Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Zoroastrianism

2009-08-16T01:04:50Z

ExFin: /* Contemporality of Judaism and Zoroastrianism */ new section

{{Wikiproject Religion}}
Far be it from me to contradict, but here's a passage from another encyclopedia, whose editor-in-chief is a noted religious scholar:
* Due to its great antiquity, Zoroastrianism was tremendously influential on the history, culture and art of Persia, as well as on the development of the Abrahamic religions. According to scholars, Zoroastrianism was the first religion to believe in angels, a day of judgment, a Satan figure, and an ongoing battle between forces of light and darkness in the cosmos. These ideas later influenced the theological development of Judaism (and, by extension, Christianity and Islam). [http://www.encyclopediaproject.net/wiki/Zoroastrianism#Cosmology.2C_Eschatology_and_Soteriology]

There are other scholars who say Judaism influenced Zoroastrianism -- [[Image:50 star flag.png|12px]] [[User:Deborah]] [[Special:Contributions/Deborah|(contributions)]] [[User_talk:Deborah|(talk)]] 22:24, 1 April 2008 (EDT)

:Don't the Abrahamic religions predate Zoroaster? If that was the case, it would make most sense that they influenced Zoroastrianism. [[User:DanH|DanH]] 22:28, 1 April 2008 (EDT)

Judaism is much older than Zoroastrianism but there is a claim that concepts like angels and other things were stolen by the Jews from the Zoroastrians during the Babylonian captivity, yet angels are mentioned in the Torah which predates the earliest Zoroastrian text by thousands of years, the oldest intact Zoroastrian text post-dates the death of Jesus! But some scholars argue that the writing style of this Zoroastrian text dates to 600bc even if so you have to say the Torah was forged after this Zoroastrian text-- [[Image:50 star flag.png|12px]] [[User:Deborah]] [[Special:Contributions/Deborah|(contributions)]] [[User_talk:Deborah|(talk)]] 22:58, 1 April 2008 (EDT)

:Indeed, claims that denigrate the written record of the history of Judaism and Christianity are common, and usually similar to what we have here. A text 700 to 800 years after the date that "scholars" claim it was written, but assumed to be from a much earlier time period based on estimates alone. So how does it help to have a text written in 600 B.C. when Abraham was born in 2000 B.C. and Moses was about 1500 B.C.? Well these same scholars have decided that the Bible was edited at a later date to fill in the information from Zoraster. Oh, the same scholars also believe that not only wasn't there an Abraham, but there wasn't even a Moses. Unless the name of our site has changed from Conservapedia to Wikipedia, it has no place here. [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 01:33, 2 April 2008 (EDT)

== Contemporality of Judaism and Zoroastrianism ==

Deborah is correct in that there are conflicting claims as well as the fact that most copies of the Avesta from far into the period A.D. The ''Gathas'' or religious songs which are of central liturgical and daily spiritual importance are ''believed'' to be the work of ''Zartosht'' or Zarathustra himself. However, this is a canonical tradition and not based upon carbon dating or archealogy as far as I have been able to determine.

The article should probably separate out the ''Gathas'' and explain them on their own and then name the various parts of the ''Avesta''. I would also insert a section or separate article about ''Zoroastrian Revival'' which is a growing current event in exile Iranian communities around the world. The conversion debate currently going on (between Indian Parsis and the more liberal Iranian ''Mobeds'') is also contentious and exiting as a subject.
--[[User:ExFin|--ExFin]] 21:04, 15 August 2009 (EDT)

American Council of Trustees and Alumni

2009-08-16T00:52:13Z

ExFin: /* ACTA and The Ward Churchill Case */

The '''American Council of Trustees and Alumni''' or (ACTA) is a non-profit organization with the aim of ensuring non-biased or ideologically-charged [[Liberal Arts]] education at public and private institutions of higher education across the [[United States]]. It was founded in 1995 with Dr. [[Jerry_L._Martin|Jerry L. Martin]] a former Philosphy professor at the [[University of Colorado]] (Boulder) as its first [[President]].

The organization works with various higher education stakeholders, including alumni, donors, trustees and faculty with focus on the quality of education and research at universities. The current President of ACTA is Robert T. Lewit, M.D.

==ACTA and The Ward Churchill Case==

Former ACTA President [[Anne D. Neal]] was interviewed regarding the views of that organization as to whether a violation of free speech had occurred in the case of [[Ward Churchill]], a [[University of Colorado]] professor of Ethnic Studies accused and later found guilty of academic misconduct and classroom activism. She confirmed that the Churchill affair was only part of a larger problematic trend of political extremism and pseudo-academic scholarship at universities around the country.<ref>Interview with ACTA President Anne D. Neal (Petri), 2007. ''How Many Ward Churchills?''</ref> The organization had published an official report entitled ''How Many Ward Churchills?'' in 2006.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
* Organizational
** [http://www.goacta.org/about/mission-and-history.cfm American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA)]
* Stances on Current Affairs
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKtHrh0sLnk&feature=PlayList&p=E31A1AA12BA72D29&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=13 How Many Ward Churchills?] (Video Series)

[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Educational Reform]]
[[Category:Organizations]]

American Council of Trustees and Alumni

2009-08-16T00:46:44Z

ExFin: /* ACTA and The Ward Churchill Case */

The '''American Council of Trustees and Alumni''' or (ACTA) is a non-profit organization with the aim of ensuring non-biased or ideologically-charged [[Liberal Arts]] education at public and private institutions of higher education across the [[United States]]. It was founded in 1995 with Dr. [[Jerry_L._Martin|Jerry L. Martin]] a former Philosphy professor at the [[University of Colorado]] (Boulder) as its first [[President]].

The organization works with various higher education stakeholders, including alumni, donors, trustees and faculty with focus on the quality of education and research at universities. The current President of ACTA is Robert T. Lewit, M.D.

==ACTA and The Ward Churchill Case==

Former ACTA President [[Anne D. Neal]] was interviewed regarding the views of that organization as to whether a violation of free speech had occurred in the case of [[Ward Churchill]], a [[University of Colorado]] professor of Ethnic Studies accused of academic misconduct and classroom activism. She confirmed that the Churchill affair was only part of a larger problematic trend of political extremism and pseudo-academic scholarship at universities around the country.<ref>Interview with ACTA President Anne D. Neal (Petri), 2007. ''How Many Ward Churchills?''</ref> The organization had published an official report entitled ''How Many Ward Churchills?'' in 2006.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
* Organizational
** [http://www.goacta.org/about/mission-and-history.cfm American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA)]
* Stances on Current Affairs
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKtHrh0sLnk&feature=PlayList&p=E31A1AA12BA72D29&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=13 How Many Ward Churchills?] (Video Series)

[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Educational Reform]]
[[Category:Organizations]]

American Council of Trustees and Alumni

2009-08-16T00:44:21Z

ExFin: Categories and name spelling corrections.

The '''American Council of Trustees and Alumni''' or (ACTA) is a non-profit organization with the aim of ensuring non-biased or ideologically-charged [[Liberal Arts]] education at public and private institutions of higher education across the [[United States]]. It was founded in 1995 with Dr. [[Jerry_L._Martin|Jerry L. Martin]] a former Philosphy professor at the [[University of Colorado]] (Boulder) as its first [[President]].

The organization works with various higher education stakeholders, including alumni, donors, trustees and faculty with focus on the quality of education and research at universities. The current President of ACTA is Robert T. Lewit, M.D.

==ACTA and The Ward Churchill Case==

Former ACTA President [[Anne D. Neal]] was interviewed regarding the views of that organization as to whether a violation of free speech had occurred in the case of [[Ward Churchill]], a [[University of Colorado]] professor of Ethnic Studies accused of academic misconduct and classroom activism. She confirmed that the Churchill affair was only part of a larger problematic trend of political extremism and pseudo-academic scholarship at universities around the country.<ref>Interview with ACTA President Anne D. Neal (Petri), 2007. ''How Many Ward Churchills?''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
* Organizational
** [http://www.goacta.org/about/mission-and-history.cfm American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA)]
* Stances on Current Affairs
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKtHrh0sLnk&feature=PlayList&p=E31A1AA12BA72D29&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=13 How Many Ward Churchills?] (Video Series)

[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Educational Reform]]
[[Category:Organizations]]

American Council of Trustees and Alumni

2009-08-15T23:59:20Z

ExFin: /* External Links */

The '''American Council of Trustees and Alumni''' or (ACTA) is a non-profit organization with the aim of ensuring non-biased or ideologically-charged [[Liberal Arts]] education at public and private institutions of higher education across the [[United States]]. It was founded in 1995 with Dr. [[Jerry_L._Martin|Jerry L. Martin]] a former Philosphy professor at the [[University of Colorado]] (Boulder) as its first [[President]].

The organization works with various higher education stakeholders, including alumni, donors, trustees and faculty with focus on the quality of education and research at universities. The current President of ACTA is Robert T. Lewit, M.D.

==ACTA and The Ward Churchill Case==

Former ACTA President [[Ann Neal]] was interviewed regarding the views of that organization as to whether a violation of free speech had occurred in the case of [[Ward Churchill]], a [[University of Colorado]] professor of Ethnic Studies accused of academic misconduct and classroom activism. She confirmed that the Churchill affair was only part of a larger problematic trend of political extremism and pseudo-academic scholarship at universities around the country.<ref>Interview with ACTA President Ann Neal, 2007. ''How Many Ward Churchills?''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
* Organizational
** [http://www.goacta.org/about/mission-and-history.cfm American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA)]
* Stances on Current Affairs
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKtHrh0sLnk&feature=PlayList&p=E31A1AA12BA72D29&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=13 How Many Ward Churchills?] (Video Series)

American Council of Trustees and Alumni

2009-08-15T23:58:46Z

ExFin:

The '''American Council of Trustees and Alumni''' or (ACTA) is a non-profit organization with the aim of ensuring non-biased or ideologically-charged [[Liberal Arts]] education at public and private institutions of higher education across the [[United States]]. It was founded in 1995 with Dr. [[Jerry_L._Martin|Jerry L. Martin]] a former Philosphy professor at the [[University of Colorado]] (Boulder) as its first [[President]].

The organization works with various higher education stakeholders, including alumni, donors, trustees and faculty with focus on the quality of education and research at universities. The current President of ACTA is Robert T. Lewit, M.D.

==ACTA and The Ward Churchill Case==

Former ACTA President [[Ann Neal]] was interviewed regarding the views of that organization as to whether a violation of free speech had occurred in the case of [[Ward Churchill]], a [[University of Colorado]] professor of Ethnic Studies accused of academic misconduct and classroom activism. She confirmed that the Churchill affair was only part of a larger problematic trend of political extremism and pseudo-academic scholarship at universities around the country.<ref>Interview with ACTA President Ann Neal, 2007. ''How Many Ward Churchills?''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
* Organizational
** [http://www.goacta.org/about/mission-and-history.cfm American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA)]
* Stances on Current Affairs
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKtHrh0sLnk&feature=PlayList&p=E31A1AA12BA72D29&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=13 How Many Ward Churchills?]

American Council of Trustees and Alumni

2009-08-15T23:57:20Z

ExFin: ACTA and Current Affairs addition

The '''American Council of Trustees and Alumni''' or (ACTA) is a non-profit organization with the aim of ensuring non-biased or ideologically-charged [[Liberal Arts]] education at public and private institutions of higher education across the [[United States]]. It was founded in 1995 with Dr. [[Jerry_L._Martin|Jerry L. Martin]] a former Philosphy professor at the [[University of Colorado]] (Boulder) as its first [[President]].

The organization works with various higher education stakeholders, including alumni, donors, trustees and faculty with focus on the quality of education and research at universities. The current President of ACTA is Robert T. Lewit, M.D.

