https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=FirestarterConservapedia - User contributions [en]2026-09-23T05:35:15ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.14https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mount_Kent_and_Top_Malo_House&diff=1441802Battle of Mount Kent and Top Malo House2018-08-23T00:24:59Z<p>Firestarter: /* Top Malo House */</p>
<hr />
<div>On May 27, 1982, the 3rd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment (3 PARA) and 45 Commando (45 CDO), Royal Marines had left the British beachhead at San Carlos for Estancia Mountain and Bluff Cove Peak. The 2nd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment (2 PARA) were ordered to attack the Argentinian Task Force ''Mercedes'' on May 28 located on Darwin Isthmus during the [[Battle of Darwin and Goose Green]], eliminating any future threat from the Argentinian garrison. Major [[Cedric Delves]]' D Squadron, [[22nd Special Air Service Regiment]], embarked in Sea King helicopters would seize Mount Kent, while 19 Royal Marine Commandos from the [[Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre]] (M&AWC) under Major [[Rod Boswell]], embarked in a Wessex helicopter, would capture and clear the forward Argentinian Special Forces patrol located at Top Malo House, allowing the 600 Paratroopers from 3 PARA to capture Estancia Mountain and Estancia House. Captain Peter Babbington's ''Kilo'' Company of 42 Commando (42 CDO) was expected to land on Mount Kent on the night of May 29. Delays and snow blizzards meant these helicopter-borne reinforcements would only arrive on the night May 31, perilously close to a firefight.<br />
<br />
==First clash==<br />
<br />
The first engagement during the Battles of Mount Kent and Top Malo House occurred during 27 May, when ''Subteniente'' Marcelo Llambías Pravaz, Sergeant Ramón Valdez, Corporal Walter Pintos and Private Daniel Castillo from the 4th Regiment's C Company, while patrolling the western slopes under the cover of darkness and heavy rain, were overflown by a British helicopter. After radioing this information to regimental headquarters, the small squad soon after detected a British hide and opened fire. The next day, they closely inspected the scene but only found empty British rations that had to be dug out of the ground.<ref>[http://www.malvinasenlaradio.com/desajoomla/test/category/118-mcp-2017 Marcelo Llambias Pravaz (Malvinas Corazón De Mi Patria)]</ref><br />
<br />
==Argentinian incursion==<br />
<br />
About 40 men of 39-year-old Major [[Aldo Rico]]'s [[602nd Commando Company (Argentinian Army)]], were originally scheduled to make an assault landing in six Bell UH-1H helicopters of the 601st Combat Aviation Battalion. A follow-up force, the 65-man 601st National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron under Major [[José Ricardo Spadaro]], would reinforce the Mount Kent position. Argentinian maps had confirmed the overland route was obstructed with minefields and booby-traps. This meant the National Gendarmerie Special Forces would have to arrive in a Puma helicopter the next day, exposed to Royal Air Force GR-3 Harriers in their morning bomb runs. There was additional delay when the Marine Special Forces from Major [[Guillermo Sánchez-Sabarots]] 1st Amphibious Commando Grouping in the lead C-130 Hercules aircraft from [[Comodoro Rivadavia]] on the Argentinian mainland, had to abort landing on Stanley Airport. A snow blizzard added to the confusion as the Argentinian Special Forces hurriedly prepared their backpacks and gear for the insertions.<br />
<br />
==Mount Kent==<br />
<br />
The job of seizing the 1,300ft mountain fell to Captain Peter Babbington's ''Kilo'' Company of 42 CDO, who would be flown in by helicopters. Major Delves' D Squadron was told to locate and secure a suitable landing zone below the Mount Kent summit, but the lack of helicopters, coupled with blizzard conditions, meant it took five nights to airlift in the 150 Royal Marines of Babbington.<br />
<br />
The British High Command 8,000 miles away in Northwood, impatient for victories, questioned the need to use up valuable time on reconnaissance. Fortunately the British commander in the Falklands ignored their orders, because when the Royal Marines did land on the lower slopes of Mount Kent they discovered that strong enemy special forces patrols were still trying to penetrate the British lines.<br />
<br />
Brigadier [[Julian Thompson]], who commanded 3 Commando Brigade, wrote later that without the SAS presence on Mount Kent, the Argentine patrols ''"would have had a turkey shoot on the vulnerable helicopters and the troops as they jumped out, temporarily disorientated in the darkness; the operation would have been a disaster."''<ref>[http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/heritage/key-battles-at-top-malo-and-mount-kent-1-1272106 Key battles at Top Malo and Mount Kent]</ref><br />
<br />
When the 42 CDO spearhead flew in on the night of May 30/31 they witnessed the SAS ambush Captain Tomás Fernández 2nd Assault Section of the 602nd Commando Company near the landing site. Fortunately for the Royal Marine reinforcements, though, the Argentinian patrol withdrew after having earlier lost two killed in another ambush on [[Bluff Cove Peak]].<br />
<br />
==Top Malo House==<br />
<br />
Having surrounded Top Malo House, Captain Rod Boswell ordered his 12-man assault group patrol to fix bayonets and fire a green flare, the signal for the 7-man support group on a nearby hillock to unleash a volley of six anti-tank rockets at the remote shepherd's house.<br />
<br />
First Lieutenant Ernesto Emilio Espinosa on sentry duty on the top stairs window raised the alarm and was shot and killed by Corporal Steve Groves armed with a sniper rifle and moments later the building burst into flames.<br />
<br />
As Boswell and his assault group charged forward, two more 66mm rockets smashed into the house and the Argentinian special forces who had taken cover there overnight fled to Mullows Stream 200 metres away.<br />
<br />
In the fierce firefight that followed, First Sergeant [[Mateo Domingo Sbert]] was killed while covering their retreat to the stream and the Argentinian second-in-command, First Lieutenant [[Horacio Losito]] lost consciousness through loss of blood before the remainder threw down their weapons and surrendered.<br />
<br />
The battle of Top Malo House, a few miles from Teal Inlet, on May 31 cost the lives of two members of Captain [[José Arnobio Vercesi]]'s 1st Assault Section of the 602nd Commando Company. The 10 Argentinian survivors, six of them wounded, were taken prisoner.<br />
<br />
Four Royal Marine Commandos (Sergeants Doyle, Groves, McLean and Corporal Stone) were wounded<ref>[http://www.forces.net/news/remembering-falklands-day-day Remembering The Falklands Day By Day]</ref><ref>''"Sergeant McLean was wounded in the hand when a round hit the 66mm LAW he was about to fire."'' Nine Battles to Stanley, Nick Van Der Bijl, Pen & Sword, 2014</ref> <ref>"The fire group quickly destroyed the target house, but the Argentines stormed out, firing back and very quickly two Marines, Sergeant Terry Doyle in the assault group and Sergeant Rocky Stone of the fire group, had been shot and injured. Then Corporal Steve Groves was shot in the chest. The assault group had almost charged down on to Top Malo, blazing firepower from the hip and with Boswell leading." Commando, David Reynolds, p. 146, Sutton, 2001</ref>, a testament to the professionalism and skill of Britain's Special Forces. Unknown to Boswell's men, however, the 45-minute fight had been watched by Argentinian Air Force Observation Posts (OPs) manning OPs on nearby hills. So awestruck were they by the textbook assault, that 14 of them surrendered to the Paratroopers and Royal Marines making their way to Estancia Mountain and Bluff Cove Peak.<br />
<br />
Captain José Arnobio Vercesi's 1st Assault Section from the 602nd Commando Company and Captain [[José Ramón Negretti]]'s 2nd Assault Section from Major [[Mario Luis Castagneto]]'s 601st Commando Company had been using Mount Simon and Big Mountain to report on and harry the British advance towards Mount Kent, the first of several peaks guarding the approach to Port Stanley.<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
<br />
The Battles of Mount Kent and Top Malo House in late May 1982 cost the lives of eleven members of Argentina's Special Forces. Just 10 British special forces were wounded, but five were soon killed as a result of [[Friendly fire]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles]]<br />
[[Category:1980s]]<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mount_Kent_and_Top_Malo_House&diff=1441796Battle of Mount Kent and Top Malo House2018-08-23T00:18:38Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>On May 27, 1982, the 3rd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment (3 PARA) and 45 Commando (45 CDO), Royal Marines had left the British beachhead at San Carlos for Estancia Mountain and Bluff Cove Peak. The 2nd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment (2 PARA) were ordered to attack the Argentinian Task Force ''Mercedes'' on May 28 located on Darwin Isthmus during the [[Battle of Darwin and Goose Green]], eliminating any future threat from the Argentinian garrison. Major [[Cedric Delves]]' D Squadron, [[22nd Special Air Service Regiment]], embarked in Sea King helicopters would seize Mount Kent, while 19 Royal Marine Commandos from the [[Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre]] (M&AWC) under Major [[Rod Boswell]], embarked in a Wessex helicopter, would capture and clear the forward Argentinian Special Forces patrol located at Top Malo House, allowing the 600 Paratroopers from 3 PARA to capture Estancia Mountain and Estancia House. Captain Peter Babbington's ''Kilo'' Company of 42 Commando (42 CDO) was expected to land on Mount Kent on the night of May 29. Delays and snow blizzards meant these helicopter-borne reinforcements would only arrive on the night May 31, perilously close to a firefight.<br />
<br />
==First clash==<br />
<br />
The first engagement during the Battles of Mount Kent and Top Malo House occurred during 27 May, when ''Subteniente'' Marcelo Llambías Pravaz, Sergeant Ramón Valdez, Corporal Walter Pintos and Private Daniel Castillo from the 4th Regiment's C Company, while patrolling the western slopes under the cover of darkness and heavy rain, were overflown by a British helicopter. After radioing this information to regimental headquarters, the small squad soon after detected a British hide and opened fire. The next day, they closely inspected the scene but only found empty British rations that had to be dug out of the ground.<ref>[http://www.malvinasenlaradio.com/desajoomla/test/category/118-mcp-2017 Marcelo Llambias Pravaz (Malvinas Corazón De Mi Patria)]</ref><br />
<br />
==Argentinian incursion==<br />
<br />
About 40 men of 39-year-old Major [[Aldo Rico]]'s [[602nd Commando Company (Argentinian Army)]], were originally scheduled to make an assault landing in six Bell UH-1H helicopters of the 601st Combat Aviation Battalion. A follow-up force, the 65-man 601st National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron under Major [[José Ricardo Spadaro]], would reinforce the Mount Kent position. Argentinian maps had confirmed the overland route was obstructed with minefields and booby-traps. This meant the National Gendarmerie Special Forces would have to arrive in a Puma helicopter the next day, exposed to Royal Air Force GR-3 Harriers in their morning bomb runs. There was additional delay when the Marine Special Forces from Major [[Guillermo Sánchez-Sabarots]] 1st Amphibious Commando Grouping in the lead C-130 Hercules aircraft from [[Comodoro Rivadavia]] on the Argentinian mainland, had to abort landing on Stanley Airport. A snow blizzard added to the confusion as the Argentinian Special Forces hurriedly prepared their backpacks and gear for the insertions.<br />
<br />
==Mount Kent==<br />
<br />
The job of seizing the 1,300ft mountain fell to Captain Peter Babbington's ''Kilo'' Company of 42 CDO, who would be flown in by helicopters. Major Delves' D Squadron was told to locate and secure a suitable landing zone below the Mount Kent summit, but the lack of helicopters, coupled with blizzard conditions, meant it took five nights to airlift in the 150 Royal Marines of Babbington.<br />
<br />
The British High Command 8,000 miles away in Northwood, impatient for victories, questioned the need to use up valuable time on reconnaissance. Fortunately the British commander in the Falklands ignored their orders, because when the Royal Marines did land on the lower slopes of Mount Kent they discovered that strong enemy special forces patrols were still trying to penetrate the British lines.<br />
<br />
Brigadier [[Julian Thompson]], who commanded 3 Commando Brigade, wrote later that without the SAS presence on Mount Kent, the Argentine patrols ''"would have had a turkey shoot on the vulnerable helicopters and the troops as they jumped out, temporarily disorientated in the darkness; the operation would have been a disaster."''<ref>[http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/heritage/key-battles-at-top-malo-and-mount-kent-1-1272106 Key battles at Top Malo and Mount Kent]</ref><br />
<br />
When the 42 CDO spearhead flew in on the night of May 30/31 they witnessed the SAS ambush Captain Tomás Fernández 2nd Assault Section of the 602nd Commando Company near the landing site. Fortunately for the Royal Marine reinforcements, though, the Argentinian patrol withdrew after having earlier lost two killed in another ambush on [[Bluff Cove Peak]].<br />
<br />
==Top Malo House==<br />
<br />
Having surrounded Top Malo House, Captain Rod Boswell ordered his 12-man assault group patrol to fix bayonets and fire a green flare, the signal for the 7-man support group on a nearby hillock to unleash a volley of six anti-tank rockets at the remote shepherd's house.<br />
<br />
First Lieutenant Ernesto Emilio Espinosa on sentry duty on the top stairs window raised the alarm and was shot and killed by Corporal Steve Groves armed with a sniper rifle and moments later the building burst into flames.<br />
<br />
As Boswell and his assault group charged forward, two more 66mm rockets smashed into the house and the Argentinian special forces who had taken cover there overnight fled to Mullows Stream 150 metres away.<br />
<br />
In the fierce firefight that followed, First Sergeant [[Mateo Domingo Sbert]] was killed while covering their retreat to the stream and the Argentinian second-in-command, First Lieutenant [[Horacio Losito]] lost consciousness through loss of blood before the remainder threw down their weapons and surrendered.<br />
<br />
The battle of Top Malo House, a few miles from Teal Inlet, on May 31 cost the lives of two members of Captain [[José Arnobio Vercesi]]'s 1st Assault Section of the 602nd Commando Company. The 10 Argentinian survivors, six of them wounded, were taken prisoner.<br />
<br />
Just three Royal Marine Commandos were wounded, a testament to the professionalism and skill of Britain's Special Forces. Unknown to Boswell's men, however, the 45-minute fight had been watched by Argentinian Air Force Observation Posts (OPs) manning OPs on nearby hills. So awestruck were they by the textbook assault, that 14 of them surrendered to the Paratroopers and Royal Marines making their way to Estancia Mountain and Bluff Cove Peak.<br />
<br />
Captain José Arnobio Vercesi's 1st Assault Section from the 602nd Commando Company and Captain [[José Ramón Negretti]]'s 2nd Assault Section from Major [[Mario Luis Castagneto]]'s 601st Commando Company had been using Mount Simon and Big Mountain to report on and harry the British advance towards Mount Kent, the first of several peaks guarding the approach to Port Stanley.<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
<br />
The Battles of Mount Kent and Top Malo House in late May 1982 cost the lives of eleven members of Argentina's Special Forces. Just 10 British special forces were wounded, but five were soon killed as a result of [[Friendly fire]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles]]<br />
[[Category:1980s]]<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Marcelo_Llamb%C3%ADas_Pravaz&diff=1441790Marcelo Llambías Pravaz2018-08-23T00:15:15Z<p>Firestarter: /* Mount Challenger */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Marcelo Llambías Pravaz''' was born in 1961. He is a retired [[Major]] of the [[Argentinian Army]] and winner of the [[Gallantry In Combat Medal]], Argentina's second highest military decoration, for his part in the land actions of the Falklands/Malvinas War. He entered the Argentinian Army Military Academy in January 1978, graduating as a [[Second Lieutenant]] of Promotion 113 (nicknamed''"Islas Malvinas"'') on 7 April 1982.<br />
<br />
Llambías Pravaz took part in the fighting as commander of a rifle platoon, flying in to Stanley Airport via [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] as part of the 4th Infantry Regiment, sent to reinforce the ''Malvinas'' in late April 1982. As commander the 3rd Rifle Platoon of C Company (4th Regiment), he took up position on Mount Challenger along with his three rifle squads.<br />
<br />
==Mount Challenger==<br />
<br />
On 29 May 29, Lieutenant-Colonel Diego Alejandro Soria, commanding officer of the 4th Infantry Regiment, ordered Llambías Pravaz to cover with his platoon the retreat of the regiment to new positions on Two Sisters Mountain and Mount Harriet. The British had landed in San Carlos on 21 May and soon there were several clashes with Special Air Service Regiment (SAS) spearheads battling the 602nd Commando Company attempting to take over the vacated positions of the 4th Regiment.<br />
<br />
The first engagement during the [[Battles of Mount Kent and Top Malo House]] occurred during 27 May, when ''Subteniente'' Marcelo Llambías Pravaz, Sergeant Ramón Valdez, Corporal Walter Pintos and Private Daniel Castillo from the 4th Regiment's C Company, while patrolling the western slopes under the cover of darkness and heavy rain, were overflown by a British helicopter. After radioing this information to regimental headquarters, the small squad soon after detected a British hide and opened fire. The next day, they closely inspected the scene but only found empty British rations that had to be dug out of the ground.<ref>[http://www.malvinasenlaradio.com/desajoomla/test/category/118-mcp-2017 Marcelo Llambias Pravaz (Malvinas Corazón De Mi Patria)]</ref><br />
<br />
By 11:00 am on 30 May, several Royal Air Force (RAF) Harrier attack formations were reported active over Mount Kent, near Mount Challenger in support of the forward SAS patrols. Upon detecting them, Llambias Pravaz ordered his conscripts to open fire with rifles and machineguns, with the platoon commander personally manning a machinegun. He would later learn that his platoon hit a Harrier, forcing the pilot, Squadron-Leader Jerry Pook to abandon his GR-3 Harrier off Port Stanley/Puerto Argentino.<ref>La Guerra de las Malvinas, p.352, Editorial Oriente, 1987</ref><br />
<br />
==No-Man's-Land==<br />
<br />
During the patrol actions near the Murrell River, Llambias Pravaz fought two fierce actions against the Recce Platoon under Lieutenant Chris Fox of the 45th Commando Battalion, which had about fifty well-armed and artillery-backed troops. In the fighting of 3 June, which lasted until noon, the forward section of the 3rd Rifle Platoon of Second Lieutenant Lautaro Jiménez Corbalán on Mount Harriet forced back an entire platoon of Royal Marines under Lieutenant Chris Marwood from the 42nd Commando Battalion on Mount Wall, with the help of reinforcements from Llambias Pravaz's platoon.<br />
<br />
==Two Sisters Mountain==<br />
<br />
During the Battle for Two Sisters Mountain, Llambías Pravaz manned a 7.62mm MAG machine gun and an Instalaza-M65 rocket launcher, wounding three British commandos,<ref>"We got two- thirds of the way up before anybody started firing at us, but then you kept us pinned down with a machine gun. It took us three-and-a-half hours to cover that last 100 yards, you know. We were hiding among those rocks getting absolutely hammered. Our gun section was up ahead and we were pinned down. A shell went off next to me, and hit three of the guys but they were just wounded. We were so lucky that we didn’t lose anyone.’ [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><ref>"Fue una cosa bastante linda porque a los tipos venían a los gritos y se los veía recortados entre las piedras. Salió el primer cohete y se acabaron los gritos." Malvinas: la Defensa de Puerto Argentino, Oscar Luis Jofre, Félix Roberto Aguiar, p. 218, Editorial Sudamericana, 1987</ref> despite the intense British fire that included MILAN missiles from the Anti-Tank Platoon from the 40th Commando Battalion. In the action his helmet was dented by a rock when a MILAN missile exploded very close to Llambías Pravaz.<br />
<br />
==International recognition==<br />
<br />
Almost 30 years after the Falklands War, Llambias Pravaz had the opportunity in meeting British Falklands War veteran Nick Taylor, a squad leader from 45th Commando Battalion, in the same place where their platoons clashed and former Corporal Taylor confessed his admiration of Llambias Pravaz's 3rd Platoon and presented in a photo album the photographs he found of the Argentine Second Lieutenant and his men on Two Sisters. British television filmed the event and the story was covered in the main English-speaking newspapers of the world.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Llambías Pravaz, Marcelo}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Marcelo_Llamb%C3%ADas_Pravaz&diff=1441789Marcelo Llambías Pravaz2018-08-23T00:13:49Z<p>Firestarter: /* Mount Challenger */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Marcelo Llambías Pravaz''' was born in 1961. He is a retired [[Major]] of the [[Argentinian Army]] and winner of the [[Gallantry In Combat Medal]], Argentina's second highest military decoration, for his part in the land actions of the Falklands/Malvinas War. He entered the Argentinian Army Military Academy in January 1978, graduating as a [[Second Lieutenant]] of Promotion 113 (nicknamed''"Islas Malvinas"'') on 7 April 1982.<br />
<br />
Llambías Pravaz took part in the fighting as commander of a rifle platoon, flying in to Stanley Airport via [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] as part of the 4th Infantry Regiment, sent to reinforce the ''Malvinas'' in late April 1982. As commander the 3rd Rifle Platoon of C Company (4th Regiment), he took up position on Mount Challenger along with his three rifle squads.<br />
<br />
==Mount Challenger==<br />
<br />
On 29 May 29, Lieutenant-Colonel Diego Alejandro Soria, commanding officer of the 4th Infantry Regiment, ordered Llambías Pravaz to cover with his platoon the retreat of the regiment to new positions on Two Sisters Mountain and Mount Harriet. The British had landed in San Carlos on 21 May and soon there were several clashes with Special Air Service Regiment (SAS) spearheads battling the 602nd Commando Company attempting to take over the vacated positions of the 4th Regiment.<br />
<br />
The first engagement during the [[Battles of Mount Kent and Top Malo House] occurred during 27 May, when ''Subteniente'' Marcelo Llambías Pravaz, Sergeant Ramón Valdez, Corporal Walter Pintos and Private Daniel Castillo from the 4th Regiment's C Company, while patrolling the western slopes under the cover of darkness and heavy rain, were overflown by a British helicopter. After radioing this information to regimental headquarters, the small squad soon after detected a British hide and opened fire. The next day, they closely inspected the scene but only found empty British rations that had to be dug out of the ground.<ref>[http://www.malvinasenlaradio.com/desajoomla/test/category/118-mcp-2017 Marcelo Llambias Pravaz (Malvinas Corazón De Mi Patria)]</ref><br />
<br />
By 11:00 am on 30 May, several Royal Air Force (RAF) Harrier attack formations were reported active over Mount Kent, near Mount Challenger in support of the forward SAS patrols. Upon detecting them, Llambias Pravaz ordered his conscripts to open fire with rifles and machineguns, with the platoon commander personally manning a machinegun. He would later learn that his platoon hit a Harrier, forcing the pilot, Squadron-Leader Jerry Pook to abandon his GR-3 Harrier off Port Stanley/Puerto Argentino.<ref>La Guerra de las Malvinas, p.352, Editorial Oriente, 1987</ref><br />
<br />
==No-Man's-Land==<br />
<br />
During the patrol actions near the Murrell River, Llambias Pravaz fought two fierce actions against the Recce Platoon under Lieutenant Chris Fox of the 45th Commando Battalion, which had about fifty well-armed and artillery-backed troops. In the fighting of 3 June, which lasted until noon, the forward section of the 3rd Rifle Platoon of Second Lieutenant Lautaro Jiménez Corbalán on Mount Harriet forced back an entire platoon of Royal Marines under Lieutenant Chris Marwood from the 42nd Commando Battalion on Mount Wall, with the help of reinforcements from Llambias Pravaz's platoon.<br />
<br />
==Two Sisters Mountain==<br />
<br />
During the Battle for Two Sisters Mountain, Llambías Pravaz manned a 7.62mm MAG machine gun and an Instalaza-M65 rocket launcher, wounding three British commandos,<ref>"We got two- thirds of the way up before anybody started firing at us, but then you kept us pinned down with a machine gun. It took us three-and-a-half hours to cover that last 100 yards, you know. We were hiding among those rocks getting absolutely hammered. Our gun section was up ahead and we were pinned down. A shell went off next to me, and hit three of the guys but they were just wounded. We were so lucky that we didn’t lose anyone.’ [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><ref>"Fue una cosa bastante linda porque a los tipos venían a los gritos y se los veía recortados entre las piedras. Salió el primer cohete y se acabaron los gritos." Malvinas: la Defensa de Puerto Argentino, Oscar Luis Jofre, Félix Roberto Aguiar, p. 218, Editorial Sudamericana, 1987</ref> despite the intense British fire that included MILAN missiles from the Anti-Tank Platoon from the 40th Commando Battalion. In the action his helmet was dented by a rock when a MILAN missile exploded very close to Llambías Pravaz.<br />
<br />
==International recognition==<br />
<br />
Almost 30 years after the Falklands War, Llambias Pravaz had the opportunity in meeting British Falklands War veteran Nick Taylor, a squad leader from 45th Commando Battalion, in the same place where their platoons clashed and former Corporal Taylor confessed his admiration of Llambias Pravaz's 3rd Platoon and presented in a photo album the photographs he found of the Argentine Second Lieutenant and his men on Two Sisters. British television filmed the event and the story was covered in the main English-speaking newspapers of the world.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Llambías Pravaz, Marcelo}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Marcelo_Llamb%C3%ADas_Pravaz&diff=1441788Marcelo Llambías Pravaz2018-08-23T00:13:29Z<p>Firestarter: /* Mount Challenger */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Marcelo Llambías Pravaz''' was born in 1961. He is a retired [[Major]] of the [[Argentinian Army]] and winner of the [[Gallantry In Combat Medal]], Argentina's second highest military decoration, for his part in the land actions of the Falklands/Malvinas War. He entered the Argentinian Army Military Academy in January 1978, graduating as a [[Second Lieutenant]] of Promotion 113 (nicknamed''"Islas Malvinas"'') on 7 April 1982.<br />
<br />
Llambías Pravaz took part in the fighting as commander of a rifle platoon, flying in to Stanley Airport via [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] as part of the 4th Infantry Regiment, sent to reinforce the ''Malvinas'' in late April 1982. As commander the 3rd Rifle Platoon of C Company (4th Regiment), he took up position on Mount Challenger along with his three rifle squads.<br />
<br />
==Mount Challenger==<br />
<br />
On 29 May 29, Lieutenant-Colonel Diego Alejandro Soria, commanding officer of the 4th Infantry Regiment, ordered Llambías Pravaz to cover with his platoon the retreat of the regiment to new positions on Two Sisters Mountain and Mount Harriet. The British had landed in San Carlos on 21 May and soon there were several clashes with Special Air Service Regiment (SAS) spearheads battling the 602nd Commando Company attempting to take over the vacated positions of the 4th Regiment.<br />
<br />
The first engagement during the [[Battlesof Mount Kent and Top Malo House] occurred during 27 May, when ''Subteniente'' Marcelo Llambías Pravaz, Sergeant Ramón Valdez, Corporal Walter Pintos and Private Daniel Castillo from the 4th Regiment's C Company, while patrolling the western slopes under the cover of darkness and heavy rain, were overflown by a British helicopter. After radioing this information to regimental headquarters, the small squad soon after detected a British hide and opened fire. The next day, they closely inspected the scene but only found empty British rations that had to be dug out of the ground.<ref>[http://www.malvinasenlaradio.com/desajoomla/test/category/118-mcp-2017 Marcelo Llambias Pravaz (Malvinas Corazón De Mi Patria)]</ref><br />
<br />
By 11:00 am on 30 May, several Royal Air Force (RAF) Harrier attack formations were reported active over Mount Kent, near Mount Challenger in support of the forward SAS patrols. Upon detecting them, Llambias Pravaz ordered his conscripts to open fire with rifles and machineguns, with the platoon commander personally manning a machinegun. He would later learn that his platoon hit a Harrier, forcing the pilot, Squadron-Leader Jerry Pook to abandon his GR-3 Harrier off Port Stanley/Puerto Argentino.<ref>La Guerra de las Malvinas, p.352, Editorial Oriente, 1987</ref><br />
<br />
==No-Man's-Land==<br />
<br />
During the patrol actions near the Murrell River, Llambias Pravaz fought two fierce actions against the Recce Platoon under Lieutenant Chris Fox of the 45th Commando Battalion, which had about fifty well-armed and artillery-backed troops. In the fighting of 3 June, which lasted until noon, the forward section of the 3rd Rifle Platoon of Second Lieutenant Lautaro Jiménez Corbalán on Mount Harriet forced back an entire platoon of Royal Marines under Lieutenant Chris Marwood from the 42nd Commando Battalion on Mount Wall, with the help of reinforcements from Llambias Pravaz's platoon.<br />
<br />
==Two Sisters Mountain==<br />
<br />
During the Battle for Two Sisters Mountain, Llambías Pravaz manned a 7.62mm MAG machine gun and an Instalaza-M65 rocket launcher, wounding three British commandos,<ref>"We got two- thirds of the way up before anybody started firing at us, but then you kept us pinned down with a machine gun. It took us three-and-a-half hours to cover that last 100 yards, you know. We were hiding among those rocks getting absolutely hammered. Our gun section was up ahead and we were pinned down. A shell went off next to me, and hit three of the guys but they were just wounded. We were so lucky that we didn’t lose anyone.’ [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><ref>"Fue una cosa bastante linda porque a los tipos venían a los gritos y se los veía recortados entre las piedras. Salió el primer cohete y se acabaron los gritos." Malvinas: la Defensa de Puerto Argentino, Oscar Luis Jofre, Félix Roberto Aguiar, p. 218, Editorial Sudamericana, 1987</ref> despite the intense British fire that included MILAN missiles from the Anti-Tank Platoon from the 40th Commando Battalion. In the action his helmet was dented by a rock when a MILAN missile exploded very close to Llambías Pravaz.<br />
<br />
==International recognition==<br />
<br />
Almost 30 years after the Falklands War, Llambias Pravaz had the opportunity in meeting British Falklands War veteran Nick Taylor, a squad leader from 45th Commando Battalion, in the same place where their platoons clashed and former Corporal Taylor confessed his admiration of Llambias Pravaz's 3rd Platoon and presented in a photo album the photographs he found of the Argentine Second Lieutenant and his men on Two Sisters. British television filmed the event and the story was covered in the main English-speaking newspapers of the world.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Llambías Pravaz, Marcelo}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Marcelo_Llamb%C3%ADas_Pravaz&diff=1441785Marcelo Llambías Pravaz2018-08-23T00:12:47Z<p>Firestarter: /* Mount Challenger */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Marcelo Llambías Pravaz''' was born in 1961. He is a retired [[Major]] of the [[Argentinian Army]] and winner of the [[Gallantry In Combat Medal]], Argentina's second highest military decoration, for his part in the land actions of the Falklands/Malvinas War. He entered the Argentinian Army Military Academy in January 1978, graduating as a [[Second Lieutenant]] of Promotion 113 (nicknamed''"Islas Malvinas"'') on 7 April 1982.<br />
<br />
Llambías Pravaz took part in the fighting as commander of a rifle platoon, flying in to Stanley Airport via [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] as part of the 4th Infantry Regiment, sent to reinforce the ''Malvinas'' in late April 1982. As commander the 3rd Rifle Platoon of C Company (4th Regiment), he took up position on Mount Challenger along with his three rifle squads.<br />
<br />
==Mount Challenger==<br />
<br />
On 29 May 29, Lieutenant-Colonel Diego Alejandro Soria, commanding officer of the 4th Infantry Regiment, ordered Llambías Pravaz to cover with his platoon the retreat of the regiment to new positions on Two Sisters Mountain and Mount Harriet. The British had landed in San Carlos on 21 May and soon there were several clashes with Special Air Service Regiment (SAS) spearheads battling the 602nd Commando Company attempting to take over the vacated positions of the 4th Regiment.<br />
<br />
The first engagement during the [[Battle of Mount Kent and Top Malo House] occurred during 27 May, when ''Subteniente'' Marcelo Llambías Pravaz, Sergeant Ramón Valdez, Corporal Walter Pintos and Private Daniel Castillo from the 4th Regiment's C Company, while patrolling the western slopes under the cover of darkness and heavy rain, were overflown by a British helicopter. After radioing this information to regimental headquarters, the small squad soon after detected a British hide and opened fire. The next day, they closely inspected the scene but only found empty British rations that had to be dug out of the ground.<ref>[http://www.malvinasenlaradio.com/desajoomla/test/category/118-mcp-2017 Marcelo Llambias Pravaz (Malvinas Corazón De Mi Patria)]</ref><br />
