.S. realized that too and made it clear that recognition of the Confederacy meant war with the United States — and the cutoff of food shipments into Britain. The Confederates who had believed in "[[King Cotton]]" — that is, Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton for its industries— were proven wrong. Britain, in fact, had ample stores of cotton in 1861 and depended much more on grain from the U.S.

During its existence, the Confederate government sent repeated delegations to Europe; historians do not give them high marks for diplomatic skills. [[James M. Mason]] was sent to London as Confederate minister to Queen Victoria, and [[John Slidell]] was sent to Paris as minister to Napoleon III. Both were able to obtain private meetings with high British and French officials, but they failed to secure official recognition for the Confederacy. Britain and the United States were at sword's point during the [[Trent Affair]] in late 1861. Mason and Slidell had been illegally seized from a British ship by an American warship. [[Queen Victoria]]'s husband, Prince Albert, helped calm the situation, and Lincoln released Mason and Slidell, so the episode was no help to the Confederacy.

Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary Lord Russell and Napoleon III, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, explored the risks and advantages of recognition of the Confederacy, or at least of offering a mediation. Recognition meant certain war with the United States, loss of American grain, loss of exports to the United States, loss of huge investments in American securities, loss of Canada and other North American colonies, much higher taxes, many lives lost and a severe threat to the entire British merchant marine, in exchange for the possibility of some cotton. Many party leaders and the general public wanted no war with such high costs and meager benefits. Recognition was considered following the [[Second Battle of Manassas]] when the British government was preparing to mediate in the conflict, but the Union victory at the [[Battle of Antietam]] and Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]], combined with internal opposition, caused the government to back away.

No country appointed any diplomat officially to the Confederacy, but several maintained their consuls in the South who had been appointed before the war.<ref> In 1861, [[Ernst Raven]] applied for approval as the [[Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] consul, but he was a citizen of Texas and there is no evidence that Saxe officials knew what he was doing; Saxe was a firm supporter of the U.S. It is false to state that Saxe (or the Pope) recognized the Confederacy. No country did so. On the Pope see see [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?root=%2Fmoa%2Fofre%2Fofre2003%2F&tif=01042.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fsgml%2Fmoa-idx%3Fnotisid%3DANU4547-2003&coll=moa&frames=1&view=50] </ref>
</ref> In 1863, the Confederacy expelled all foreign consuls (all of them British or French diplomats) for advising their subjects to refuse to serve in combat against the U.S.

Throughout the war most European powers adopted a policy of neutrality, meeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic recognition. None ever sent an ambassador or official delegation to Richmond. However, they applied international law principles that recognized the Union and Confederate sides as [[belligerent]]s. Canada allowed both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders, and some state governments in northern Mexico negotiated local agreements to cover trade on the Texas border.

===Died of States Rights?===
Historian [[Frank Lawrence Owsley]] argued that the Confederacy "died of states rights."<ref> Frank L. Owsley, ''State Rights in the Confederacy'' (Chicago, 1925), </ref> That is, strong-willed governors and state legislatures refused to give the national government the soldiers and money it needed because they feared that Richmond was encroaching on the rights of the states. Historians agree that northern governors were much more supportive of Lincoln's policies. Georgia's governor [[Joseph Brown]] warned that he saw the signs of a deep-laid conspiracy on the part of Jefferson Davis to destroy states' rights and individual liberty. Brown declaimed: "Almost every act of usurpation of power, or of bad faith, has been conceived, brought forth and nurtured in secret session." To grant the Confederate government the power to draft soldiers was the "essence of military despotism." <ref> Rable (1994) 257; however Wallace Hettle in ''The Peculiar Democracy: Southern Democrats in Peace and Civil War'' (2001) p. 158 says Owsley's "famous thesis...is overstated."</ref> In 1863 governor [[Pendleton Murrah]] of Texas insisted that Texas troops were needed for self-defense (against Indians or a threatened Union invasion), and refused to send them East.<ref> John Moretta; "Pendleton Murrah and States Rights in Civil War Texas," ''Civil War History,'' Vol. 45, 1999 </ref> [[Zebulon Vance]], the governor of North Carolina was notoriously hostile to Davis and his demands. Opposition to conscription in North Carolina was intense and its results were disastrous for recruiting. Governor Vance's faith in states' rights drove him into a stubborn opposition. <ref>Albert Burton Moore,''Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy.'' (1924) p. 295. </ref>