==ACTA and The Ward Churchill Case==

Former ACTA President [[Ann Neal]] was interviewed regarding the views of that organization as to whether a violation of free speech had occurred in the case of [[Ward Churchill]], a [[University of Colorado]] professor of Ethnic Studies accused of academic misconduct and classroom activism. She confirmed that the Churchill affair was only part of a larger problematic trend of political extremism and pseudo-academic scholarship at universities around the country.<ref>Interview with ACTA President Ann Neal, 2007. ''How Many Ward Churchills?''</ref>

==External Links==
* Organizational
** [http://www.goacta.org/about/mission-and-history.cfm American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA)]
* Stances on Current Affairs
** [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKtHrh0sLnk&feature=PlayList&p=E31A1AA12BA72D29&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=13 How Many Ward Churchills?]]

User:ExFin

2009-08-12T22:03:58Z

ExFin:

== An Ex-Wikipedian and Classical Conservative ==

{{Userboxtop|ExFin Bio Editor}}
{{User Worldconservative}}
{{User research}}
{{User Touchy}}
{{User ronny}}
{{User Israel}}
{{User free speech}}
{{User lose weight}}
{{Userbox|yellow|blue|50+|This user has made over 50 edits to Conservapedia along with 9 new articles... and counting...}}
{{userboxbottom}}
{{Babel|en|es|sv}}

This user is a classical Conservative in the European sense of the
word. Burke is one of my idols and I believe religion can be a positive
force in society, regardless of whether it is Christian, Jewish, Buddhist or
Hindu. While I support public pay-in insurance systems (it's been proven
in most cases to result in less expensive premiums for the insured), I
do not support the Finnish myth that all people have the same capacity
and have a right to exactly the same things.

I also am adamently against a culture where being extra talented or
gifted is seen as something people should hide or be ashamed of. A society
works best when we together celebrate the different talents and make sure
people with gifts are able to find their way to where they are needed in
society. It's like being on the same team where every player has a special
talent and task.

'''My Wikinightmare'''

I am a refugee of the Wikipedia edit wars. I gradually became disillusioned
with the fact that "anyone or anything" was allowed to edit, regardless of
how much (or how incredibly little) they knew about a subject.... and boy can some ignorant people be
very arrogant! I think an encyclopedia should be a wholesome and intellectual hobby environment where everybody learns something through a respectful debate.

== Planned New Articles ==

* Njalsson Family (an Icelandic-American-Canadian-Finnish family)
* Anza, California (city article)
* Space Law (a general article on the field) - In Progress
* Finland-related articles (immigration, conservativism in Finland, etc.)
* Public Administration - In Progress
* Cyberslander (Comparative legal regimes) - Research in Progress

==My Quotes of the Month==

* ''A society that will not set limits for its children will eventually end up having to defend itself against them.''
* ''If a person cannot be faithful in marriage and friendship, how can such a person uphold any contract?''

== Projects I Think We Should Hurry Up With ==
* Veterans Memory Project (Conservapedia could put together a really
cool veterans biography project (a special portal) and coordinate it with the Library of Congress project with a similar purpose. This might bring some positive PR!) How could we compliment the LOC project as an encyclopedia?
* Why on earth would Conservapedia include entries on companies and enterprises?
What is the difference between our entries and those of Wikipedia? There is a clear difference! We should profile unique examples of industriousness, willingness to innovate and the results of hard work for young people and other readers to learn from! We should support a culture of free enterprise and the rewarding of those who excell and work hard. Our unique company infobox should reflect this Conservapedia philosophy.
* Headstart in Ethics Portal. This portal would offer articles on various issues of child-raising, with particular emphasis on how children learn right from wrong and self-discipline/responsibility. Focus would be on what is known about this learning process and about "best-practices".

[[category:agnostic conservapedians]]
[[category:classical conservatives]]
[[category:european conservapedians]]

Canada

2009-08-09T23:31:58Z

ExFin: /* Public Health Care */ Corrected. It was 1984.

{{Country
|name =''Canada''
|map =Canada pol99.jpg
|map2 =Loc of Canada.png
|flag =Flag of Canada.svg
|arms =Canada arms.png
|capital =Ottawa
|capital-raw =
|government =Parliamentary Democracy/Federal Constitutional monarchy
|government-raw =
|language =English, French
|king =
|queen =Elizabeth II
|monarch-raw =
|president =
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Stephen Harper
|pm-raw =
|chairman =
|premier =
|area =
|pop =32,907,500
|pop-basis =2007
|gdp =$1.105 trillion
|gdp-year =2007
|gdp-pc =$35,133
|currency =Canadian dollar
|idd =
|tld =
}}
'''Canada''' is a [[country]] in [[North America]] which extends from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the west to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the east and northward to the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Canada is the largest country by total area in [[North America]] and the second largest in the world behind [[Russia]]. It also has the longest coastline of any nation, as well as the longest border with the [[United States]] to the south and northwest.

Canada's motto, ''A Mari usque ad Mare'' (From sea to sea), is based on biblical scripture: "He shall have dominion from sea to sea and from the river unto the ends of the earth (Psalm 72:8)".<ref>[http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/arm2_e.cfm The Arms of Canada- Description]</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Canada originated in 1535 by [[Jacques Cartier]] is based on the Iroquoian word "kanata", meaning "village." <ref name="Canadian_Encylopedia">[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&ArticleId=A0001216 The Canadian Encyclopedia]</ref> By 1545, Europeans began referring to this region as Canada.

The name ''Dominion of Canada'' was adopted during [[British North America Act|confederation]] in 1867; the term "dominion" was new, and it seemed a better choice than "kingdom" (which might annoy the Americans). The name continued until the [[Constitution Act]] of 1982, when "Canada" became the legal name.

==Flag and anthem==
The Canadian national flag was officially adopted February 15, 1965; prior to that time and subsequent to Confederation in 1867, Canada used a variant of the Red Ensign, a British merchant flag, as its national flag. The Liberal government refused to hold a referendum on the subject; instead the public was invited to submit designs.<ref>[http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/df3_e.cfm Birth of the Canadian Flag]</ref> The introduction of the new flag was not without controversy.

In a memo from Diefenbaker’s personal files he wrote:
<blockquote>The Pearson flag is a meaningless Flag. There is no recognition of history; no indication of the existence of French and English Canada; the partnership of the races; no acknowledgment of history. It is a flag without a past, without history, without honour and without pride.” (Source – I Stand for Canada: The Story of the Maple Leaf Flag ).<ref>[http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/cultural/flag/national-flag-canada.html The Debate Over the Maple Leaf Flag]</ref></blockquote>

While the debate has been largely forgotten today, the Red Ensign can still be seen flying on some private homes and the debate does reemerge into the public domain occasionally. <ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070321.wxflag21/BNStory/National/ PM wants Red Ensign to fly at Vimy, sources say]</ref>

The Canadian national anthem, '[[O Canada]]', was written by Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier as a poem, to which music, composed by Calixa Lavallée, was later added, in 1880. The original was composed in French, and was first translated into English by Dr. Thomas Bedford Richardson of Toronto, Ontario, in 1906. However, it was not officially adopted as the national anthem until 1980.<ref>[http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/anthem_e.cfm National Anthem: O Canada]</ref> It is important to distinguish between 'O Canada', the national anthem, and 'God Save The Queen', which is the Royal anthem, played as a salute to Her Majesty [[Queen Elizabeth II]] as Queen of Canada.

==Geography==
[[File:E-canada.jpg|thumb|450px|political map of Canada]]
At the time of Confederation, Canada was comprised of four provinces: Upper Canada (now Ontario), Lower Canada (now Québec), Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Since that time, six additional provinces have joined Canada or have been created. From west to east, the provinces are [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]], [[Ontario]], [[Québec]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Newfoundland|Newfoundland and Labrador]]. Newfoundland was the last province to join Canada, in 1949. The provinces all elect a single (unicameral) legislature, headed by Premier, who is selected the same way as the Prime Minister. A Lieutenant-Governor represents the Queen, similar to the Governor General.
Canada has three territories: the [[Yukon Territory]], the [[Northwest Territories]], and [[Nunavut]]. Territories have only have those powers delegated to them by the federal government.

*Area: 9.9 million sq. km. (3.8 million sq. mi.); second-largest country in the world.
*Cities: Capital--Ottawa (pop. 1.1 million). Other major cities--Toronto (5.1 million), Montreal (3.6 million), Vancouver (2.1 million), Calgary (1.1 million), Edmonton (1.0 million), Quebec City (0.7 million), Winnipeg (0.7 million), Hamilton (0.7 million).
*Terrain: Mostly plains with mountains in the west and lowlands in the southeast.
*Climate: Temperate to arctic.

==People==
*Population (2008 est.): 33.1 million.
*Ethnic groups: British/Irish 28%, French 23%, other European 15%, Asian/Arab/African 6%, indigenous Amerindian 2%, mixed background 26%.
*Religions: Roman Catholic 43.6%, Protestant 29.2%, other Christian 4.3%, Muslim 2.0%, Jewish 1.1%, Buddhist 1.0%, Hindu 1.0% other 1.3%, none 16.5%.
*Languages: English (official) 57.8%, French (official) 22.1%, other 20.1% (including Chinese and aboriginal languages).
*Education: Literacy--99% of population aged 15 and over has at least a ninth-grade education.
*Health: Infant mortality rate--5.4/1,000. Life expectancy--77.7 yrs. male, 82.5 yrs. female.
*Work force (2008, 18.2 million): Goods-producing sector--25%, of which: manufacturing 15%; construction 6%; agriculture 2%; natural resources 2%; utilities 1%. Service-producing sector--75%, of which: trade 16%; health care and social assistance 11%; educational services 7%, accommodation and food services 7%; professional, scientific, and technical services 7%; finance 6%; public administration 5%; transportation and warehousing 5%; information, culture, and recreation 5%; other services 4%.

In 2005 the city of [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] was voted "the world's best place to live".<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4306936.stm Vancouver is "best place to live"]</ref>
Canada's population is increasingly urban, with 6 cities recording a population over 1 million ([[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], [[Vancouver]], [[Ottawa]]-Gatineau, [[Calgary]], [[Edmonton]]); these 6 cities represent over 45% of Canada's population. Canada is becoming an increasingly multicultural country, with most new immigrants settling in [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]] and [[Vancouver]]. [[Toronto]] is the world's most multicultural city, with 43% a member of a visible minority.<ref>http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=bb0fee45-b305-490a-b161-a21bcb1d7329&k=34160</ref>
[[Image:800px-Canada-satellite.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A satellite image of Canada.]]

====Culture====
Due to its colonial past, Canadian culture has historically been heavily influenced by British culture. Quebec maintains a French culture but has been largely cut off from Parisian trends for 250 years. Sine 1800 Canadian culture has been greatly influenced by American culture, due to the proximity and the migration of people, ideas, and capital. Amidst this, Canadian culture has developed some unique characteristics, and many Canadian movies, authors, television shows, and musicians are equally popular in United States. Canadian culture has also been influenced by indigenous cultures, and by immigrant groups from around the world. It has the highest per capita immigration rate of any country in the world <ref>.http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/080402/d080402a.htm </ref>

Canada has two federal official languages, French and English. The province of Quebec has French as an official language, New Brunswick both French and English, and all other provinces English (although in some parts of Ontario French has special status). The territory of Nunavut has Inuktitu and Innuinaqtun as official languages in addition to French and English, the North West territories has eleven official languages, and the Yukon recognises French and English.

Canada tends to reflect slightly more liberal social policies than neighboring states of the United States. Two such examples are the legalizing of [[gay marriage]] in June, 2005<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/06/28/samesex050628.html CBC news article on passing of gay marriage law]</ref> and, in some regions, the decriminalization of medicinal [[marijuana]] and small amounts of other psychoactive substances.

===Sports===
see [[Canadian sports]]

Notable sports which are enjoyed throughout Canada include [[hockey]], [[curling]], [[lacrosse]], and [[football]]. Canada collected 18 medals in the Summer Olympics, more per capita than the United States but less than Australia. The country finished third overall in the Torino Winter Olympics, with a total of 24 medals, one less than the United States and 10 more than next-place [[Sweden]]. The next winter Olympics, to be held in 2010 will be held in Vancouver and Whistler.