<br />
By 11:00 am on 30 May, several Royal Air Force (RAF) Harrier attack formations were reported active over Mount Kent, near Mount Challenger in support of the forward SAS patrols. Upon detecting them, Llambias Pravaz ordered his conscripts to open fire with rifles and machineguns, with the platoon commander personally manning a machinegun. He would later learn that his platoon hit a Harrier, forcing the pilot, Squadron-Leader Jerry Pook to abandon his GR-3 Harrier off Port Stanley/Puerto Argentino.<ref>La Guerra de las Malvinas, p.352, Editorial Oriente, 1987</ref><br />
<br />
==No-Man's-Land==<br />
<br />
During the patrol actions near the Murrell River, Llambias Pravaz fought two fierce actions against the Recce Platoon under Lieutenant Chris Fox of the 45th Commando Battalion, which had about fifty well-armed and artillery-backed troops. In the fighting of 3 June, which lasted until noon, the forward section of the 3rd Rifle Platoon of Second Lieutenant Lautaro Jiménez Corbalán on Mount Harriet forced back an entire platoon of Royal Marines under Lieutenant Chris Marwood from the 42nd Commando Battalion on Mount Wall, with the help of reinforcements from Llambias Pravaz's platoon.<br />
<br />
==Two Sisters Mountain==<br />
<br />
During the Battle for Two Sisters Mountain, Llambías Pravaz manned a 7.62mm MAG machine gun and an Instalaza-M65 rocket launcher, wounding three British commandos,<ref>"We got two- thirds of the way up before anybody started firing at us, but then you kept us pinned down with a machine gun. It took us three-and-a-half hours to cover that last 100 yards, you know. We were hiding among those rocks getting absolutely hammered. Our gun section was up ahead and we were pinned down. A shell went off next to me, and hit three of the guys but they were just wounded. We were so lucky that we didn’t lose anyone.’ [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><ref>"Fue una cosa bastante linda porque a los tipos venían a los gritos y se los veía recortados entre las piedras. Salió el primer cohete y se acabaron los gritos." Malvinas: la Defensa de Puerto Argentino, Oscar Luis Jofre, Félix Roberto Aguiar, p. 218, Editorial Sudamericana, 1987</ref> despite the intense British fire that included MILAN missiles from the Anti-Tank Platoon from the 40th Commando Battalion. In the action his helmet was dented by a rock when a MILAN missile exploded very close to Llambías Pravaz.<br />
<br />
==International recognition==<br />
<br />
Almost 30 years after the Falklands War, Llambias Pravaz had the opportunity in meeting British Falklands War veteran Nick Taylor, a squad leader from 45th Commando Battalion, in the same place where their platoons clashed and former Corporal Taylor confessed his admiration of Llambias Pravaz's 3rd Platoon and presented in a photo album the photographs he found of the Argentine Second Lieutenant and his men on Two Sisters. British television filmed the event and the story was covered in the main English-speaking newspapers of the world.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Llambías Pravaz, Marcelo}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Marcelo_Llamb%C3%ADas_Pravaz&diff=1441783Marcelo Llambías Pravaz2018-08-23T00:11:09Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Marcelo Llambías Pravaz''' was born in 1961. He is a retired [[Major]] of the [[Argentinian Army]] and winner of the [[Gallantry In Combat Medal]], Argentina's second highest military decoration, for his part in the land actions of the Falklands/Malvinas War. He entered the Argentinian Army Military Academy in January 1978, graduating as a [[Second Lieutenant]] of Promotion 113 (nicknamed''"Islas Malvinas"'') on 7 April 1982.<br />
<br />
Llambías Pravaz took part in the fighting as commander of a rifle platoon, flying in to Stanley Airport via [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] as part of the 4th Infantry Regiment, sent to reinforce the ''Malvinas'' in late April 1982. As commander the 3rd Rifle Platoon of C Company (4th Regiment), he took up position on Mount Challenger along with his three rifle squads.<br />
<br />
==Mount Challenger==<br />
<br />
On 29 May 29, Lieutenant-Colonel Diego Alejandro Soria, commanding officer of the 4th Infantry Regiment, ordered Llambías Pravaz to cover with his platoon the retreat of the regiment to new positions on Two Sisters Mountain and Mount Harriet. The British had landed in San Carlos on 21 May and soon there were several clashes with Special Air Service Regiment (SAS) spearheads battling the 602nd Commando Company attempting to take over the vacated positions of the 4th Regiment.<br />
<br />
The first engagement during the '''Assault of Mount Kent''' occurred during 27 May, when ''Subteniente'' Marcelo Llambías Pravaz, Sergeant Ramón Valdez, Corporal Walter Pintos and Private Daniel Castillo from the 4th Regiment's C Company, while patrolling the western slopes under the cover of darkness and heavy rain, were overflown by a British helicopter. After radioing this information to regimental headquarters, the small squad soon after detected a British hide and opened fire. The next day, they closely inspected the scene but only found empty British rations that had to be dug out of the ground.<ref>[http://www.malvinasenlaradio.com/desajoomla/test/category/118-mcp-2017 Marcelo Llambias Pravaz (Malvinas Corazón De Mi Patria)]</ref><br />
<br />
By 11:00 am on 30 May, several Royal Air Force (RAF) Harrier attack formations were reported active over Mount Kent, near Mount Challenger in support of the forward SAS patrols. Upon detecting them, Llambias Pravaz ordered his conscripts to open fire with rifles and machineguns, with the platoon commander personally manning a machinegun. He would later learn that his platoon hit a Harrier, forcing the pilot, Squadron-Leader Jerry Pook to abandon his GR-3 Harrier off Port Stanley/Puerto Argentino.<ref>La Guerra de las Malvinas, p.352, Editorial Oriente, 1987</ref><br />
<br />
==No-Man's-Land==<br />
<br />
During the patrol actions near the Murrell River, Llambias Pravaz fought two fierce actions against the Recce Platoon under Lieutenant Chris Fox of the 45th Commando Battalion, which had about fifty well-armed and artillery-backed troops. In the fighting of 3 June, which lasted until noon, the forward section of the 3rd Rifle Platoon of Second Lieutenant Lautaro Jiménez Corbalán on Mount Harriet forced back an entire platoon of Royal Marines under Lieutenant Chris Marwood from the 42nd Commando Battalion on Mount Wall, with the help of reinforcements from Llambias Pravaz's platoon.<br />
<br />
==Two Sisters Mountain==<br />
<br />
During the Battle for Two Sisters Mountain, Llambías Pravaz manned a 7.62mm MAG machine gun and an Instalaza-M65 rocket launcher, wounding three British commandos,<ref>"We got two- thirds of the way up before anybody started firing at us, but then you kept us pinned down with a machine gun. It took us three-and-a-half hours to cover that last 100 yards, you know. We were hiding among those rocks getting absolutely hammered. Our gun section was up ahead and we were pinned down. A shell went off next to me, and hit three of the guys but they were just wounded. We were so lucky that we didn’t lose anyone.’ [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><ref>"Fue una cosa bastante linda porque a los tipos venían a los gritos y se los veía recortados entre las piedras. Salió el primer cohete y se acabaron los gritos." Malvinas: la Defensa de Puerto Argentino, Oscar Luis Jofre, Félix Roberto Aguiar, p. 218, Editorial Sudamericana, 1987</ref> despite the intense British fire that included MILAN missiles from the Anti-Tank Platoon from the 40th Commando Battalion. In the action his helmet was dented by a rock when a MILAN missile exploded very close to Llambías Pravaz.<br />
<br />
==International recognition==<br />
<br />
Almost 30 years after the Falklands War, Llambias Pravaz had the opportunity in meeting British Falklands War veteran Nick Taylor, a squad leader from 45th Commando Battalion, in the same place where their platoons clashed and former Corporal Taylor confessed his admiration of Llambias Pravaz's 3rd Platoon and presented in a photo album the photographs he found of the Argentine Second Lieutenant and his men on Two Sisters. British television filmed the event and the story was covered in the main English-speaking newspapers of the world.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2116389/After-bloody-battle-Royal-Marine-enemy-camera-Thirty-years-later-Nick-Taylor-tracked-Argentine-soldier-pictures.html After a bloody battle a Royal Marine found an enemy camera. Thirty years later Nick Taylor tracked down the Argentine soldier in the pictures]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Llambías Pravaz, Marcelo}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438462Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T02:25:58Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1900 the anarchist and bolshevik movements in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. In 1875, following the backlash of the international market crisis, a large number of newly arrived migrants in Buenos Aires were left without work. As a result, the "First International" (founded circa 1871) was able to rally and recruit new members and financial support.<br />
<br />
From 1885-1889, Errico Malatesta, an Italian anarcho-communist, helped promote and popularize the anarchist ideology. Mamatesta’s ''Questione Sociale'' would have immense influence over Italian migrants in Argentina.<br />
<br />
==The spread of anarchism==<br />
<br />
In 1901, the ''Federacion Obrera Argentina'' (FOA of the Argentine Workers’ Federation), was created. Members were anarchists, communists and socialists. Within a year the FOA had split up, but around 8,000 of the previous 10,000 members stayed with the federation and were able to establish anarchist leaders in the various trade unions.<br />
<br />
Following the rapid growth of trade-unionism the ''Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina'' (FORA) was created and largely inspired by Italian Anarchist Pietro Gorri, who waged a long campaign of general strikes against the Argentinian government. The unions associated with FORA were considered one of the principle means of spreading the anarchist ideal amongst the workers.<br />
<br />
==First general strikes==<br />
<br />
In May 1904, a clash between workers and police left two dead and fifteen injured. In 1907, the feminist-anarchist league was established in Buenos Aires. Toward the end of the decade there arose a situation in which the brutality of the police authorities and the militancy of the workers incited each other to greater heights, until, on May Day, 1909, a giant gathering marched through the Argentinian capital and was broken up by the police, who inflicted some 12 killed and a hundred wounded.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091116.2.64 BUENOS AIRES TRAGEDY. TWO POLICE OFFICIALS KILLED. Buenos Aires Tragedy. Evening Post, 16 November 1909, Page 7]</ref> It was reported at the time that anarchists had provoked the violence.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=BA19090503.2.23 AN ANARCHISTS' RIOT, Bush Advocate, 3 May 1909]</ref>Argentinian President José Figueroa Alcorta narrowly himself escaped death when an anarchist bomb was thrown at him while he was driving in Buenos Aires on February 28, 1908.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kVxjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2020,2967528&dq= NEW ANARCHIST PLOT. Two Arrests and Raid on Bomb Factory in Buenos Ayres, The Evening News, 11 July 1911.]</ref>The government officials were again thrown into panic when a 19 year-old anarchist, Jewish-Ukrainian migrant Simón Radowitzky, killed with a hand-held bomb the city's police chief, Ramón Falcón and his aide Alberto Lartigau, who were driving through Callao street in Buenos Aires on November 15, 1909. On October 16, 1909, bombs exploded at the Spanish consulate in the city of Rosario, injuring an anarchist and damaging the building.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091018.2.59 BOMBS EXPLODED IN SPANISH CONSULATE, Evening Post, 18 October 1909.]</ref> In late 1909, as a result of Falcón's assassination the self-styled "Patriotic students" known as ''Juventud Autonomista'' was formed. On May 25, 1910, in an effort to disrupt the Argentine centennial celebrations in Buenos Aires, an anarchist gave a bomb to an unsuspecting boy to carry into a cathedral, the bomb however exploded prematurely and the boy was killed and another lost both arms.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19100603.2.59 BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO ATOMS, Evening Post, 3 June 1910]</ref> On June 28, 1910, another bomb exploded in the ''Teatro Colón'' in downtown Buenos Aires and 20 theatre-goers were injured and the Senate and Chamber of Deputies passed a bill calling for capital punishment for those anarchists responsible for causing death.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq= FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair. The Gazette Times, 10 July 1911]</ref> On July 9, 1916, an attempt to assassinate Argentine President Victorino de la Plaza was made by a gun-wielding self-confessed anarchist. The attack was executed while the president was reviewing a troop march past during celebrations of the one-hundred anniversary of Argentinian independence.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq= EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE, The Gazette Times, 10 July, 1916.]</ref>On February 9, 1918, violent strikes took place across Argentina and regular troops were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists wrecked trains, destroyed tracks and burned carriages laden with wheat for export.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq= Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots, The Telegraph-Herald, 10 February 1918]</ref><br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. <br />
<br />
Placing the city under martial law, President Yrigoyen appointed Colonel Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces, after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vbxJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2goNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4583,2109521&dq . ACTS OF ANARCHY CONTINUE. The News and Courier, 13 January 1919]</ref>On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a marine detachment from the Argentine Navy Cruiser ''San Martin''.<ref>The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, Page 159, Georgetown University, 1972.</ref>A young army lieutenant in charge of a platoon that machine-gunned hundreds of attacking militants workers was Juan Doming Peron, the future president of Argentina.<ref>God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s, Patricia Marchak, p.47, Mcgill Queens University, 2002</ref> The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured. Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the total number of workers killed in the uprising and immediate aftermath at more than 100. The conservative La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. The police forces suffered 3 killed and 78 wounded.<br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438456Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T02:17:06Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1900 the anarchist and bolshevik movements in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. In 1875, following the backlash of the international market crisis, a large number of newly arrived migrants in Buenos Aires were left without work. As a result, the First International (founded circa 1871) was able to rally and recruit new members and financial support.<br />
<br />
From 1885-1889, Errico Malatesta, an Italian anarcho-communist, helps promote and popularize the anarchist ideology. Mamatesta’s ''Questione Sociale'' has immense influence over Italian migrants in Argentina.<br />
<br />
In 1901, the ''Federacion Obrera Argentina'' (FOA of the Argentine Workers’ Federation), was created. Members were anarchists, communists and socialists. Within a year the FOA had split up, but around 8,000 of the previous 10,000 members stayed with the federation and were able to establish an anarchist hegemony in the various trade unions.<br />
<br />
Following the rapid growth of trade-unionism the ''Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina'' (FORA) was created and largely inspired by Italian Anarchist Pietro Gorri, who waged a long campaign of general strikes against the Argentinian government. The unions associated with FORA were considered one of the principle means of spreading the anarchist ideal amongst the workers.<br />
<br />
==First general strikes==<br />
<br />
In May 1904, a clash between workers and police left two dead and fifteen injured. In 1907, the feminist-anarchist league was established in Buenos Aires. Toward the end of the decade there arose a situation in which the brutality of the police authorities and the militancy of the workers incited each other to greater heights, until, on May Day, 1909, a giant gathering marched through the Argentinian capital and was broken up by the police, who inflicted some 12 killed and a hundred wounded.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091116.2.64 BUENOS AIRES TRAGEDY. TWO POLICE OFFICIALS KILLED. Buenos Aires Tragedy. Evening Post, 16 November 1909, Page 7]</ref> It was reported at the time that anarchists had provoked the violence.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=BA19090503.2.23 AN ANARCHISTS' RIOT, Bush Advocate, 3 May 1909]</ref>Argentinian President José Figueroa Alcorta narrowly himself escaped death when an anarchist bomb was thrown at him while he was driving in Buenos Aires on February 28, 1908.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kVxjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2020,2967528&dq= NEW ANARCHIST PLOT. Two Arrests and Raid on Bomb Factory in Buenos Ayres, The Evening News, 11 July 1911.]</ref>The government officials were again thrown into panic when a 19 year-old anarchist, Jewish-Ukrainian migrant Simón Radowitzky, killed with a hand-held bomb the city's police chief, Ramón Falcón and his aide Alberto Lartigau, who were driving through Callao street in Buenos Aires on November 15, 1909. On October 16, 1909, bombs exploded at the Spanish consulate in the city of Rosario, injuring an anarchist and damaging the building.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091018.2.59 BOMBS EXPLODED IN SPANISH CONSULATE, Evening Post, 18 October 1909.]</ref> In late 1909, as a result of Falcón's assassination the self-styled "Patriotic students" known as ''Juventud Autonomista'' was formed. On May 25, 1910, in an effort to disrupt the Argentine centennial celebrations in Buenos Aires, an anarchist gave a bomb to an unsuspecting boy to carry into a cathedral, the bomb however exploded prematurely and the boy was killed and another lost both arms.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19100603.2.59 BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO ATOMS, Evening Post, 3 June 1910]</ref> On June 28, 1910, another bomb exploded in the ''Teatro Colón'' in downtown Buenos Aires and 20 theatre-goers were injured and the Senate and Chamber of Deputies passed a bill calling for capital punishment for those anarchists responsible for causing death.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq= FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair. The Gazette Times, 10 July 1911]</ref> On July 9, 1916, an attempt to assassinate Argentine President Victorino de la Plaza was made by a gun-wielding self-confessed anarchist. The attack was executed while the president was reviewing a troop march past during celebrations of the one-hundred anniversary of Argentinian independence.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq= EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE, The Gazette Times, 10 July, 1916.]</ref>On February 9, 1918, violent strikes took place across Argentina and regular troops were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists wrecked trains, destroyed tracks and burned carriages laden with wheat for export.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq= Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots, The Telegraph-Herald, 10 February 1918]</ref><br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. <br />
<br />
Placing the city under martial law, President Yrigoyen appointed Colonel Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces, after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vbxJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2goNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4583,2109521&dq . ACTS OF ANARCHY CONTINUE. The News and Courier, 13 January 1919]</ref>On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a marine detachment from the Argentine Navy Cruiser ''San Martin''.<ref>The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, Page 159, Georgetown University, 1972.</ref>A young army lieutenant in charge of a platoon that machine-gunned hundreds of attacking militants workers was Juan Doming Peron, the future president of Argentina.<ref>God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s, Patricia Marchak, p.47, Mcgill Queens University, 2002</ref> The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured. Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the total number of workers killed in the uprising and immediate aftermath at more than 100. The conservative La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. The police forces suffered 3 killed and 78 wounded.<br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438447Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T02:05:51Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1900 the anarchist and bolshevik movements in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. In 1875, following the backlash of the international market crisis, a large number of newly arrived migrants in Buenos Aires were left without work. As a result, the First International was able to rally and recruit new members and financial support.<br />
<br />
From 1885-1889, Errico Malatesta, an Italian anarcho-communist, helps promote and popularize the anarchist ideology. Mamatesta’s ''Questione Sociale'' has immense influence over Italian migrants in Argentina.<br />
<br />
In 1901, the ''Federacion Obrera Argentina'' (FOA of the Argentine Workers’ Federation), was created. Members were anarchists, communists and socialists. Within a year the FOA had split up, but around 8,000 of the previous 10,000 members stayed with the federation and were able to establish an anarchist hegemony in the various trade unions.<br />
<br />
Following the rapid growth of trade-unionism the ''Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina'' (FORA) was created and largely inspired by Italian Anarchist Pietro Gorri, an Italian anarchist who waged a long campaign of general strikes against the Argentinian government. The unions associated with FORA were considered one of the principle means of spreading the anarchist ideal amongst the workers.<br />
<br />
==First general strikes==<br />
<br />
In May 1904, a clash between workers and police left two dead and fifteen injured. In 1907, the feminist-anarchist league was established in Buenos Aires. Toward the end of the decade there arose a situation in which the brutality of the police authorities and the militancy of the workers incited each other to greater heights, until, on May Day, 1909, a giant gathering marched through the Argentinian capital and was broken up by the police, who inflicted some 12 killed and a hundred wounded.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091116.2.64 BUENOS AIRES TRAGEDY. TWO POLICE OFFICIALS KILLED. Buenos Aires Tragedy. Evening Post, 16 November 1909, Page 7]</ref> It was reported at the time that anarchists had provoked the violence.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=BA19090503.2.23 AN ANARCHISTS' RIOT, Bush Advocate, 3 May 1909]</ref> Argentine President José Figueroa Alcorta narrowly himself escaped death when an anarchist bomb was thrown at him while he was driving in Buenos Aires on 28 February 1908.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kVxjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2020,2967528&dq= NEW ANARCHIST PLOT. Two Arrests and Raid on Bomb Factory in Buenos Ayres, The Evening News, 11 July 1911.]</ref> The government officials were again thrown into panic when a 19 year-old anarchist, Ukrainian immigrant Simón Radowitzky, killed with a hand-held bomb the city's police chief, Ramón Falcón and his aide Alberto Lartigau, who were driving through Callao street in Buenos Aires on 15 November 1909. On 16 October 1909, bombs exploded at the Spanish consulate in the city of Rosario, injuring an anarchist and damaging the building.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091018.2.59 BOMBS EXPLODED IN SPANISH CONSULATE, Evening Post, 18 October 1909.]</ref> In late 1909, as a result of Falcón's assassination the self-styled "Patriotic students" known as ''Juventud Autonomista'' was formed. On 25 May 1910, in an effort to disrupt the Argentine centennial celebrations in Buenos Aires, an anarchist gave a bomb to an unsuspecting boy to carry into a cathedral, the bomb however exploded prematurely and the boy was killed and another lost both arms.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19100603.2.59 BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO ATOMS, Evening Post, 3 June 1910]</ref> On 28 June 1910 another bomb exploded in the Teatro Colón and 20 theatre-goers were injured and the Senate and Chamber of Deputies passed a bill providing for capital punishment for those anarchists responsible for causing death.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq= FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair. The Gazette Times, 10 July 1911]</ref> On 9 July 1916, an attempt to assassinate Argentine President Victorino de la Plaza was made by a gun-wielding self-confessed anarchist. The attempt was made while the president was reviewing a troop march past during celebrations of the one-hundred anniversary of Argentine independence.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq= EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE, The Gazette Times, 10 July, 1916.]</ref>On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place across Argentina and regular troops were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists wrecked trains, destroyed tracks and burned carriages laden with wheat.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq= Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots, The Telegraph-Herald, 10 February 1918]</ref><br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. <br />
<br />
Placing the city under martial law, President Yrigoyen appointed Colonel Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces, after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vbxJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2goNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4583,2109521&dq . ACTS OF ANARCHY CONTINUE. The News and Courier, 13 January 1919]</ref>On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a marine detachment from the Argentine Navy Cruiser ''San Martin''.<ref>The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, Page 159, Georgetown University, 1972.</ref>A young army lieutenant in charge of a platoon that machine-gunned hundreds of attacking militants workers was Juan Doming Peron, the future president of Argentina.<ref>God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s, Patricia Marchak, p.47, Mcgill Queens University, 2002</ref> The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured. Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the total number of workers killed in the uprising and immediate aftermath at more than 100. The conservative La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. The police forces suffered 3 killed and 78 wounded.<br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438445Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T01:52:50Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1900 the anarchist and bolshevik movements in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. In 1875, following the backlash of the international market crisis, a large number of immigrants in Buenos Aires were left without work. As a result, the First International was able to rally and recruit new members and support.<br />
<br />
From 1885-1889, Errico Malatesta, an Italian anarcho-communist, helps promote and popularize the anarchist ideology. Mamatesta’s ''Questione Sociale'' has immense influence over Italian workers settling in Argentina.<br />
<br />
==First general strikes==<br />
<br />
From 1902 until 1909 the FORA (''Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina'') was founded by Italian immigrant Pietro Gori, an Italian anarchist who waged a long campaign of general strikes against the Argentinian government. The militant workers were influenced largely by Pellicer Paraire’s series of articles on Labor Organization in ''La Protesta Humana''. The unions associated with FORA were considered one of the principle means of spreading the anarchist ideal amongst the workers. In May 1904, a clash between workers and police left two dead and fifteen injured. In 1907, the feminist-anarchist league was established in Buenos Aires. Toward the end of the decade there arose a situation in which the brutality of the police authorities and the militancy of the workers incited each other to greater heights, until, on May Day, 1909, a giant gathering marched through the Argentinian capital and was broken up by the police, who inflicted some 12 killed and a hundred wounded.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091116.2.64 BUENOS AIRES TRAGEDY. TWO POLICE OFFICIALS KILLED. Buenos Aires Tragedy. Evening Post, 16 November 1909, Page 7]</ref> It was reported at the time that anarchists had provoked the violence.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=BA19090503.2.23 AN ANARCHISTS' RIOT, Bush Advocate, 3 May 1909]</ref> Argentine President José Figueroa Alcorta narrowly himself escaped death when an anarchist bomb was thrown at him while he was driving in Buenos Aires on 28 February 1908.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kVxjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2020,2967528&dq= NEW ANARCHIST PLOT. Two Arrests and Raid on Bomb Factory in Buenos Ayres, The Evening News, 11 July 1911.]</ref> The government officials were again thrown into panic when a 19 year-old anarchist, Ukrainian immigrant Simón Radowitzky, killed with a hand-held bomb the city's police chief, Ramón Falcón and his aide Alberto Lartigau, who were driving through Callao street in Buenos Aires on 15 November 1909. On 16 October 1909, bombs exploded at the Spanish consulate in the city of Rosario, injuring an anarchist and damaging the building.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091018.2.59 BOMBS EXPLODED IN SPANISH CONSULATE, Evening Post, 18 October 1909.]</ref> In late 1909, as a result of Falcón's assassination the self-styled "Patriotic students" known as ''Juventud Autonomista'' was formed. On 25 May 1910, in an effort to disrupt the Argentine centennial celebrations in Buenos Aires, an anarchist gave a bomb to an unsuspecting boy to carry into a cathedral, the bomb however exploded prematurely and the boy was killed and another lost both arms.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19100603.2.59 BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO ATOMS, Evening Post, 3 June 1910]</ref> On 28 June 1910 another bomb exploded in the Teatro Colón and 20 theatre-goers were injured and the Senate and Chamber of Deputies passed a bill providing for capital punishment for those anarchists responsible for causing death.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq= FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair. The Gazette Times, 10 July 1911]</ref> On 9 July 1916, an attempt to assassinate Argentine President Victorino de la Plaza was made by a gun-wielding self-confessed anarchist. The attempt was made while the president was reviewing a troop march past during celebrations of the one-hundred anniversary of Argentine independence.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq= EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE, The Gazette Times, 10 July, 1916.]</ref>On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place across Argentina and regular troops were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists wrecked trains, destroyed tracks and burned carriages laden with wheat.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq= Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots, The Telegraph-Herald, 10 February 1918]</ref><br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. <br />
<br />
Placing the city under martial law, President Yrigoyen appointed Colonel Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces, after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vbxJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2goNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4583,2109521&dq . ACTS OF ANARCHY CONTINUE. The News and Courier, 13 January 1919]</ref>On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a marine detachment from the Argentine Navy Cruiser ''San Martin''.<ref>The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, Page 159, Georgetown University, 1972.</ref>A young army lieutenant in charge of a platoon that machine-gunned hundreds of attacking militants workers was Juan Doming Peron, the future president of Argentina.<ref>God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s, Patricia Marchak, p.47, Mcgill Queens University, 2002</ref> The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured. Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the total number of workers killed in the uprising and immediate aftermath at more than 100. The conservative La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. The police forces suffered 3 killed and 78 wounded.<br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438444Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T01:50:11Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1900 the anarchist and bolshevik movements in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. In 1875, following the backlash of the international market crisis, a large number of immigrants in Buenos Aires were left without work. As a result, the First International was able to rally and recruit new members and support.<br />