Vice President Stephens broke publicly with President Davis, saying any accommodation would only weaken the republic, and he therefore had no choice but to break publicly with the Confederate administration and the president. Stephens charged that to allow Davis to make "arbitrary arrests" and to draft state officials conferred on him more power than the English Parliament had ever bestowed on the king. History proved the dangers of such unchecked authority." He added that Davis intended to suppress the peace meetings in North Carolina and "put a muzzle upon certain presses" (especially the antiwar newspaper ''Raleigh Standard'') in order to control elections in that state. Echoing [[Patrick Henry]]'s "give me liberty or give me death" Stephens warned the Southerners they should never view liberty as "subordinate to independence" because the cry of "independence first and liberty second" was a "fatal delusion." As historian George Rable concludes, "For Stephens, the essence of patriotism, the heart of the Confederate cause, rested on an unyielding commitment to traditional rights. In his idealist vision of politics, military necessity, pragmatism, and compromise meant nothing."<ref> Rable (1994) 258-9</ref>

The survival of the Confederacy depended on a strong base of civilians and soldiers devoted to victory. The soldiers performed well, though increasing numbers deserted in the last year. The civilians, although enthusiastic in 1861-62 seem to have lost faith in the nation's future by 1864, and instead looked to protect their homes and communities instead. As Rable explains, "As the Confederacy shrank, citizens' sense of the cause more than ever narrowed to their own states and communities. This contraction of civic vision was more than a crabbed libertarianism; it represented an increasingly widespread disillusionment with the Confederate experiment. <ref> Rable (1994) p 265</ref>

== Economics ==
While the Northern States had modernized and embraced the industrial revolution, incorporating new technology and rebuilding infrastructure to support it, the South had remained agrarian, and reliant on slave labor to boost productivity.

The southern economic model was challenged by its lack of access to capital. When a businessman in the North wanted to build a factory, he could obtain a loan from the bank or from a group of investors, pay the labor and material costs to erect it, maintain the factory as collateral, paying back the loan with cash flow from the business. The capital was constantly liquid, changing hands from one individual to another.

Banks were fewer in the South, and most plantation profits went to purchases of more slaves and more land.

== Legacy of destruction==
The principal physical legacy of the Confederacy was mass destruction. Four years of Civil War killed at least 620,000 soldiers (counting deaths from disease as well as in battle), of whom approximately 260,000 were from the Confederacy. This represented a much larger fraction (slightly over one quarter) of the Confederacy's military age free men than was lost by the Union.

An unknown number of civilians also died, in part as a result of the campaign of systematic destruction of the infrastructure in late 1864 and early 1865 by Union General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] which helped not only to destroy the will of the Confederacy to fight, but literally to destroy the parts of the civilian economy useful o the war effort. Severe damage was inflicted on both urban and rural communities in the South, and hundreds of thousands of people became refugees. The exigencies of [[total war]] had led to the destruction of much Southern infrastructure, in particular [[railroads]], long before 1864.

Upon the Confederate defeat, General Lee on April 9, 1865 ruled out continuing to fight as [[insurgents]]; to do otherwise was folly. The Union was prepared to use techniques it had learned in Missouri: move all the hostile civilians into concentration camps, thus cutting off supplies to the insurgents, and then hunt down the rebels bands one by one.
===Extent of wartime destruction===
Most of the war was fought in Virginia and Tennessee, but every state was affected. There was little military action in Texas and Florida. Of 645 counties in 9 Confederate states (exclusing Texas and Florida), there was Union military action in 56%, containing 63% of the whites and 64% of the slaves in 1860; however when the action took place, some people had fled to safer areas, so the exact population exposed to war is unknown.<ref> Paul F. Paskoff, "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy," ''Civil War History'' 54.1 (2008) 35-62</ref>
===Towns and cities===
The Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta (with an 1860 population of 9,554), Charleston, Columbia, and Richmond (with prewar populations of 40,522, at least 8,052, and 37,910, respectively); the eleven contained 115,916 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. Historians have not estimated their population when they were invaded. The number of people who lived in the destroyed places represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's population. In addition, 45 court houses were burned (out of 830).<ref> Paul F. Paskoff, "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy," ''Civil War History'' 54.1 (2008) 35-62</ref>
===Rural areas===
The South's agriculture was not highly mechanized. The value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $81 million; by 1870, there was 40% less, of $48 million worth. Many old tools had broken through heavy use and could not be replaced; even repairs were difficult.