====Cultural Style====
Canadian culture puts stress on open-mindedness and tolerance of multiple viewpoints.<ref>See [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/global/main.jhtml?xml=/global/features/cucanada.xml&source=EMC-exp_01102008 National Cultural Profiles, a guide from the London ''Telegraph'' to the thinking patterns of all the world's major cultures]</ref> Canadian opinion shows a strong sense of wanting to be independent of the U.S., although their economy, society, and culture closely resembles the U.S., and most Canadians live a short drive from the border. Canada is usually contrasted as a "cultural mosaic" to the United States' "melting pot". Canadian and U.S. polls habitually confirm citizens of both countries view the relationship with each other in a highly positive light, and consider each other with a special respect afforded to common allies. <ref>http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/canadian-cultural-mosaic-american-melting-pot</ref>

====Education====
Education in Canada is the responsibility of provincial and territorial governments; curriculum and marking schemes are completely removed from the control of the federal government. Each province uses a different method of administering education, with variation in the number of years and the curriculum. Quebec, for example has five years of secondary school finishing at the equivalent of grade 11 followed by two years of CEGEP, while Ontario has two years of kindergarten. Most provinces have kindergarten beginning at age 5 through grade 12 (age 17) as part of the public system. Some provinces have standardised provincial exams at the end of secondary school and/or at other designated grades.

Several provinces have two publicly funded school systems: public and separate (e.g. Catholic). The constitution also guarantees education in one's first official language and, as such, all provinces and territories have both English and French language schooling. Additionally, private schools both religious and secular exist throughout the country. Alberta has an additional category, known as charter schools. Charter schools are schools that have been created in the community to surround a particular theme. They could be artistic, vocational, etc.

A source of comparison is the Human Development Index, a measurement of literacy, education, life expectancy and standard of living. Using this scale, Canada scores +.967 and the U.S. +950.

====Religion====
For the total population, in 2001, 12.9 million (44%) were Roman Catholic, with 8.7 million Protestants (29%). 4.9 million (16% ) report no religious affiliation (including atheists and agnostics). Other religions of significance in Canada include 580,000 Muslims; 330,000 Jews; 300,000 Buddhists; 297,000 Hindus; and 278,000 Sikhs.<ref> See [http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a-eng.htm "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)"]</ref>

Catholicism formerly dominated Quebec until the "[[Quiet Revolution]]" of the 1960s, which has greatly reduced the power of the Catholic Church in Quebec, and its participation rates.

The proportion attending religious services on a regular basis has declined over the past 20 years. According to the General Social Survey (GSS), 21% of Canadians aged 15 and over reported they attended a religious service at least once a week in 2005, down from 30% in 1985.<ref> Colin Lindsay, "Canadians attend weekly religious services less than 20 years ago," [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-630-x/2008001/article/10650-eng.htm ''Statistics Canada'' (2008)]</ref> Between 1985 and 2004, the share of Canadians aged 15 and older reporting no religious affiliation increased by seven percentage points from 12% to 19%. 37% of Canadians who rarely attend formal services nevertheless regularly engage in personal religious practices. Of of those who had not attended any religious services over the previous year, 27% engaged in weekly religious practices on their own. Overall this group of adults who regularly engage in private religious practices, but infrequently or never attend religious services, represent, 21% of the adult population. This pattern was most prevalent among older Canadians.<ref> Warren Clark and Grant Schellenberg, "Who's religious?" [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2006001/9181-eng.htm '"Statistics Canada'' (2008)]</ref>

Civil liberties organizations, the media, and some members of Parliament occasionally criticized federal and provincial human rights commissions and tribunals for their application of hate speech restrictions included in federal and provincial human rights acts, claiming that the commissions and tribunals at times limited free speech and expression, and religious rights. The commissions are required by law to process all complaints they receive.

A complaint against the editor of ''Catholic Insight'', alleging the magazine promoted hatred against homosexuals,remained before the Canadian Human Rights Commission at the end of 2008. The complainant alleged that he was upholding Catholic teaching on homosexuality in the magazine.

In June 2008 members of the Ontario legislature voted unanimously to maintain the tradition of reading the Lord's Prayer in the provincial legislature and to add a rotation of prayers from other major religious traditions and a moment of silent reflection for atheists. The vote was prompted by a proposal by Ontario's premier in February 2008 to discontinue the religious observance.

==Government==
The government of Canada is split into two orders, federal and provincial, as outlined by the BNA Act. Each has very specific responsibilities, with some overlap. For instance, universal health care is mandated by the Federal Government, but it is administered by the Provincial Governments. Neither level has supremacy over the other. The Federal Government is run out of [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]; the provincial governments are run out the ten provincial capitals.

The federal parliament is bicameral, including both a lower house - the [[Canadian House of Commons]] - and an upper house - the [[Canadian Senate]]. The parliamentary system is based on the British parliament. Members of Parliament represent specific geographical areas, generally chosen to have approximately equal population. A single member is elected from each on a [[first past the post]] system. The [[prime minister]] is usually the leader of the party with the most seats, though two or more parties may form a [[coalition]] to form a government.

The Senate is made up of senators appointed for life by the prime minister (acting on behalf of the Governor General).

In almost all cases, Acts of Parliament are created in the House of Commons. After passing three readings in the House of Commons, the bill is passed to the Senate. The job of the Senate is to further debate the proposed legislation, before passing it to the Governor General for Royal Assent. The Governor General is the official representative of Her Majesty [[Queen Elizabeth II]], Queen of Canada. The Governor General is, in the absence of the Queen, Canada's Head of State, and the Commander-in-Chief of the [[Canadian Forces]]. The Prime Minister of Canada is the head of Government of Canada, acting as the Minister of the Crown, based on the British system.

All provincial legislatures are unicameral. The legislative process for provincial legislation is the same as for federal legislation, except that there is no Senate and the legislation is given royal assent by the provincial Lieutenants Governor, who represent the monarch at the provincial level.

From 1841 to 1844, the capital city of what would become Canada was located in [[Kingston|Kingston, Ontario]]. Subsequently the capital alternated between [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]] until 1857, when the capital moved to [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]].
[[Image:Supreme Court of Canada.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Supreme Court of Canada.]]
The 40th Canadian Federal General Election occurred on October 14, 2008.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/09/07/election-call.html "Vote set for Oct. 14"]</ref> Currently, the Prime Minister is The Right Honourable [[Stephen Harper]], a member of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]], while Her Excellency [[Michaëlle Jean]] is the Governor General. At present Canada is governed by a [[minority government]].

===Principal Government Officials===
*Head of State--Queen Elizabeth II
*Governor General--Michaëlle Jean
*Prime Minister--Stephen Harper
*Minister of Foreign Affairs--Lawrence Cannon
*Ambassador to the United Nations--John McNee

===Politics===
On February 6, 2006, '''Stephen Harper,''' leader of the Conservative Party, became Canada's twenty-second prime minister, succeeding Liberal Party leader Paul Martin. A policy wonk from Alberta, Harper rose from the ranks of conservative political party staffers. As a Member of Parliament, he became Leader of the Opposition (2002-6). In 2003 he became head of the western-based Canadian Alliance. He was elected the first leader of the Conservative Party of Canada when it was created in 2003 through the merger of Harper's Canadian Alliance and Peter MacKay's Progressive Conservative Party. The January 23, 2006 election victory by the Conservative Party ended 12 years of Liberal Party rule that, in the end, was tainted by corruption and ethical failures, despite the economic progress Canada achieved while the Liberals were in power. In a subsequent federal election on October 14, 2008, the Conservatives won 38% of the vote and formed a second minority government with 143 seats in the House of Commons. The Liberals won 26% of the vote and 77 seats in the House of Commons. As the party with the second-largest number of seats, the Liberals form the "official opposition."

The Conservatives made unexpected gains in Quebec by winning ten seats in the January 2006 election, but failed to increase their number of seats in the province in the 2008 election. The separatist Bloc Quebecois (BQ) has a majority (49) of Quebec's 75 seats (the BQ runs candidates only in Quebec). The left-leaning New Democratic Party (NDP) now has 37 seats, and two independents also sit in Parliament.

===Policy===
Policy priorities of the Conservatives under Harper have remained fairly consistent since 2006: fighting the [[Recession of 2008]]; aiding the ailing [[Automobile]] industry; improving accountability and ethics in government; lowering taxes; fighting crime; reinvesting in defense; bolstering Canada's Arctic sovereignty; promoting national unity; and raising the profile of Canada's role abroad, through its combat mission in Afghanistan, contributions to stabilization in Haiti, and renewed partnership with Latin America. Harper has been friendly with the U.S., despite growing Canadian annoyance with restrictions on border crossings. Harper has been a strong supporter of [[NAFTA]], and works to increase Canada's oil exports to the U.S.

[[Quebec]], with 23% of the national population, its distinctive French-language ("francophone") culture, and is perceived by the western provinces as wielding undue influence on the Federal Government. Until Albertan Stephen Harper became prime minister in 2006, the western provinces had sometimes expressed concern that Ottawa did not fully attend to their oil interests. Ontario, believes that it pays out significantly more to the Federal Government than it gets back in revenues, while the Atlantic Provinces seek to assert greater control over fishing and mineral rights off their shores. The Federal Government ceded some power in a few areas of provincial jurisdiction, while seeking to strengthen the federal role in many other areas such as inter-provincial trade and the regulation of securities.

====National Unity====
Popular support for Quebec sovereignty appears to be on the wane, although pride in that province's unique cultural and linguistic identity remains very strong. Most Quebec voters seem to appreciate the economic benefits of remaining in the Canadian confederation and aim to advance their separate francophone identity within the confederation. In a provincial election held on December 8, 2008, provincial Liberal Leader Jean Charest won a majority government. The separatist Parti Quebecois placed second.

====Quebec Secession Movement====
There are separatist movements lobbying for independence from Canada in British Columbia, Alberta, and Quebec. The only movement of real significance is in Quebec, where the province has twice voted on whether or not to separate from Canada, once in 1980 and again in 1995; the vote in 1995 failed by just 1 percent. On November 27, 2006, the Federal Government passed a motion declaring Québec a nation "within a united Canada". <ref> http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub=hansard&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Ses=1&DocId=2544166&File=0#OOB-1799206</ref>

===Taxation===
The average tax rate in Canada is higher than in the United States. In 2003, Canada's tax burden equals about 33.8% of GDP placing it in the middle of the G7 countries, with Japan lowest at 25.3% and France highest at 43.4% <ref>[http://www.fin.gc.ca/activty/faq1e.html#Taxation Department of Finance Canada: FAQs]</ref>. The US rate is roughly 25.6%; this discrepancy is consistent with the differing levels of social services which the governments funds. Canada also has managed to run without a budget deficit for a number of years.

Equalization payments, worth 11.7 billion Canadian dollars are made by the federal government to the provinces from richer provinces (currently Alberta, Newfoundland<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2008/11/03/have-not.html]</ref>, and British Columbia) and the poorer provinces (Ontario, <ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/11/03/flaherty-ministers.html]</ref>, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba and Saskatchewan) . This is to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.<ref>Budget 2007 [http://www.budget.gc.ca/2007/bp/bpc4e.html]</ref> These payments have not been without controversy as provinces begin to make more revenues from natural resources they do not want to give up the Equalization payments.

British Columbia has the lowest corporate tax rate in North America <ref>http://www.investbc.com/businessclimate.htm</ref>.

Canada also has a national sales tax, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) of 5% on all purchases. Some provinces add an additional percentage in the form of a Provincial Sales Tax (PST), or a combined Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) combining GST and the Provincial Sales Tax. Based on actual income, and a number of other factors, the government will refund GST/HST to eligible tax payers in quarterly installments on the fifth of the month in July, October, January, and April.