<br />
==First general strikes==<br />
<br />
From 1902 until 1909 the FORA (''Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina'') was founded by Italian immigrant Pietro Gori, an Italian anarchist who waged a long campaign of general strikes against the Argentinian government. The militant workers were influenced largely by Pellicer Paraire’s series of articles on Labor Organization in ''La Protesta Humana''. The unions associated with FORA were considered one of the principle means of spreading the anarchist ideal amongst the workers. In May 1904, a clash between workers and police left two dead and fifteen injured. In 1907, the feminist-anarchist league was established in Buenos Aires. Toward the end of the decade there arose a situation in which the brutality of the police authorities and the militancy of the workers incited each other to greater heights, until, on May Day, 1909, a giant gathering marched through the Argentinian capital and was broken up by the police, who inflicted some 12 killed and a hundred wounded.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091116.2.64 BUENOS AIRES TRAGEDY. TWO POLICE OFFICIALS KILLED. Buenos Aires Tragedy. Evening Post, 16 November 1909, Page 7]</ref> It was reported at the time that anarchists had provoked the violence.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=BA19090503.2.23 AN ANARCHISTS' RIOT, Bush Advocate, 3 May 1909]</ref> Argentine President José Figueroa Alcorta narrowly himself escaped death when an anarchist bomb was thrown at him while he was driving in Buenos Aires on 28 February 1908.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kVxjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2020,2967528&dq= NEW ANARCHIST PLOT. Two Arrests and Raid on Bomb Factory in Buenos Ayres, The Evening News, 11 July 1911.]</ref> The government officials were again thrown into panic when a 19 year-old anarchist, Ukrainian immigrant Simón Radowitzky, killed with a hand-held bomb the city's police chief, Ramón Falcón and his aide Alberto Lartigau, who were driving through Callao street in Buenos Aires on 15 November 1909. On 16 October 1909, bombs exploded at the Spanish consulate in the city of Rosario, injuring an anarchist and damaging the building.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091018.2.59 BOMBS EXPLODED IN SPANISH CONSULATE, Evening Post, 18 October 1909.]</ref> In late 1909, as a result of Falcón's assassination the self-styled "Patriotic students" known as ''Juventud Autonomista'' was formed. On 25 May 1910, in an effort to disrupt the Argentine centennial celebrations in Buenos Aires, an anarchist gave a bomb to an unsuspecting boy to carry into a cathedral, the bomb however exploded prematurely and the boy was killed and another lost both arms.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19100603.2.59 BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO ATOMS, Evening Post, 3 June 1910]</ref> On 28 June 1910 another bomb exploded in the Teatro Colón and 20 theatre-goers were injured and the Senate and Chamber of Deputies passed a bill providing for capital punishment for those anarchists responsible for causing death.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq= FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair. The Gazette Times, 10 July 1911]</ref> On 9 July 1916, an attempt to assassinate Argentine President Victorino de la Plaza was made by a gun-wielding self-confessed anarchist. The attempt was made while the president was reviewing a troop march past during celebrations of the one-hundred anniversary of Argentine independence.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq= EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE, The Gazette Times, 10 July, 1916.]</ref>On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place across Argentina and regular troops were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists wrecked trains, destroyed tracks and burned carriages laden with wheat.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq= Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots, The Telegraph-Herald, 10 February 1918]</ref><br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. <br />
<br />
Placing the city under martial law, President Yrigoyen appointed Colonel Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces, after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vbxJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2goNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4583,2109521&dq . ACTS OF ANARCHY CONTINUE. The News and Courier, 13 January 1919]</ref>On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a marine detachment from the Argentine Navy Cruiser ''San Martin''.<ref>The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, Page 159, Georgetown University, 1972.</ref>A young army lieutenant in charge of a platoon that machine-gunned hundreds of attacking militants workers was Juan Doming Peron, the future president of Argentina.<ref>God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s, Patricia Marchak, p.47, Mcgill Queens University, 2002</ref> The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured. Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the total number of workers killed in the uprising and immediate aftermath at more than 100. The conservative La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. The police forces suffered 3 killed and 78 wounded.<br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438443Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T01:39:13Z<p>Firestarter: /* First general strikes */</p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
==First general strikes==<br />
<br />
From 1902 until 1909 the FORA (''Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina'') was founded by Italian immigrant Pietro Gori, an Italian anarchist who waged a long campaign of general strikes against the Argentinian government. The militant workers were influenced largely by Pellicer Paraire’s series of articles on Labor Organization in ''La Protesta Humana''. The unions associated with FORA were considered one of the principle means of spreading the anarchist ideal amongst the workers. In May 1904, a clash between workers and police left two dead and fifteen injured. In 1907, the feminist-anarchist league was established in Buenos Aires. Toward the end of the decade there arose a situation in which the brutality of the police authorities and the militancy of the workers incited each other to greater heights, until, on May Day, 1909, a giant gathering marched through the Argentinian capital and was broken up by the police, who inflicted some 12 killed and a hundred wounded.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091116.2.64 BUENOS AIRES TRAGEDY. TWO POLICE OFFICIALS KILLED. Buenos Aires Tragedy. Evening Post, 16 November 1909, Page 7]</ref> It was reported at the time that anarchists had provoked the violence.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=BA19090503.2.23 AN ANARCHISTS' RIOT, Bush Advocate, 3 May 1909]</ref> Argentine President José Figueroa Alcorta narrowly himself escaped death when an anarchist bomb was thrown at him while he was driving in Buenos Aires on 28 February 1908.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kVxjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2020,2967528&dq= NEW ANARCHIST PLOT. Two Arrests and Raid on Bomb Factory in Buenos Ayres, The Evening News, 11 July 1911.]</ref> The government officials were again thrown into panic when a 19 year-old anarchist, Ukrainian immigrant Simón Radowitzky, killed with a hand-held bomb the city's police chief, Ramón Falcón and his aide Alberto Lartigau, who were driving through Callao street in Buenos Aires on 15 November 1909. On 16 October 1909, bombs exploded at the Spanish consulate in the city of Rosario, injuring an anarchist and damaging the building.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19091018.2.59 BOMBS EXPLODED IN SPANISH CONSULATE, Evening Post, 18 October 1909.]</ref> In late 1909, as a result of Falcón's assassination the self-styled "Patriotic students" known as ''Juventud Autonomista'' was formed. On 25 May 1910, in an effort to disrupt the Argentine centennial celebrations in Buenos Aires, an anarchist gave a bomb to an unsuspecting boy to carry into a cathedral, the bomb however exploded prematurely and the boy was killed and another lost both arms.<ref>[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19100603.2.59 BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO ATOMS, Evening Post, 3 June 1910]</ref> On 28 June 1910 another bomb exploded in the Teatro Colón and 20 theatre-goers were injured and the Senate and Chamber of Deputies passed a bill providing for capital punishment for those anarchists responsible for causing death.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq= FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair. The Gazette Times, 10 July 1911]</ref> On 9 July 1916, an attempt to assassinate Argentine President Victorino de la Plaza was made by a gun-wielding self-confessed anarchist. The attempt was made while the president was reviewing a troop march past during celebrations of the one-hundred anniversary of Argentine independence.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq= EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE, The Gazette Times, 10 July, 1916.]</ref>On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place across Argentina and regular troops were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists wrecked trains, destroyed tracks and burned carriages laden with wheat.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq= Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots, The Telegraph-Herald, 10 February 1918]</ref><br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. <br />
<br />
Placing the city under martial law, President Yrigoyen appointed Colonel Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces, after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vbxJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2goNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4583,2109521&dq . ACTS OF ANARCHY CONTINUE. The News and Courier, 13 January 1919]</ref>On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a marine detachment from the Argentine Navy Cruiser ''San Martin''.<ref>The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, Page 159, Georgetown University, 1972.</ref>A young army lieutenant in charge of a platoon that machine-gunned hundreds of attacking militants workers was Juan Doming Peron, the future president of Argentina.<ref>God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s, Patricia Marchak, p.47, Mcgill Queens University, 2002</ref> The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured. Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the total number of workers killed in the uprising and immediate aftermath at more than 100. The conservative La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. The police forces suffered 3 killed and 78 wounded.<br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438442Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T01:34:18Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
==First general strikes==<br />
<br />
From 1902 until 1909 the FORA (''Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina'') was founded by Italian immigrant Pietro Gori, an Italian anarchist who waged a long campaign of general strikes against the Argentinian government. The militant workers were influenced largely by Pellicer Paraire’s series of articles on Labor Organization in ''La Protesta Humana''. In May 1904, a clash between workers and police left two dead and fifteen injured. In 1907, the feminist-anarchist league was established in Buenos Aires. Toward the end of the decade there arose a situation in which the brutality of the police authorities and the militancy of the workers incited each other to greater heights, until, on May Day, 1909, a giant gathering marched through the Argentinian capital and was broken up by the police, who inflicted some 12 killed and a hundred wounded.<br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. <br />
<br />
Placing the city under martial law, President Yrigoyen appointed Colonel Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces, after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vbxJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2goNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4583,2109521&dq . ACTS OF ANARCHY CONTINUE. The News and Courier, 13 January 1919]</ref>On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a marine detachment from the Argentine Navy Cruiser ''San Martin''.<ref>The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, Page 159, Georgetown University, 1972.</ref>A young army lieutenant in charge of a platoon that machine-gunned hundreds of attacking militants workers was Juan Doming Peron, the future president of Argentina.<ref>God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s, Patricia Marchak, p.47, Mcgill Queens University, 2002</ref> The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured. Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the total number of workers killed in the uprising and immediate aftermath at more than 100. The conservative La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. The police forces suffered 3 killed and 78 wounded.<br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438441Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T01:23:12Z<p>Firestarter: /* Tragic Week */</p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. <br />
<br />
Placing the city under martial law, President Yrigoyen appointed Colonel Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces, after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vbxJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2goNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4583,2109521&dq . ACTS OF ANARCHY CONTINUE. The News and Courier, 13 January 1919]</ref>On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a marine detachment from the Argentine Navy Cruiser ''San Martin''.<ref>The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, Page 159, Georgetown University, 1972.</ref>A young army lieutenant in charge of a platoon that machine-gunned hundreds of attacking militants workers was Juan Doming Peron, the future president of Argentina.<ref>God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s, Patricia Marchak, p.47, Mcgill Queens University, 2002</ref> The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured. Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the total number of workers killed in the uprising and immediate aftermath at more than 100. The conservative La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. The police forces suffered 3 killed and 78 wounded.<br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438436Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T01:14:13Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. <br />
<br />
Placing the city under martial law, President Yrigoyen appointed Colonel Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces, after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires. On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a marine detachment from the Argentine Navy Cruiser "San Martin". The role of young army lieutenant Juan Doming Peron, future president of Argentina, is disputed by historians. The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured. Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the total number of workers killed in the uprising and immediate aftermath at more than 100. The conservative La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. The police forces suffered 3 killed and 78 wounded. <br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438432Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T01:09:02Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
==Tragic Week==<br />
<br />
''"La Semana Tragica"'', or the tragic week, begins on January 7, 1919, when police launch a crack down on militant workers, who had been striking for several days, at the Vasrna Metallurigical plant, killing some. In retaliation, a general strike, backed by anarchists and syndicalists, was called for January 10 and 11. As a result, Socialist press in Buenos Aires recorded 700 dead, over 55,000 imprisoned and 4,000 injured. The Argentine government and media publicly blamed the uprisinig as the work of ‘foreign agitators’. <br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438428Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T01:02:46Z<p>Firestarter: /* Military Coup */</p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military crackdown==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438427Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T01:02:06Z<p>Firestarter: /* First Military Coup */</p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
==1920s violence==<br />
On December 24, 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked |work=The Sun |date=25 December 1927}}</ref> The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928 and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires |work=The Sun |date=24 May 1928}}</ref> On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen but he manages to wound two policemen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist |work=Daily Boston Globe |date=25 December 1929}}</ref> On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General [[José Félix Uriburu]].<br />
<br />
==Military Coup==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438426Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T00:56:51Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
==First Military Coup==<br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, on January 20 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |title=Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires |date=21 January 1931}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dirty War==<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438425Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T00:52:30Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.<ref>Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945, Joel Horowitz, p. 13, University of California, International & Area Studies, 1990</ref>Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<ref>Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, Víctor Alba, p. 44, Stanford University Press, 1968 </ref><br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438424Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T00:48:34Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals. Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions ''"led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement"''.<br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438423Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T00:42:36Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
Throughout the 1930’s the Left Wing Radicals were weakened by the success of the Military Junta led by General José Félix Uriburu. <br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438422Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T00:37:55Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
During the 1970s, leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Left_Wing_Terrorism_in_Argentina&diff=1438420Left Wing Terrorism in Argentina2018-08-08T00:35:12Z<p>Firestarter: Created page with "From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. == Notes == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} Category:Argentina Categ..."</p>
<hr />
<div>From 1880-1930 the anarchist movement in Argentina existed relatively undisturbed in the main cities. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dirty_War_(Argentina,_1976-83)&diff=1435253Dirty War (Argentina, 1976-83)2018-07-24T00:29:41Z<p>Firestarter: /* Urban guerilla warfare */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Dirty War''' in Argentina, from 1976-1983, was a seven-year dictatorship and counterinsurgency campaign waged by the Argentinian military junta against left-wing guerrillas and supporting civilians. Tens of thousands of Argentinian nationals, both guerrillas and sympathizers among the civilian population, were abducted by military task groups and supporting volunteer civilian [[Triple A]] military death squads often in the middle of the night. They were taken to secret government detention centers where they were eventually released or killed. These people (including survivors from the detention camps) are known as internationally as ''"los desaparecidos"'' or ''detenidos-desaparecidos'' ("the disappeared" or "detained disappeared").<br />
<br />
Recently discovered documents of the Chilean Secret Police (DINA) cite an official estimate by the Argentinian Army's 601st Intelligence Battalion (''Batallón de Inteligencia 601'') of 22,000 killed and/or disappeared between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, it was later established that at least 12,000 "disappeared" were in fact detainees held under National Executive Power (''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'' or PEN), and kept in detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.<br />
<br />
This unexpected Argentinian military defeat during the Falklands/Malvinas War in 1982 hastened the fall of the unpopular military junta that had lost the propaganda war, turning Argentina into a pariah state, and in mid-1982 Lieutenant-General Reynaldo Bignone (head of the interim government) restored basic civil liberties and retracted its ban on left-wing political parties. The Argentinian military dictatorship ended when [[Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín]]'s UCR (Unión Cívica Radical or Radical Civic Union) civilian government took control of the country on December 10, 1983.<br />
<br />
Many people, 7,158<ref>"The justification for the Dirty War was the armed actions of the Montoneros and the ERP. From 1969 to 1979, there were 239 kidnappings and 1,020 murders by the guerrillas. During the same period, however, the military kidnapped 7,844 and murdered 7,850." The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda, Richard Morrock, William Marchak, p. 184, McFarland, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1621505-hablan-de-30000-desaparecidos-y-saben-que-es-falso Hablan de 30.000 desaparecidos y saben que es falso]</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1464650-videla-admitio-que-la-dictadura-mato-a-7-u-8-mil-personas Videla admitió la muerte y desaparición de "7 u 8 mil personas"]</ref>-13,000,<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos]</ref> both Peronist and Marxist guerrillas as well as civilian opponents of the Argentinian military regime were "disappeared". By the end of 1978, 22,000 thousand Argentinians (according to an often-quoted Chilean military intelligence report) had been taken to secret government detention centers where they were killed or eventually freed under international diplomatic pressure. <br />
<br />
The leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
<br />
The origins of the Dirty War have long been debated, with Professor Patricia Marchak in ''God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s'' and Professor Carlos Marcelo Shäferstein in ''Cien años de subversión en Argentina''<ref>[http://www.lahistoriaparalela.com.ar/2009/06/19/cien-anos-de-subversion-en-argentina/ Cien años de subversión en Argentina]</ref> and historians Alejandro García<ref>La Crisis Argentina, 1966–1976: Notas y Documentos Sobre una época de Violencia Política, Alejandro García, p. 32, EDITUM, 1994</ref> and Antonius C. G. M. Robben arguing the political violence started with the anarchist bombing campaigns and armed uprisings in Buenos Aires and the Patagonia in the 1910s and 1920s. During the Patagonia uprisings in the Santa Cruz province in 1921 and 1922, some 300 anarchist were killed in action or executed by the Argentinian Army.<ref>"Los medios anarquistas hablan de 1500 muertos, la prensa oficial de 300." La Causa Argentina, Juan Archibaldo Lanús (p. 393). Emecé Editores, 1988</ref> During the Buenos Aires uprisings in 1919, some 140 anarchists were killed and several buildings in the capital were burnt down.<br />
<br />
Prior to the armed uprisings, several efforts were made to interrupt the celebrations marking 100 years of Argentinian independence on 25 May 1910, with an anarchists handing over a hand-held bomb to a child to take inside a cathedral in Buenos Aires, but the bomb exploded prematurely killing the minor and mutilating another boy.<ref>[BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO AMOMS]</ref><br />
<br />
On 28 June 1910, another anarchist bomb exploded inside the ''Teatro Colón'' (in the Argentinian capital) and 20 theatregoers were gravely wounded, and the Argentinian senate approved soon after the death penalty for those anarchists responsible for deaths.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq=&hl=en FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair]</ref><br />
On 9 July 1916, an anarchist armed with a hand-gun tried to kill the Argentinian president, Victorino de la Plaza. The attempted assassination took place while the president attended a military parade in Buenos Aires, during the centennial celebrations marking Argentinian independence from Spain.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq=&hl=en EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE]</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place in the main Argentinian cities and army units were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists sabotaged train lines and burnt carriages transporting wheat to Buenos Aires for exportation.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq=&hl=en Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots]</ref> Argentinian left-wing activists at the time printed and widely distributed, even among conscripts, a newspaper promoting a Communist Revolution in Argentina.<ref>"Los anarquistas simpatizantes de la Revolución Rusa editaban un periódico para los soldados y hacían un activo trabajo en los cuarteles." El Marxismo y la Revolución Argentina, Tomo II, Otto Vargas, p. 152, Editorial Agora, 1999</ref><br />
<br />
The left-wing violence continued throughout the 1920s. On 24 December 1927 two powerful anarchist bombs went off in two US-owned banks in downtown Buenos Aires, killing two employees.<ref>"El 24 de diciembre de 1927 vuelan las casas centrales del Citibank y el Banco de Boston, con el lamentable saldo de dos muertos. Los Mitos de la Historia Argentina: De la ley Sáenz Peña a los Albores del Peronismo ", Tomo III, Felipe Pigna, p. 111, Grupo Editorial Norma, 2006</ref> On 23 May 1923, the anarchists detonate another bomb inside the Italian consulate in the Argentinian capital, killing 9 and wounding 41, the majority of them innocent civilians.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1913&dat=19280523&id=h4EpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0mYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3534,4255127&hl=en Nine Killed, 41 Injured By Bomb In Buenos Aires]</ref> On 24 December, Argentinian president Hipólito Yrigoyen narrowly survived an attempt on his life. The would-be murderer, 44 year-old Italian anarchist Gualterio Marinelli is killed by return fire from the protecting police detachment.<br />
<br />
==President Juan Perón== <br />
<br />
A military coup overthrew president Juan Domingo Perón and restored the Argentinian political right to power in 1955. During the subsequent 18 years of exile, Perón used the Argentinian political left and Montoneros guerrillas as a primary means of breaking down law and order. He also used them to unite the left-wing trade unions in favour of Peronism in order to return to Argentinian presidency.<br />
<br />
==Guerrillas==<br />
<br />
Argentina experienced three failed attempts at rural guerrilla warfare between 1959 and 1969. At that point, the insurgents decided in favor of urban guerilla warfare. It seemed obvious that they would be safer and more relevant in crowded cities than in isolated rural areas.<br />
<br />
Between the ousting of president Juan Domingo Perón in 1955 and his return from exile in 1973, a number of urban left-wing guerrilla organizations emerged. Six major groups - two Marxist-Maoist- Guevarrist-oriented, and four populist-socialist Peronist-oriented - eventually disbanded or joined the Marxist ERP or the Peronist Montoneros. The Montoneros became the largest and most active of the two revolutionary movements, but fought alongside the ERP in Tucumán province.<br />
<br />
==Rural guerrilla warfare==<br />
<br />
A determined effort on the part of the Argentinian left was made at creating a guerrilla front in Tucumán province. In 1974, Marxist admirers of ''Che Guevarra'', (the People’s Revolutionary Army [ERP]) took control of the remote province of Tucumán and declared it an independent state. In 1975 the Argentinian Army 5th Mountain Infantry Brigae under Brigadier-General Edgar Vilas was ordered to Tucumán to eradicate the insurgents and restore the province to the Argentinian state, and did so swiftly and ruthlessly. <br />
<br />
==Urban guerilla warfare==<br />
<br />
The Montonero insurgent leadership made a conscious decision to “militarize” the struggle and attack directly the Argentinian police and military forces in the main cities. The political objectives that originally motivated the escalation were sacrificed to military considerations. The groups that were supposed to bring national and social liberation to the country developed into mirror images of the Argentinian armed forces, and legitimizing political-psychological efforts were considered unproductive niceties.<br />
<br />
During the month of August 1975, the Argentine city of Córdoba witnessed a number of armed actions on the part of the left-wing guerrillas that resulted in the death of at least five policemen (Sergeant Juan Carlos Román, Corporal Rosario del Carmen Moyano and Agents Luis Rodolfo López, Jorge Natividad Luna and Juan Antonio Diaz) and units of the elite 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade were obliged to be called in to stand guard at strategic points around the city after the bombing of police headquarters and the police radio communications centre.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vdJGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6XsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3887,3282259&dq= "5 Policemen Dead In Argentina Violence"]. ''Times-Union'' (21 August 1975).</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 January 1976, left-wing militants fire to a Buenos Aires commuter train after forcing passengers to descend at gunpoint.<ref>Peronist Guerrillas Burn Train Near Buenos Aires, ''The New York Times'', 14 January 1976</ref> On 2 February 1976 about fifty Montoneros attacked the Juan Vucetich Police Academy in Buenos Aires in an attempt to capture the helicopter-gunships there,<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qLsSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3vgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6809,70028&dq= "Guerrilla Raid Foiled"]. page 8, ''Spokane Daily Chronicle'' (2 February 1976).</ref> but were repelled in heavy fighting. In the week preceding the military coup, the Montoneros killed 13 policemen as part of its ''Third National Military Campaign''.<ref>Lewis, Paul. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtZ3EvNYxjYC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125 Guerrillas and Generals: the Dirty War in Argentina], p. 125, Greenwood Publishing Group.</ref> On 15 March, a powerful guerrilla bomb exploded next to the Argentine Army Headquarters, smashing windows in the nearby Casa Rosada and wounding 15 military personnel and 6 civilians as well as killing a civilian passerby.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e_tQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Jr8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1543,2038489&dq= Argentine army quarters blasted, The Telegraph Herald, 6 March 1976]</ref> During 1976, Videla himself narrowly escaped an assassination attempt in which a time bomb planted in the reviewing stand at the vast Campo de Mayo barracks blew out a meter-wide hole at the exact spot where he had been standing.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946715,00.html "A Monopoly of Force"]. ''Time''. (18 October 1976).</ref><br />
<br />
On 29 September 1976 fierce fighting took place in the Floresta suburb of Buenos Aires, where one-hundred soldiers and policemen were forced to use bazookas and armored cars against heavily armed guerrillas.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7k40AAAAIBAJ&sjid=OWcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1952,5810098&dq= "Troops Clash With Guerrillas"]. ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'' (29 September 1976).</ref> On 2 October, Lieutenant-General Jorge Videla narrowly escaped death when a bomb packed in metal tubing supporting a reviewing stand at the Campo de Mayo army barracks exploded only moments after he left.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KeVVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4OADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6997,382239&dq= Argentina's chief escapes blasts, Eugene Resister-Guard, 3 October 1976]. Google News.</ref> On 17 October a bomb blast in an Army Club Cinema in downtown Buenos Aires killed 11 and wounded about 50 officers and their families. On 15 December, another bomb planted in a Defense Ministry movie hall killed at least 14 and injured 30<ref name="encyclopedia202"/> officers and their families. By the first anniversary of the coup that ousted President [[Isabel Martínez de Perón|Isabel Perón]], 124 soldiers and police had been killed in incidents involving left wing guerrillas<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918823,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|title=Hope from a Clockwork Coup|work=Time|date=11 April 1977}}</ref> in what the military referred to as, "the Dirty War".<br />