Railroad mileage was of course mostly in rural areas. The war followed the rails, and over two-thirds of the rails and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies, which systematically destroyed what it could. The South had 9400 miles of track and 6500 miles was in areas reached by the Union armies. About 4400 miles were in areas where Sherman and other Union generals adopted a policy of systematic destruction of the rail system. Even in untouched areas, the lack of maintenance and repair, the absence of new equipment, the heavy over-use, and the deliberate movement of equipment by the Confederates from remote areas to the war zone guaranteed the system would be virtually ruined at war's end.<ref> Paul F. Paskoff, "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy," ''Civil War History'' 54.1 (2008) 35-62</ref>

== Legacy ==

Slavery was abolished in the Confederacy by Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]], as enforced by the U.S. Army, and by the [[Thirteenth Amendment]], which became law in late 1865.

The seceding states all rescinded their ordinances of secession, and were admitted one-by-one back to the Union by the process of [[Reconstruction]]. Reconstruction began during the war and ended in 1877.

There was never an effort to revive the Confederacy, but nostalgia for the Lost Cause, and poisoned relations from the war and Reconstruction soured North-South relations until the 1890s. Some Southerners denied that slavery was the cause for their secession, but at the same time insisted on white supremacy.

After Reconstruction, the [[Redeemers]] (white Democrats) took full control and slowly removed the voting rights and some of the legal rights of the Freedmen, installing a system of segregation known as [[Jim Crow]]. The region became a [[Democratic Party]] stronghold for a century.

Economically the South was badly damaged and fell far behind the North in terms of prosperity; it took 100 years for the South to catch up.
==Bibliography==

===Surveys and textbooks===
* Coulter, E. Merton. ''The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865'' (1950), highly detailed overview; strong Southern accent
* Current, Richard N., et al eds. ''Encyclopedia of the Confederacy'' (1993) (4 Volume set; also 1 vol abridged version), comprehensive excellent reference work
* Davis, William C. ''Look Away! A History of the Confederate States of America'' (2003)
* Donald, David ''et al.'' ''The Civil War and Reconstruction'' (latest edition 2001); 700 page survey
* Eaton, Clement. ''A History of the Southern Confederacy'' (1954).
* Fellman, Michael et al. ''This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath'' (2nd ed. 2007), 544 page survey
* Heidler, David Stephen, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (2002), 1600 entries in 2700 pages in 5 vol or 1-vol editions; very good basic reference
* McPherson, James M. ''Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era'' (1988), 900 page survey; Pulitzer prize
* [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]]. ''[[Ordeal of the Union]]'', an 8-volume set (1947-1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize winner
** vol 4. Prologue to Civil War, 1859-1861; 5. The Improvised War, 1861-1862; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863; 7. The Organized War, 1863-1864; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864-1865
* Rhodes, James Ford. [http://www.bartleby.com/252/ ''History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 (1918)], Pulitzer Prize; a short version of his 5-volume history
* Roland, Charles P. ''The Confederacy'', 1960. old brief survey
* Rubin, Anne Sarah. ''A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861-1868.'' (2005). 319 pp.
* Thomas, Emory M. ''Confederate Nation: 1861-1865'' (1979). Standard political-economic-social history