====Public Health Care====
In 1984, the Federal Government, under the leadership of the Liberals and The Right Honourable [[Pierre Trudeau|Pierre Elliot Trudeau]], enacted the Canada Health Act. This act was based on the five principles of "universality, accessibility, portability, comprehensiveness, and public administration"<ref>[http://www.fin.gc.ca/FEDPROV/hise.html History of Canada Health and Social Transfer]</ref>. This public health care system is run in partnership by Health Canada and provincial Ministries of Health, who both contribute tax revenues. The federal government sets policy, while the provinces are responsible for actual administration. In 1995, the Canada Health and Social Transfer was created to replace existing systems for the transferal of tax funding to the provinces to administer social programs. The rationale behind the system is to allow all Canadians equal access to equal treatment, regardless of socio-economic status.

In Canada health care is frequently listed as top issue in election campaigns and is both a topic of frequent debate and a point of pride for many Canadians, Tommy Douglas the founder of medicare was, for example, voted the "Greatest Canadian" on a CBC television programme in 2004 <ref>
http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/</ref>.

The current state of Canada's public health care system is gathering increasing media attention due to rising wait times. [[David Gratzer]] wrote:
<blockquote>... government researchers have provided the best data on the doctor shortage, noting, for example, that more than 1.5 million Ontarians (or 12 percent of that province’s population) can’t find family physicians. <ref>[http://city-journal.org/html/17_3_canadian_healthcare.html The Ugly Truth about Canadian Healthcare] </ref></blockquote>
Most of the blame for the current state of affairs has been placed on successive government mismanagement. This represents a failure of the federal government to properly regulate the level of service being offered in the provinces. People regularly have to wait between four and eight months for surgeries. The median wait time for an MRI across Canada is 10.3 weeks in 2006.<ref>http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/shared/readmore.asp?sNav=nr&id=753</ref> In fact, former Prime Minister [[Jean Chretien|Jean Chrétien]] campaigned on a promise to shut down private MRI clinics because it creates a two tier system, regardless of the demand for more facilities.

In recent years, there has been suggestion from some lobby groups that Canada should adopt a two-tier health care system, while others have expressed strong opposition to this idea, including the federal government under the Liberal Party. Some argue that Canada already does have a two-tier health care system as the very wealthy can go to the United States for treatment. The argument for allowing private health care is twofold. The first reason is that competition may improve the quality of products and services, while the increase in options will allow those with the means to access private health care and may relieve some of the burden off the public system. Critics argue that health is a right, and that everyone should have access to the same standard of care.

Recently, in [[Québec]], a provincial judge has ruled that private health care providers must be allowed to compete with the government-run health care system.

==Defense==
As of the most recent cabinet shuffle, Conservative MP Peter MacKay has assumed the role of Minister of National Defence.

The [[Canadian Forces]] is comprised of the Regular Force, the Reserve Force, and the Special Force (when so in service). The Regular and Reserve Forces employ over 62,000 and 25,000 members respectively. While the various branches wear distinctive elemental uniforms (DEU), the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force were amalgamated in 1968 into one common command structure <ref>http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/about/index_e.asp</ref>.
The Canadian Forces are <ref>http://www.canadianally.com/ca/forces-cf-en.asp</ref>equipped with modern vehicles such as the Canadian-built LAV III, the German-built Leopard CII tanks and both the American-built CF-18 Hornet and CC-177 Globemaster III. The Canadian government spends about 17 billion Canadian dollars annually on defence<ref>[http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/est-pre/20072008/me-bd/part1/ME-030_e.asp http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/est-pre/20072008/me-bd/part1/ME-030_e.asp]</ref>.

The Conservative government has continued the trend of increased defence spending initiated by the Liberals, and have also taken steps to decrease red-tape preventing the troops from having the necessary equipment to keep them safe and effective.

Over 3000 Canadian troops are currently deployed around the world, with over 2500 in [[Afghanistan]] where they are assisting in anti-terrorism & reconstruction operations, and another 500 are deployed to the Middle East where they are attached to a US-led coalition fleet and the Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG1). These are prime examples of Canada's capability for interoperability with foreign military forces.

==Economy==
*GDP (2007): $1.266 trillion.
*Real GDP growth rate (2007): 2.7%.
*Per capita GDP (2007): $38,435.
*Natural resources: Petroleum and natural gas, hydroelectric power, metals and minerals, fish, forests, wildlife, abundant fresh water.
*Agriculture: Products--wheat, livestock and meat, feed grains, oil seeds, dairy products, tobacco, fruits, vegetables.
*Industry: Types--motor vehicles and parts, machinery and equipment, aircraft and components, other diversified manufacturing, fish and forest products, processed and unprocessed minerals.
*Trade: U.S. merchandise exports to Canada (2007)--$248.9 billion: motor vehicles and spare parts, industrial and electrical machinery, plastics, computers, chemicals, petroleum products and natural gas, and agricultural products. In 2007, 65% of Canada's imports came from the United States. U.S. merchandise imports from Canada (2007)--$313.1 billion: motor vehicles and spare parts, crude petroleum and natural gas, forest products, agricultural products, metals, industrial machinery, and aircraft. In 2007, 76% of Canada's exports went to the U.S.
===Business===
Canada has invested heavily in high-tech, export-oriented businesses, achieving major success in:
* Aerospace: Canada’s global share of aerospace activity has tripled in the last 20 years, making Canada the world’s 5th largest aerospace producer.
* Ag-biotech: Canadian firms’ revenues exceed those of US agro-based companies and are more than double those of Japan and the UK.
* Agri-food: Canada is the world’s fourth-largest exporter of agricultural products.
* Automotive: Canada is among the Top 10 automotive countries and the 3rd largest exporter of automotive products after Japan and the U.S. Most of the output goes to the U.S. market.
* Biotechnology: Canada is a leader in biotechnology—one of the top five countries in the world.
* Plastics: Canada is the world’s fourth largest exporter of moulds and eighth largest exporter of plastics processing machinery.
* see also [[Canadian railways]]

===Energy===
Canada has vast natural resources and is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of energy. In 2005, Canada produced 19.1 quadrillion British Thermal Units (Btu) of total energy, the fifth-largest amount in the world. Since 1980, Canada’s total energy production has increased by 86%, while its total energy consumption has increased by only 48% during that period. Almost all of Canada’s energy exports go to the United States, making it the largest foreign source of U.S. energy imports: Canada is consistently among the top sources for U.S. oil imports, and it is the largest source of U.S. natural gas and electricity imports.<ref> See Energy Information Administration, [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Canada/Background.html "Canada" (2009 report)] </ref>

In 2005, the largest source of energy consumption in Canada was oil (31%), followed by hydroelectricity (25%) and natural gas (24%). Both coal (12%) and nuclear (7%) constitute a smaller share of the country’s overall energy mix. From 1985-2005, Canada’s overall energy mix has remained relatively stable, though hydroelectricity has decreased from 31%to 25%, as oil drilling is more popular than dam building.
==History==
* see [[History of Canada]]

==Further Reading==
* '''see [[History of Canada]] for a more detailed bibliography.'''

* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCESubjects&Params=A1 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)] reliable detailed encyclopedia, on-line free
* Artibise, Alan F. J., ed. ''Interdisciplinary Approaches to Canadian Society: A Guide to the Literature.'' McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1990. 156 pp.
* Bickerton, James, and Alain Gagnon. ''Canadian Politics'' (2004) 584 pages, textbook
* Blore, Shawn. ''Frommer's Canada'' (2004) 828 pages travel guide
* Campbell, Robert Malcolm et al. ''The Real Worlds of Canadian Politics: Cases in Process and Policy,'' (2004) 342 pages
* Conrad, Margaret, and Alvin Finkel. ''Canada: A National History.'' (2003), college textbook.
* DK Publishing. ''Canada'' (Eyewitness Travel Guides) by Hugh Thompson (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Canada-Eyewitness-Travel-Guides-Publishing/dp/0789495619/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1249580319&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hallowell, Gerald, ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Canadian History'' (2004) 1650 very good entries
* Johnson, William. ''Stephen Harper and the Future of Canada'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Stephen-Harper-Future-William-Johnson/dp/0771095546/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1239348955&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Morton, Desmond. ''A Short History of Canada'' 5th ed (2001)
* ''National Atlas of Canada'' (1st ed. 1906; 2nd ed. 1915; 3rd ed. 1957; 4th ed. 1974; 6th ed. 1999 is electronic)
* Pammett, Jon H., and Christopher Dornan. ''The Canadian Federal Election of 2006'' (2006)
* Pryke, Kenneth G. and Walter C. Soderlund, eds. ''Profiles of Canada.'' (2003). 3rd edition of textbook
* Toye, William, ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature.'' (1983). 843 pp.
* Wells, Paul. ''Right Side Up: the Fall of Paul Martin and the Rise of Stephen Harper's New Conservatism'' (2006)
* Westhues, Anne. '' Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives,'' 2003

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External Links ==
* [http://www.gc.ca/ Government of Canada]
* [http://www.parl.gc.ca/ Parliament of Canada]
* [http://www.pch.gc.ca/ Department of Canadian Heritage]
* [http://cansim2.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.pgm?Lang=Eng&SP_Action=Main-Principal&SP_Mode=2 Statistics Canada current data]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html CIA World Factbook:Canada]
* [http://www.forces.ca The Canadian Forces], military
* [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/3000140-eng.htm ''Historical Statistics of Canada'' (1983)] the major historical data source
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwDvF0NtgdU Canadian National Anthem]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNlTwaPQQH4&feature=related Canadian National Anthem (French)]
=== Political Party Websites (Major) ===
* [http://www.conservative.ca Conservative Party of Canada]
* [http://www.liberal.ca Liberal Party of Canada]
* [http://www.ndp.ca New Democratic Party of Canada]
* [http://www.blocquebecois.org Bloc Québécois]
* [http://www.greenparty.ca Green Party of Canada]

=== Political Party Websites (Minor) ===
* [http://http://www.fpnpoc.ca/ First Peoples National Party of Canada]
* [http://www.partyofalberta.org/ Party of Alberta]
* [http://www.progressivecanadian.org/ Progressive Canadian Party]
* [http://www.mlpc.ca/ Marxist-Leninist Party]
* [http://www.canadianactionparty.ca/ Canadian Action Party]
* [http://www.peoplespoliticalpower.ca/ People's Political Power Party]
* [http://www.animalalliance.ca/ Animal Alliance Environment Voters Party]
* [http://www.westernblockparty.com/ Western Bloc Party]
* [http://www.chp.ca/en/index.html Christian Heritage Party of Canada]

===Political Advocacy Websites===
*[http://www.canadadivided.com/ Canada Divided]
*[http://www.projectalberta.com/ Project Alberta]
*[http://onthefencefilms.com/video/twowomen.html Two Women]
*[http://www.westcan.org/ Western Canada Concept]

[[Category:Canada| ]]
[[Category:North American Countries]]
[[Category:NATO members]]
[[Category:Christian-Majority Countries]]
[[Category:Canadian History]]

Canada

2009-08-09T23:30:35Z

ExFin: /* Public Health Care */ CHA was enacted in 1964; not 1984.

{{Country
|name =''Canada''
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|queen =Elizabeth II
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|pm =Stephen Harper
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'''Canada''' is a [[country]] in [[North America]] which extends from the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the west to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the east and northward to the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Canada is the largest country by total area in [[North America]] and the second largest in the world behind [[Russia]]. It also has the longest coastline of any nation, as well as the longest border with the [[United States]] to the south and northwest.

Canada's motto, ''A Mari usque ad Mare'' (From sea to sea), is based on biblical scripture: "He shall have dominion from sea to sea and from the river unto the ends of the earth (Psalm 72:8)".<ref>[http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/arm2_e.cfm The Arms of Canada- Description]</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Canada originated in 1535 by [[Jacques Cartier]] is based on the Iroquoian word "kanata", meaning "village." <ref name="Canadian_Encylopedia">[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&ArticleId=A0001216 The Canadian Encyclopedia]</ref> By 1545, Europeans began referring to this region as Canada.