<br />
==Power vaccum==<br />
<br />
After the death of the controversial President Juan Perón in 1974, his wife, Isabel Perón, assumed power. However, she was not very strong politically and a military junta led a coup against her and removed her from office. This military junta maintained its grip on power by cracking down on anybody whom they believed was associated with the guerrillas. The new regime under General Jorge Rafaél Videla attempted to apply a monetarist solution to economic problems and launched what it called the war against subversion, which came to be widely known to others as the "Dirty War", in an attempt to defeat definitively left-wing guerrilla activity that was out of control by early 1976.<br />
<br />
==National Reorganization Process ==<br />
<br />
With the initial support of the majority of the Argentinian population, the military regime undertook widespread kidnappings, torture, and murder — not only of the violent guerrillas of the left but also the unarmed leftist political activists, guerrilla sympathizers, and their lawyers and families. The war against subversion was viewed within the military's National Security Doctrine as the beginning of "World War III," which it defined as a struggle against the efforts of communism for world supremacy. In seven years as many as 30,000 Argentines were either killed or imprisoned.<br />
<br />
Military victory was achieved after three years of limited open fighting and a stream of kidnappings, disappearances and imprisonments that brought a total breakdown of due process for those suspected of being connected with the guerrillas. By June 1978 the guerrillas were all but eliminated, and the military junta declared victory. By 1980 the last vestiges of the terrorist groups had died out, and the disappearances had stopped.<br />
<br />
In the view of the [[National Reorganization Process]] (''Proceso de Reorganización Nacional'' or ''Proceso''), the eradication of subversion meant not only the guerrillas' activities, but also any form of left-wing activism whether found in the universities, the church, the press, the factory, or even the arts or culture. Building a new national framework required eradicating the Peronists, the left-wing trade unions, parliamentary radicals and leftists. To build the economy required eliminating an industrial sector populated by a blue-collar worker class sympathetic to the guerrillas.<br />
<br />
==Victims==<br />
<br />
Everyone was viewed with suspicion and tens of thousands were detained at one point: union leaders who agitated for wage increases and militancy in the US and European-owned car plants in Argentina, students who were members of the ''Unión de Estudiantes Secundarios'' (Union of High School Students or UES), journalists like [[Rodolfo Jorge Walsh]] that were not fearful of the dictatorship, human-rights lawyers who were part of suspect professions, young communists, socialists, nuns and priests that had ties with the [[Third World Priest Movement]]. And family members or friends of any of them; people that financially supported them or hid them from the military.<br />
<br />
==Children of the Disappeared==<br />
<br />
With the return of democracy, human rights groups in Argentina started searching for the grandchildren stolen from detained female guerrillas and civilians and adopted in military circle. At the time, the ''Asociación Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo'' (Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo or ''Abuelas''), had records of 172 children who disappeared together with their parents or were born at the numerous detention camps and had not been returned to their families.<br />
<br />
The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo now claim up to 500 grandchildren were adopted by military families. 121 were admittedly located and reunited with their biological families by late 2016 with the announcement that Gustavo Menna, son of Domingo ''Mingo'' Menna, and Ana María ''La Aní'' Lanzillotto (both ERP militants) had been discovered.<ref>[http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/222555/the-story-behind-the-121st-grandchild%E2%80%99s-kidnapping The story behind the 121st grandchild’s kidnapping]</ref> On 13 April 2000, the grandmothers received a tip off that the birth certificate of Rosa Roisinblit's infant grandson, born in detention, had been falsified and the child given to an Air Force civil employee and his wife. Following the anonymous phone call, he was located and agreed to a DNA blood test, confirming his true identity. Rodolfo Fernando, grandson of Roisinblit, is the first known newborn of missing children returned to his family through the work of the grandmothers. Roisinblit's daughter, 25-year-old Patricia Julia Roisinblit de Perez, who was a Montoneros member, was kidnapped along with her husband, 24-year-old José Martínas Pérez Rojo, on 6 October 1978.<br />
<br />
The case of Maria Eugenia Sampallo (born some time in 1978) also received considerable attention. Sampallo sued the couple who adopted her illegally as a baby after her parents disappeared, both admittedly Montoneros. Her grandmother spent 24 years looking for her. The case was filed in 2001, after DNA tests indicated that Osvaldo Rivas and Maria Cristina Gomez were not her biological parents. They, along with Army Captain Enrique Berthier, who furnished the couple with the baby, were sentenced respectively to 8, 7 and 10 years in prison for kidnapping during the Kirchner government.<br />
<br />
==Military downfall==<br />
<br />
Although the military junta carried out its successful war against suspected subversives throughout its entire existence, it was ironically a foreign foe allied with the Chilean military government of General Augusto Pinochet which brought the Argentinian regime to an end. In the early 1980s, it became clear to both the world and the Argentinian people that the military junta was behind the brutal disappearances and imprisonment of tens of thousands of kidnappings. The junta, facing increasing opposition over its human rights record, as well as mounting allegations of corruption, sought to allay domestic criticism by launching a successful campaign to regain ''Las Islas Malvinas'' (the Falkland Islands).<br />
<br />
British military historian Martin Middlebrook argues that the military junta occupied the Falklands/Malvinas in order to suppress its opposition, principally the exiled Peronists, because the cost - measured in terms of legitimacy - of suppressing their supporters was relatively low at the beginning of the junta's rule. But the cost of suppression increased over time because of the military regime's ruthless suppression of anyone who supported the guerrillas, its failed economic policies, and its defeat in the Falkland Islands/Malvinas War, and thus it had to tolerate its opposition and eventually return power to civilian authority.<br />
<br />
The Falklands/Malvinas Islands had been a thorn in the relations between Argentina and Britain, which reoccupied them in 1833, and Argentina, which claimed them since independence. The junta had thought that it could occupy these islands without a British military response, regaining its popularity and control over its people in the process. However, the government was wrong in its conclusions when 72 days after the initial Argentinian military operations, British army and marine units won the ground war, having captured over 11,000 Argentinians in the process.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.britannica.com/event/Dirty-War Encyclopædia Britannica article]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dirty_War_(Argentina,_1976-83)&diff=1435252Dirty War (Argentina, 1976-83)2018-07-24T00:10:21Z<p>Firestarter: /* Urban guerilla warfare */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Dirty War''' in Argentina, from 1976-1983, was a seven-year dictatorship and counterinsurgency campaign waged by the Argentinian military junta against left-wing guerrillas and supporting civilians. Tens of thousands of Argentinian nationals, both guerrillas and sympathizers among the civilian population, were abducted by military task groups and supporting volunteer civilian [[Triple A]] military death squads often in the middle of the night. They were taken to secret government detention centers where they were eventually released or killed. These people (including survivors from the detention camps) are known as internationally as ''"los desaparecidos"'' or ''detenidos-desaparecidos'' ("the disappeared" or "detained disappeared").<br />
<br />
Recently discovered documents of the Chilean Secret Police (DINA) cite an official estimate by the Argentinian Army's 601st Intelligence Battalion (''Batallón de Inteligencia 601'') of 22,000 killed and/or disappeared between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, it was later established that at least 12,000 "disappeared" were in fact detainees held under National Executive Power (''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'' or PEN), and kept in detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.<br />
<br />
This unexpected Argentinian military defeat during the Falklands/Malvinas War in 1982 hastened the fall of the unpopular military junta that had lost the propaganda war, turning Argentina into a pariah state, and in mid-1982 Lieutenant-General Reynaldo Bignone (head of the interim government) restored basic civil liberties and retracted its ban on left-wing political parties. The Argentinian military dictatorship ended when [[Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín]]'s UCR (Unión Cívica Radical or Radical Civic Union) civilian government took control of the country on December 10, 1983.<br />
<br />
Many people, 7,158<ref>"The justification for the Dirty War was the armed actions of the Montoneros and the ERP. From 1969 to 1979, there were 239 kidnappings and 1,020 murders by the guerrillas. During the same period, however, the military kidnapped 7,844 and murdered 7,850." The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda, Richard Morrock, William Marchak, p. 184, McFarland, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1621505-hablan-de-30000-desaparecidos-y-saben-que-es-falso Hablan de 30.000 desaparecidos y saben que es falso]</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1464650-videla-admitio-que-la-dictadura-mato-a-7-u-8-mil-personas Videla admitió la muerte y desaparición de "7 u 8 mil personas"]</ref>-13,000,<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos]</ref> both Peronist and Marxist guerrillas as well as civilian opponents of the Argentinian military regime were "disappeared". By the end of 1978, 22,000 thousand Argentinians (according to an often-quoted Chilean military intelligence report) had been taken to secret government detention centers where they were killed or eventually freed under international diplomatic pressure. <br />
<br />
The leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
<br />
The origins of the Dirty War have long been debated, with Professor Patricia Marchak in ''God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s'' and Professor Carlos Marcelo Shäferstein in ''Cien años de subversión en Argentina''<ref>[http://www.lahistoriaparalela.com.ar/2009/06/19/cien-anos-de-subversion-en-argentina/ Cien años de subversión en Argentina]</ref> and historians Alejandro García<ref>La Crisis Argentina, 1966–1976: Notas y Documentos Sobre una época de Violencia Política, Alejandro García, p. 32, EDITUM, 1994</ref> and Antonius C. G. M. Robben arguing the political violence started with the anarchist bombing campaigns and armed uprisings in Buenos Aires and the Patagonia in the 1910s and 1920s. During the Patagonia uprisings in the Santa Cruz province in 1921 and 1922, some 300 anarchist were killed in action or executed by the Argentinian Army.<ref>"Los medios anarquistas hablan de 1500 muertos, la prensa oficial de 300." La Causa Argentina, Juan Archibaldo Lanús (p. 393). Emecé Editores, 1988</ref> During the Buenos Aires uprisings in 1919, some 140 anarchists were killed and several buildings in the capital were burnt down.<br />
<br />
Prior to the armed uprisings, several efforts were made to interrupt the celebrations marking 100 years of Argentinian independence on 25 May 1910, with an anarchists handing over a hand-held bomb to a child to take inside a cathedral in Buenos Aires, but the bomb exploded prematurely killing the minor and mutilating another boy.<ref>[BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO AMOMS]</ref><br />
<br />
On 28 June 1910, another anarchist bomb exploded inside the ''Teatro Colón'' (in the Argentinian capital) and 20 theatregoers were gravely wounded, and the Argentinian senate approved soon after the death penalty for those anarchists responsible for deaths.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq=&hl=en FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair]</ref><br />
On 9 July 1916, an anarchist armed with a hand-gun tried to kill the Argentinian president, Victorino de la Plaza. The attempted assassination took place while the president attended a military parade in Buenos Aires, during the centennial celebrations marking Argentinian independence from Spain.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq=&hl=en EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE]</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place in the main Argentinian cities and army units were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists sabotaged train lines and burnt carriages transporting wheat to Buenos Aires for exportation.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq=&hl=en Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots]</ref> Argentinian left-wing activists at the time printed and widely distributed, even among conscripts, a newspaper promoting a Communist Revolution in Argentina.<ref>"Los anarquistas simpatizantes de la Revolución Rusa editaban un periódico para los soldados y hacían un activo trabajo en los cuarteles." El Marxismo y la Revolución Argentina, Tomo II, Otto Vargas, p. 152, Editorial Agora, 1999</ref><br />
<br />
The left-wing violence continued throughout the 1920s. On 24 December 1927 two powerful anarchist bombs went off in two US-owned banks in downtown Buenos Aires, killing two employees.<ref>"El 24 de diciembre de 1927 vuelan las casas centrales del Citibank y el Banco de Boston, con el lamentable saldo de dos muertos. Los Mitos de la Historia Argentina: De la ley Sáenz Peña a los Albores del Peronismo ", Tomo III, Felipe Pigna, p. 111, Grupo Editorial Norma, 2006</ref> On 23 May 1923, the anarchists detonate another bomb inside the Italian consulate in the Argentinian capital, killing 9 and wounding 41, the majority of them innocent civilians.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1913&dat=19280523&id=h4EpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0mYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3534,4255127&hl=en Nine Killed, 41 Injured By Bomb In Buenos Aires]</ref> On 24 December, Argentinian president Hipólito Yrigoyen narrowly survived an attempt on his life. The would-be murderer, 44 year-old Italian anarchist Gualterio Marinelli is killed by return fire from the protecting police detachment.<br />
<br />
==President Juan Perón== <br />
<br />
A military coup overthrew president Juan Domingo Perón and restored the Argentinian political right to power in 1955. During the subsequent 18 years of exile, Perón used the Argentinian political left and Montoneros guerrillas as a primary means of breaking down law and order. He also used them to unite the left-wing trade unions in favour of Peronism in order to return to Argentinian presidency.<br />
<br />
==Guerrillas==<br />
<br />
Argentina experienced three failed attempts at rural guerrilla warfare between 1959 and 1969. At that point, the insurgents decided in favor of urban guerilla warfare. It seemed obvious that they would be safer and more relevant in crowded cities than in isolated rural areas.<br />
<br />
Between the ousting of president Juan Domingo Perón in 1955 and his return from exile in 1973, a number of urban left-wing guerrilla organizations emerged. Six major groups - two Marxist-Maoist- Guevarrist-oriented, and four populist-socialist Peronist-oriented - eventually disbanded or joined the Marxist ERP or the Peronist Montoneros. The Montoneros became the largest and most active of the two revolutionary movements, but fought alongside the ERP in Tucumán province.<br />
<br />
==Rural guerrilla warfare==<br />
<br />
A determined effort on the part of the Argentinian left was made at creating a guerrilla front in Tucumán province. In 1974, Marxist admirers of ''Che Guevarra'', (the People’s Revolutionary Army [ERP]) took control of the remote province of Tucumán and declared it an independent state. In 1975 the Argentinian Army 5th Mountain Infantry Brigae under Brigadier-General Edgar Vilas was ordered to Tucumán to eradicate the insurgents and restore the province to the Argentinian state, and did so swiftly and ruthlessly. <br />
<br />
==Urban guerilla warfare==<br />
<br />
The Montonero insurgent leadership made a conscious decision to “militarize” the struggle and attack directly the Argentinian police and military forces in the main cities. The political objectives that originally motivated the escalation were sacrificed to military considerations. The groups that were supposed to bring national and social liberation to the country developed into mirror images of the Argentinian armed forces, and legitimizing political-psychological efforts were considered unproductive niceties.<br />
<br />
During the month of August 1975, the Argentine city of Córdoba witnessed a number of armed actions on the part of the left-wing guerrillas that resulted in the death of at least five policemen and units of the elite 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade were obliged to be called in to stand guard at strategic points around the city after the bombing of police headquarters and the police radio communications centre.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vdJGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6XsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3887,3282259&dq= "5 Policemen Dead In Argentina Violence"]. ''Times-Union'' (21 August 1975).</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 January 1976, left-wing militants fire to a Buenos Aires commuter train after forcing passengers to descend at gunpoint.<ref>Peronist Guerrillas Burn Train Near Buenos Aires, ''The New York Times'', 14 January 1976</ref> On 2 February 1976 about fifty Montoneros attacked the Juan Vucetich Police Academy in Buenos Aires in an attempt to capture the helicopter-gunships there,<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qLsSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3vgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6809,70028&dq= "Guerrilla Raid Foiled"]. page 8, ''Spokane Daily Chronicle'' (2 February 1976).</ref> but were repelled in heavy fighting. In the week preceding the military coup, the Montoneros killed 13 policemen as part of its ''Third National Military Campaign''.<ref>Lewis, Paul. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtZ3EvNYxjYC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125 Guerrillas and Generals: the Dirty War in Argentina], p. 125, Greenwood Publishing Group.</ref> On 15 March, a powerful guerrilla bomb exploded next to the Argentine Army Headquarters, smashing windows in the nearby Casa Rosada and wounding 15 military personnel and 6 civilians as well as killing a civilian passerby.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e_tQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Jr8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1543,2038489&dq= Argentine army quarters blasted, The Telegraph Herald, 6 March 1976]</ref> During 1976, Videla himself narrowly escaped an assassination attempt in which a time bomb planted in the reviewing stand at the vast Campo de Mayo barracks blew out a meter-wide hole at the exact spot where he had been standing.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946715,00.html "A Monopoly of Force"]. ''Time''. (18 October 1976).</ref><br />
<br />
On 29 September 1976 fierce fighting took place in the Floresta suburb of Buenos Aires, where one-hundred soldiers and policemen were forced to use bazookas and armored cars against heavily armed guerrillas.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7k40AAAAIBAJ&sjid=OWcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1952,5810098&dq= "Troops Clash With Guerrillas"]. ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'' (29 September 1976).</ref> On 2 October, Lieutenant-General Jorge Videla narrowly escaped death when a bomb packed in metal tubing supporting a reviewing stand at the Campo de Mayo army barracks exploded only moments after he left.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KeVVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4OADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6997,382239&dq= Argentina's chief escapes blasts, Eugene Resister-Guard, 3 October 1976]. Google News.</ref> On 17 October a bomb blast in an Army Club Cinema in downtown Buenos Aires killed 11 and wounded about 50 officers and their families. On 15 December, another bomb planted in a Defense Ministry movie hall killed at least 14 and injured 30<ref name="encyclopedia202"/> officers and their families. By the first anniversary of the coup that ousted President [[Isabel Martínez de Perón|Isabel Perón]], 124 soldiers and police had been killed in incidents involving left wing guerrillas<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918823,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|title=Hope from a Clockwork Coup|work=Time|date=11 April 1977}}</ref> in what the military referred to as, "the Dirty War".<br />
<br />
==Power vaccum==<br />
<br />
After the death of the controversial President Juan Perón in 1974, his wife, Isabel Perón, assumed power. However, she was not very strong politically and a military junta led a coup against her and removed her from office. This military junta maintained its grip on power by cracking down on anybody whom they believed was associated with the guerrillas. The new regime under General Jorge Rafaél Videla attempted to apply a monetarist solution to economic problems and launched what it called the war against subversion, which came to be widely known to others as the "Dirty War", in an attempt to defeat definitively left-wing guerrilla activity that was out of control by early 1976.<br />
<br />
==National Reorganization Process ==<br />
<br />
With the initial support of the majority of the Argentinian population, the military regime undertook widespread kidnappings, torture, and murder — not only of the violent guerrillas of the left but also the unarmed leftist political activists, guerrilla sympathizers, and their lawyers and families. The war against subversion was viewed within the military's National Security Doctrine as the beginning of "World War III," which it defined as a struggle against the efforts of communism for world supremacy. In seven years as many as 30,000 Argentines were either killed or imprisoned.<br />
<br />
Military victory was achieved after three years of limited open fighting and a stream of kidnappings, disappearances and imprisonments that brought a total breakdown of due process for those suspected of being connected with the guerrillas. By June 1978 the guerrillas were all but eliminated, and the military junta declared victory. By 1980 the last vestiges of the terrorist groups had died out, and the disappearances had stopped.<br />
<br />
In the view of the [[National Reorganization Process]] (''Proceso de Reorganización Nacional'' or ''Proceso''), the eradication of subversion meant not only the guerrillas' activities, but also any form of left-wing activism whether found in the universities, the church, the press, the factory, or even the arts or culture. Building a new national framework required eradicating the Peronists, the left-wing trade unions, parliamentary radicals and leftists. To build the economy required eliminating an industrial sector populated by a blue-collar worker class sympathetic to the guerrillas.<br />
<br />
==Victims==<br />
<br />
Everyone was viewed with suspicion and tens of thousands were detained at one point: union leaders who agitated for wage increases and militancy in the US and European-owned car plants in Argentina, students who were members of the ''Unión de Estudiantes Secundarios'' (Union of High School Students or UES), journalists like [[Rodolfo Jorge Walsh]] that were not fearful of the dictatorship, human-rights lawyers who were part of suspect professions, young communists, socialists, nuns and priests that had ties with the [[Third World Priest Movement]]. And family members or friends of any of them; people that financially supported them or hid them from the military.<br />
<br />
==Children of the Disappeared==<br />
<br />
With the return of democracy, human rights groups in Argentina started searching for the grandchildren stolen from detained female guerrillas and civilians and adopted in military circle. At the time, the ''Asociación Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo'' (Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo or ''Abuelas''), had records of 172 children who disappeared together with their parents or were born at the numerous detention camps and had not been returned to their families.<br />
<br />
The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo now claim up to 500 grandchildren were adopted by military families. 121 were admittedly located and reunited with their biological families by late 2016 with the announcement that Gustavo Menna, son of Domingo ''Mingo'' Menna, and Ana María ''La Aní'' Lanzillotto (both ERP militants) had been discovered.<ref>[http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/222555/the-story-behind-the-121st-grandchild%E2%80%99s-kidnapping The story behind the 121st grandchild’s kidnapping]</ref> On 13 April 2000, the grandmothers received a tip off that the birth certificate of Rosa Roisinblit's infant grandson, born in detention, had been falsified and the child given to an Air Force civil employee and his wife. Following the anonymous phone call, he was located and agreed to a DNA blood test, confirming his true identity. Rodolfo Fernando, grandson of Roisinblit, is the first known newborn of missing children returned to his family through the work of the grandmothers. Roisinblit's daughter, 25-year-old Patricia Julia Roisinblit de Perez, who was a Montoneros member, was kidnapped along with her husband, 24-year-old José Martínas Pérez Rojo, on 6 October 1978.<br />
<br />
The case of Maria Eugenia Sampallo (born some time in 1978) also received considerable attention. Sampallo sued the couple who adopted her illegally as a baby after her parents disappeared, both admittedly Montoneros. Her grandmother spent 24 years looking for her. The case was filed in 2001, after DNA tests indicated that Osvaldo Rivas and Maria Cristina Gomez were not her biological parents. They, along with Army Captain Enrique Berthier, who furnished the couple with the baby, were sentenced respectively to 8, 7 and 10 years in prison for kidnapping during the Kirchner government.<br />
<br />
==Military downfall==<br />
<br />
Although the military junta carried out its successful war against suspected subversives throughout its entire existence, it was ironically a foreign foe allied with the Chilean military government of General Augusto Pinochet which brought the Argentinian regime to an end. In the early 1980s, it became clear to both the world and the Argentinian people that the military junta was behind the brutal disappearances and imprisonment of tens of thousands of kidnappings. The junta, facing increasing opposition over its human rights record, as well as mounting allegations of corruption, sought to allay domestic criticism by launching a successful campaign to regain ''Las Islas Malvinas'' (the Falkland Islands).<br />
<br />
British military historian Martin Middlebrook argues that the military junta occupied the Falklands/Malvinas in order to suppress its opposition, principally the exiled Peronists, because the cost - measured in terms of legitimacy - of suppressing their supporters was relatively low at the beginning of the junta's rule. But the cost of suppression increased over time because of the military regime's ruthless suppression of anyone who supported the guerrillas, its failed economic policies, and its defeat in the Falkland Islands/Malvinas War, and thus it had to tolerate its opposition and eventually return power to civilian authority.<br />
<br />
The Falklands/Malvinas Islands had been a thorn in the relations between Argentina and Britain, which reoccupied them in 1833, and Argentina, which claimed them since independence. The junta had thought that it could occupy these islands without a British military response, regaining its popularity and control over its people in the process. However, the government was wrong in its conclusions when 72 days after the initial Argentinian military operations, British army and marine units won the ground war, having captured over 11,000 Argentinians in the process.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.britannica.com/event/Dirty-War Encyclopædia Britannica article]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dirty_War_(Argentina,_1976-83)&diff=1435251Dirty War (Argentina, 1976-83)2018-07-24T00:05:13Z<p>Firestarter: /* Urban guerilla warfare */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Dirty War''' in Argentina, from 1976-1983, was a seven-year dictatorship and counterinsurgency campaign waged by the Argentinian military junta against left-wing guerrillas and supporting civilians. Tens of thousands of Argentinian nationals, both guerrillas and sympathizers among the civilian population, were abducted by military task groups and supporting volunteer civilian [[Triple A]] military death squads often in the middle of the night. They were taken to secret government detention centers where they were eventually released or killed. These people (including survivors from the detention camps) are known as internationally as ''"los desaparecidos"'' or ''detenidos-desaparecidos'' ("the disappeared" or "detained disappeared").<br />
<br />
Recently discovered documents of the Chilean Secret Police (DINA) cite an official estimate by the Argentinian Army's 601st Intelligence Battalion (''Batallón de Inteligencia 601'') of 22,000 killed and/or disappeared between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, it was later established that at least 12,000 "disappeared" were in fact detainees held under National Executive Power (''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'' or PEN), and kept in detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.<br />
<br />
This unexpected Argentinian military defeat during the Falklands/Malvinas War in 1982 hastened the fall of the unpopular military junta that had lost the propaganda war, turning Argentina into a pariah state, and in mid-1982 Lieutenant-General Reynaldo Bignone (head of the interim government) restored basic civil liberties and retracted its ban on left-wing political parties. The Argentinian military dictatorship ended when [[Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín]]'s UCR (Unión Cívica Radical or Radical Civic Union) civilian government took control of the country on December 10, 1983.<br />
<br />
Many people, 7,158<ref>"The justification for the Dirty War was the armed actions of the Montoneros and the ERP. From 1969 to 1979, there were 239 kidnappings and 1,020 murders by the guerrillas. During the same period, however, the military kidnapped 7,844 and murdered 7,850." The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda, Richard Morrock, William Marchak, p. 184, McFarland, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1621505-hablan-de-30000-desaparecidos-y-saben-que-es-falso Hablan de 30.000 desaparecidos y saben que es falso]</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1464650-videla-admitio-que-la-dictadura-mato-a-7-u-8-mil-personas Videla admitió la muerte y desaparición de "7 u 8 mil personas"]</ref>-13,000,<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos]</ref> both Peronist and Marxist guerrillas as well as civilian opponents of the Argentinian military regime were "disappeared". By the end of 1978, 22,000 thousand Argentinians (according to an often-quoted Chilean military intelligence report) had been taken to secret government detention centers where they were killed or eventually freed under international diplomatic pressure. <br />
<br />
The leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
<br />
The origins of the Dirty War have long been debated, with Professor Patricia Marchak in ''God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s'' and Professor Carlos Marcelo Shäferstein in ''Cien años de subversión en Argentina''<ref>[http://www.lahistoriaparalela.com.ar/2009/06/19/cien-anos-de-subversion-en-argentina/ Cien años de subversión en Argentina]</ref> and historians Alejandro García<ref>La Crisis Argentina, 1966–1976: Notas y Documentos Sobre una época de Violencia Política, Alejandro García, p. 32, EDITUM, 1994</ref> and Antonius C. G. M. Robben arguing the political violence started with the anarchist bombing campaigns and armed uprisings in Buenos Aires and the Patagonia in the 1910s and 1920s. During the Patagonia uprisings in the Santa Cruz province in 1921 and 1922, some 300 anarchist were killed in action or executed by the Argentinian Army.<ref>"Los medios anarquistas hablan de 1500 muertos, la prensa oficial de 300." La Causa Argentina, Juan Archibaldo Lanús (p. 393). Emecé Editores, 1988</ref> During the Buenos Aires uprisings in 1919, some 140 anarchists were killed and several buildings in the capital were burnt down.<br />
<br />