===Specialized studies===
* Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, ''Why the South Lost the Civil War'' (1986) influential analysis of factors; ''The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion'' (1988), abridged version
* Boritt, Gabor S., et al, ''Why the Confederacy Lost'', (1992).
* Davis, William C. and Robertson, James I., Jr., eds. ''Virginia at War, 1861.'' (2007). 241 pp.
* Goldin, Claudia D., and Frank D. Lewis, "The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications," ''Journal of Economic History'' 35#2 (June 1975), pp. 299-326 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2119410 in JSTOR]
* Owsley, Frank Lawrence. ''King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign relations of the Confederate States of America'' (1931)
* Ransom, Roger L. "The Economics of the Civil War," ''EH.Net Encyclopedia,'' ed. Robert Whaples (Aug. 25, 2001), [http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/ransom.civil.war.us online edition]
* Rable, George C., ''The Confederate Republic: A Revolution against Politics'', (1994). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10417084 online edition]
* Thomas, Emory M. ''The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience'', (1992) short interpretive essay
* Wallenstein, Peter and Wyatt-Brown, Bertram, eds. ''Virginia's Civil War.'' (2005). 303 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Virginias-Civil-War-Peter-Wallenstein/dp/0813923158/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196544677&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wiley, Bell Irvin. ''Southern Negroes: 1861-1865'' (1938)
====Women====
* Faust, Drew. ''Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Mothers-Invention-Slaveholding-American-Morrison/dp/0807855731/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1231241330&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Harper, Judith E. ''Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia.'' (2004). 472 pp.
* Massey, Mary. ''Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War (1966), excellent overview
* Rable, George C. ''Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism'' (1989), excellent
* Roberts, Giselle. ''The Confederate Belle.'' (2003). 245 pp.
* Wiley, Bell Irvin. ''Confederate Women'' (1975), good survey
* Woodward, C. Vann, Ed., ''Mary Chesnut's Civil War'', (1981) Pulitzer Prize; primary source

== See also ==
*[[American Civil War homefront]]
*[[American Civil War: 1861]]
*[[American Civil War: 1862]]
*[[American Civil War: 1863]]
*[[American Civil War: 1864]]
*[[American Civil War: 1865]]
*[[American Civil War: Aftermath]]
*[[Reconstruction]]
*''[[C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America]]'' - A 2004 film set in an alternate world where the Confederacy won the [[American Civil War]]

===Primary sources===
* Carter, Susan B., ed. ''The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition'' (5 vols), 2006; online at many universities
* Davis, Jefferson, ''The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government '' (2 vols), 1881.
* Harwell, Richard B. ed. ''The Confederate Reader'' (1957) 389 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/13580975?title=The%20Confederate%20Reader online edition]
* Jones, John B. ''A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital'', edited by Howard Swiggert, [1935] 1993. 2 vols.
* Richardson, James D., ed. ''A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, Including the Diplomatic Correspondence 1861-1865'', 2 volumes, 1906.
* Yearns, W. Buck and Barret, John G.,eds. ''North Carolina Civil War Documentary'', 1980.
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/confdocs.html Confederate official government documents] major online collection of complete texts in HTML format, from U. of North Carolina
*'' Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865'' (7 vols), 1904. [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwcc.html online]
*[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/AP2xC84/ ''The Countryman'', 1862-1866], published weekly by Turnwold, Ga., edited by J.A. Turner; primary source

==External links==
*[http://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/confed1.html#ZY4102y1862 Confederate offices Index of Politicians by Office Held or Sought]
*[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ccsus/ ''The Federal and the Confederate Constitution Compared'']
*[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/F206xS727xv9/ ''The Making of the Confederate Constitution''], by A. L. Hull, 1905.
*[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/E468x7xM647/ ''Photographic History of the Civil War'', 10 vols., 1912.]
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/index.html DocSouth: Documenting the American South] - numerous online text, image, and audio collections.
*[http://docsouth.unc.edu/moore1/moore1.html ''The Geographical Reader for the Dixie Children''] - a Confederacy textbook written in 1863.
*[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms003052) ''Confederate States of America: A Register of Its Records in the Library of Congress'']

====Notes====
<references/>
[[Category:American Civil War]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:Former Countries]]
[[Category:The South]]
[[Category:Black History]]
[[Category:Reconstruction]]</nowiki>

John Snow

2011-03-11T17:51:33Z

EDmoronPOOR:

<nowiki>'''John Snow''' is considered the father of modern [[epidemiology]].
He contributed "the theory that [[cholera]] is communicated by means of a contaminated water-supply."<ref> [http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/snowbio.html Biography of John Snow]</ref>
<ref>"He demonstrated that cholera is communicated by contaminated water, and he made the art of anaesthesia a science." [http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/images/john-snow.html]</ref>

==References==
<references />

==Links==
*[http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html John Snow - a historical giant in epidemiology]

[[category:Scientific pioneers]]</nowiki>

John Gibbs (Burgess)

2011-03-11T17:51:08Z

EDmoronPOOR:

<nowiki>'''Lt. John Gibbs''' (c. 1600 – 1659) is an early American settler and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses.