The name ''Dominion of Canada'' was adopted during [[British North America Act|confederation]] in 1867; the term "dominion" was new, and it seemed a better choice than "kingdom" (which might annoy the Americans). The name continued until the [[Constitution Act]] of 1982, when "Canada" became the legal name.

==Flag and anthem==
The Canadian national flag was officially adopted February 15, 1965; prior to that time and subsequent to Confederation in 1867, Canada used a variant of the Red Ensign, a British merchant flag, as its national flag. The Liberal government refused to hold a referendum on the subject; instead the public was invited to submit designs.<ref>[http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/df3_e.cfm Birth of the Canadian Flag]</ref> The introduction of the new flag was not without controversy.

In a memo from Diefenbaker’s personal files he wrote:
<blockquote>The Pearson flag is a meaningless Flag. There is no recognition of history; no indication of the existence of French and English Canada; the partnership of the races; no acknowledgment of history. It is a flag without a past, without history, without honour and without pride.” (Source – I Stand for Canada: The Story of the Maple Leaf Flag ).<ref>[http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/cultural/flag/national-flag-canada.html The Debate Over the Maple Leaf Flag]</ref></blockquote>

While the debate has been largely forgotten today, the Red Ensign can still be seen flying on some private homes and the debate does reemerge into the public domain occasionally. <ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070321.wxflag21/BNStory/National/ PM wants Red Ensign to fly at Vimy, sources say]</ref>

The Canadian national anthem, '[[O Canada]]', was written by Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier as a poem, to which music, composed by Calixa Lavallée, was later added, in 1880. The original was composed in French, and was first translated into English by Dr. Thomas Bedford Richardson of Toronto, Ontario, in 1906. However, it was not officially adopted as the national anthem until 1980.<ref>[http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/anthem_e.cfm National Anthem: O Canada]</ref> It is important to distinguish between 'O Canada', the national anthem, and 'God Save The Queen', which is the Royal anthem, played as a salute to Her Majesty [[Queen Elizabeth II]] as Queen of Canada.

==Geography==
[[File:E-canada.jpg|thumb|450px|political map of Canada]]
At the time of Confederation, Canada was comprised of four provinces: Upper Canada (now Ontario), Lower Canada (now Québec), Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Since that time, six additional provinces have joined Canada or have been created. From west to east, the provinces are [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Manitoba]], [[Ontario]], [[Québec]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Newfoundland|Newfoundland and Labrador]]. Newfoundland was the last province to join Canada, in 1949. The provinces all elect a single (unicameral) legislature, headed by Premier, who is selected the same way as the Prime Minister. A Lieutenant-Governor represents the Queen, similar to the Governor General.
Canada has three territories: the [[Yukon Territory]], the [[Northwest Territories]], and [[Nunavut]]. Territories have only have those powers delegated to them by the federal government.

*Area: 9.9 million sq. km. (3.8 million sq. mi.); second-largest country in the world.
*Cities: Capital--Ottawa (pop. 1.1 million). Other major cities--Toronto (5.1 million), Montreal (3.6 million), Vancouver (2.1 million), Calgary (1.1 million), Edmonton (1.0 million), Quebec City (0.7 million), Winnipeg (0.7 million), Hamilton (0.7 million).
*Terrain: Mostly plains with mountains in the west and lowlands in the southeast.
*Climate: Temperate to arctic.

==People==
*Population (2008 est.): 33.1 million.
*Ethnic groups: British/Irish 28%, French 23%, other European 15%, Asian/Arab/African 6%, indigenous Amerindian 2%, mixed background 26%.
*Religions: Roman Catholic 43.6%, Protestant 29.2%, other Christian 4.3%, Muslim 2.0%, Jewish 1.1%, Buddhist 1.0%, Hindu 1.0% other 1.3%, none 16.5%.
*Languages: English (official) 57.8%, French (official) 22.1%, other 20.1% (including Chinese and aboriginal languages).
*Education: Literacy--99% of population aged 15 and over has at least a ninth-grade education.
*Health: Infant mortality rate--5.4/1,000. Life expectancy--77.7 yrs. male, 82.5 yrs. female.
*Work force (2008, 18.2 million): Goods-producing sector--25%, of which: manufacturing 15%; construction 6%; agriculture 2%; natural resources 2%; utilities 1%. Service-producing sector--75%, of which: trade 16%; health care and social assistance 11%; educational services 7%, accommodation and food services 7%; professional, scientific, and technical services 7%; finance 6%; public administration 5%; transportation and warehousing 5%; information, culture, and recreation 5%; other services 4%.

In 2005 the city of [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] was voted "the world's best place to live".<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4306936.stm Vancouver is "best place to live"]</ref>
Canada's population is increasingly urban, with 6 cities recording a population over 1 million ([[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], [[Vancouver]], [[Ottawa]]-Gatineau, [[Calgary]], [[Edmonton]]); these 6 cities represent over 45% of Canada's population. Canada is becoming an increasingly multicultural country, with most new immigrants settling in [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]] and [[Vancouver]]. [[Toronto]] is the world's most multicultural city, with 43% a member of a visible minority.<ref>http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=bb0fee45-b305-490a-b161-a21bcb1d7329&k=34160</ref>
[[Image:800px-Canada-satellite.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A satellite image of Canada.]]

====Culture====
Due to its colonial past, Canadian culture has historically been heavily influenced by British culture. Quebec maintains a French culture but has been largely cut off from Parisian trends for 250 years. Sine 1800 Canadian culture has been greatly influenced by American culture, due to the proximity and the migration of people, ideas, and capital. Amidst this, Canadian culture has developed some unique characteristics, and many Canadian movies, authors, television shows, and musicians are equally popular in United States. Canadian culture has also been influenced by indigenous cultures, and by immigrant groups from around the world. It has the highest per capita immigration rate of any country in the world <ref>.http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/080402/d080402a.htm </ref>

Canada has two federal official languages, French and English. The province of Quebec has French as an official language, New Brunswick both French and English, and all other provinces English (although in some parts of Ontario French has special status). The territory of Nunavut has Inuktitu and Innuinaqtun as official languages in addition to French and English, the North West territories has eleven official languages, and the Yukon recognises French and English.

Canada tends to reflect slightly more liberal social policies than neighboring states of the United States. Two such examples are the legalizing of [[gay marriage]] in June, 2005<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/06/28/samesex050628.html CBC news article on passing of gay marriage law]</ref> and, in some regions, the decriminalization of medicinal [[marijuana]] and small amounts of other psychoactive substances.

===Sports===
see [[Canadian sports]]

Notable sports which are enjoyed throughout Canada include [[hockey]], [[curling]], [[lacrosse]], and [[football]]. Canada collected 18 medals in the Summer Olympics, more per capita than the United States but less than Australia. The country finished third overall in the Torino Winter Olympics, with a total of 24 medals, one less than the United States and 10 more than next-place [[Sweden]]. The next winter Olympics, to be held in 2010 will be held in Vancouver and Whistler.

====Cultural Style====
Canadian culture puts stress on open-mindedness and tolerance of multiple viewpoints.<ref>See [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/global/main.jhtml?xml=/global/features/cucanada.xml&source=EMC-exp_01102008 National Cultural Profiles, a guide from the London ''Telegraph'' to the thinking patterns of all the world's major cultures]</ref> Canadian opinion shows a strong sense of wanting to be independent of the U.S., although their economy, society, and culture closely resembles the U.S., and most Canadians live a short drive from the border. Canada is usually contrasted as a "cultural mosaic" to the United States' "melting pot". Canadian and U.S. polls habitually confirm citizens of both countries view the relationship with each other in a highly positive light, and consider each other with a special respect afforded to common allies. <ref>http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/canadian-cultural-mosaic-american-melting-pot</ref>

====Education====
Education in Canada is the responsibility of provincial and territorial governments; curriculum and marking schemes are completely removed from the control of the federal government. Each province uses a different method of administering education, with variation in the number of years and the curriculum. Quebec, for example has five years of secondary school finishing at the equivalent of grade 11 followed by two years of CEGEP, while Ontario has two years of kindergarten. Most provinces have kindergarten beginning at age 5 through grade 12 (age 17) as part of the public system. Some provinces have standardised provincial exams at the end of secondary school and/or at other designated grades.

Several provinces have two publicly funded school systems: public and separate (e.g. Catholic). The constitution also guarantees education in one's first official language and, as such, all provinces and territories have both English and French language schooling. Additionally, private schools both religious and secular exist throughout the country. Alberta has an additional category, known as charter schools. Charter schools are schools that have been created in the community to surround a particular theme. They could be artistic, vocational, etc.

A source of comparison is the Human Development Index, a measurement of literacy, education, life expectancy and standard of living. Using this scale, Canada scores +.967 and the U.S. +950.

====Religion====
For the total population, in 2001, 12.9 million (44%) were Roman Catholic, with 8.7 million Protestants (29%). 4.9 million (16% ) report no religious affiliation (including atheists and agnostics). Other religions of significance in Canada include 580,000 Muslims; 330,000 Jews; 300,000 Buddhists; 297,000 Hindus; and 278,000 Sikhs.<ref> See [http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a-eng.htm "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)"]</ref>

Catholicism formerly dominated Quebec until the "[[Quiet Revolution]]" of the 1960s, which has greatly reduced the power of the Catholic Church in Quebec, and its participation rates.

The proportion attending religious services on a regular basis has declined over the past 20 years. According to the General Social Survey (GSS), 21% of Canadians aged 15 and over reported they attended a religious service at least once a week in 2005, down from 30% in 1985.<ref> Colin Lindsay, "Canadians attend weekly religious services less than 20 years ago," [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-630-x/2008001/article/10650-eng.htm ''Statistics Canada'' (2008)]</ref> Between 1985 and 2004, the share of Canadians aged 15 and older reporting no religious affiliation increased by seven percentage points from 12% to 19%. 37% of Canadians who rarely attend formal services nevertheless regularly engage in personal religious practices. Of of those who had not attended any religious services over the previous year, 27% engaged in weekly religious practices on their own. Overall this group of adults who regularly engage in private religious practices, but infrequently or never attend religious services, represent, 21% of the adult population. This pattern was most prevalent among older Canadians.<ref> Warren Clark and Grant Schellenberg, "Who's religious?" [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2006001/9181-eng.htm '"Statistics Canada'' (2008)]</ref>

Civil liberties organizations, the media, and some members of Parliament occasionally criticized federal and provincial human rights commissions and tribunals for their application of hate speech restrictions included in federal and provincial human rights acts, claiming that the commissions and tribunals at times limited free speech and expression, and religious rights. The commissions are required by law to process all complaints they receive.

A complaint against the editor of ''Catholic Insight'', alleging the magazine promoted hatred against homosexuals,remained before the Canadian Human Rights Commission at the end of 2008. The complainant alleged that he was upholding Catholic teaching on homosexuality in the magazine.

In June 2008 members of the Ontario legislature voted unanimously to maintain the tradition of reading the Lord's Prayer in the provincial legislature and to add a rotation of prayers from other major religious traditions and a moment of silent reflection for atheists. The vote was prompted by a proposal by Ontario's premier in February 2008 to discontinue the religious observance.

==Government==
The government of Canada is split into two orders, federal and provincial, as outlined by the BNA Act. Each has very specific responsibilities, with some overlap. For instance, universal health care is mandated by the Federal Government, but it is administered by the Provincial Governments. Neither level has supremacy over the other. The Federal Government is run out of [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]; the provincial governments are run out the ten provincial capitals.

The federal parliament is bicameral, including both a lower house - the [[Canadian House of Commons]] - and an upper house - the [[Canadian Senate]]. The parliamentary system is based on the British parliament. Members of Parliament represent specific geographical areas, generally chosen to have approximately equal population. A single member is elected from each on a [[first past the post]] system. The [[prime minister]] is usually the leader of the party with the most seats, though two or more parties may form a [[coalition]] to form a government.

The Senate is made up of senators appointed for life by the prime minister (acting on behalf of the Governor General).