Prior to the armed uprisings, several efforts were made to interrupt the celebrations marking 100 years of Argentinian independence on 25 May 1910, with an anarchists handing over a hand-held bomb to a child to take inside a cathedral in Buenos Aires, but the bomb exploded prematurely killing the minor and mutilating another boy.<ref>[BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO AMOMS]</ref><br />
<br />
On 28 June 1910, another anarchist bomb exploded inside the ''Teatro Colón'' (in the Argentinian capital) and 20 theatregoers were gravely wounded, and the Argentinian senate approved soon after the death penalty for those anarchists responsible for deaths.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq=&hl=en FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair]</ref><br />
On 9 July 1916, an anarchist armed with a hand-gun tried to kill the Argentinian president, Victorino de la Plaza. The attempted assassination took place while the president attended a military parade in Buenos Aires, during the centennial celebrations marking Argentinian independence from Spain.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq=&hl=en EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE]</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place in the main Argentinian cities and army units were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists sabotaged train lines and burnt carriages transporting wheat to Buenos Aires for exportation.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq=&hl=en Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots]</ref> Argentinian left-wing activists at the time printed and widely distributed, even among conscripts, a newspaper promoting a Communist Revolution in Argentina.<ref>"Los anarquistas simpatizantes de la Revolución Rusa editaban un periódico para los soldados y hacían un activo trabajo en los cuarteles." El Marxismo y la Revolución Argentina, Tomo II, Otto Vargas, p. 152, Editorial Agora, 1999</ref><br />
<br />
The left-wing violence continued throughout the 1920s. On 24 December 1927 two powerful anarchist bombs went off in two US-owned banks in downtown Buenos Aires, killing two employees.<ref>"El 24 de diciembre de 1927 vuelan las casas centrales del Citibank y el Banco de Boston, con el lamentable saldo de dos muertos. Los Mitos de la Historia Argentina: De la ley Sáenz Peña a los Albores del Peronismo ", Tomo III, Felipe Pigna, p. 111, Grupo Editorial Norma, 2006</ref> On 23 May 1923, the anarchists detonate another bomb inside the Italian consulate in the Argentinian capital, killing 9 and wounding 41, the majority of them innocent civilians.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1913&dat=19280523&id=h4EpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0mYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3534,4255127&hl=en Nine Killed, 41 Injured By Bomb In Buenos Aires]</ref> On 24 December, Argentinian president Hipólito Yrigoyen narrowly survived an attempt on his life. The would-be murderer, 44 year-old Italian anarchist Gualterio Marinelli is killed by return fire from the protecting police detachment.<br />
<br />
==President Juan Perón== <br />
<br />
A military coup overthrew president Juan Domingo Perón and restored the Argentinian political right to power in 1955. During the subsequent 18 years of exile, Perón used the Argentinian political left and Montoneros guerrillas as a primary means of breaking down law and order. He also used them to unite the left-wing trade unions in favour of Peronism in order to return to Argentinian presidency.<br />
<br />
==Guerrillas==<br />
<br />
Argentina experienced three failed attempts at rural guerrilla warfare between 1959 and 1969. At that point, the insurgents decided in favor of urban guerilla warfare. It seemed obvious that they would be safer and more relevant in crowded cities than in isolated rural areas.<br />
<br />
Between the ousting of president Juan Domingo Perón in 1955 and his return from exile in 1973, a number of urban left-wing guerrilla organizations emerged. Six major groups - two Marxist-Maoist- Guevarrist-oriented, and four populist-socialist Peronist-oriented - eventually disbanded or joined the Marxist ERP or the Peronist Montoneros. The Montoneros became the largest and most active of the two revolutionary movements, but fought alongside the ERP in Tucumán province.<br />
<br />
==Rural guerrilla warfare==<br />
<br />
A determined effort on the part of the Argentinian left was made at creating a guerrilla front in Tucumán province. In 1974, Marxist admirers of ''Che Guevarra'', (the People’s Revolutionary Army [ERP]) took control of the remote province of Tucumán and declared it an independent state. In 1975 the Argentinian Army 5th Mountain Infantry Brigae under Brigadier-General Edgar Vilas was ordered to Tucumán to eradicate the insurgents and restore the province to the Argentinian state, and did so swiftly and ruthlessly. <br />
<br />
==Urban guerilla warfare==<br />
<br />
The Montonero insurgent leadership made a conscious decision to “militarize” the struggle and attack directly the Argentinian police and military forces in the main cities. The political objectives that originally motivated the escalation were sacrificed to military considerations. The groups that were supposed to bring national and social liberation to the country developed into mirror images of the Argentinian armed forces, and legitimizing political-psychological efforts were considered unproductive niceties.<br />
<br />
During the month of August 1975, the Argentine city of Córdoba witnessed a number of armed actions on the part of the left-wing guerrillas that resulted in the death of at least five policemen and units of the elite 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade were obliged to be called in to stand guard at strategic points around the city after the bombing of police headquarters and the police radio communications centre.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vdJGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6XsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3887,3282259&dq= "5 Policemen Dead In Argentina Violence"]. ''Times-Union'' (21 August 1975).</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 January 1976, left-wing militants fire to a Buenos Aires commuter train after forcing passengers to descend at gunpoint.<ref>Peronist Guerrillas Burn Train Near Buenos Aires, ''The New York Times'', 14 January 1976</ref> On 2 February 1976 about fifty Montoneros attacked the Juan Vucetich Police Academy in Buenos Aires in an attempt to capture the helicopter-gunships there,<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qLsSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3vgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6809,70028&dq= "Guerrilla Raid Foiled"]. page 8, ''Spokane Daily Chronicle'' (2 February 1976).</ref> but were repelled in heavy fighting. In the week preceding the military coup, the Montoneros killed 13 policemen as part of its ''Third National Military Campaign''.<ref>Lewis, Paul. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtZ3EvNYxjYC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125 Guerrillas and Generals: the Dirty War in Argentina], p. 125, Greenwood Publishing Group.</ref> On 15 March, a powerful guerrilla bomb exploded next to the Argentine Army Headquarters, smashing windows in the nearby Casa Rosada and wounding 15 military personnel and 6 civilians as well as killing a civilian passerby.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e_tQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Jr8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1543,2038489&dq= Argentine army quarters blasted, The Telegraph Herald, 6 March 1976]</ref> During 1976, Videla himself narrowly escaped an assassination attempt in which a time bomb planted in the reviewing stand at the vast Campo de Mayo barracks blew out a meter-wide hole at the exact spot where he had been standing.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946715,00.html "A Monopoly of Force"]. ''Time''. (18 October 1976).</ref><br />
<br />
==Power vaccum==<br />
<br />
After the death of the controversial President Juan Perón in 1974, his wife, Isabel Perón, assumed power. However, she was not very strong politically and a military junta led a coup against her and removed her from office. This military junta maintained its grip on power by cracking down on anybody whom they believed was associated with the guerrillas. The new regime under General Jorge Rafaél Videla attempted to apply a monetarist solution to economic problems and launched what it called the war against subversion, which came to be widely known to others as the "Dirty War", in an attempt to defeat definitively left-wing guerrilla activity that was out of control by early 1976.<br />
<br />
==National Reorganization Process ==<br />
<br />
With the initial support of the majority of the Argentinian population, the military regime undertook widespread kidnappings, torture, and murder — not only of the violent guerrillas of the left but also the unarmed leftist political activists, guerrilla sympathizers, and their lawyers and families. The war against subversion was viewed within the military's National Security Doctrine as the beginning of "World War III," which it defined as a struggle against the efforts of communism for world supremacy. In seven years as many as 30,000 Argentines were either killed or imprisoned.<br />
<br />
Military victory was achieved after three years of limited open fighting and a stream of kidnappings, disappearances and imprisonments that brought a total breakdown of due process for those suspected of being connected with the guerrillas. By June 1978 the guerrillas were all but eliminated, and the military junta declared victory. By 1980 the last vestiges of the terrorist groups had died out, and the disappearances had stopped.<br />
<br />
In the view of the [[National Reorganization Process]] (''Proceso de Reorganización Nacional'' or ''Proceso''), the eradication of subversion meant not only the guerrillas' activities, but also any form of left-wing activism whether found in the universities, the church, the press, the factory, or even the arts or culture. Building a new national framework required eradicating the Peronists, the left-wing trade unions, parliamentary radicals and leftists. To build the economy required eliminating an industrial sector populated by a blue-collar worker class sympathetic to the guerrillas.<br />
<br />
==Victims==<br />
<br />
Everyone was viewed with suspicion and tens of thousands were detained at one point: union leaders who agitated for wage increases and militancy in the US and European-owned car plants in Argentina, students who were members of the ''Unión de Estudiantes Secundarios'' (Union of High School Students or UES), journalists like [[Rodolfo Jorge Walsh]] that were not fearful of the dictatorship, human-rights lawyers who were part of suspect professions, young communists, socialists, nuns and priests that had ties with the [[Third World Priest Movement]]. And family members or friends of any of them; people that financially supported them or hid them from the military.<br />
<br />
==Children of the Disappeared==<br />
<br />
With the return of democracy, human rights groups in Argentina started searching for the grandchildren stolen from detained female guerrillas and civilians and adopted in military circle. At the time, the ''Asociación Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo'' (Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo or ''Abuelas''), had records of 172 children who disappeared together with their parents or were born at the numerous detention camps and had not been returned to their families.<br />
<br />
The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo now claim up to 500 grandchildren were adopted by military families. 121 were admittedly located and reunited with their biological families by late 2016 with the announcement that Gustavo Menna, son of Domingo ''Mingo'' Menna, and Ana María ''La Aní'' Lanzillotto (both ERP militants) had been discovered.<ref>[http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/222555/the-story-behind-the-121st-grandchild%E2%80%99s-kidnapping The story behind the 121st grandchild’s kidnapping]</ref> On 13 April 2000, the grandmothers received a tip off that the birth certificate of Rosa Roisinblit's infant grandson, born in detention, had been falsified and the child given to an Air Force civil employee and his wife. Following the anonymous phone call, he was located and agreed to a DNA blood test, confirming his true identity. Rodolfo Fernando, grandson of Roisinblit, is the first known newborn of missing children returned to his family through the work of the grandmothers. Roisinblit's daughter, 25-year-old Patricia Julia Roisinblit de Perez, who was a Montoneros member, was kidnapped along with her husband, 24-year-old José Martínas Pérez Rojo, on 6 October 1978.<br />
<br />
The case of Maria Eugenia Sampallo (born some time in 1978) also received considerable attention. Sampallo sued the couple who adopted her illegally as a baby after her parents disappeared, both admittedly Montoneros. Her grandmother spent 24 years looking for her. The case was filed in 2001, after DNA tests indicated that Osvaldo Rivas and Maria Cristina Gomez were not her biological parents. They, along with Army Captain Enrique Berthier, who furnished the couple with the baby, were sentenced respectively to 8, 7 and 10 years in prison for kidnapping during the Kirchner government.<br />
<br />
==Military downfall==<br />
<br />
Although the military junta carried out its successful war against suspected subversives throughout its entire existence, it was ironically a foreign foe allied with the Chilean military government of General Augusto Pinochet which brought the Argentinian regime to an end. In the early 1980s, it became clear to both the world and the Argentinian people that the military junta was behind the brutal disappearances and imprisonment of tens of thousands of kidnappings. The junta, facing increasing opposition over its human rights record, as well as mounting allegations of corruption, sought to allay domestic criticism by launching a successful campaign to regain ''Las Islas Malvinas'' (the Falkland Islands).<br />
<br />
British military historian Martin Middlebrook argues that the military junta occupied the Falklands/Malvinas in order to suppress its opposition, principally the exiled Peronists, because the cost - measured in terms of legitimacy - of suppressing their supporters was relatively low at the beginning of the junta's rule. But the cost of suppression increased over time because of the military regime's ruthless suppression of anyone who supported the guerrillas, its failed economic policies, and its defeat in the Falkland Islands/Malvinas War, and thus it had to tolerate its opposition and eventually return power to civilian authority.<br />
<br />
The Falklands/Malvinas Islands had been a thorn in the relations between Argentina and Britain, which reoccupied them in 1833, and Argentina, which claimed them since independence. The junta had thought that it could occupy these islands without a British military response, regaining its popularity and control over its people in the process. However, the government was wrong in its conclusions when 72 days after the initial Argentinian military operations, British army and marine units won the ground war, having captured over 11,000 Argentinians in the process.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.britannica.com/event/Dirty-War Encyclopædia Britannica article]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Dirty_War_(Argentina,_1976-83)&diff=1435250Dirty War (Argentina, 1976-83)2018-07-23T23:59:27Z<p>Firestarter: /* Urban guerilla warfare */</p>
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<div>The '''Dirty War''' in Argentina, from 1976-1983, was a seven-year dictatorship and counterinsurgency campaign waged by the Argentinian military junta against left-wing guerrillas and supporting civilians. Tens of thousands of Argentinian nationals, both guerrillas and sympathizers among the civilian population, were abducted by military task groups and supporting volunteer civilian [[Triple A]] military death squads often in the middle of the night. They were taken to secret government detention centers where they were eventually released or killed. These people (including survivors from the detention camps) are known as internationally as ''"los desaparecidos"'' or ''detenidos-desaparecidos'' ("the disappeared" or "detained disappeared").<br />
<br />
Recently discovered documents of the Chilean Secret Police (DINA) cite an official estimate by the Argentinian Army's 601st Intelligence Battalion (''Batallón de Inteligencia 601'') of 22,000 killed and/or disappeared between 1975 and mid-1978. During this period, it was later established that at least 12,000 "disappeared" were in fact detainees held under National Executive Power (''Poder Ejecutivo Nacional'' or PEN), and kept in detention camps throughout Argentina before eventually being freed under diplomatic pressure.<br />
<br />
This unexpected Argentinian military defeat during the Falklands/Malvinas War in 1982 hastened the fall of the unpopular military junta that had lost the propaganda war, turning Argentina into a pariah state, and in mid-1982 Lieutenant-General Reynaldo Bignone (head of the interim government) restored basic civil liberties and retracted its ban on left-wing political parties. The Argentinian military dictatorship ended when [[Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín]]'s UCR (Unión Cívica Radical or Radical Civic Union) civilian government took control of the country on December 10, 1983.<br />
<br />
Many people, 7,158<ref>"The justification for the Dirty War was the armed actions of the Montoneros and the ERP. From 1969 to 1979, there were 239 kidnappings and 1,020 murders by the guerrillas. During the same period, however, the military kidnapped 7,844 and murdered 7,850." The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda, Richard Morrock, William Marchak, p. 184, McFarland, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1621505-hablan-de-30000-desaparecidos-y-saben-que-es-falso Hablan de 30.000 desaparecidos y saben que es falso]</ref><ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1464650-videla-admitio-que-la-dictadura-mato-a-7-u-8-mil-personas Videla admitió la muerte y desaparición de "7 u 8 mil personas"]</ref>-13,000,<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2003/10/06/p-00801.htm Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos]</ref> both Peronist and Marxist guerrillas as well as civilian opponents of the Argentinian military regime were "disappeared". By the end of 1978, 22,000 thousand Argentinians (according to an often-quoted Chilean military intelligence report) had been taken to secret government detention centers where they were killed or eventually freed under international diplomatic pressure. <br />
<br />
The leftist guerrillas caused at least 5,000 casualties among the military and police forces, according to a recent article by Spanish journalist Carmen Muñoz from ''Periódico ABC'' in 2011.<ref>"El 70% de las 18.331 víctimas eran civiles apolíticos, por eso no reclamaron sus derechos al Gobierno. No se conocían, eran sindicalistas, jueces, judíos, católicos, extranjeros... El 30% eran uniformados agredidos en situación de descanso, por lo que son civiles según el derecho internacional." [http://www.abc.es/20111228/internacional/abci-victoria-villarruel-entrevista-201112280343.html "Las víctimas del terror montonero no cuentan en Argentina", Periódico ABC, Carmen Muñoz, 28/12/2011]</ref><br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
<br />
The origins of the Dirty War have long been debated, with Professor Patricia Marchak in ''God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s'' and Professor Carlos Marcelo Shäferstein in ''Cien años de subversión en Argentina''<ref>[http://www.lahistoriaparalela.com.ar/2009/06/19/cien-anos-de-subversion-en-argentina/ Cien años de subversión en Argentina]</ref> and historians Alejandro García<ref>La Crisis Argentina, 1966–1976: Notas y Documentos Sobre una época de Violencia Política, Alejandro García, p. 32, EDITUM, 1994</ref> and Antonius C. G. M. Robben arguing the political violence started with the anarchist bombing campaigns and armed uprisings in Buenos Aires and the Patagonia in the 1910s and 1920s. During the Patagonia uprisings in the Santa Cruz province in 1921 and 1922, some 300 anarchist were killed in action or executed by the Argentinian Army.<ref>"Los medios anarquistas hablan de 1500 muertos, la prensa oficial de 300." La Causa Argentina, Juan Archibaldo Lanús (p. 393). Emecé Editores, 1988</ref> During the Buenos Aires uprisings in 1919, some 140 anarchists were killed and several buildings in the capital were burnt down.<br />
<br />
Prior to the armed uprisings, several efforts were made to interrupt the celebrations marking 100 years of Argentinian independence on 25 May 1910, with an anarchists handing over a hand-held bomb to a child to take inside a cathedral in Buenos Aires, but the bomb exploded prematurely killing the minor and mutilating another boy.<ref>[BOMBS IN ARGENTINA. BOY BLOWN TO AMOMS]</ref><br />
<br />
On 28 June 1910, another anarchist bomb exploded inside the ''Teatro Colón'' (in the Argentinian capital) and 20 theatregoers were gravely wounded, and the Argentinian senate approved soon after the death penalty for those anarchists responsible for deaths.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nf9QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JWYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3804,6720471&dq=&hl=en FIND BOMB FACTORY. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair]</ref><br />
On 9 July 1916, an anarchist armed with a hand-gun tried to kill the Argentinian president, Victorino de la Plaza. The attempted assassination took place while the president attended a military parade in Buenos Aires, during the centennial celebrations marking Argentinian independence from Spain.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v6dRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LmgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4473,3490772&dq=&hl=en EFFORT MADE TO KILL PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINE]</ref><br />
<br />
On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place in the main Argentinian cities and army units were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists sabotaged train lines and burnt carriages transporting wheat to Buenos Aires for exportation.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7l8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq=&hl=en Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots]</ref> Argentinian left-wing activists at the time printed and widely distributed, even among conscripts, a newspaper promoting a Communist Revolution in Argentina.<ref>"Los anarquistas simpatizantes de la Revolución Rusa editaban un periódico para los soldados y hacían un activo trabajo en los cuarteles." El Marxismo y la Revolución Argentina, Tomo II, Otto Vargas, p. 152, Editorial Agora, 1999</ref><br />
<br />
The left-wing violence continued throughout the 1920s. On 24 December 1927 two powerful anarchist bombs went off in two US-owned banks in downtown Buenos Aires, killing two employees.<ref>"El 24 de diciembre de 1927 vuelan las casas centrales del Citibank y el Banco de Boston, con el lamentable saldo de dos muertos. Los Mitos de la Historia Argentina: De la ley Sáenz Peña a los Albores del Peronismo ", Tomo III, Felipe Pigna, p. 111, Grupo Editorial Norma, 2006</ref> On 23 May 1923, the anarchists detonate another bomb inside the Italian consulate in the Argentinian capital, killing 9 and wounding 41, the majority of them innocent civilians.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1913&dat=19280523&id=h4EpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0mYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3534,4255127&hl=en Nine Killed, 41 Injured By Bomb In Buenos Aires]</ref> On 24 December, Argentinian president Hipólito Yrigoyen narrowly survived an attempt on his life. The would-be murderer, 44 year-old Italian anarchist Gualterio Marinelli is killed by return fire from the protecting police detachment.<br />
<br />
==President Juan Perón== <br />
<br />
A military coup overthrew president Juan Domingo Perón and restored the Argentinian political right to power in 1955. During the subsequent 18 years of exile, Perón used the Argentinian political left and Montoneros guerrillas as a primary means of breaking down law and order. He also used them to unite the left-wing trade unions in favour of Peronism in order to return to Argentinian presidency.<br />
<br />
==Guerrillas==<br />
<br />
Argentina experienced three failed attempts at rural guerrilla warfare between 1959 and 1969. At that point, the insurgents decided in favor of urban guerilla warfare. It seemed obvious that they would be safer and more relevant in crowded cities than in isolated rural areas.<br />
<br />
Between the ousting of president Juan Domingo Perón in 1955 and his return from exile in 1973, a number of urban left-wing guerrilla organizations emerged. Six major groups - two Marxist-Maoist- Guevarrist-oriented, and four populist-socialist Peronist-oriented - eventually disbanded or joined the Marxist ERP or the Peronist Montoneros. The Montoneros became the largest and most active of the two revolutionary movements, but fought alongside the ERP in Tucumán province.<br />
<br />
==Rural guerrilla warfare==<br />
<br />
A determined effort on the part of the Argentinian left was made at creating a guerrilla front in Tucumán province. In 1974, Marxist admirers of ''Che Guevarra'', (the People’s Revolutionary Army [ERP]) took control of the remote province of Tucumán and declared it an independent state. In 1975 the Argentinian Army 5th Mountain Infantry Brigae under Brigadier-General Edgar Vilas was ordered to Tucumán to eradicate the insurgents and restore the province to the Argentinian state, and did so swiftly and ruthlessly. <br />
<br />
==Urban guerilla warfare==<br />
<br />
The Montonero insurgent leadership made a conscious decision to “militarize” the struggle and attack directly the Argentinian police and military forces in the main cities. The political objectives that originally motivated the escalation were sacrificed to military considerations. The groups that were supposed to bring national and social liberation to the country developed into mirror images of the Argentinian armed forces, and legitimizing political-psychological efforts were considered unproductive niceties.<br />
<br />
During the month of August 1975, the Argentine city of Córdoba witnessed a number of armed actions on the part of the left-wing guerrillas that resulted in the death of at least five policemen and units of the elite 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade were obliged to be called in to stand guard at strategic points around the city after the bombing of police headquarters and the police radio communications centre.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vdJGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6XsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3887,3282259&dq= "5 Policemen Dead In Argentina Violence"]. ''Times-Union'' (21 August 1975).</ref><br />
<br />
==Power vaccum==<br />
<br />
After the death of the controversial President Juan Perón in 1974, his wife, Isabel Perón, assumed power. However, she was not very strong politically and a military junta led a coup against her and removed her from office. This military junta maintained its grip on power by cracking down on anybody whom they believed was associated with the guerrillas. The new regime under General Jorge Rafaél Videla attempted to apply a monetarist solution to economic problems and launched what it called the war against subversion, which came to be widely known to others as the "Dirty War", in an attempt to defeat definitively left-wing guerrilla activity that was out of control by early 1976.<br />
<br />
==National Reorganization Process ==<br />
<br />
With the initial support of the majority of the Argentinian population, the military regime undertook widespread kidnappings, torture, and murder — not only of the violent guerrillas of the left but also the unarmed leftist political activists, guerrilla sympathizers, and their lawyers and families. The war against subversion was viewed within the military's National Security Doctrine as the beginning of "World War III," which it defined as a struggle against the efforts of communism for world supremacy. In seven years as many as 30,000 Argentines were either killed or imprisoned.<br />
<br />
Military victory was achieved after three years of limited open fighting and a stream of kidnappings, disappearances and imprisonments that brought a total breakdown of due process for those suspected of being connected with the guerrillas. By June 1978 the guerrillas were all but eliminated, and the military junta declared victory. By 1980 the last vestiges of the terrorist groups had died out, and the disappearances had stopped.<br />
<br />
In the view of the [[National Reorganization Process]] (''Proceso de Reorganización Nacional'' or ''Proceso''), the eradication of subversion meant not only the guerrillas' activities, but also any form of left-wing activism whether found in the universities, the church, the press, the factory, or even the arts or culture. Building a new national framework required eradicating the Peronists, the left-wing trade unions, parliamentary radicals and leftists. To build the economy required eliminating an industrial sector populated by a blue-collar worker class sympathetic to the guerrillas.<br />
<br />
==Victims==<br />
<br />
Everyone was viewed with suspicion and tens of thousands were detained at one point: union leaders who agitated for wage increases and militancy in the US and European-owned car plants in Argentina, students who were members of the ''Unión de Estudiantes Secundarios'' (Union of High School Students or UES), journalists like [[Rodolfo Jorge Walsh]] that were not fearful of the dictatorship, human-rights lawyers who were part of suspect professions, young communists, socialists, nuns and priests that had ties with the [[Third World Priest Movement]]. And family members or friends of any of them; people that financially supported them or hid them from the military.<br />
<br />
==Children of the Disappeared==<br />
<br />
With the return of democracy, human rights groups in Argentina started searching for the grandchildren stolen from detained female guerrillas and civilians and adopted in military circle. At the time, the ''Asociación Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo'' (Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo or ''Abuelas''), had records of 172 children who disappeared together with their parents or were born at the numerous detention camps and had not been returned to their families.<br />
<br />
The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo now claim up to 500 grandchildren were adopted by military families. 121 were admittedly located and reunited with their biological families by late 2016 with the announcement that Gustavo Menna, son of Domingo ''Mingo'' Menna, and Ana María ''La Aní'' Lanzillotto (both ERP militants) had been discovered.<ref>[http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/222555/the-story-behind-the-121st-grandchild%E2%80%99s-kidnapping The story behind the 121st grandchild’s kidnapping]</ref> On 13 April 2000, the grandmothers received a tip off that the birth certificate of Rosa Roisinblit's infant grandson, born in detention, had been falsified and the child given to an Air Force civil employee and his wife. Following the anonymous phone call, he was located and agreed to a DNA blood test, confirming his true identity. Rodolfo Fernando, grandson of Roisinblit, is the first known newborn of missing children returned to his family through the work of the grandmothers. Roisinblit's daughter, 25-year-old Patricia Julia Roisinblit de Perez, who was a Montoneros member, was kidnapped along with her husband, 24-year-old José Martínas Pérez Rojo, on 6 October 1978.<br />
<br />
The case of Maria Eugenia Sampallo (born some time in 1978) also received considerable attention. Sampallo sued the couple who adopted her illegally as a baby after her parents disappeared, both admittedly Montoneros. Her grandmother spent 24 years looking for her. The case was filed in 2001, after DNA tests indicated that Osvaldo Rivas and Maria Cristina Gomez were not her biological parents. They, along with Army Captain Enrique Berthier, who furnished the couple with the baby, were sentenced respectively to 8, 7 and 10 years in prison for kidnapping during the Kirchner government.<br />
<br />
==Military downfall==<br />
<br />
Although the military junta carried out its successful war against suspected subversives throughout its entire existence, it was ironically a foreign foe allied with the Chilean military government of General Augusto Pinochet which brought the Argentinian regime to an end. In the early 1980s, it became clear to both the world and the Argentinian people that the military junta was behind the brutal disappearances and imprisonment of tens of thousands of kidnappings. The junta, facing increasing opposition over its human rights record, as well as mounting allegations of corruption, sought to allay domestic criticism by launching a successful campaign to regain ''Las Islas Malvinas'' (the Falkland Islands).<br />
<br />
British military historian Martin Middlebrook argues that the military junta occupied the Falklands/Malvinas in order to suppress its opposition, principally the exiled Peronists, because the cost - measured in terms of legitimacy - of suppressing their supporters was relatively low at the beginning of the junta's rule. But the cost of suppression increased over time because of the military regime's ruthless suppression of anyone who supported the guerrillas, its failed economic policies, and its defeat in the Falkland Islands/Malvinas War, and thus it had to tolerate its opposition and eventually return power to civilian authority.<br />
<br />