John Gibbs was born in [[England]] around 1600. He arrived on the ship ''Supply'' at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in 1619. He was the partner of [[Christopher Stafford]] who had arrived on the ship ''The Treasuror'' in 1613.

Gibbs was a Representative from Captain Wardes Plantation along with Captain John Warde at the first House of Burgesses meeting in Virginia held in the choir of the Church of Jamestown.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/archive/colo/Jthanout/1stASSLY.html The First Legislative Assembly]</ref>

Many of the Burgesses were ill and suffered from the heat and humidity. One Burgess, Mr. Shelley, representing Smythes Hundred died on August 1, 1619. The Governor, Sir [[George Yeardley]] decided to end the meeting after six days.

Lt. Gibbs did not survive the March 22, 1622 Indian attack of Westover.<ref>Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607-1635: A Biographical Dictionary, [[Martha W. McCartney]], page 325.</ref>

== References ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<small><references/></small>
</div>

[[Category:United States History Figures]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gibbs, John}}</nowiki>

User talk:Dwain

2011-03-11T17:50:10Z

EDmoronPOOR:

<nowiki>Dwain! How goes it! It's me, Nobs01 from WP. I'm a Sysop here. Hey, I got some info about Flato (I think) you might want to take a look at. It's very strange. Let me find it..... [[User:RobS|Rob Smith]] 17:06, 23 September 2007 (EDT)

:Check this site out [http://www.education-research.org/CSR/Holdings/Silvermaster/summaries.htm]. Remember, Bentley never named Flato, but out of the 164 volumes in the FBI investigation (probably 40,000 pages), the editor who made these summaries recorded two hits, vol 24 and vol 130. There may be more in the other volumes (like what I think I found) but nobodies dug it out and made a summary or posted a citation link with the volume and page number yet (don't worry about NOR, we're not so strict on that). [[User:RobS|Rob Smith]] 18:32, 24 September 2007 (EDT)

Pleae be careful about copying from wikipedia as with the [[Sanford Ransdell]] article. That is against our policy. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 03:36, 2 October 2007 (EDT)

: Our mistake, Dwain. Sorry. You can bring over what you wrote elsewhere and I will restore that entry. Thanks and welcome.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 09:55, 2 October 2007 (EDT)

==Chevy Chase==

Okay. I'll cite it when I have time. Apparently he was a real jerk on the set. [[User:Maestro|Maestro]] 14:35, 21 December 2007 (EST)

== Please be careful ==

Try to only make wikilinks for entries if you believe they are especially important to the subject matter or you have reason to believe they will be created shortly. Highlighting all movies, like you did under [[Woody Allen]] directorship, is not contructive for our site -- especially since two of the links point to articles that have nothing to do with the movies.

Also, when possible we try to put people in categories where they have made a large contribution and are known for those categories by those who follow them. So with [[Ben Affleck]], putting him in as a director really isn't appropriate since he is known as an actor (he's acted in 47 movies, he's directed 2). Most actors will at some time or another choose to director a film, but to have them all start to show up under the directors category would make it difficult to find the people who are known as directors in their field.

Thanks [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 17:11, 21 December 2007 (EST)

==[[Noah Beauchamp‎]]==
If you please, you have to demonstrate that you are the sole author of this Wikipedia article prior to its inclusion here; if not then it will have to be removed. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 11:59, 30 August 2008 (EDT)</nowiki>

User:Dwain

2011-03-11T17:49:47Z

EDmoronPOOR:

<nowiki>Wikipedia stinks! Why is it that just about every satanist, occultist, communist, pervert online goes there to edit? Wikipedia is like an evil dumping ground where Truth is trashed daily for liberal lies and an anti-Christian propaganda. It's really too bad that Wikipedia, because they were the first so-called editable online encyclopedia to take off, gets all the attention as millions of people are misguided unknowingly, everytime they read much of the waste that is on that website. Homosexuality good; Christianity bad! Abortion good; Republicans bad! Dwain, Just venting, sorry.