In almost all cases, Acts of Parliament are created in the House of Commons. After passing three readings in the House of Commons, the bill is passed to the Senate. The job of the Senate is to further debate the proposed legislation, before passing it to the Governor General for Royal Assent. The Governor General is the official representative of Her Majesty [[Queen Elizabeth II]], Queen of Canada. The Governor General is, in the absence of the Queen, Canada's Head of State, and the Commander-in-Chief of the [[Canadian Forces]]. The Prime Minister of Canada is the head of Government of Canada, acting as the Minister of the Crown, based on the British system.

All provincial legislatures are unicameral. The legislative process for provincial legislation is the same as for federal legislation, except that there is no Senate and the legislation is given royal assent by the provincial Lieutenants Governor, who represent the monarch at the provincial level.

From 1841 to 1844, the capital city of what would become Canada was located in [[Kingston|Kingston, Ontario]]. Subsequently the capital alternated between [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]] until 1857, when the capital moved to [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]].
[[Image:Supreme Court of Canada.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Supreme Court of Canada.]]
The 40th Canadian Federal General Election occurred on October 14, 2008.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/09/07/election-call.html "Vote set for Oct. 14"]</ref> Currently, the Prime Minister is The Right Honourable [[Stephen Harper]], a member of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]], while Her Excellency [[Michaëlle Jean]] is the Governor General. At present Canada is governed by a [[minority government]].

===Principal Government Officials===
*Head of State--Queen Elizabeth II
*Governor General--Michaëlle Jean
*Prime Minister--Stephen Harper
*Minister of Foreign Affairs--Lawrence Cannon
*Ambassador to the United Nations--John McNee

===Politics===
On February 6, 2006, '''Stephen Harper,''' leader of the Conservative Party, became Canada's twenty-second prime minister, succeeding Liberal Party leader Paul Martin. A policy wonk from Alberta, Harper rose from the ranks of conservative political party staffers. As a Member of Parliament, he became Leader of the Opposition (2002-6). In 2003 he became head of the western-based Canadian Alliance. He was elected the first leader of the Conservative Party of Canada when it was created in 2003 through the merger of Harper's Canadian Alliance and Peter MacKay's Progressive Conservative Party. The January 23, 2006 election victory by the Conservative Party ended 12 years of Liberal Party rule that, in the end, was tainted by corruption and ethical failures, despite the economic progress Canada achieved while the Liberals were in power. In a subsequent federal election on October 14, 2008, the Conservatives won 38% of the vote and formed a second minority government with 143 seats in the House of Commons. The Liberals won 26% of the vote and 77 seats in the House of Commons. As the party with the second-largest number of seats, the Liberals form the "official opposition."

The Conservatives made unexpected gains in Quebec by winning ten seats in the January 2006 election, but failed to increase their number of seats in the province in the 2008 election. The separatist Bloc Quebecois (BQ) has a majority (49) of Quebec's 75 seats (the BQ runs candidates only in Quebec). The left-leaning New Democratic Party (NDP) now has 37 seats, and two independents also sit in Parliament.

===Policy===
Policy priorities of the Conservatives under Harper have remained fairly consistent since 2006: fighting the [[Recession of 2008]]; aiding the ailing [[Automobile]] industry; improving accountability and ethics in government; lowering taxes; fighting crime; reinvesting in defense; bolstering Canada's Arctic sovereignty; promoting national unity; and raising the profile of Canada's role abroad, through its combat mission in Afghanistan, contributions to stabilization in Haiti, and renewed partnership with Latin America. Harper has been friendly with the U.S., despite growing Canadian annoyance with restrictions on border crossings. Harper has been a strong supporter of [[NAFTA]], and works to increase Canada's oil exports to the U.S.

[[Quebec]], with 23% of the national population, its distinctive French-language ("francophone") culture, and is perceived by the western provinces as wielding undue influence on the Federal Government. Until Albertan Stephen Harper became prime minister in 2006, the western provinces had sometimes expressed concern that Ottawa did not fully attend to their oil interests. Ontario, believes that it pays out significantly more to the Federal Government than it gets back in revenues, while the Atlantic Provinces seek to assert greater control over fishing and mineral rights off their shores. The Federal Government ceded some power in a few areas of provincial jurisdiction, while seeking to strengthen the federal role in many other areas such as inter-provincial trade and the regulation of securities.

====National Unity====
Popular support for Quebec sovereignty appears to be on the wane, although pride in that province's unique cultural and linguistic identity remains very strong. Most Quebec voters seem to appreciate the economic benefits of remaining in the Canadian confederation and aim to advance their separate francophone identity within the confederation. In a provincial election held on December 8, 2008, provincial Liberal Leader Jean Charest won a majority government. The separatist Parti Quebecois placed second.

====Quebec Secession Movement====
There are separatist movements lobbying for independence from Canada in British Columbia, Alberta, and Quebec. The only movement of real significance is in Quebec, where the province has twice voted on whether or not to separate from Canada, once in 1980 and again in 1995; the vote in 1995 failed by just 1 percent. On November 27, 2006, the Federal Government passed a motion declaring Québec a nation "within a united Canada". <ref> http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub=hansard&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Ses=1&DocId=2544166&File=0#OOB-1799206</ref>

===Taxation===
The average tax rate in Canada is higher than in the United States. In 2003, Canada's tax burden equals about 33.8% of GDP placing it in the middle of the G7 countries, with Japan lowest at 25.3% and France highest at 43.4% <ref>[http://www.fin.gc.ca/activty/faq1e.html#Taxation Department of Finance Canada: FAQs]</ref>. The US rate is roughly 25.6%; this discrepancy is consistent with the differing levels of social services which the governments funds. Canada also has managed to run without a budget deficit for a number of years.

Equalization payments, worth 11.7 billion Canadian dollars are made by the federal government to the provinces from richer provinces (currently Alberta, Newfoundland<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2008/11/03/have-not.html]</ref>, and British Columbia) and the poorer provinces (Ontario, <ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/11/03/flaherty-ministers.html]</ref>, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba and Saskatchewan) . This is to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.<ref>Budget 2007 [http://www.budget.gc.ca/2007/bp/bpc4e.html]</ref> These payments have not been without controversy as provinces begin to make more revenues from natural resources they do not want to give up the Equalization payments.

British Columbia has the lowest corporate tax rate in North America <ref>http://www.investbc.com/businessclimate.htm</ref>.

Canada also has a national sales tax, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) of 5% on all purchases. Some provinces add an additional percentage in the form of a Provincial Sales Tax (PST), or a combined Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) combining GST and the Provincial Sales Tax. Based on actual income, and a number of other factors, the government will refund GST/HST to eligible tax payers in quarterly installments on the fifth of the month in July, October, January, and April.

====Public Health Care====
In 1964, the Federal Government, under the leadership of the Liberals and The Right Honourable [[Pierre Trudeau|Pierre Elliot Trudeau]], enacted the Canada Health Act. This act was based on the five principles of "universality, accessibility, portability, comprehensiveness, and public administration"<ref>[http://www.fin.gc.ca/FEDPROV/hise.html History of Canada Health and Social Transfer]</ref>. This public health care system is run in partnership by Health Canada and provincial Ministries of Health, who both contribute tax revenues. The federal government sets policy, while the provinces are responsible for actual administration. In 1995, the Canada Health and Social Transfer was created to replace existing systems for the transferal of tax funding to the provinces to administer social programs. The rationale behind the system is to allow all Canadians equal access to equal treatment, regardless of socio-economic status.

In Canada health care is frequently listed as top issue in election campaigns and is both a topic of frequent debate and a point of pride for many Canadians, Tommy Douglas the founder of medicare was, for example, voted the "Greatest Canadian" on a CBC television programme in 2004 <ref>
http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/</ref>.

The current state of Canada's public health care system is gathering increasing media attention due to rising wait times. [[David Gratzer]] wrote:
<blockquote>... government researchers have provided the best data on the doctor shortage, noting, for example, that more than 1.5 million Ontarians (or 12 percent of that province’s population) can’t find family physicians. <ref>[http://city-journal.org/html/17_3_canadian_healthcare.html The Ugly Truth about Canadian Healthcare] </ref></blockquote>
Most of the blame for the current state of affairs has been placed on successive government mismanagement. This represents a failure of the federal government to properly regulate the level of service being offered in the provinces. People regularly have to wait between four and eight months for surgeries. The median wait time for an MRI across Canada is 10.3 weeks in 2006.<ref>http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/shared/readmore.asp?sNav=nr&id=753</ref> In fact, former Prime Minister [[Jean Chretien|Jean Chrétien]] campaigned on a promise to shut down private MRI clinics because it creates a two tier system, regardless of the demand for more facilities.

In recent years, there has been suggestion from some lobby groups that Canada should adopt a two-tier health care system, while others have expressed strong opposition to this idea, including the federal government under the Liberal Party. Some argue that Canada already does have a two-tier health care system as the very wealthy can go to the United States for treatment. The argument for allowing private health care is twofold. The first reason is that competition may improve the quality of products and services, while the increase in options will allow those with the means to access private health care and may relieve some of the burden off the public system. Critics argue that health is a right, and that everyone should have access to the same standard of care.

Recently, in [[Québec]], a provincial judge has ruled that private health care providers must be allowed to compete with the government-run health care system.

==Defense==
As of the most recent cabinet shuffle, Conservative MP Peter MacKay has assumed the role of Minister of National Defence.

The [[Canadian Forces]] is comprised of the Regular Force, the Reserve Force, and the Special Force (when so in service). The Regular and Reserve Forces employ over 62,000 and 25,000 members respectively. While the various branches wear distinctive elemental uniforms (DEU), the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force were amalgamated in 1968 into one common command structure <ref>http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/about/index_e.asp</ref>.
The Canadian Forces are <ref>http://www.canadianally.com/ca/forces-cf-en.asp</ref>equipped with modern vehicles such as the Canadian-built LAV III, the German-built Leopard CII tanks and both the American-built CF-18 Hornet and CC-177 Globemaster III. The Canadian government spends about 17 billion Canadian dollars annually on defence<ref>[http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/est-pre/20072008/me-bd/part1/ME-030_e.asp http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/est-pre/20072008/me-bd/part1/ME-030_e.asp]</ref>.

The Conservative government has continued the trend of increased defence spending initiated by the Liberals, and have also taken steps to decrease red-tape preventing the troops from having the necessary equipment to keep them safe and effective.

Over 3000 Canadian troops are currently deployed around the world, with over 2500 in [[Afghanistan]] where they are assisting in anti-terrorism & reconstruction operations, and another 500 are deployed to the Middle East where they are attached to a US-led coalition fleet and the Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG1). These are prime examples of Canada's capability for interoperability with foreign military forces.