The Falklands/Malvinas Islands had been a thorn in the relations between Argentina and Britain, which reoccupied them in 1833, and Argentina, which claimed them since independence. The junta had thought that it could occupy these islands without a British military response, regaining its popularity and control over its people in the process. However, the government was wrong in its conclusions when 72 days after the initial Argentinian military operations, British army and marine units won the ground war, having captured over 11,000 Argentinians in the process.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.britannica.com/event/Dirty-War Encyclopædia Britannica article]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1405123Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-19T00:20:58Z<p>Firestarter: /* Falklands/Malvinas War */</p>
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<div>Retired colonel '''Carlos Carrizo Salvadores''' (born 7 August 1942) is a former commanding officer in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later served as police chief of Jujuy Province in [[Argentina]].<br />
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==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
Officer Cadet Carrizo Salvadores entered the Colegio Militar de la Nación in 1959 and was commissioned into the Argentinian Army in 1962, as an infantry second lieutenant. Having been promoted to captain in 1974, he had passed paratroop qualification as a lieutenant for the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade and undertook service in the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment.<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (a company commander) took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment, in order to steal the weaponry and capture and/or execute the officers present, but were either killed in battle or shortly afterwards executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself in the final battles from 11–14 June 1982, during the [[Falklands/Malvinas War]], when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon and mounted a bayonet charge to recover the lost positions on Wireless Ridge. During the [[Battles of Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge]], British Paratroopers had to fight from one rock to another, taking casualties at every turn in what is still the bloodiest British ground battle since Korea.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
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==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001, and October 13, 2003, during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista in Jujuy Province, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police. During that period, several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However, during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed. The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight." According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19-year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Bersaglieri_Corps&diff=1404804Bersaglieri Corps2018-02-17T00:34:13Z<p>Firestarter: /* Second World War */</p>
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<div>In 1836, Alfonso del la Marmora from the Piedmontese Army (the core of the future Italian Army) created the Bersaglieri, light infantry formations similar to the French ''chasseurs'' and Austrian ''jägers''.<br />
<br />
The Bersaglieri were trained to a high physical and marksmanship standard, and like the German ''Waffen SS'' in the Second World War, inspired the ''Regio Esercito'' frontline formations, benefiting from superior weaponry and mobility that encouraged Axis commanders to operate aggressively.<br />
<br />
The Bersaglieri, or ”sharpshooters,” still sport distinctive helmets adorned with cock’s feathers. <br />
<br />
==First World War==<br />
<br />
During the First World War, the 12 Bersaglieri Regiments fought with valour and bravery. 210,000 men served in the Bersaglieri Corps, and during the war 32,000 were killed and 50,000 wounded. In August 1915 [[Benito Mussolini]] joined the corps and, serving in the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment, saw action in the trenches on the Italian front.<br />
<br />
After the war, reforms reduced the number of Bersaglieri battalions to two per regiment. They were converted into bicycle troops to fight alongside cavalry from the ''Celeri'' (fast) divisions, giving the Supreme Command the best formations to operate alongside tanks in the near future.<br />
<br />
==Second World War==<br />
<br />
When the first Italian Army armoured divisions were formed in 1939, Bersaglieri mobile warfare experience greatly improved. Each armoured and motorized division was allocated one Bersaglieri regiment.<br />
<br />
The Bersaglieri regiments expanded to three battalions each during the Second World War, but the ''Comando Surpemo'' (Italian Supreme Command) resisted temptations during wartime to degrade their quality in favour of greater numbers, and volunteers still had to be of above-average height and stamina. The candidates endured intense physical training, just as their forefathers had, and had to qualify as excellent marksmen. <br />
<br />
The first Bersaglieri units to see combat in North Africa belonged to the [[10th Bersaglieri Regiment]]. They arrived in Libya in late 1940 as part of the all-volunteers ''Brigata Corazzata Speciale'' (Special Armoured Brigade or BCS) and along with the ''Sabratha'' (Conscript) Division fought well as the Italian rearguard in defence of the Derna–Giovanni Berta defence line, with two British Commonwealth armoured car spearhead units<ref>"On the southern flank a troop of 6th Cavalry carriers attempted to outflank the enemy and was itself ambushed with the loss of seven men and several carriers." The Western Desert Campaign, 1940-41, Glenn Wahlert, Big Sky Publishing, 2016</ref><ref>"At dusk on 4 February, after passing through Megara, six of the 11th Hussars' armoured cars that were leading the convoy were ambushed by antitank guns. Three of the vehicles were destroyed anda a number of soldiers were killed or wounded. Several war correspondents were travelling with the Hussars and some were wounded..." An Unqualified Success, Peter Golding, Rosenberg Publishing, 2013</ref> ambushed, the survivors captured and the supporting Australian 2nd/4th Battalion nearly overrun in a strong counterattack<ref>"At one point the 2/4th Battalion was pinned down and almost overrun by a force of about 1,000 enemy infantry. It was only the timely arrival of the Northumberland Fusiliers that checked the Italian attack." The Western Desert Campaign, 1940-41, Glenn Wahlert, Big Sky Publishing, 2009</ref> during the final stages of [[Operation Compass]].<br />
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In all, six of the 12 Bersaglieri regiments fought in North Africa, compiling an excellent combat record, with Field Marshal Erwin Rommel (''"the Desert Fox"'') acknowledging in a Radio Rome interview in late 1942 that, ''The German soldier has impressed the world, however, the Italian Bersaglieri soldier has impressed the German soldier."''<br />
<br />
During Rommel's first desert offensive (also known as the first ''Benghazi Derby'') and start of the [[Siege of Tobruk]] in April 1941, Rommel was often critical of his generals as well as the Italian Supreme Command, but praised the Bersaglieri on numerous occasions, such as the encircling action of the 8th Bersaglieri Regiment during the [[Battle of El Mechili]] that resulted in the capture of 3,000 British Imperial troops.<br />
<br />
That same month, the 4th Bersaglieri Regiment fought successfully in General [[Ugo Cavallero]]'s second spring offensive during the [[Greco-Italian War]], and the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment along with the ''Centauro'' Armoured Division defeated the Yugoslavian Army counteroffensive in Albania in the [[Battle for Skutari]] in mid-April 1941.<ref>"For 48 hours the Serbs have been moving in wave upon wave through rain and snow against Scutari, on the southern shore of a lake of the same name, only to be mowed down by Fascist machine-gunners and scattered by Italian airmen, war front advices said. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19410415&id=JHtGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_ucMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1084,5315859&hl=en Serb Attacks Beaten Off By Italians, Schenectady Gazette, 15 April 1941]</ref> <br />
<br />
During [[Operation Barbarossa]] (the invasion of Russia) in August 1941, the 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment formed part of the Italian spearheads tasked with securing bridgeheads over the Dnieper and Don Rivers for the German 11th Army, a task which they carried out successfully and suffered heavy casualties defending them during the Russian counterattacks mounted during the [[First Battle of Kiev]].<ref>"From the 20th to the 26th of August Italian Forces have been subjected to extremely fierce Soviet attacks along the Don River. The Bersaglieri, Cavalry and Black Shirts have untiringly repulsed the attacks which wave after wave were launched in the desperate attempt to break through the Italian lines." Il Marco Polo, Issues 13-14, p. 126, Shanghai, 1941</ref> <br />
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During [[Operation Crusader]], the 8th Bersaglieri Regiment operating truck-mounted naval guns from the Italian cruiser ''San Giorgio'', played an important part in the defeat of the British 7th Armoured Division in the [[First Battle of Bir el Gubi]] on 19 November 1941. <br />
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On 1 November, the 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment defeated 3 Russian divisions defending [[Rykovo]] and conquered that city.<ref>" Il 1° novembre il 3° bersaglieri conquistò Rykovo; lo stesso giorno la Torino si attestò sul fiume Krinka, in zona Im. Karova-Korsuni, a protezione del fianco meridionale della Celere."La Storia della Dottrina e degli Ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano: t. 1. Da Vittorio Veneto alla 2a. Guerra Mondiale. t. 2. La 2a Guerra Mondiale (1940-1943), Stato maggiore dell'Esercito, Ufficio Storico, 1985</ref> <br />
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On 1 December, the ''Trieste'' Division, reinforced by the 9th Bersaglieri Regiment, cut off the supply route the 2nd New Zealand Division had established with the Tobruk garrison. <br />
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The successful defense of the Gazala Line on the part of the 7th and 9th Bersaglieri Regiments on 15 December, was also absolutely vital in the defeat of the British 1st Battalion, Royal East Kent Regiment (''The Buffs'') and other units from the British-officered 5th Indian Brigade, with over 1,000 British Imperial troops killed, wounded or captured during Rommel's counterattack.<ref>"So, on the afternoon of 15 December, the Ariete with some 30 M13’s and with Bersaglieri motorcycle troops in close support, counterattacked along with the remaining 23 tanks of the 15th Panzer Division, and the attack was successful as the 1st Battalion, The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) and other troops of the 5th Indian Brigade lost over 1,000 men killed, wounded or taken prisoners." [http://www.comandosupremo.com/bologna-division.html/6 The Bologna Division: 19 November – 10 December, 1941]</ref> <br />
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On 28 December, the 25th Bersaglieri Battalion along with the 63rd Blackshirt Battalion captured Kolkhoz Voroshilova & Rassipnoy on the Russian Front.<ref>"The Italo-German force in the Celere Division's sector experienced more success,as German paratroopers captured the stretch of double railroad track at Kulinatskiy, and the 63rd Blackshirt Battalion, captured Kolkhoz Voroshilova, which was below the commanding height at Kurgun Ostriy. The German 318th Regiment captured the village of Greko-Timofeyevskiy from the Rifle Division, while the XXV Bersaglieri Battalion took Rassipnoy." Three Kings: Axis Royal Armies on the Russian Front 1941, Patrick Cloutier, p. 140, 2015</ref> <br />
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On 28 June, the 12th Bersaglieri Regiment and supporting tanks from the ''Littorio'' Division surrounded Mersa Matruh, with the British garrison attempting to break out under the cover of darkness largely frustrated. The next day, the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment also met with success when the 10th and 11th Bersaglieri Battalions stormed the British fortress and took 6,500 prisoners in the [[Battle of Mersa Matruh]]. <br />
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In July 1942 the spearhead of the 8th Italian Army, 6th Bersaglieri Regiment, captured Krasnij Lutsch and Ivanowka with 30,000 Russians (mainly through desertion) falling into Italian hands in the following weeks.<ref>"Ma la gran massa dei prigionieri che in certe fasi delle operazioni affluivano a questi campi rese praticamente difficile, se non impossibile, un sostanziale miglioramento: ricordo, ad esempio, che nei mesi di luglio-agosto del 1942 nel campo di Millerowo, con un'organizzazione logistica molto primitiva, furono concentrati oltre 30.000 prigionieri, con le conseguenze che è facile immaginare." La Guerra al Fronte Russo: il Corpo di spedizione italiano in Russia (CSIR), Giovanni Messe, p. 87, Mursia, 2005</ref> <br />
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During the [[First Battle of El Alamein]], the 7th and 9th Bersaglieri Regiments along with the ''Sabratha'', ''Trento'' and ''Trieste'' Divisions showed great courage, derailing both the 9th Australian Division advance developing from Tel el Eisa on 11 July and the 2nd New Zealand Division attack against Ruweisat Ridge on 22 July.<ref>[http://www.comandosupremo.com/1elalamein.html First Battle of El Alamein COMANDO SUPREMO/ITALY AT WAR]</ref> <br />
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During the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]], the 12th Bersaglieri Regiment fought especially hard, manning the Italian 47mm and 90mm guns (often confused with the German 88mm ''flak'' guns) and field guns of the ''Littorio'' Armoured Division in defence of El Aqqaqir Ridge, destroying 70 tanks from the British 9th Armoured Brigade in the process.<ref>[http://www.ilprimatonazionale.it/cultura/el-alamein-battaglia-folgore-32837/ El-Alamein: la battaglia che consacrò il valore del soldato italiano]</ref> Berlin Radio acknowledged that in this sector the ''"British were made to pay for their penetration with enormous losses in men and material. The Italians fought till the last man."''<ref>Rolling Thunder: A Century of Tank Warfare, Philip Kaplan, p. 139, Pen and Sword, 2013</ref> <br />
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The Bersaglieri remained a force to be reckoned with during the [[Tunisian Campaign]] and, in early December 1942 the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment forced the surrender of 300 Allied paratroopers operating behind Axis lines during the [[Battle of Tebourba]].<ref>"La sua prima brillante azione risale al 2 dicembre, quando reparti del XVI° catturarono un folto gruppo di paracadutisti inglesi e americani del Col. Raff, in un’ardita azione di rastrellamento nella zona di Donar Cheti, facendo meritare al Reggimento un encomio del comando della Divisione “Superga”. "La sua prima brillante azione risale al 2 dicembre, quando reparti del XVI° catturarono un folto gruppo di paracadutisti inglesi e americani del Col. Raff, in un’ardita azione di rastrellamento nella zona di Donar Cheti, facendo meritare al Reggimento un encomio del comando della Divisione “Superga”." [http://cinquantamila.corriere.it/storyTellerGiorno.php?year=1942&month=12&day=06 Salmaggi e Pallavisini, Domenica, 6 Dicembre 1942]</ref><ref>[http://collections.civilisations.ca/warclip/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=5001297 The New York Times, 5 December 1942 (German Military Communique)]</ref> <br />
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The Bersaglieri fought again during the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]] as the Axis spearhead, with the 5th and 7th Bersaglieri Regiments capturing around 2,450 British, American and French troops and covering Rommel's withdrawal. Field Marshal Erwin Rommel had special words of praise for the Bersaglieri, with their senior commander, Colonel Luigi Bonfatti killed leading the attack.<br />
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On 3 March, the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment supported by 30 tanks attacked the British lines, hoping to repeat the success at Kasserine Pass.<ref>"On February 22— facing poor terrain for mobile operations, increased Alled resistance, and a lack of cooperation from Arnim— Rommel withdrew artfully to prepare for a similiar operation against General Bernard L. Montgomery's British Eighth Army on the Mareth Line to the east." George S. Patton, Earle Rice, pg. 78, Infobase Publishing, 2009</ref> According to Associated Press war correspondent Don Whitehead:{{cquote|Last night three companies of Italians followed by 30 tanks and lorried infantry attacked the Highlander's advance screen. The Jocks “mowed 'em down”—and didn't lose a man. The tanks and infantry scurried back to the safety of the hills. Half the Italians were killed.<ref>Combat Reporter: Don Whitehead's World War II Diary and Memoirs, pg. 125, Fordham Univ Press, 2006</ref>}}<br />
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During the [[Battle of Maknassy Pass]], the 10th Panzer Division and supporting 7th Bersaglieri Regiment attack Lieutenant-Colonel Robert H. York's 1st Battalion from the 18th Infantry Regiment (US 1st Infantry Division) and the Panzers penetrate the valley between the US 1st and 3rd Battalions, reaching a position about six miles behind the 1st Battalion.<ref>''"On March 23, Lieutenant Colonel Robert H. York commanded the 1st Battalion of an Infantry Regiment of the First Division, which was in position on the northeastern slopes of Djebel Berda, generally facing Hill 369, about seven miles east of El Guettar. At dawn that day, the German 10th Panzer Division and elements of the Italian 7th Bersaglieri Regiment attacked the 1st Division with at least two hundred vehicles. Colonel York's regiment, owing to its position, bore the brunt of the attack. The enemy tanks succeeded in penetrating the valley between the 3d and 1st Battalions which held the high ground on either side and some of the enemy tanks reached a position about six miles to the rear of the 1st Battalion before the attack was finally broken down."'' Infantry Journal, Volumes 54-55, p. 42, United States Infantry Association, 1944</ref> The Panzer Division with the help of the Bersaglieri riding in half-tracks, trucks and motorcycles overrun the US 32nd Field Artillery Battalion and part of the US 5th Field Artillery Battalion, with the Italian Supreme Command reporting that 170 Allied troops had been captured in the counterattack.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19430324&id=M4ohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dZgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2523,3907893&hl=en Yankee Units Within Hour's Drive of Sea; Blast 30 Nazi Tanks, Reading Eagle, 24 March 1943]</ref> <br />
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The 5th Bersaglieri Regiment, Sahara Grouping (''Raggruppamento Sahariano'') and 57th Bersaglieri Battalion from the ''Trieste'' Division fought in the [[Battle of El Guettar]] in March 1943, distinguishing themselves near El Hamma–El Guettar, with several Bersaglieri eventually taken prisoner.<ref>"The Italian forces that managed to impress the GIs most were the Bersaglieri units. With a tradition going back to the old Piedmontese army, composed of carefully selected troops, and equipped with greater numbers of artillery and vehicles, these units sometimes exceeded the performance of the German forces in Africa. A soldier of the 4th Ranger Battalion who had battled against them at Senad Pass in Tunisia in 1943 remembered them as "big shots" while he was on his way to Sicily, and hoped that he would not encounter them again on the island. He did, however, and more bloody clashes with the Bersaglieri left him convinced that they were indeed "Italy's toughest troops." The Crash of Ruin: American Combat Soldiers in Europe during World War II, Peter Schrijvers, p. 52, Springer, 1998</ref><ref>"At El Guettar a few battalions of well-supported Bersaglieri held up the infantry columns, though the Americans did well in capturing Jebel Mcheltat." The Army Quarterly, p. 160, William Clowes & Sons, Limited, 1943</ref><br />
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It was noticed that the Italians fought particularly well, outdoing the Germans in line with them on El Hamma Ridge:{{cquote|The enemy positions seemed impregnable, and, in fact, the Italians manning them held out for three days. Next morning Rommel ... replaced the Italians with crack German troops ... but the enemy, finally fellback into the ravine...the morale of 20-year-old [German] prisoners fresh from the Russian front was low, they made no attempt to hide their satisfaction at being out of the war.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19430401&id=zjRAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TVkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2804,4830439&hl=en Fighting French Troops' Part Advance in Advance on Gabes, The Glasgow Herald, 1 April 1943]</ref>}}<br />
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The 5th, 8th, 9th and 10th Bersaglieri Regiments along with the Fascist Youth (''Giovani Fascisti'') Regiment fought as part of the 1st Italian Army around Hill 141 during the [[Battle of Tunis]], surrendering on 13 May after defeating all the attacks from the 2nd New Zealand Division,<ref>"On arrival at Enfidaville the 2/5th and 2/6th Queen’s had taken over reserve positions behind the 2nd New Zealand Division, who were holding the low ground on the right of the Takrouna feature, having handed over Takrouna to the 51st (Highland) Division. They were very tired and needed to be relieved. General Montgomery had accepted that to try to outflank the enemy through the hills to the west of Enfidaville was now an unrealistic option, and had decided to switch his efforts to attacking up the coast road towards Hammamet. However, he disappeared off to Cairo on the 23rd April in order to discuss the plans for the invasion of Sicily, leaving Lieut-General Brian Horrocks to ponder the problem." [http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref><ref>"The New Zealanders were very apologetic for their lack of success in securing these two features." [http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref><ref>"It was their last action for a while, as 25 and 26 Battalions were relieved that night by 169 Infantry Brigade of 56 (L) Division, and 24 Battalion by 152 Infantry Brigade of 51 (H) Division." [http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Bard-c15-1.html 2 NZ Division after Takrouna]</ref> British 56th ''Black Cat'' Division<ref>"The New Zealanders around Takrouna estimated that 20,000 enemy were still in front of them, so SRY supported the newly arrived 56 (Black Cat) Division fresh from Syria in an attack on the 11th/12th May. Alas there was no success and many casualties." (Monty's Marauders, Patrick Delaforce Pen and Sword, 2008)</ref> and 1st Free French Division,<ref>"On May 12th this Italian force was still resisting from positions just north of Enfidaville. A French division attacking their right was repulsed and then counterattacked. The Air Force, being called upon for aid, made a strong bombing attack at 1530, supported by all the artillery whose fire could be brought to bear." Finale in Tunisia, Colonel Conrad H. Lanza, Page. 488, The Field Artillery, July 1943</ref> a week after after the complete collapse of the Afrika Korps facing the US 1st Armoured and 3rd Infantry Divisions on 6 May,<ref>Maj. Gen. Omar N. Bradley, commanding II Corps, had originally planned to have Truscott's 3rd Division relieve the battle-weary 1st ID. However, as Truscott was moving his division forward to effect that relief, Bradley contacted him on the night of the fifth and told him that General Harmon had requested additional infantry to support his division's attack on a strongly defended German position on the peninsula east of Bizerte, and directed that Truscott send an infantry regiment to the Ferryville area for attachment to the 1st AD. Bradley had also ordered that an infantry regiment from the 9th ID and additional field artillery and antiaircraft join Harmon's division for the attack. Truscott's regiment was to attack the following morning. Truscott joined Harmon at his commando post southeast of Ferryville early the next morning, and after breakfast the two set out on a reconnaissance mission to ascertain how far forward Truscott's force could assemble for the attack. As they traveled they found that Harmon's troopers and their tanks were already in possession of the entire peninsula excepting the high ridge overlooking the Mediterranean, from which there came no sounds of enemy fire. It was obvious to Harmon and Truscott that "the battle in Tunisia was all but done and that no large force would be required to clear the ridge." Dogface Soldier: The Life of General Lucian K. Truscott, Jr, By Wilson A., Heefner, p. 101, University of Missouri Press, 2010</ref> and poor showing<ref>"Two remarkable features of this Axis debacle were, firstly, that in the end, when the battle had obviously gone against the Axis, the Italians fought better than the Germans. The German morale collapsed completely towards the close of the campaign. Well-armed German units with plenty of ammunition and provisions surrendered in strong defensive positions when they could have fought for many days (weeks or months) longer." The Conquest of Italy, Joseph Montague Kenworthy, p. 17, Hutchinson, 1944</ref> of the attached German 90th Light Infantry Division.<ref>"For an hour the positions held by the 90th Light Infantry were obscured by a pall of smoke. At the end of the bombardment they surrendered. General Von Sponeck ... told General Keightley when he surrendered to him that although only two men had been killed and three wounded during the bombardment the morale of his men had been shattered." Tunisian Battle, John D'Arcy-Dawson, p. 248, Macdonald & Company, Limited, 1943</ref> <br />
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In summarizing the experience of General Giovanni Messe's 1st Army, a military expert would write several decades later:{{cquote|Not only should Tunisia have exploded the myth of Hitler's military acumen, it should have discredited the idea that Germans fought better than the Italians, since Messe's 1st Italian Army held out longer than Arnim's 5th German Army and the DAK, even both groups had about six divisions and faced roughly equal Anglo-American forces. Indeed, Hermann Goring division was the first to be scattered on 7 May, DAK the next to break and surrender on 9 May, with the Italian Spezia division closing the gap created by the German collapse and watching still combat-efficient German units march off into captivity on 11 May. Whether it is significant that the German 90th Light division was the first to collapse in Messe's 'Italian' Army, there is no doubt that the Italians fought well and held out longest in Tunisia.<ref>The Second World War: The German war 1939-1942, Jeremy Black, Page 265, Ashgate, 2007</ref>}}<br />
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During [[Operation Husky]] (the Allied invasion of Sicily), the 10th, 73rd and 177th Bersaglieri Regiments managed to contain the American armoured advance outside [[Agrigento]], but were eventually overwhelmed by Allied air power. However, resistance from the Bersaglieri was stiff enough to force the US 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions to take on the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment in house-to-house combat in the streets of Agrigento, with US military historian Samuel Eliot Morison acknowledging that ''"The Italians fought manfully for Agrigento".'' <ref>History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Sicily - Salerno - Anzio, January 1943 - June 1944, Samuel Eliot Morison, p. 176, University of Illinois Press, 2001</ref><br />
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== Notes ==<br />
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[[Category:War]] [[Category:World War II]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Tunisian_Campaign&diff=1404803Tunisian Campaign2018-02-17T00:21:59Z<p>Firestarter: /* Losses */</p>
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<div>The '''Tunisian Campaign''' consisted of a series of battles that took place between November 1942 and May 1943. The Axis forces, often called the German-Italian ''Panzer Armee'', consisted of German and Italian units and were led by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and General Giovanni Messe. The Allies consisted of American forces led by Generals Lloyd Fredendal and General George Patton, and British, New Zealand and Free French forces led by General (later Field Marshal) Bernard Montgomery. <br />
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In November, [[Operation Torch]] brought in 125,000 American and British forces from the 1st Army (under General Kenneth Anderson) in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and joined the attack, with the aim of capturing Tunis and Bizerte before the Germans and Italians could send reinforcements into Tunisia. With the use of all available transport capacity the ''Regia Aeronautica'' managed to fly 72,000 ground troops and 5,000 tons of war material into Tunisia.<br />
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Initially, the Axis forces under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel succeeded in defeating the Allies quickly in the Tunisian Campaign, driving Allied forces back 50 miles through the Kasserine Pass and capturing 4,000 Allied soldiers<ref>"They had captured 4,026 prisoners, 61 tanks and half-tracks, 161 motorized vehicles, 36 guns, 45 tons of ammunition, and huge amounts of fuel, lubricants and other equipment." Blitzkrieg No Longer, Samuel Mitcham, Pen and Sword, 2010</ref> in the attack lead by the Italian ''Littorio'' Armoured Division.<br />
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From the start of May the Luftwaffe had been flying men and machines out of Tunisia to save what it could. With the 9th and 12th Air Forces in the battle, the Allies drove the Germans and Italians back into a pocket around Bizerte and Tunis, where the 5th ''Panzer Armee'' surrendered on 9 May. <br />
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By 11 May the German forces in the northern pocket had been completely mopped up, while the divisions of the Allied 1st Army then turned to assist in the encirclement of the 1st Italian Army, which they achieved between 11–13 May.<br />
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On 13 May, over 250,000 Axis prisoners were in Allied custody, thus bringing and end to the Tunisian Campaign. Thus Tunisia became available for launching [[Operation Husky]], an Allied invasion on Sicily as a preliminary to an assault on mainland Italy. <br />
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==Maknassy Pass==<br />
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At the end of January, German forces attacked the French, who were defending Faid Pass. General Fredendall faced an immediate choice between seizing Maknassy or reinforcing Faid Pass. The US 1st Armoured Divisiion had been preparing operations against Maknassy Pass since early January and Fredendall decided to seize Maknassy, since it would protect the Faid Pass and threaten the Axis defences.<br />
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On 24 January 1943, despite coming under heavy anti-aircraft fire, the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment dug-in and around Djebel Rihana defeat the initial attacks from the US 26th Regimental Combat Team and 443rd Anti-Aircraft Battalion.<br />
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On 30 January, the ''Centauro'' Armoured Division and German units from from the two German panzer divisions, attacked through Maknassy Pass. The Axis attack came as a complete surprise to the U.S. 2nd Army Corps. The U.S. 1st Armored Division, which had established itself in the saddle of the Faid Pass, was overrun. Gafsa was also abandoned.<br />
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On 31 January, the U.S. 34th Division and part of the U.S. 1st Armored Division advanced toward Sened Station. The operation was intended to take them as far as Maknassy, but German and Italian tanks, supported by anti-tanki guns, stopped the Americans on 2 February.<br />
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On 22 March, The Americans at Gafsa pushed on steadily along the road to Maknassy, while a second American force, supported by a Free French force, advanced through El Guettar to Gabès. More important still, the 2nd New Zealand Division under General Bernard Freyberg, was developing a threat against Rommel's right flank at El Hamma.<br />
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At Maknassy and Faid, the Germans and Italians held until the night of 8/9 April, with the northward retreat of Axis units controlled by General Cramer's ''Afrika Korps'' headquarters.<br />
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==Kasserine Pass==<br />
<br />
on 14 February, elements of the 10th and 21st Panzer divisions (under the overall command of General Heinz Ziegler) launched an attack through Faid and Maizila passes. The German attack overran the American defenders and reached the Djebel Lessouda hill. While half the German force reached Djebel Lessouda, the other half headed for Djebel Ksaira and Bir el Hafey. By the end of the day, most of the American fighting vehicles had been driven west or destroyed, leaving isolated pockets of US infantrymen in the hills of Djebel Lessouda, Djebel Ksaira, and Djebel Garet Hadid with no support. <br />