{{Useful links}}</nowiki>

Full Text of the Confederate States Constitution

2011-03-11T17:49:18Z

EDmoronPOOR:

<nowiki>==Preamble==
We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character, in order to form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity — invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God — do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America.

==Article 1. - The Legislative Branch==
===Section 1 - The Legislature===

1. All legislative powers herein delegated shall be vested in a Congress of the Confederate States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

===Section 2 - The House===

1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States; and the electors in each State shall be citizens of the Confederate States, and have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature; but no person of foreign birth, not a citizen of the Confederate States, shall be allowed to vote for any officer, civil or political, State or Federal.

2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and be a citizen of the Confederate States, and who shall not when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States, which may be included within this Confederacy, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all slaves. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the Confederate States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every fifty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of South Carolina shall be entitled to choose six; the State of Georgia ten; the State of Alabama nine; the State of Florida two; the State of Mississippi seven; the State of Louisiana six; and the State of Texas six.

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment; except that any judicial or other Federal officer, resident and acting solely within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature thereof.

===Section 3 - The Senate===

1. The Senate of the Confederate States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen for six years by the Legislature thereof, at the regular session next immediately preceding the commencement of the term of service; and each Senator shall have one vote.

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year; of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year; so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other wise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.

3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and be a citizen of the Confederate States; and who shall not, then elected, be an inhabitant of the State for which he shall be chosen.

4. The Vice President of the Confederate States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers; and also a president pro tempore in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the Confederate states.

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the Confederate States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit under the Confederate States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law.

===Section 4 - Elections, Meetings===

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof, subject to the provisions of this Constitution; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the times and places of choosing Senators.

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day.

===Section 5 - Membership, Rules, Journals, Adjournment===

1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each House may provide.

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the whole number, expel a member.

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

===Section 6 - Compensation===

1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the Confederate States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the Confederate States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the Confederate States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. But Congress may, by law, grant to the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments a seat upon the floor of either House, with the privilege of discussing any measures appertaining to his department.

===Section 7 - Revenue Bills, Legislative Process, Presidential Veto===

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills.

2. Every bill which shall have passed both Houses, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the Confederate States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law. The President may approve any appropriation and disapprove any other appropriation in the same bill. In such case he shall, in signing the bill, designate the appropriations disapproved; and shall return a copy of such appropriations, with his objections, to the House in which the bill shall have originated; and the same proceedings shall then be had as in case of other bills disapproved by the President.

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of both Houses may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the Confederate States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of both Houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in case of a bill.

===Section 8 - Powers of Congress===

The Congress shall have power -

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises for revenue, necessary to pay the debts, provide for the common defense, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury; nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry; and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the Confederate States.

2. To borrow money on the credit of the Confederate States.

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; but neither this, nor any other clause contained in the Constitution, shall ever be construed to delegate the power to Congress to appropriate money for any internal improvement intended to facilitate commerce; except for the purpose of furnishing lights, beacons, and buoys, and other aids to navigation upon the coasts, and the improvement of harbors and the removing of obstructions in river navigation; in all which cases such duties shall be laid on the navigation facilitated thereby as may be necessary to pay the costs and expenses thereof.

4. To establish uniform laws of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the Confederate States; but no law of Congress shall discharge any debt contracted before the passage of the same.

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures.

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the Confederate States.

7. To establish post offices and post routes; but the expenses of the Post Office Department, after the 1st day of March in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and sixty-three, shall be paid out of its own revenues.

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court.

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations.

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water.

12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years.

13. To provide and maintain a navy.

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces.

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Confederate States, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the Confederate States; reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of one or more States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the Confederate States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings; and

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the Confederate States, or in any department or officer thereof.

===Section 9 - Limits on Congress, Bill of Rights===

1. The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slaveholding States or Territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same.

2. Congress shall also have power to prohibit the introduction of slaves from any State not a member of, or Territory not belonging to, this Confederacy.

3. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

4. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed.

5. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.

6. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State, except by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses.

7. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another.

8. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

9. Congress shall appropriate no money from the Treasury except by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses, taken by yeas and nays, unless it be asked and estimated for by some one of the heads of departments and submitted to Congress by the President; or for the purpose of paying its own expenses and contingencies; or for the payment of claims against the Confederate States, the justice of which shall have been judicially declared by a tribunal for the investigation of claims against the Government, which it is hereby made the duty of Congress to establish.

10. All bills appropriating money shall specify in Federal currency the exact amount of each appropriation and the purposes for which it is made; and Congress shall grant no extra compensation to any public contractor, officer, agent, or servant, after such contract shall have been made or such service rendered.

11. No title of nobility shall be granted by the Confederate States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

12. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

13. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

14. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

15. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

16. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

17. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

18. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact so tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the Confederacy, than according to the rules of common law.

19. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

20. Every law, or resolution having the force of law, shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.

===Section 10 - Powers prohibited of States===

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports, or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the Confederate States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress.

3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, except on seagoing vessels, for the improvement of its rivers and harbors navigated by the said vessels; but such duties shall not conflict with any treaties of the Confederate States with foreign nations; and any surplus revenue thus derived shall, after making such improvement, be paid into the common treasury. Nor shall any State keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. But when any river divides or flows through two or more States they may enter into compacts with each other to improve the navigation thereof.

==Article 2. - The Executive Branch==
===Section 1 - The President===

1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the Confederate States of America. He and the Vice President shall hold their offices for the term of six years; but the President shall not be reeligible. The President and Vice President shall be elected as follows:

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative or person holding an office of trust or profit under the Confederate States shall be appointed an elector.

3. The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of. the Confederate States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall,in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States ~ the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 4th day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in case of the death, or other constitutional disability of the President.

4. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.

5. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the Confederate States.

6. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the Confederate States.

7. No person except a natural-born citizen of the Confederate; States, or a citizen thereof at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, or a citizen thereof born in the United States prior to the 20th of December, 1860, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the limits of the Confederate States, as they may exist at the time of his election.

8. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President; and the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.

9. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the Confederate States, or any of them.

10. Before he enters on the execution of his office he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Confederate States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution thereof."

===Section 2 - Civilian Power over Military, Cabinet, Pardon Power, Appointments===

1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the Confederate States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the Confederate States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the Confederate States, except in cases of impeachment.

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties; provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the Confederate States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

3. The principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, and all persons connected with the diplomatic service, may be removed from office at the pleasure of the President. All other civil officers of the Executive Departments may be removed at any time by the President, or other appointing power, when their services are unnecessary, or for dishonesty, incapacity. inefficiency, misconduct, or neglect of duty; and when so removed, the removal shall be reported to the Senate, together with the reasons therefor.

4. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session; but no person rejected by the Senate shall be reappointed to the same office during their ensuing recess.

===Section 3 - State of the Union, Convening Congress===

1. The President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Confederacy, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them; and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the Confederate States.

===Section 4 - Disqualification===

1. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the Confederate States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

==Article 3. - The Judicial Branch==
===Section 1 - Judicial powers===

1. The judicial power of the Confederate States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

===Section 2 - Trial by Jury, Original Jurisdiction, Jury Trials===

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases arising under this Constitution, the laws of the Confederate States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the Confederate States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State, where the State is plaintiff; between citizens claiming lands under grants of different States; and between a State or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects; but no State shall be sued by a citizen or subject of any foreign state.

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

===Section 3 - Treason===

1. Treason against the Confederate States shall consist only in levying war against.them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

==Article 4. - The States==
===Section 1 - Each State to Honor all others===

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State; and the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

===Section 2 - State citizens, Extradition===

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States; and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby impaired.

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime against the laws of such State, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.

3. No slave or other person held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the Confederate States, under the laws thereof, escaping or lawfully carried into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such slave belongs; or to whom such service or labor may be due.

===Section 3 - New States===

1. Other States may be admitted into this Confederacy by a vote of two- thirds of the whole House of Representatives and two-thirds of the Senate, the Senate voting by States; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations concerning the property of the Confederate States, including the lands thereof.