==Economy==
*GDP (2007): $1.266 trillion.
*Real GDP growth rate (2007): 2.7%.
*Per capita GDP (2007): $38,435.
*Natural resources: Petroleum and natural gas, hydroelectric power, metals and minerals, fish, forests, wildlife, abundant fresh water.
*Agriculture: Products--wheat, livestock and meat, feed grains, oil seeds, dairy products, tobacco, fruits, vegetables.
*Industry: Types--motor vehicles and parts, machinery and equipment, aircraft and components, other diversified manufacturing, fish and forest products, processed and unprocessed minerals.
*Trade: U.S. merchandise exports to Canada (2007)--$248.9 billion: motor vehicles and spare parts, industrial and electrical machinery, plastics, computers, chemicals, petroleum products and natural gas, and agricultural products. In 2007, 65% of Canada's imports came from the United States. U.S. merchandise imports from Canada (2007)--$313.1 billion: motor vehicles and spare parts, crude petroleum and natural gas, forest products, agricultural products, metals, industrial machinery, and aircraft. In 2007, 76% of Canada's exports went to the U.S.
===Business===
Canada has invested heavily in high-tech, export-oriented businesses, achieving major success in:
* Aerospace: Canada’s global share of aerospace activity has tripled in the last 20 years, making Canada the world’s 5th largest aerospace producer.
* Ag-biotech: Canadian firms’ revenues exceed those of US agro-based companies and are more than double those of Japan and the UK.
* Agri-food: Canada is the world’s fourth-largest exporter of agricultural products.
* Automotive: Canada is among the Top 10 automotive countries and the 3rd largest exporter of automotive products after Japan and the U.S. Most of the output goes to the U.S. market.
* Biotechnology: Canada is a leader in biotechnology—one of the top five countries in the world.
* Plastics: Canada is the world’s fourth largest exporter of moulds and eighth largest exporter of plastics processing machinery.
* see also [[Canadian railways]]

===Energy===
Canada has vast natural resources and is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of energy. In 2005, Canada produced 19.1 quadrillion British Thermal Units (Btu) of total energy, the fifth-largest amount in the world. Since 1980, Canada’s total energy production has increased by 86%, while its total energy consumption has increased by only 48% during that period. Almost all of Canada’s energy exports go to the United States, making it the largest foreign source of U.S. energy imports: Canada is consistently among the top sources for U.S. oil imports, and it is the largest source of U.S. natural gas and electricity imports.<ref> See Energy Information Administration, [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Canada/Background.html "Canada" (2009 report)] </ref>

In 2005, the largest source of energy consumption in Canada was oil (31%), followed by hydroelectricity (25%) and natural gas (24%). Both coal (12%) and nuclear (7%) constitute a smaller share of the country’s overall energy mix. From 1985-2005, Canada’s overall energy mix has remained relatively stable, though hydroelectricity has decreased from 31%to 25%, as oil drilling is more popular than dam building.
==History==
* see [[History of Canada]]

==Further Reading==
* '''see [[History of Canada]] for a more detailed bibliography.'''

* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCESubjects&Params=A1 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)] reliable detailed encyclopedia, on-line free
* Artibise, Alan F. J., ed. ''Interdisciplinary Approaches to Canadian Society: A Guide to the Literature.'' McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1990. 156 pp.
* Bickerton, James, and Alain Gagnon. ''Canadian Politics'' (2004) 584 pages, textbook
* Blore, Shawn. ''Frommer's Canada'' (2004) 828 pages travel guide
* Campbell, Robert Malcolm et al. ''The Real Worlds of Canadian Politics: Cases in Process and Policy,'' (2004) 342 pages
* Conrad, Margaret, and Alvin Finkel. ''Canada: A National History.'' (2003), college textbook.
* DK Publishing. ''Canada'' (Eyewitness Travel Guides) by Hugh Thompson (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Canada-Eyewitness-Travel-Guides-Publishing/dp/0789495619/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1249580319&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hallowell, Gerald, ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Canadian History'' (2004) 1650 very good entries
* Johnson, William. ''Stephen Harper and the Future of Canada'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Stephen-Harper-Future-William-Johnson/dp/0771095546/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1239348955&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Morton, Desmond. ''A Short History of Canada'' 5th ed (2001)
* ''National Atlas of Canada'' (1st ed. 1906; 2nd ed. 1915; 3rd ed. 1957; 4th ed. 1974; 6th ed. 1999 is electronic)
* Pammett, Jon H., and Christopher Dornan. ''The Canadian Federal Election of 2006'' (2006)
* Pryke, Kenneth G. and Walter C. Soderlund, eds. ''Profiles of Canada.'' (2003). 3rd edition of textbook
* Toye, William, ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature.'' (1983). 843 pp.
* Wells, Paul. ''Right Side Up: the Fall of Paul Martin and the Rise of Stephen Harper's New Conservatism'' (2006)
* Westhues, Anne. '' Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives,'' 2003

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External Links ==
* [http://www.gc.ca/ Government of Canada]
* [http://www.parl.gc.ca/ Parliament of Canada]
* [http://www.pch.gc.ca/ Department of Canadian Heritage]
* [http://cansim2.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.pgm?Lang=Eng&SP_Action=Main-Principal&SP_Mode=2 Statistics Canada current data]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html CIA World Factbook:Canada]
* [http://www.forces.ca The Canadian Forces], military
* [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/3000140-eng.htm ''Historical Statistics of Canada'' (1983)] the major historical data source
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwDvF0NtgdU Canadian National Anthem]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNlTwaPQQH4&feature=related Canadian National Anthem (French)]
=== Political Party Websites (Major) ===
* [http://www.conservative.ca Conservative Party of Canada]
* [http://www.liberal.ca Liberal Party of Canada]
* [http://www.ndp.ca New Democratic Party of Canada]
* [http://www.blocquebecois.org Bloc Québécois]
* [http://www.greenparty.ca Green Party of Canada]

=== Political Party Websites (Minor) ===
* [http://http://www.fpnpoc.ca/ First Peoples National Party of Canada]
* [http://www.partyofalberta.org/ Party of Alberta]
* [http://www.progressivecanadian.org/ Progressive Canadian Party]
* [http://www.mlpc.ca/ Marxist-Leninist Party]
* [http://www.canadianactionparty.ca/ Canadian Action Party]
* [http://www.peoplespoliticalpower.ca/ People's Political Power Party]
* [http://www.animalalliance.ca/ Animal Alliance Environment Voters Party]
* [http://www.westernblockparty.com/ Western Bloc Party]
* [http://www.chp.ca/en/index.html Christian Heritage Party of Canada]

===Political Advocacy Websites===
*[http://www.canadadivided.com/ Canada Divided]
*[http://www.projectalberta.com/ Project Alberta]
*[http://onthefencefilms.com/video/twowomen.html Two Women]
*[http://www.westcan.org/ Western Canada Concept]

[[Category:Canada| ]]
[[Category:North American Countries]]
[[Category:NATO members]]
[[Category:Christian-Majority Countries]]
[[Category:Canadian History]]

American Council of Trustees and Alumni

2009-08-09T17:02:07Z

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2009-08-08T22:55:58Z

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'''Spacepol''' or '''Spacepol International Research Network for Space Law and IT-Policy''' as it was referred to during the period 1998-2005 is one of the early [[cybernetworks]] formed during the 1990s within the academic and university world. Spacepol is now an international [[Business|enterprise]] involved in [[academic publishing]] and international public policy [[consulting]] within the fields of Space Law and Public [[Technology Policy]]. Spacepol continues to incorporate some of its original activities and characteristics as a research network, while having turned to commercial pursuits during 2005. The official current name of the enterprise is '''Spacepol Éditeurs Universitaires Academic Publishers Co'''. The enterprise operates its own innovation policy and space law consulting subsidiary known as '''Spacepol Government Policy Consulting'''.

==The Cybernetwork 1994-2005==
===Historical Background===
Already at the beginning of the 1990s social science and legal research activities were experiencing severe cutbacks in funding in many western countries. The new ideology of the [[Information Society]] had begun to take form and this included to a large extent the increased weight and prestige of the technology sector as opposed to the general research community. While many academics lamented the shift in public resources and the employment instability this entailed, few if any research communities took any concrete action to address this process of rapid change in academia.

By the mid 1990s it was becoming increasingly clear that traditional responses and pleas for funding from non-technical academic institutions would not suffice and that new methods of adaptation and response were needed. The visibility and utility of important research fields needed to be addressed and the value of the strategic knowledge of international scholars reconsidered in a commercial light.

===Motivation and Founders===
[[Gunnar K. A. Njalsson]] a University of Helsinki student of [[Public Administration]] and [[Economics]] began in 1994 to collect survey data for a thesis relating to [[Space Law]] from officers of various space agencies including the [[European Space Agency]] online. The resulting benefits and extensive development of new communication methods inspired what was later to become an official cybernetwork dedicated to the subjects of Space Law and Public Technology Policy.

On 30th October 1998 Spacepol International Research Network for Space Law and IT Policy was officially inaugurated as the world's first research network in cyberspace for these fields. The original network was run from a site at the [[University of Helsinki]] in [[Finland]]. Content was provided in [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[English language|English]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]- languages which the founder spoke fluently. Upon a trial period and having received extensive feedback from members of the scientific community including members of the Canadian Political Science Association, Spacepol was fully functional providing information on the research objectives, results and publications of many central scholars in these fields. Due to the simplicity of the site and the extent of information provided in several languages Spacepol soon became the central resource for Space Law and Technology Policy. By 2000, the site was receiving over 900 visits per day from nearly every country with internet access.

The network founder, Gunnar K. A. Njålsson believed that providing a single portal enabling access to all central scholars and the latest research results for the entire field would better further cooperation amongst researchers, provide rapid access for those wishing to utilise current research, showcase the progress and utility of the research fields and provide a forum in which to create efficient research consortia while avoiding redundancies.

===Developments during the New Millennium===
By 2000 Spacepol had received most international attention and acclaim from outside of Finland and Scandinavia. Attempts to create a centre of excellence out of the network and base it in Finland were shown little interest by Finnish and Norwegian research communities. At the same time, American, Canadian and British scholars were increasingly calling for the transformation of Spacepol into a concrete organisation or research institute to be based in one of these countries.

Largely as a result of the demographic structure and geographical location of regular users and of the network membership, the Spacepol site was relocated to the [[United Kingdom]] in 2001 and all information provided in English. Spacepol continued to provide refereed links to most accredited institutions and projects for the two fields, information on latest research results and an information service to scholars and the international public. By 2002 founder Njålsson had received several awards of recognition for the creation of such a cybernetwork and plans for revamping the site were commenced.

==Spacepol the Canadian Company 2005-==
===A Canadian-Finnish Enterprise===
The conversion of Spacepol from a volunteer-maintained information resource and cybernetwork in 2005 to a Quebec-registered commercial enterprise was largely a result of the strategic knowledge of the fields built up over time by Gunnar K. A. Njålsson and Spacepol fellow volunteers. Those involved became increasingly aware that their knowledge and abilities were not easily replicated in other sectors of the aerospace and government industries. The aerospace industry was readily capable of recruiting engineers, but had hardly begun to recruit or knew how to locate international legal expertise in outer space affairs. This provided Spacepol with a strategic market niche. As little was occurring by way of economic adaptation current challenges in academia, the Spacepol founder espoused a policy of gradual and strategic commercialisation of expertise and knowledge within the new fields of Space Law and Public Technology Policy.

In March 2005, Spacepol International Research Network for Space Law and IT Policy officially became Spacepol Éditeurs Universitaires Academic Publishers Co an academic publisher for the fields of Space Law and Public Technology Policy. Many of the information features of the former academic network were retained while ensuring that research and consulting services are provided at market rates based upon their strategic value. Literature resulting from the research activities of the enterprise is published and distributed by Spacepol in North America, South America and Europe. The company maintains offices in Quebec City and Esbo, Finland.

Spacepol has received some public attention based upon a well-known fact that all of its
current personnel have [[IQ]]s of 132 or more. This was revealed when a company spokesman
confirmed that every person employed by the enterprise is either a member of [[Mensa]]
or of the [[International High IQ Society]]. The company maintains that high IQ or
membership in a high IQ society has never been a criterium for employment; but is rather an amusing coincidence.

===Company Philosophy and Slogan===
Originally founded to promote the fields of Space Law and Public Technology Policy Analysis, a philosophy of offensive adaptation on the part of strategic branches of academia underlies the activities of the former non-commercial research network and the international company Spacepol has evolved into. In addition, publisher and consulting house Spacepol has maintained an aggressive policy of control over all academic literature resulting from the research activities of the former network and current enterprise.

The company slogan is:
"Responding to Tomorrow Today", usually written in black with the word "Today" underlined in royal blue.

==Enterprises==
===Spacepol Government Policy Consulting===
Spacepol Government Policy Consulting is the consulting arm of the international company Spacepol Éditeurs Universitaires Academic Publishers Co formed in 2005. The company operates in Canada and the European Union and serves the [[aerospace]] and [[government]] industries.

===Spacepol Éditeurs Universitaires Academic Publishers Co===
Spacepol Éditeurs Universitaires Academic Publishers Co is a Quebec City academic publishing company for the fields of [[Space Law]] and technology policy analysis. The company has offices in [[Espoo]], [[Finland]] and Canada and was formed from Spacepol, a previous non-commercial research network in 2005.