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On February 19, Rommel attacked the US 2nd Army Corps in the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]]. The plan was for the German-Italian ''Panzer Armee'' to get to Tebessa and Thala. Rommel sent the 5th and 7th Bersaglieri Regiments into the pass to fight Colonel Anderson Moore's 19th Combat Engineer Regiment defending the pass. The 21st Panzer Division were not able to advance through the Sbiba Pass<ref>"While the fight for Kasserine Pass was in progress, Rommel had directed 21st Panzer Division to break through at Sbiba. However, on February 19 the division ran into Allied positions south of the town, fronted by an extensive minefield covered by artillery fire, and, unable to make headway, it remained there for the rest of the battle." Battlegrounds: Geography and the History of Warfare, Michael Stephenson, pg.224, Simon and Schuster, 2003</ref> in the face of fierce resistance from the US 34th Division and British Guards Brigade, but the Germans managed to exploit the Italian success through Kassarine Pass. German battlegroups tried to press on to Thala and Tebessa but were stopped in fierce fighting. On 22 February, Rommel was satisfied that he had managed to cause a significant amount of damage and casualties to the Allied forces, so he decided to withdraw his troops back to their startlines, covered by Bersaglieri. The damage done to the Allies was disastrous, but this was not a complete Axis victory for the Germans were unable to reach Thala and Tebessa. <br />
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Close to 30,000 American soldiers took part in the fighting for Kasserine Pass. Around 300 were killed, 3,000 wounded and close to 4,000 American soldiers were captured.<ref>«''More than 200 U.S. tanks were destroyed and nearly 4,000 American troops were captured''.» World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia, p. 985, David T. Zabecki, Routledge, 2015</ref><ref>"American losses in round figures exceeded 3,000 killed and wounded and 200 tanks; the Germans claimed 3,721 prisoners." Patton, pg. 68, Da Capo Press, 2008</ref><br />
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After the battle, General Dwight Eisenhower would send Fredendall back to the United States for a training command. His replacement, General George Patton, would confirm that there was nothing wrong with combat morale in the U.S. 2nd Army Corps that good leadership couldn't fix.<br />
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==Mareth Line==<br />
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The Mareth Line in eastern Tunisia was a natural defensive position comparable to El Alamein; a front 35&nbsp;km (22 miles) long extended from the coast to the mountains inland.<br />
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On 3 March, the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment supported by 30 tanks attacked the British lines, hoping to repeat the Italian success at Kasserine Pass.<ref>"On February 22— facing poor terrain for mobile operations, increased Alled resistance, and a lack of cooperation from Arnim— Rommel withdrew artfully to prepare for a similiar operation against General Bernard L. Montgomery's British Eighth Army on the Mareth Line to the east." George S. Patton, Earle Rice, pg. 78, Infobase Publishing, 2009</ref> According to Associated Press war correspondent Don Whitehead:{{cquote|Last night three companies of Italians followed by 30 tanks and lorried infantry attacked the Highlander's advance screen. The Jocks “mowed 'em down”—and didn't lose a man. The tanks and infantry scurried back to the safety of the hills. Half the Italians were killed.<ref>Combat Reporter: Don Whitehead's World War II Diary and Memoirs, pg. 125, Fordham Univ Press, 2006</ref>}}<br />
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On 6 March General Montgomery defeated four more counterattacks from the German divisions, destroying 52 panzers.<br />
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On 17 March, the Gurkhas stormed Hangman's Hill and for seven days beat off all the assaults of the Germans, who had surrounded<br />
them.<br />
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In mid-March the Allies went back on the offensive. Montgomery's 8th Army hit the Axis southern flank around Mareth with several divisions, breaking the Mareth Line on 20 March. When the 30th Corps was thrown back, Montgomery reinforced the flanking attack, which eventually - on 26 March - forced a German withdrawal. When the bridgehead at Wadi Zigzau had to be abandoned on 23 March, General Montgomery decided to switch the main attack from the Mareth Line to the flank where the New Zealanders were making such good progress. So reinforcements and supplies were rushed to Gemera; Bermard Freyberg's 2nd New Zealand Division. It was during this battle that Second Lieutenant [[Moananui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu]] of the 28th Maori Battalion won a posthumous VC defending Point 209.<br />
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On Sunday 28 March, the 8th Army occupied Mareth, Toujane and Matmata, taking several thousands of prisoners. British tanks pursued the retreating Axis forces, but were stopped by anti-tank defences at Wadi el Assuib.<br />
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The next Axis fallback position, at Wadi Akarit north of Mareth, was stormed by the 30th Corps on the night of 5 April. Again, the German and Italian forces made an orderly withdrawal, perhaps assisted by Montgomery's deliberate approach. General von Arnim now fell back to a defensive line covering the Tunisian capital.<br />
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In a month-long series of battles, the British, hampered by heavy rains, pushed Axis units over 150 miles north to within 47 miles of Tunis.<br />
<br />
==El Guettar==<br />
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While the 8th Army rolled up the German southern flank, Patton's revitalized 2nd Corps drove east into their flank, drawing Axis reinforcments from the south, thereby weakening the opposition to Montgomery's push.<br />
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During the [[Battle of El Guettar]], the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment and supporting German and Italian tanks held up the US 2nd Army Corps, though the Americans did well in capturing in Jebel Mcheltat in fierce hand-to-hand combat, a 1, 500-foot hill.<br />
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On 23 March, the 10th Panzer Division and supporting 7th Bersaglieri Regiment attacked the US 1st Division on the slopes of Djebel Berda, advancing six miles behind American lines and capturing 170 soldiers.<br />
<br />
On the night of 27/28 March, the US 47th Regiment captured Hill 369 from the Italians, but its 2nd Battalion was overrun in chaotic night-fighting and the battalion commander, two officers and 175 men from ''Echo'' Company were captured. <br />
<br />
On 28 March, the Free French Forces finally seized El Hamma Ridge and the Axis forces were forced to abandon Gabès. The ''Raggruppamento Sahariano'' (under General Alberto Mannerini) had fought stubbornly for several days on the key ground:{{cquote|The enemy positions seemed impregnable, and, in fact, the Italians manning them held out for three days ... Rommel, in a last desperate effort replaced the Italians with crack German troops. Hand-to-hand fighting followed, but the enemy, finally fell back into the ravine, leaving many dead behind.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19430401&id=zjRAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TVkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2804,4830439&hl=en Fighting French Troops' Part Advance in Advance on Gabes]</ref>}}<br />
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By early April, the US 1st Armored Division's losses since the recapture of Sened Station would reach 304 killed, 1,265 wounded, 116 missing or captured, and forty tanks destroyed.<br />
<br />
==Wadi Akarit==<br />
<br />
On 6 April, the Italian 3rd ''Tobruk'' Battalion from the ''San Marcos'' Marine Regiment, well dug in at Wadi Akarit and plentifully supplied with automatic weapons and grenades, is practically destroyed in hand-to-hand combat fighting alongside the 39th Bersaglieri Regiment, with the attacking British suffering crippling losses in the form of 126 killed from the 6th ''Green Howards''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162155/http://www.greenhowards.org.uk/bill-cheall/cheall11.htm Bill Cheall's Story]</ref><ref>"The ...69th Brigade of the 50th Division was having a difficult time. The 7th Green Howards, on the right, managed to take an enemy outpost on Point 85 but in tandem with 5th East Yorkshires failed to reach an anti-tank ditch below the hog's back. Hit by concentrated artillery, mortar and small-arms fire from the Italian Tobruk and 39th Bersaglieri Regiments which wounded both COs, they dug in amidst mounting casualties. Private E. Anderson, a stretcher-bearer of the East Yorkshires, completely disregarding his own safety, carried back three wounded men and was killed attempting to bring in a fourth. He was awarded a posthumous VC." The Bloody Road to Tunis, David Rolf, Frontline Books, 2015</ref> <br />
<br />
That next day, the 1st/2nd Gurkhas, 1st/9th Gurkhas and 1st Battalion from the ''Royal Sussex'' Regiment secure the mountain pass at the foot of Djebel Fatnassa, with the Gurkhas losing fifty killed but defeatimg two Italian divisions and German reserves entrusted with its defence.<ref>"The battle was over and, considering the task given to the 1/2nd, the loss of some fifty all ranks was gratifyingly small." Britain's Brigade of Gurkhas, E.D Smith, Pen and Sword, 1983</ref> During the desperate fighting, the 200th Panzer Grenadier Regiment counterattacked the Gurkhas while the 361st Panzer Grenadier Regiment and supporting Italian infantry from the ''Pistoia'' Division attempted to capture Djebel Zouai.<ref>"Messe ordered the 200th Panzer Grenadier Regiment to recapture the hill and 361st Panzer Grenadier Regiment accompanied by a battalion from the Pistoia Division to retake Djebel Zouai." The Bloody Road to Tunis, David Rolf, Frontline Books, 2015</ref> <br />
<br />
General von Arnim later confirmed the valiant stand of the Italian Marines and 39th Bersaglieri Regiment, claiming that they were ''"the best soldiers I ever commanded"''.<ref>[http://www.avalanchepress.com/Italy_marines.php Italy's Marines]</ref>Private [[Eric Anderson]], of the East Yorkshire Regiment, won a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] at Wadi Akarit for his efforts in rescuing four British wounded under enemy fire.<br />
<br />
==Enfidaville==<br />
<br />
During 20, 21 and 22 April, General Giuseppe Falugi, commander of the ''Pistoia'' Division delivered fierce counterattacks, but they were met with equally fierce resistance, with the British succeedingd in holding the village of Enfidaville.<ref>"This part of the front was defended by the Italian Pistoia Division, which made several counterattacks during the ensuing day. These were continued on the 21st and 22nd, but the British held the village." Close Support in Tunisia, Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Williams Thompson, The Field Artillery Journal, July 1943</ref><br />
<br />
Takrouna village, a stone outcrop nearly 1,000 feet high and Point 141 proved to be very difficult objective in the fighting. On the night of April 19, the 2nd New Zealand Division attacked under the cover of heavy artillery fire, but the 28th ''Maori'' Battalion suffered heavy casualties in the failed attack, especially among the officers. The Italian defenders in the form of the remnants of the ''Folgore'', ''Trieste'' and ''Giovani Fascisti'' Divisions, put up a fierce defence for another day and night before superior numbers in the form of two New Zealand brigades (with extra artillery support) finally captured Takrouna and surrounding positions. An Allied war correspondent reported that only 326 defenders were captured and that the Italians had fought very hard:{{cquote|The fight atop the 600-foot peak finally ended at 8 p.m. last night. At that hour the first real Italian defenders the British had met surrendered in a body, 326 of them. They gave up only because their ammunition gave out. These Italians were tough, trained killers who didn't feel faint when stout British troopers flung their comrades over the cliffs to clear the road up the side of the steep peak and reach the village atop it. They stood, fired and fought back and when they gave up they said the allies wouldn't get to Tunis. They holed up in caves and crevices of the slopes and had to be dragged out before their machine guns and mortars were silenced.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19430424&id=-OJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OCEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6228,4995462&hl=en British and Italians Battle To Death on Top Bloody Peak, The Bend Bulletin, Oregon, 24 April 1943]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
After three days fierce fighting, the Takrouna stronghold was captured by the New Zealanders from the 23rd and 28th Battalions, but Hill 141 remained in Italian hands. Over 500 men in General Freyberg's 2nd Division were killed or wounded seizing the Takrouna and surrounding ground. As a consequence, Takrouna would be the last battle fought by the New Zealand Division during the Tunisian Campaign with the British 56th ''Black Cat'' Division taking over the advance and General Freyberg recalled to Cairo.<br />
<ref>[http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref> Sergeants Haane Manahi Walter Smith received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for their part in the battle.<br />
<br />
During the fighting in April, it was observed by General Harold Alexander in a despatch to Winston Churchill that ''"...the Italians fought particularly well, outdoing the Germans in line with them"''.<ref>Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War, John Gooch, pg.95, Routledge, 2012</ref><br />
<br />
American infantrymen also won much praise for their determination and experience in the fighting on April 23–24, when the 2nd Battalion from the 18th Infantry, attacked a German stronghold three times before General von Arnim finally quit. After nightfall May 1 the Germans withdrew into Mateur. But two days later American armour drove the defenders out of the town<br />
<br />
By May 2, both sides had fought themselves to exhaustion; but whereas von Arnim had expended his armoured reserves, General Alexander had still strong tank forces in hand, including those of the 8th Army which was still uncommitted to a major attack.<br />
<br />
==Tunis==<br />
<br />
The 1st Army's drive towards Tebourba was heavily contested, with several German counter-attacks. The Allied attackers, however made good progress, taking Longstop Hill, Jebel Bou Aoukas, threatening to encircle Pont du Fahs. The attacks convinced von Arnim that the Allied main effort would be made in the south and that he had little to fear from the north.<br />
<br />
The final Allied offensive, the [[Battle of Tunis]] began on 5 May with the 5th Corps gaining the hills which dominated the Tunis plain and the 9th Corps advancing on the morning of 6 May. The village of Massicault, which had been prepared for hedgehog defence, fell without resistance. By the afternoon the US 1st Infantry Division had gained their objective, and the British 6th and 7th Armoured Divisions, swept forward and entered Tunis on 7 May.<ref>"On 7 May the armour rolled into Tunis, taking many Axis forces by surprise. Some enemy troops even emerged from bars and restaurants, with stunned stares, and surrendered without a fight." The Decisive Campaigns of the Desert Air Force 1942-1945, Bryn Evans, p. 88, Pen and Sword, 2014</ref> On the same day the US 2nd Corps and Free French ''Corps d'Afrique'' took Bizerte. <br />
<br />
As the US 2nd Corps units pushed on to cut the Bizerte-Tunis road, they found surrendering Axis units clogging the roads, impeding further advance. Several German commanders had already been flown out, and entire Germans divisions began surrendering on 9 May,<ref>"At 11 a.m. yesterday Major General Krause, commanding artillery of the Africa corps sent an emissary to Maj. Gen. Omar N. Bradley and requested an armistice so the surrender might be negotiated ... The wholescale surrender of the enemy battalions began and by early afternoon all the northern region where the enemy had been cut off by the wedge the British First Army drove through was cleaned up. The bulk of the German armor was there and the total of prisoners was over 25,000, in addition to another 25,000 taken by the British. Five other generals were among those who surrendered wit Krause. They were Major General Borowitz, commander of the 15th armored division; Major General Neuffer, commander of the air force artillery division; Lieutenant General Bülowius commander of the Mannteuffel division; Major General Von Vaerst, commander of the Fifth Armored Army; and Major General Baumsenge, commander of the Bizerte Air Forces." [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19430510&id=aNdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hn8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6139,1068195&hl=en Six Nazi Generals Captured In North Africa, The Deseret News, 10 May 1943]</ref><ref>"Major General Karl Robert Max Bülowius quickly joined von Vaerst, Krause and Borowietz as an allied POW when he too surrendered his unit, the Manteuffel Division on May 9, 1943. As the North African campaign continued to collapse, other German generals from Armeed Gruppe Afrika arrived in Alled hands as well, including Major General Carl Peter Bernard Köchy." Hitler's Generals in America: Nazi POWs and Allied Military Intelligence, Derek R. Mallett, p. 248, University Press of Kentucky, 2013</ref>including 30,000 German POWs that surrendered to a sole British armoured car squadron.<ref>"The German fighting spirit ebbed to nothingness and tens of thousands of Nazi soldiers threw up their arms and raised white flags in surrender to a squadron of British armored cars that reached Cape Bon's Lighthouse Hill at 3 p.m. today ... The Germans made no real attempt to hold Cape Bon. They quit cold. I could have outfitted a division with the rifles, machine guns and artillery discarded by the enemy along the 40-mile road from the neck to the tip of Bon peninsula along which I drove behind a string of armoured cars since noon ... Hitler fed them well, dressed them well and inspired them with what they thought almost a holy mission. But they did not fight today. They quit. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19430513&id=5DcxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AWoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3882,6649318&hl=enGerman Fighting Spirit Missing As Troops Rush To Surrender, By Daniel De Luce, Associated Press Staff Writer, 11 May 1943]</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Hermann Göring'' Division was the first Axis unit to collapse on May 7, the 5th Panzer Army was the next to dissolve and surrender on 9 May, with the Italian ''Spezia'' Division closing the gap created by the German collapse. The German 90th Light Division was also the first to collapse in the Italian sector, with Messe's 'Italian' Army fighting a week longer than their German comrades in the final confrontations in Tunisia.<ref>''"Not only should Tunisia have exploded the myth of Hitler's military acumen, it should have discredited the idea that Germans fought better than the Italians, since Messe's 1st Italian Army held out longer than Arnim's 5th German Army and the DAK, even both groups had about six divisions and faced roughly equal Anglo-American forces. Indeed, Hermann Goring division was the first to be scattered on 7 May, DAK the next to break and surrender on 9 May, with the Italian Spezia division closing the gap created by the German collapse and watching still combat-efficient German units march off into captivity on 11 May. Whether it is significant that the German 90th Light division was the first to collapse in Messe's 'Italian' Army, there is no doubt that the Italians fought well and held out longest in Tunisia.'' The Second World War: The German war 1939-1942, Jeremy Black, Page 265, Ashgate, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
The British 56th ''Black Cat'' Division and 1st Free French Division took several of the Italian-held hills in the region of Takrouna during the period 6 May 6 to 13 May 1943, but with severe losses.<ref>"The New Zealanders around Takrouna estimated that 20,000 enemy were still in front of them, so SRY supported the newly arrived 56 (Black Cat) Division fresh from Syria in an attack on the 11th/12th May. Alas there was no success and many casualties.." Monty's Marauders, Patrick Delaforce Pen and Sword, 2008</ref><br />
<ref>"On May 12th this Italian force was still resisting from positions just north of Enfidaville. A French division attacking their right was repulsed and then counterattacked. The Air Force, being called upon for aid, made a strong bombing attack at 1530, supported by all the artillery whose fire could be brought to bear." Finale in Tunisia, Colonel Conrad H. Lanza, Page. 488, The Field Artillery, July 1943</ref><br />
<ref>[http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref><br />
<br />
==Losses==<br />
<br />
Allied casualties during the Tunisian Campaign were around 76,020, with U.S. Army casualties of 18,221, including 2,715 dead, 8,978 wounded and 6,528 captured or missing. British Commonwealth losses amounted to 38,360 men, with 6,233 killed, 21,528 wounded and 10,599 captured or missing. French casualties totaled 19,439 with 2,150 killed, 10,276 wounded and 7,007 captured or missing.<br />
<br />
The Allied commanders also reported in the final battles, the capture of 250 panzers, 1,000 guns and more than 500 aircraft, many of them in good condition.<ref>"More than 1,000 guns and 250 tanks were captured." The Perilous Road to Rome and beyond, Edward Grace, pg.47, Pen and Sword, 17 May 2007</ref><ref>"The Germans eventually surrendered on the 13th May when the Allies took nearly a quarter of a million prisoners and captured over 1,000 guns and nearly 250 tanks." Britain at War 1939 to 1945, James Lingard, AuthorHouse, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
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[[Category:War]] [[Category:World War II]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Tunisian_Campaign&diff=1404802Tunisian Campaign2018-02-17T00:16:28Z<p>Firestarter: /* Tunis */</p>
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<div>The '''Tunisian Campaign''' consisted of a series of battles that took place between November 1942 and May 1943. The Axis forces, often called the German-Italian ''Panzer Armee'', consisted of German and Italian units and were led by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and General Giovanni Messe. The Allies consisted of American forces led by Generals Lloyd Fredendal and General George Patton, and British, New Zealand and Free French forces led by General (later Field Marshal) Bernard Montgomery. <br />
<br />
In November, [[Operation Torch]] brought in 125,000 American and British forces from the 1st Army (under General Kenneth Anderson) in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and joined the attack, with the aim of capturing Tunis and Bizerte before the Germans and Italians could send reinforcements into Tunisia. With the use of all available transport capacity the ''Regia Aeronautica'' managed to fly 72,000 ground troops and 5,000 tons of war material into Tunisia.<br />
<br />
Initially, the Axis forces under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel succeeded in defeating the Allies quickly in the Tunisian Campaign, driving Allied forces back 50 miles through the Kasserine Pass and capturing 4,000 Allied soldiers<ref>"They had captured 4,026 prisoners, 61 tanks and half-tracks, 161 motorized vehicles, 36 guns, 45 tons of ammunition, and huge amounts of fuel, lubricants and other equipment." Blitzkrieg No Longer, Samuel Mitcham, Pen and Sword, 2010</ref> in the attack lead by the Italian ''Littorio'' Armoured Division.<br />
<br />
From the start of May the Luftwaffe had been flying men and machines out of Tunisia to save what it could. With the 9th and 12th Air Forces in the battle, the Allies drove the Germans and Italians back into a pocket around Bizerte and Tunis, where the 5th ''Panzer Armee'' surrendered on 9 May. <br />
<br />
By 11 May the German forces in the northern pocket had been completely mopped up, while the divisions of the Allied 1st Army then turned to assist in the encirclement of the 1st Italian Army, which they achieved between 11–13 May.<br />
<br />
On 13 May, over 250,000 Axis prisoners were in Allied custody, thus bringing and end to the Tunisian Campaign. Thus Tunisia became available for launching [[Operation Husky]], an Allied invasion on Sicily as a preliminary to an assault on mainland Italy. <br />
<br />
==Maknassy Pass==<br />
<br />
At the end of January, German forces attacked the French, who were defending Faid Pass. General Fredendall faced an immediate choice between seizing Maknassy or reinforcing Faid Pass. The US 1st Armoured Divisiion had been preparing operations against Maknassy Pass since early January and Fredendall decided to seize Maknassy, since it would protect the Faid Pass and threaten the Axis defences.<br />
<br />
On 24 January 1943, despite coming under heavy anti-aircraft fire, the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment dug-in and around Djebel Rihana defeat the initial attacks from the US 26th Regimental Combat Team and 443rd Anti-Aircraft Battalion.<br />
<br />
On 30 January, the ''Centauro'' Armoured Division and German units from from the two German panzer divisions, attacked through Maknassy Pass. The Axis attack came as a complete surprise to the U.S. 2nd Army Corps. The U.S. 1st Armored Division, which had established itself in the saddle of the Faid Pass, was overrun. Gafsa was also abandoned.<br />
<br />
On 31 January, the U.S. 34th Division and part of the U.S. 1st Armored Division advanced toward Sened Station. The operation was intended to take them as far as Maknassy, but German and Italian tanks, supported by anti-tanki guns, stopped the Americans on 2 February.<br />
<br />
On 22 March, The Americans at Gafsa pushed on steadily along the road to Maknassy, while a second American force, supported by a Free French force, advanced through El Guettar to Gabès. More important still, the 2nd New Zealand Division under General Bernard Freyberg, was developing a threat against Rommel's right flank at El Hamma.<br />
<br />
At Maknassy and Faid, the Germans and Italians held until the night of 8/9 April, with the northward retreat of Axis units controlled by General Cramer's ''Afrika Korps'' headquarters.<br />
<br />
==Kasserine Pass==<br />
<br />
on 14 February, elements of the 10th and 21st Panzer divisions (under the overall command of General Heinz Ziegler) launched an attack through Faid and Maizila passes. The German attack overran the American defenders and reached the Djebel Lessouda hill. While half the German force reached Djebel Lessouda, the other half headed for Djebel Ksaira and Bir el Hafey. By the end of the day, most of the American fighting vehicles had been driven west or destroyed, leaving isolated pockets of US infantrymen in the hills of Djebel Lessouda, Djebel Ksaira, and Djebel Garet Hadid with no support. <br />
<br />
On February 19, Rommel attacked the US 2nd Army Corps in the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]]. The plan was for the German-Italian ''Panzer Armee'' to get to Tebessa and Thala. Rommel sent the 5th and 7th Bersaglieri Regiments into the pass to fight Colonel Anderson Moore's 19th Combat Engineer Regiment defending the pass. The 21st Panzer Division were not able to advance through the Sbiba Pass<ref>"While the fight for Kasserine Pass was in progress, Rommel had directed 21st Panzer Division to break through at Sbiba. However, on February 19 the division ran into Allied positions south of the town, fronted by an extensive minefield covered by artillery fire, and, unable to make headway, it remained there for the rest of the battle." Battlegrounds: Geography and the History of Warfare, Michael Stephenson, pg.224, Simon and Schuster, 2003</ref> in the face of fierce resistance from the US 34th Division and British Guards Brigade, but the Germans managed to exploit the Italian success through Kassarine Pass. German battlegroups tried to press on to Thala and Tebessa but were stopped in fierce fighting. On 22 February, Rommel was satisfied that he had managed to cause a significant amount of damage and casualties to the Allied forces, so he decided to withdraw his troops back to their startlines, covered by Bersaglieri. The damage done to the Allies was disastrous, but this was not a complete Axis victory for the Germans were unable to reach Thala and Tebessa. <br />
<br />
Close to 30,000 American soldiers took part in the fighting for Kasserine Pass. Around 300 were killed, 3,000 wounded and close to 4,000 American soldiers were captured.<ref>«''More than 200 U.S. tanks were destroyed and nearly 4,000 American troops were captured''.» World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia, p. 985, David T. Zabecki, Routledge, 2015</ref><ref>"American losses in round figures exceeded 3,000 killed and wounded and 200 tanks; the Germans claimed 3,721 prisoners." Patton, pg. 68, Da Capo Press, 2008</ref><br />
<br />
After the battle, General Dwight Eisenhower would send Fredendall back to the United States for a training command. His replacement, General George Patton, would confirm that there was nothing wrong with combat morale in the U.S. 2nd Army Corps that good leadership couldn't fix.<br />
<br />
==Mareth Line==<br />
<br />
The Mareth Line in eastern Tunisia was a natural defensive position comparable to El Alamein; a front 35&nbsp;km (22 miles) long extended from the coast to the mountains inland.<br />
<br />
On 3 March, the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment supported by 30 tanks attacked the British lines, hoping to repeat the Italian success at Kasserine Pass.<ref>"On February 22— facing poor terrain for mobile operations, increased Alled resistance, and a lack of cooperation from Arnim— Rommel withdrew artfully to prepare for a similiar operation against General Bernard L. Montgomery's British Eighth Army on the Mareth Line to the east." George S. Patton, Earle Rice, pg. 78, Infobase Publishing, 2009</ref> According to Associated Press war correspondent Don Whitehead:{{cquote|Last night three companies of Italians followed by 30 tanks and lorried infantry attacked the Highlander's advance screen. The Jocks “mowed 'em down”—and didn't lose a man. The tanks and infantry scurried back to the safety of the hills. Half the Italians were killed.<ref>Combat Reporter: Don Whitehead's World War II Diary and Memoirs, pg. 125, Fordham Univ Press, 2006</ref>}}<br />
<br />
On 6 March General Montgomery defeated four more counterattacks from the German divisions, destroying 52 panzers.<br />
<br />
On 17 March, the Gurkhas stormed Hangman's Hill and for seven days beat off all the assaults of the Germans, who had surrounded<br />
them.<br />
<br />
In mid-March the Allies went back on the offensive. Montgomery's 8th Army hit the Axis southern flank around Mareth with several divisions, breaking the Mareth Line on 20 March. When the 30th Corps was thrown back, Montgomery reinforced the flanking attack, which eventually - on 26 March - forced a German withdrawal. When the bridgehead at Wadi Zigzau had to be abandoned on 23 March, General Montgomery decided to switch the main attack from the Mareth Line to the flank where the New Zealanders were making such good progress. So reinforcements and supplies were rushed to Gemera; Bermard Freyberg's 2nd New Zealand Division. It was during this battle that Second Lieutenant [[Moananui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu]] of the 28th Maori Battalion won a posthumous VC defending Point 209.<br />
<br />
On Sunday 28 March, the 8th Army occupied Mareth, Toujane and Matmata, taking several thousands of prisoners. British tanks pursued the retreating Axis forces, but were stopped by anti-tank defences at Wadi el Assuib.<br />
<br />
The next Axis fallback position, at Wadi Akarit north of Mareth, was stormed by the 30th Corps on the night of 5 April. Again, the German and Italian forces made an orderly withdrawal, perhaps assisted by Montgomery's deliberate approach. General von Arnim now fell back to a defensive line covering the Tunisian capital.<br />
<br />
In a month-long series of battles, the British, hampered by heavy rains, pushed Axis units over 150 miles north to within 47 miles of Tunis.<br />
<br />
==El Guettar==<br />
<br />
While the 8th Army rolled up the German southern flank, Patton's revitalized 2nd Corps drove east into their flank, drawing Axis reinforcments from the south, thereby weakening the opposition to Montgomery's push.<br />
<br />
During the [[Battle of El Guettar]], the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment and supporting German and Italian tanks held up the US 2nd Army Corps, though the Americans did well in capturing in Jebel Mcheltat in fierce hand-to-hand combat, a 1, 500-foot hill.<br />
<br />
On 23 March, the 10th Panzer Division and supporting 7th Bersaglieri Regiment attacked the US 1st Division on the slopes of Djebel Berda, advancing six miles behind American lines and capturing 170 soldiers.<br />
<br />
On the night of 27/28 March, the US 47th Regiment captured Hill 369 from the Italians, but its 2nd Battalion was overrun in chaotic night-fighting and the battalion commander, two officers and 175 men from ''Echo'' Company were captured. <br />
<br />
On 28 March, the Free French Forces finally seized El Hamma Ridge and the Axis forces were forced to abandon Gabès. The ''Raggruppamento Sahariano'' (under General Alberto Mannerini) had fought stubbornly for several days on the key ground:{{cquote|The enemy positions seemed impregnable, and, in fact, the Italians manning them held out for three days ... Rommel, in a last desperate effort replaced the Italians with crack German troops. Hand-to-hand fighting followed, but the enemy, finally fell back into the ravine, leaving many dead behind.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19430401&id=zjRAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TVkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2804,4830439&hl=en Fighting French Troops' Part Advance in Advance on Gabes]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