3. The Confederate States may acquire new territory; and Congress shall have power to legislate and provide governments for the inhabitants of all territory belonging to the Confederate States, lying without the limits of the several Sates; and may permit them, at such times, and in such manner as it may by law provide, to form States to be admitted into the Confederacy. In all such territory the institution of negro slavery, as it now exists in the Confederate States, shall be recognized and protected by Congress and by the Territorial government; and the inhabitants of the several Confederate States and Territories shall have the right to take to such Territory any slaves lawfully held by them in any of the States or Territories of the Confederate States.

4. The Confederate States shall guarantee to every State that now is, or hereafter may become, a member of this Confederacy, a republican form of government; and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the Legislature or of the Executive when the Legislature is not in session) against domestic violence.

==Article 5. - Amendment==
1. Upon the demand of any three States, legally assembled in their several conventions, the Congress shall summon a convention of all the States, to take into consideration such amendments to the Constitution as the said States shall concur in suggesting at the time when the said demand is made; and should any of the proposed amendments to the Constitution be agreed on by the said convention ~ voting by States ~ and the same be ratified by the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, or by conventions in two-thirds thereof ~ as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the general convention ~ they shall thenceforward form a part of this Constitution. But no State shall, without its consent, be deprived of its equal representation in the Senate.

==Article 6. - The Confederacy==
===Section 1 - Transition from the Provisional Government===

1. The Government established by this Constitution is the successor of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, and all the laws passed by the latter shall continue in force until the same shall be repealed or modified; and all the officers appointed by the same shall remain in office until their successors are appointed and qualified, or the offices abolished.

===Section 2 - Debts of the Provisional Government===

2. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the Confederate States under this Constitution, as under the Provisional Government.

===Section 3 - Supremacy of the Constitution===

3. This Constitution, and the laws of the Confederate States made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the Confederate States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.

===Section 4 - Oaths of Office===

4. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the Confederate States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the Confederate States.

===Section 5 - Reservation of unenumerated rights===

5. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people of the several States.

===Section 6 - State powers===

6. The powers not delegated to the Confederate States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people thereof.

==Article 7. - Ratification==
1. The ratification of the conventions of five States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.

2. When five States shall have ratified this Constitution, in the manner before specified, the Congress under the Provisional Constitution shall prescribe the time for holding the election of President and Vice President; and for the meeting of the Electoral College; and for counting the votes, and inaugurating the President. They shall, also, prescribe the time for holding the first election of members of Congress under this Constitution, and the time for assembling the same. Until the assembling of such Congress, the Congress under the Provisional Constitution shall continue to exercise the legislative powers granted them; not extending beyond the time limited by the Constitution of the Provisional Government.

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Adopted unanimously by the Congress of the Confederate States of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, sitting in Convention at the capitol, in the city of Montgomery, Alabama, on the Eleventh day of March, in the year Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-One.

HOWELL COBB,
President of the Congress.

1. South Carolina: R. Barnwell Rhett, C. G. Memminger, Wm. Porcher Miles, James Chesnut, Jr., R. W. Barnwell, William W. Boyce, Lawrence M. Keitt, T. J. Withers.

2. Georgia: Francis S. Bartow, Martin J. Crawford, Benjamin H. Hill, Thos. R. R. Cobb.

3. Florida: Jackson Morton, J. Patton Anderson, Jas. B. Owens.

4. Alabama: Richard W. Walker, Robt. H. Smith, Colin J. McRae, William P. Chilton, Stephen F. Hale, David P. Lewis, Tho. Fearn, Jno. Gill Shorter, J. L. M. Curry.

5. Mississippi: Alex. M. Clayton, James T. Harrison, William S. Barry, W. S. Wilson, Walker Brooke, W. P. Harris, J. A. P. Campbell.

6. Louisiana: Alex. de Clouet, C. M. Conrad, Duncan F. Kenner, Henry Marshall.

7. Texas: John Hemphill, Thomas N. Waul, John H. Reagan, Williamson S. Oldham, Louis T. Wigfall, John Gregg, William Beck Ochiltree.</nowiki>