==Corporate Leadership==

Both '''Spacepol Éditeurs universitaires''' and its consulting and research subsidiary '''Spacepol Government Policy Consulting''' are under the executive leadership of the Spacepol [[CEO]] and [[President]]. The company is privately held.

{|style="border-spacing:10px"
| style="width:80%;border:none;vertical-align:top" align="center"|
{|class="wikitable" width="80%" style="margin:0px 0px"
|-
|Gunnar K. A. Njalsson (Founder), b. 1968 President and CEO of Spacepol Éditeurs universitaires and Spacepol Government Policy Consulting since March 21, 2005 Dr. Admin., Fellow of the [[International Institute of Space Law]] since April, 2003 With Spacepol 1998–2004, rejoined 2005, Course Products and Bibliographic Standards Development Chairman since 2005
|-
|}
|}
{{clear}}

==References==
* Marquis Who's Who in the World. New Providence, NJ. 2005.
* The Spacepol Site. Québec, QC. 2006.
* "Winds of Change for Spacepol Website", SPNW NewsWire. Espoo, Finland. 2005.
* European Commission. "European Union Publisher's Forum". 2006.
* "Spacepol". Authority Records Database. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. 2005.
* Canadian Space Directory. Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Quebec, Canada. 2006.

==External links==

*'''Spacepol Corporate Information'''
**[http://www.spacepol.ca Official Spacepol Website]
**[http://www.bookpublishers.com.ar Editores Academicos (Patagonian subsidiary, Argentina)]
**[http://www.spacepol.com.ar Spacepol de Argentina] Offical Website - Argentina
**[http://www.spacepol.ca/spnw/index.xml SPNW Research Network NewsWire]

*'''Globally Famous Spacepol Products'''
**[http://www.spacepol.ca/pdf/SPMS-07.pdf Master Catalogue of Structured Spacepol Lectures and Courses 2007-2008]
**[http://www.alphagalileo.org/index.cfm?ez_search=1&fuseaction=readAnnouncement&AnnouncementID=519928 Technological Revolution as Political Coup d'etat] Textbook on Technology Policy Analysis

*'''Related'''
**[http://www.iafastro-iisl.com International Institute of Space Law] (IISL)

[[category:Canada]]
[[category:conservative Media]]
[[category:Corporations]]
{{Corporations}}

2009-08-08T22:24:14Z

ExFin: /* A Canadian Corporate Leader */

{{President
|image=
|term_start=01 July 2008
|term_end=
|party=Conservative Party of Canada
|previous=none
|birth_date=11 January 1968
|religion=Jewish (United Synagogue/Masorti)
}}

'''Gunnar K. A. Njalsson''' (1968 - ) is the current Governor (President and CEO) of [[Spacepol|The SPACEPOL Corporation]]<ref>Canadian Who's Who. University of Toronto Press. 2007.ISBN 9780802040619</ref>, a [[Canadian]] publishing and government consulting house focused on national innovation policy, strategic intelligence and the creation of new services and products from research-based knowledge. He is also an administrative [[scientist]] and [[lecturer]] best known for bridging the worlds of [[Management]] and [[Technology]] in his research and academic work. <ref>Marquis Who's Who in Finance and Business. Marquis, NJ. 2009. ISBN 9780837903583</ref>

== Early Life ==
Njalsson grew up in [[North America]] and northern [[Europe]] leaving home at the age of 15 years. Having lived in countries such as [[Iceland]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Norway]], [[Mexico]] and [[Finland]], he was
speaking seven languages fluently by the age of twenty. <ref>Radio västnyland (archived), Intervju med Gunnar K. A. Njålsson (An Interview with Gunnar K. A. Njålsson), Ekenäs, Finland. June 1992.</ref>

Njalsson began his university career in the [[United States]] at the age of seventeen and studied at universities such as the [[University of Texas at El Paso]] and [[Texas Tech University]], originally majoring in [[Computer Science]] and [[Psychology]]. He would later complete his [[Bachelors]], [[Masters]] and [[Doctorate]] degrees in [[Finland]], having also studied Science and Technology Management in [[Argentina]] at the National University of Quilmes.<ref>Who's Who in Computational Science and Engineering. Saxe-Coburg Publications, Stirlingshire. 2006. ISBN 1874672180</ref> He minored in [[Economics]] and [[Computer Science]] and [[Engineering]] receiving highest honors. Despite receiving highest marks for his two first degrees at the [[University of Helsinki]] and having graduated with two degrees within two and a half years, he would never receive any scholarships or honorable mention from the University of Helsinki from which he academically distanced himself in May of 2007.<ref>SSKH Informerar (The Swedish School of Social Science Information - Graduation Edition), May 1996. Helsinki.</ref><ref>Hamodia (Jewish Daily), Discrimination in a Land that Prides Itself in Tolerance and Ethics. pp F3 and F18, 22 May 2007. New Jersey, London and Jerusalem.</ref>

== Political Career ==
Njalsson was elected vice President of the [[Left Alliance Party]] branch in [[Espoo]], the second largest city in [[Finland]] in 1998 and became President of the Espoo branch of the party in 1999.<ref>Länsiväylä, (New Party Branch President Likes to be near Nature), Espoo, 2000.</ref> He was appointed to several committees representing the Swedish-speaking minority for 2001-2004 as well as being a deputy member of the municipal planning council of the city for the period 2001-2003.<ref>Record of Appointments to Councils, City of Espoo, 22.01.2001. http://www.espoo.fi/asiakirja.asp?path=1;31;37423;37424;37425&id=22B4B0A804731F49C22569E400496423&Kanta=Kunnari\intrakun_e.nsf</ref>

He renounced his party membership in 2003 and would eventually become Classical or Social [[Conservative]].<ref>Vem och vad 2008 (Who's Who in Finland), Schildts förlags. Espoo, Finland. 2008. ISBN 9789515017505</ref> In a communique, he openly criticized the Archbishop of the [[Lutheran]] Church of Finland for apologizing to the [[Muslim]] community in the wake of violence and protests against western interests in response to the [[Muhammad_cartoons_controversy|Danish cartoons]] which ignited a furor in 2006. In 2006, Njalsson also published an open letter to the President of Finland, the Prime Minister and the Finnish Archbishop Jukka Parma calling for Finnish national leaders to discuss measures against anti-social and unethical behaviour which he warned is becoming an increasingly serious problem in the country.<ref>SPNW Research Network Newswire Service. Accessed and Printed 10 June 2007. http://www.spacepol.ca/spnw/index.xml</ref> Njalsson held a position as member of the Board of Directors of the Writers' Guild of Espoo from 2000 to 2006 working toward greater public support of literature and culture.<ref>City of Espoo, Writers' Guild of Espoo Biography Pages. http://www.espoo.fi/kirjailijat/suomi/njalsson.html</ref> He is also considered by the city of [[Kauniainen]], [[Finland]] to be a local writer.<ref>City of Kauniainen Libraries, Biographies of Local Writers. http://elmerinfo.net/index.php?lang=SE&p=Etsi_tietokannasta&page=single_entry&search=authors&id=227</ref>

== Academic and Researcher ==
Gunnar Njalsson became one of the principle pioneers and researchers in the field of International [[Space Law]] in the [[Nordic Countries]]<ref>Helsingin sanomat, Kilpajouksu Kuun ja muun avaruuden luonnonrikkauksista on jo alkamassa, Helsinki, Finland. Vesa Santavuori. Helsinki, Finland. 20 October 1996.</ref> and worked from the Institute of Air and Space Law (the only such institute in the Nordic countries) at the [[University of Lapland]] in [[Rovaniemi]], [[Finland]] from 2003 to 2004. Between 1998 and 2007, he traveled throughout the Nordic countries lecturing in Public Technology Management, Planning and Implementation of E-services and Space Law Development.<ref>Länsiväylä, Onko kuu jo kaupan? (Is the Moon up for Sale?). Espoo, 1999.</ref><ref>Indian Government Expert Database in Science and Technology (NISSAT), http://nissat.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/experts/ Accessed and Printed 30 March 2004</ref> He is an active member of the [[IEEE]]<ref>IEEE list of proposed Senior Members 2009. http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/membership/senior-members/update_files/smstatusmtglistjuly23.pdf</ref> and a fellow of the [[International Institute of Space Law (IISL)]]. <ref>International Institute of Space Law, List of Inducted Fellows. http://www.iislweb.org/docs/200406-IISLnewsletter.pdf</ref>

== A Canadian Corporate Leader ==
Gunnar K. A. Njalsson founded [[Spacepol|SPACEPOL]] in 1998 as a spinoff project at the [[University of Helsinki]] and to unite researchers in Space Law and Public Technology Policy. In 2005, Njalsson converted the international volunteer network into a commercial enterprise.<ref>Marquis Who's Who in Finance and Business. Marquis, NJ. 2009. ISBN 9780837903583</ref> SPACEPOL was incorporated in 2008 as The SPACEPOL Corporation, was removed from Finland and is based in Canada remaining to this day a privately held Canadian-controlled corporation.

Njalsson was elected to the Office of the Chief Executive Officer of The SPACEPOL Corporation at the first Meeting of Corporate Shareholders on 1 July 2008 in [[Quebec City]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]].

== Major Works by Gunnar K. A. Njalsson ==

* Njalsson, Gunnar K. A. Technological Revolution as Political Coup d'État: Developing and Objective and Systematic Science of Public Technology Policy Analysis. SPACEPOL Academic Publishers, Quebec City. 2007. ISBN 9529950845

* Njalsson, Gunnar K. A. (12/05). "From autonomous to socially conceived technology: toward a causal, intentional and systematic analysis of interests and elites in public technology policy". Theoria: a journal of political theory (108): 56-81. Berghahn Books. ISSN. Retrieved on 2006-12-15.

* Njålsson, Gunnar K. A. (2005) Somewhere between Tech- and Sociodeterminism: Problem-solution Mindsets and the Hypothesis of Elites and Interests in Public IT Policy, Cuadernos de Administración, 18 (29), 33-51

* Njålsson, Gunnar K. A. (2004) Teknologisk revolution eller politisk statskup? Att analysera teknologins intresse- och maktaspekter (swe), Finsk tidskrift, 2004 (8), 475-481

* Njålsson, Gunnar K. A., Teknologin och makten (Technology and Power), Hufvustadsbladet (Swedish Language Daily) Essay Section, 12 May 2004

* Njålsson, Gunnar K. A., An International Legal Regime for Outer Space - Different Types of Regime Change, Masters Thesis (in Swedish), 81, September 1996

== Related ==
* [[Spacepol|SPACEPOL Éditeurs universitaires]] Academic publishing and consulting house based in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Links==
* Academic Links
** [http://www.researcherid.com/rid/B-2709-2009 ResearchID Citation Profile]
* Literature Links
** [http://amicus.collectionscanada.ca/g4-bin/Main/ItemDisplay?l=0&l_ef_l=-1&id=456406.1253137&v=1&lvl=1&coll=13&rt=1&itm=34827864&rsn=S_WWWsiaLYbqmn&all=1&dt=AW+ Government Technology Policy Textbook]
** [http://www.poetrymagazines.org.uk/magazine/record.asp?id=19963 Harry Our Finnish Superstar (Poetry)]
** [http://amicus.collectionscanada.ca/g4-bin/Main/ItemDisplay?l=0&l_ef_l=-1&id=456406.1253137&v=1&lvl=1&coll=13&rt=1&itm=34828028&rsn=S_WWWsiaLYbqmn&all=1&dt=AW+ Reference Work for Canadian and Nordic Space Law Field]
* Corporate Links
** [http://www.spacepol.ca The SPACEPOL Corporation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Njalsson, Gunnar}}

[[category:academics]]
[[category:business People]]
[[category:canadians]]
[[category:scientists]]
[[category:conservatives]]
[[category:jewish_People]]
[[category:politicians]]