By early April, the US 1st Armored Division's losses since the recapture of Sened Station would reach 304 killed, 1,265 wounded, 116 missing or captured, and forty tanks destroyed.<br />
<br />
==Wadi Akarit==<br />
<br />
On 6 April, the Italian 3rd ''Tobruk'' Battalion from the ''San Marcos'' Marine Regiment, well dug in at Wadi Akarit and plentifully supplied with automatic weapons and grenades, is practically destroyed in hand-to-hand combat fighting alongside the 39th Bersaglieri Regiment, with the attacking British suffering crippling losses in the form of 126 killed from the 6th ''Green Howards''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162155/http://www.greenhowards.org.uk/bill-cheall/cheall11.htm Bill Cheall's Story]</ref><ref>"The ...69th Brigade of the 50th Division was having a difficult time. The 7th Green Howards, on the right, managed to take an enemy outpost on Point 85 but in tandem with 5th East Yorkshires failed to reach an anti-tank ditch below the hog's back. Hit by concentrated artillery, mortar and small-arms fire from the Italian Tobruk and 39th Bersaglieri Regiments which wounded both COs, they dug in amidst mounting casualties. Private E. Anderson, a stretcher-bearer of the East Yorkshires, completely disregarding his own safety, carried back three wounded men and was killed attempting to bring in a fourth. He was awarded a posthumous VC." The Bloody Road to Tunis, David Rolf, Frontline Books, 2015</ref> <br />
<br />
That next day, the 1st/2nd Gurkhas, 1st/9th Gurkhas and 1st Battalion from the ''Royal Sussex'' Regiment secure the mountain pass at the foot of Djebel Fatnassa, with the Gurkhas losing fifty killed but defeatimg two Italian divisions and German reserves entrusted with its defence.<ref>"The battle was over and, considering the task given to the 1/2nd, the loss of some fifty all ranks was gratifyingly small." Britain's Brigade of Gurkhas, E.D Smith, Pen and Sword, 1983</ref> During the desperate fighting, the 200th Panzer Grenadier Regiment counterattacked the Gurkhas while the 361st Panzer Grenadier Regiment and supporting Italian infantry from the ''Pistoia'' Division attempted to capture Djebel Zouai.<ref>"Messe ordered the 200th Panzer Grenadier Regiment to recapture the hill and 361st Panzer Grenadier Regiment accompanied by a battalion from the Pistoia Division to retake Djebel Zouai." The Bloody Road to Tunis, David Rolf, Frontline Books, 2015</ref> <br />
<br />
General von Arnim later confirmed the valiant stand of the Italian Marines and 39th Bersaglieri Regiment, claiming that they were ''"the best soldiers I ever commanded"''.<ref>[http://www.avalanchepress.com/Italy_marines.php Italy's Marines]</ref>Private [[Eric Anderson]], of the East Yorkshire Regiment, won a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] at Wadi Akarit for his efforts in rescuing four British wounded under enemy fire.<br />
<br />
==Enfidaville==<br />
<br />
During 20, 21 and 22 April, General Giuseppe Falugi, commander of the ''Pistoia'' Division delivered fierce counterattacks, but they were met with equally fierce resistance, with the British succeedingd in holding the village of Enfidaville.<ref>"This part of the front was defended by the Italian Pistoia Division, which made several counterattacks during the ensuing day. These were continued on the 21st and 22nd, but the British held the village." Close Support in Tunisia, Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Williams Thompson, The Field Artillery Journal, July 1943</ref><br />
<br />
Takrouna village, a stone outcrop nearly 1,000 feet high and Point 141 proved to be very difficult objective in the fighting. On the night of April 19, the 2nd New Zealand Division attacked under the cover of heavy artillery fire, but the 28th ''Maori'' Battalion suffered heavy casualties in the failed attack, especially among the officers. The Italian defenders in the form of the remnants of the ''Folgore'', ''Trieste'' and ''Giovani Fascisti'' Divisions, put up a fierce defence for another day and night before superior numbers in the form of two New Zealand brigades (with extra artillery support) finally captured Takrouna and surrounding positions. An Allied war correspondent reported that only 326 defenders were captured and that the Italians had fought very hard:{{cquote|The fight atop the 600-foot peak finally ended at 8 p.m. last night. At that hour the first real Italian defenders the British had met surrendered in a body, 326 of them. They gave up only because their ammunition gave out. These Italians were tough, trained killers who didn't feel faint when stout British troopers flung their comrades over the cliffs to clear the road up the side of the steep peak and reach the village atop it. They stood, fired and fought back and when they gave up they said the allies wouldn't get to Tunis. They holed up in caves and crevices of the slopes and had to be dragged out before their machine guns and mortars were silenced.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19430424&id=-OJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OCEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6228,4995462&hl=en British and Italians Battle To Death on Top Bloody Peak, The Bend Bulletin, Oregon, 24 April 1943]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
After three days fierce fighting, the Takrouna stronghold was captured by the New Zealanders from the 23rd and 28th Battalions, but Hill 141 remained in Italian hands. Over 500 men in General Freyberg's 2nd Division were killed or wounded seizing the Takrouna and surrounding ground. As a consequence, Takrouna would be the last battle fought by the New Zealand Division during the Tunisian Campaign with the British 56th ''Black Cat'' Division taking over the advance and General Freyberg recalled to Cairo.<br />
<ref>[http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref> Sergeants Haane Manahi Walter Smith received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for their part in the battle.<br />
<br />
During the fighting in April, it was observed by General Harold Alexander in a despatch to Winston Churchill that ''"...the Italians fought particularly well, outdoing the Germans in line with them"''.<ref>Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War, John Gooch, pg.95, Routledge, 2012</ref><br />
<br />
American infantrymen also won much praise for their determination and experience in the fighting on April 23–24, when the 2nd Battalion from the 18th Infantry, attacked a German stronghold three times before General von Arnim finally quit. After nightfall May 1 the Germans withdrew into Mateur. But two days later American armour drove the defenders out of the town<br />
<br />
By May 2, both sides had fought themselves to exhaustion; but whereas von Arnim had expended his armoured reserves, General Alexander had still strong tank forces in hand, including those of the 8th Army which was still uncommitted to a major attack.<br />
<br />
==Tunis==<br />
<br />
The 1st Army's drive towards Tebourba was heavily contested, with several German counter-attacks. The Allied attackers, however made good progress, taking Longstop Hill, Jebel Bou Aoukas, threatening to encircle Pont du Fahs. The attacks convinced von Arnim that the Allied main effort would be made in the south and that he had little to fear from the north.<br />
<br />
The final Allied offensive, the [[Battle of Tunis]] began on 5 May with the 5th Corps gaining the hills which dominated the Tunis plain and the 9th Corps advancing on the morning of 6 May. The village of Massicault, which had been prepared for hedgehog defence, fell without resistance. By the afternoon the US 1st Infantry Division had gained their objective, and the British 6th and 7th Armoured Divisions, swept forward and entered Tunis on 7 May.<ref>"On 7 May the armour rolled into Tunis, taking many Axis forces by surprise. Some enemy troops even emerged from bars and restaurants, with stunned stares, and surrendered without a fight." The Decisive Campaigns of the Desert Air Force 1942-1945, Bryn Evans, p. 88, Pen and Sword, 2014</ref> On the same day the US 2nd Corps and Free French ''Corps d'Afrique'' took Bizerte. <br />
<br />
As the US 2nd Corps units pushed on to cut the Bizerte-Tunis road, they found surrendering Axis units clogging the roads, impeding further advance. Several German commanders had already been flown out, and entire Germans divisions began surrendering on 9 May,<ref>"At 11 a.m. yesterday Major General Krause, commanding artillery of the Africa corps sent an emissary to Maj. Gen. Omar N. Bradley and requested an armistice so the surrender might be negotiated ... The wholescale surrender of the enemy battalions began and by early afternoon all the northern region where the enemy had been cut off by the wedge the British First Army drove through was cleaned up. The bulk of the German armor was there and the total of prisoners was over 25,000, in addition to another 25,000 taken by the British. Five other generals were among those who surrendered wit Krause. They were Major General Borowitz, commander of the 15th armored division; Major General Neuffer, commander of the air force artillery division; Lieutenant General Bülowius commander of the Mannteuffel division; Major General Von Vaerst, commander of the Fifth Armored Army; and Major General Baumsenge, commander of the Bizerte Air Forces." [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19430510&id=aNdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hn8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6139,1068195&hl=en Six Nazi Generals Captured In North Africa, The Deseret News, 10 May 1943]</ref><ref>"Major General Karl Robert Max Bülowius quickly joined von Vaerst, Krause and Borowietz as an allied POW when he too surrendered his unit, the Manteuffel Division on May 9, 1943. As the North African campaign continued to collapse, other German generals from Armeed Gruppe Afrika arrived in Alled hands as well, including Major General Carl Peter Bernard Köchy." Hitler's Generals in America: Nazi POWs and Allied Military Intelligence, Derek R. Mallett, p. 248, University Press of Kentucky, 2013</ref>including 30,000 German POWs that surrendered to a sole British armoured car squadron.<ref>"The German fighting spirit ebbed to nothingness and tens of thousands of Nazi soldiers threw up their arms and raised white flags in surrender to a squadron of British armored cars that reached Cape Bon's Lighthouse Hill at 3 p.m. today ... The Germans made no real attempt to hold Cape Bon. They quit cold. I could have outfitted a division with the rifles, machine guns and artillery discarded by the enemy along the 40-mile road from the neck to the tip of Bon peninsula along which I drove behind a string of armoured cars since noon ... Hitler fed them well, dressed them well and inspired them with what they thought almost a holy mission. But they did not fight today. They quit. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19430513&id=5DcxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AWoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3882,6649318&hl=enGerman Fighting Spirit Missing As Troops Rush To Surrender, By Daniel De Luce, Associated Press Staff Writer, 11 May 1943]</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Hermann Göring'' Division was the first Axis unit to collapse on May 7, the 5th Panzer Army was the next to dissolve and surrender on 9 May, with the Italian ''Spezia'' Division closing the gap created by the German collapse. The German 90th Light Division was also the first to collapse in the Italian sector, with Messe's 'Italian' Army fighting a week longer than their German comrades in the final confrontations in Tunisia.<ref>''"Not only should Tunisia have exploded the myth of Hitler's military acumen, it should have discredited the idea that Germans fought better than the Italians, since Messe's 1st Italian Army held out longer than Arnim's 5th German Army and the DAK, even both groups had about six divisions and faced roughly equal Anglo-American forces. Indeed, Hermann Goring division was the first to be scattered on 7 May, DAK the next to break and surrender on 9 May, with the Italian Spezia division closing the gap created by the German collapse and watching still combat-efficient German units march off into captivity on 11 May. Whether it is significant that the German 90th Light division was the first to collapse in Messe's 'Italian' Army, there is no doubt that the Italians fought well and held out longest in Tunisia.'' The Second World War: The German war 1939-1942, Jeremy Black, Page 265, Ashgate, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
The British 56th ''Black Cat'' Division and 1st Free French Division took several of the Italian-held hills in the region of Takrouna during the period 6 May 6 to 13 May 1943, but with severe losses.<ref>"The New Zealanders around Takrouna estimated that 20,000 enemy were still in front of them, so SRY supported the newly arrived 56 (Black Cat) Division fresh from Syria in an attack on the 11th/12th May. Alas there was no success and many casualties.." Monty's Marauders, Patrick Delaforce Pen and Sword, 2008</ref><br />
<ref>"On May 12th this Italian force was still resisting from positions just north of Enfidaville. A French division attacking their right was repulsed and then counterattacked. The Air Force, being called upon for aid, made a strong bombing attack at 1530, supported by all the artillery whose fire could be brought to bear." Finale in Tunisia, Colonel Conrad H. Lanza, Page. 488, The Field Artillery, July 1943</ref><br />
<ref>[http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref><br />
<br />
==Losses==<br />
<br />
Allied casualties during the Tunisian Campaign were around 76,020, with U.S. Army casualties of 18,221, including 2,715 dead, 8,978 wounded and 6,528 captured or missing. British Commonwealth losses amounted to 38,360 men, with 6,233 killed, 21,528 wounded and 10,599 captured or missing. French casualties totaled 19,439 with 2,150 killed, 10,276 wounded and 7,007 captured or missing.<br />
<br />
The Allied commanders also reported the capture of 250 panzers, 1,000 guns and more than 500 aircraft, many of them in good condition.<ref>"More than 1,000 guns and 250 tanks were captured." The Perilous Road to Rome and beyond, Edward Grace, pg.47, Pen and Sword, 17 May 2007</ref><ref>"The Germans eventually surrendered on the 13th May when the Allies took nearly a quarter of a million prisoners and captured over 1,000 guns and nearly 250 tanks." Britain at War 1939 to 1945, James Lingard, AuthorHouse, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
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[[Category:War]] [[Category:World War II]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Tunisian_Campaign&diff=1404799Tunisian Campaign2018-02-16T23:57:41Z<p>Firestarter: /* Enfidaville */</p>
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<div>The '''Tunisian Campaign''' consisted of a series of battles that took place between November 1942 and May 1943. The Axis forces, often called the German-Italian ''Panzer Armee'', consisted of German and Italian units and were led by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and General Giovanni Messe. The Allies consisted of American forces led by Generals Lloyd Fredendal and General George Patton, and British, New Zealand and Free French forces led by General (later Field Marshal) Bernard Montgomery. <br />
<br />
In November, [[Operation Torch]] brought in 125,000 American and British forces from the 1st Army (under General Kenneth Anderson) in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and joined the attack, with the aim of capturing Tunis and Bizerte before the Germans and Italians could send reinforcements into Tunisia. With the use of all available transport capacity the ''Regia Aeronautica'' managed to fly 72,000 ground troops and 5,000 tons of war material into Tunisia.<br />
<br />
Initially, the Axis forces under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel succeeded in defeating the Allies quickly in the Tunisian Campaign, driving Allied forces back 50 miles through the Kasserine Pass and capturing 4,000 Allied soldiers<ref>"They had captured 4,026 prisoners, 61 tanks and half-tracks, 161 motorized vehicles, 36 guns, 45 tons of ammunition, and huge amounts of fuel, lubricants and other equipment." Blitzkrieg No Longer, Samuel Mitcham, Pen and Sword, 2010</ref> in the attack lead by the Italian ''Littorio'' Armoured Division.<br />
<br />
From the start of May the Luftwaffe had been flying men and machines out of Tunisia to save what it could. With the 9th and 12th Air Forces in the battle, the Allies drove the Germans and Italians back into a pocket around Bizerte and Tunis, where the 5th ''Panzer Armee'' surrendered on 9 May. <br />
<br />
By 11 May the German forces in the northern pocket had been completely mopped up, while the divisions of the Allied 1st Army then turned to assist in the encirclement of the 1st Italian Army, which they achieved between 11–13 May.<br />
<br />
On 13 May, over 250,000 Axis prisoners were in Allied custody, thus bringing and end to the Tunisian Campaign. Thus Tunisia became available for launching [[Operation Husky]], an Allied invasion on Sicily as a preliminary to an assault on mainland Italy. <br />
<br />
==Maknassy Pass==<br />
<br />
At the end of January, German forces attacked the French, who were defending Faid Pass. General Fredendall faced an immediate choice between seizing Maknassy or reinforcing Faid Pass. The US 1st Armoured Divisiion had been preparing operations against Maknassy Pass since early January and Fredendall decided to seize Maknassy, since it would protect the Faid Pass and threaten the Axis defences.<br />
<br />
On 24 January 1943, despite coming under heavy anti-aircraft fire, the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment dug-in and around Djebel Rihana defeat the initial attacks from the US 26th Regimental Combat Team and 443rd Anti-Aircraft Battalion.<br />
<br />
On 30 January, the ''Centauro'' Armoured Division and German units from from the two German panzer divisions, attacked through Maknassy Pass. The Axis attack came as a complete surprise to the U.S. 2nd Army Corps. The U.S. 1st Armored Division, which had established itself in the saddle of the Faid Pass, was overrun. Gafsa was also abandoned.<br />
<br />
On 31 January, the U.S. 34th Division and part of the U.S. 1st Armored Division advanced toward Sened Station. The operation was intended to take them as far as Maknassy, but German and Italian tanks, supported by anti-tanki guns, stopped the Americans on 2 February.<br />
<br />
On 22 March, The Americans at Gafsa pushed on steadily along the road to Maknassy, while a second American force, supported by a Free French force, advanced through El Guettar to Gabès. More important still, the 2nd New Zealand Division under General Bernard Freyberg, was developing a threat against Rommel's right flank at El Hamma.<br />
<br />
At Maknassy and Faid, the Germans and Italians held until the night of 8/9 April, with the northward retreat of Axis units controlled by General Cramer's ''Afrika Korps'' headquarters.<br />
<br />
==Kasserine Pass==<br />
<br />
on 14 February, elements of the 10th and 21st Panzer divisions (under the overall command of General Heinz Ziegler) launched an attack through Faid and Maizila passes. The German attack overran the American defenders and reached the Djebel Lessouda hill. While half the German force reached Djebel Lessouda, the other half headed for Djebel Ksaira and Bir el Hafey. By the end of the day, most of the American fighting vehicles had been driven west or destroyed, leaving isolated pockets of US infantrymen in the hills of Djebel Lessouda, Djebel Ksaira, and Djebel Garet Hadid with no support. <br />
<br />
On February 19, Rommel attacked the US 2nd Army Corps in the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]]. The plan was for the German-Italian ''Panzer Armee'' to get to Tebessa and Thala. Rommel sent the 5th and 7th Bersaglieri Regiments into the pass to fight Colonel Anderson Moore's 19th Combat Engineer Regiment defending the pass. The 21st Panzer Division were not able to advance through the Sbiba Pass<ref>"While the fight for Kasserine Pass was in progress, Rommel had directed 21st Panzer Division to break through at Sbiba. However, on February 19 the division ran into Allied positions south of the town, fronted by an extensive minefield covered by artillery fire, and, unable to make headway, it remained there for the rest of the battle." Battlegrounds: Geography and the History of Warfare, Michael Stephenson, pg.224, Simon and Schuster, 2003</ref> in the face of fierce resistance from the US 34th Division and British Guards Brigade, but the Germans managed to exploit the Italian success through Kassarine Pass. German battlegroups tried to press on to Thala and Tebessa but were stopped in fierce fighting. On 22 February, Rommel was satisfied that he had managed to cause a significant amount of damage and casualties to the Allied forces, so he decided to withdraw his troops back to their startlines, covered by Bersaglieri. The damage done to the Allies was disastrous, but this was not a complete Axis victory for the Germans were unable to reach Thala and Tebessa. <br />
<br />
Close to 30,000 American soldiers took part in the fighting for Kasserine Pass. Around 300 were killed, 3,000 wounded and close to 4,000 American soldiers were captured.<ref>«''More than 200 U.S. tanks were destroyed and nearly 4,000 American troops were captured''.» World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia, p. 985, David T. Zabecki, Routledge, 2015</ref><ref>"American losses in round figures exceeded 3,000 killed and wounded and 200 tanks; the Germans claimed 3,721 prisoners." Patton, pg. 68, Da Capo Press, 2008</ref><br />
<br />
After the battle, General Dwight Eisenhower would send Fredendall back to the United States for a training command. His replacement, General George Patton, would confirm that there was nothing wrong with combat morale in the U.S. 2nd Army Corps that good leadership couldn't fix.<br />
<br />
==Mareth Line==<br />
<br />
The Mareth Line in eastern Tunisia was a natural defensive position comparable to El Alamein; a front 35&nbsp;km (22 miles) long extended from the coast to the mountains inland.<br />
<br />
On 3 March, the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment supported by 30 tanks attacked the British lines, hoping to repeat the Italian success at Kasserine Pass.<ref>"On February 22— facing poor terrain for mobile operations, increased Alled resistance, and a lack of cooperation from Arnim— Rommel withdrew artfully to prepare for a similiar operation against General Bernard L. Montgomery's British Eighth Army on the Mareth Line to the east." George S. Patton, Earle Rice, pg. 78, Infobase Publishing, 2009</ref> According to Associated Press war correspondent Don Whitehead:{{cquote|Last night three companies of Italians followed by 30 tanks and lorried infantry attacked the Highlander's advance screen. The Jocks “mowed 'em down”—and didn't lose a man. The tanks and infantry scurried back to the safety of the hills. Half the Italians were killed.<ref>Combat Reporter: Don Whitehead's World War II Diary and Memoirs, pg. 125, Fordham Univ Press, 2006</ref>}}<br />
<br />
On 6 March General Montgomery defeated four more counterattacks from the German divisions, destroying 52 panzers.<br />
<br />
On 17 March, the Gurkhas stormed Hangman's Hill and for seven days beat off all the assaults of the Germans, who had surrounded<br />
them.<br />
<br />
In mid-March the Allies went back on the offensive. Montgomery's 8th Army hit the Axis southern flank around Mareth with several divisions, breaking the Mareth Line on 20 March. When the 30th Corps was thrown back, Montgomery reinforced the flanking attack, which eventually - on 26 March - forced a German withdrawal. When the bridgehead at Wadi Zigzau had to be abandoned on 23 March, General Montgomery decided to switch the main attack from the Mareth Line to the flank where the New Zealanders were making such good progress. So reinforcements and supplies were rushed to Gemera; Bermard Freyberg's 2nd New Zealand Division. It was during this battle that Second Lieutenant [[Moananui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu]] of the 28th Maori Battalion won a posthumous VC defending Point 209.<br />
<br />
On Sunday 28 March, the 8th Army occupied Mareth, Toujane and Matmata, taking several thousands of prisoners. British tanks pursued the retreating Axis forces, but were stopped by anti-tank defences at Wadi el Assuib.<br />
<br />
The next Axis fallback position, at Wadi Akarit north of Mareth, was stormed by the 30th Corps on the night of 5 April. Again, the German and Italian forces made an orderly withdrawal, perhaps assisted by Montgomery's deliberate approach. General von Arnim now fell back to a defensive line covering the Tunisian capital.<br />
<br />
In a month-long series of battles, the British, hampered by heavy rains, pushed Axis units over 150 miles north to within 47 miles of Tunis.<br />
<br />
==El Guettar==<br />
<br />
While the 8th Army rolled up the German southern flank, Patton's revitalized 2nd Corps drove east into their flank, drawing Axis reinforcments from the south, thereby weakening the opposition to Montgomery's push.<br />
<br />
During the [[Battle of El Guettar]], the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment and supporting German and Italian tanks held up the US 2nd Army Corps, though the Americans did well in capturing in Jebel Mcheltat in fierce hand-to-hand combat, a 1, 500-foot hill.<br />
<br />
On 23 March, the 10th Panzer Division and supporting 7th Bersaglieri Regiment attacked the US 1st Division on the slopes of Djebel Berda, advancing six miles behind American lines and capturing 170 soldiers.<br />
<br />
On the night of 27/28 March, the US 47th Regiment captured Hill 369 from the Italians, but its 2nd Battalion was overrun in chaotic night-fighting and the battalion commander, two officers and 175 men from ''Echo'' Company were captured. <br />
<br />
On 28 March, the Free French Forces finally seized El Hamma Ridge and the Axis forces were forced to abandon Gabès. The ''Raggruppamento Sahariano'' (under General Alberto Mannerini) had fought stubbornly for several days on the key ground:{{cquote|The enemy positions seemed impregnable, and, in fact, the Italians manning them held out for three days ... Rommel, in a last desperate effort replaced the Italians with crack German troops. Hand-to-hand fighting followed, but the enemy, finally fell back into the ravine, leaving many dead behind.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19430401&id=zjRAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TVkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2804,4830439&hl=en Fighting French Troops' Part Advance in Advance on Gabes]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
By early April, the US 1st Armored Division's losses since the recapture of Sened Station would reach 304 killed, 1,265 wounded, 116 missing or captured, and forty tanks destroyed.<br />
<br />
==Wadi Akarit==<br />
<br />
On 6 April, the Italian 3rd ''Tobruk'' Battalion from the ''San Marcos'' Marine Regiment, well dug in at Wadi Akarit and plentifully supplied with automatic weapons and grenades, is practically destroyed in hand-to-hand combat fighting alongside the 39th Bersaglieri Regiment, with the attacking British suffering crippling losses in the form of 126 killed from the 6th ''Green Howards''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162155/http://www.greenhowards.org.uk/bill-cheall/cheall11.htm Bill Cheall's Story]</ref><ref>"The ...69th Brigade of the 50th Division was having a difficult time. The 7th Green Howards, on the right, managed to take an enemy outpost on Point 85 but in tandem with 5th East Yorkshires failed to reach an anti-tank ditch below the hog's back. Hit by concentrated artillery, mortar and small-arms fire from the Italian Tobruk and 39th Bersaglieri Regiments which wounded both COs, they dug in amidst mounting casualties. Private E. Anderson, a stretcher-bearer of the East Yorkshires, completely disregarding his own safety, carried back three wounded men and was killed attempting to bring in a fourth. He was awarded a posthumous VC." The Bloody Road to Tunis, David Rolf, Frontline Books, 2015</ref> <br />
<br />
That next day, the 1st/2nd Gurkhas, 1st/9th Gurkhas and 1st Battalion from the ''Royal Sussex'' Regiment secure the mountain pass at the foot of Djebel Fatnassa, with the Gurkhas losing fifty killed but defeatimg two Italian divisions and German reserves entrusted with its defence.<ref>"The battle was over and, considering the task given to the 1/2nd, the loss of some fifty all ranks was gratifyingly small." Britain's Brigade of Gurkhas, E.D Smith, Pen and Sword, 1983</ref> During the desperate fighting, the 200th Panzer Grenadier Regiment counterattacked the Gurkhas while the 361st Panzer Grenadier Regiment and supporting Italian infantry from the ''Pistoia'' Division attempted to capture Djebel Zouai.<ref>"Messe ordered the 200th Panzer Grenadier Regiment to recapture the hill and 361st Panzer Grenadier Regiment accompanied by a battalion from the Pistoia Division to retake Djebel Zouai." The Bloody Road to Tunis, David Rolf, Frontline Books, 2015</ref> <br />
<br />
General von Arnim later confirmed the valiant stand of the Italian Marines and 39th Bersaglieri Regiment, claiming that they were ''"the best soldiers I ever commanded"''.<ref>[http://www.avalanchepress.com/Italy_marines.php Italy's Marines]</ref>Private [[Eric Anderson]], of the East Yorkshire Regiment, won a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] at Wadi Akarit for his efforts in rescuing four British wounded under enemy fire.<br />
<br />
==Enfidaville==<br />
<br />
During 20, 21 and 22 April, General Giuseppe Falugi, commander of the ''Pistoia'' Division delivered fierce counterattacks, but they were met with equally fierce resistance, with the British succeedingd in holding the village of Enfidaville.<ref>"This part of the front was defended by the Italian Pistoia Division, which made several counterattacks during the ensuing day. These were continued on the 21st and 22nd, but the British held the village." Close Support in Tunisia, Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Williams Thompson, The Field Artillery Journal, July 1943</ref><br />
<br />
Takrouna village, a stone outcrop nearly 1,000 feet high and Point 141 proved to be very difficult objective in the fighting. On the night of April 19, the 2nd New Zealand Division attacked under the cover of heavy artillery fire, but the 28th ''Maori'' Battalion suffered heavy casualties in the failed attack, especially among the officers. The Italian defenders in the form of the remnants of the ''Folgore'', ''Trieste'' and ''Giovani Fascisti'' Divisions, put up a fierce defence for another day and night before superior numbers in the form of two New Zealand brigades (with extra artillery support) finally captured Takrouna and surrounding positions. An Allied war correspondent reported that only 326 defenders were captured and that the Italians had fought very hard:{{cquote|The fight atop the 600-foot peak finally ended at 8 p.m. last night. At that hour the first real Italian defenders the British had met surrendered in a body, 326 of them. They gave up only because their ammunition gave out. These Italians were tough, trained killers who didn't feel faint when stout British troopers flung their comrades over the cliffs to clear the road up the side of the steep peak and reach the village atop it. They stood, fired and fought back and when they gave up they said the allies wouldn't get to Tunis. They holed up in caves and crevices of the slopes and had to be dragged out before their machine guns and mortars were silenced.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19430424&id=-OJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OCEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6228,4995462&hl=en British and Italians Battle To Death on Top Bloody Peak, The Bend Bulletin, Oregon, 24 April 1943]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
After three days fierce fighting, the Takrouna stronghold was captured by the New Zealanders from the 23rd and 28th Battalions, but Hill 141 remained in Italian hands. Over 500 men in General Freyberg's 2nd Division were killed or wounded seizing the Takrouna and surrounding ground. As a consequence, Takrouna would be the last battle fought by the New Zealand Division during the Tunisian Campaign with the British 56th ''Black Cat'' Division taking over the advance and General Freyberg recalled to Cairo.<br />
<ref>[http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref> Sergeants Haane Manahi Walter Smith received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for their part in the battle.<br />
<br />
During the fighting in April, it was observed by General Harold Alexander in a despatch to Winston Churchill that ''"...the Italians fought particularly well, outdoing the Germans in line with them"''.<ref>Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War, John Gooch, pg.95, Routledge, 2012</ref><br />
<br />
American infantrymen also won much praise for their determination and experience in the fighting on April 23–24, when the 2nd Battalion from the 18th Infantry, attacked a German stronghold three times before General von Arnim finally quit. After nightfall May 1 the Germans withdrew into Mateur. But two days later American armour drove the defenders out of the town<br />
<br />
By May 2, both sides had fought themselves to exhaustion; but whereas von Arnim had expended his armoured reserves, General Alexander had still strong tank forces in hand, including those of the 8th Army which was still uncommitted to a major attack.<br />
<br />
==Tunis==<br />
<br />
The 1st Army's drive towards Tebourba was heavily contested, with several German counter-attacks. The Allied attackers, however made good progress, taking Longstop Hill, Jebel Bou Aoukas, threatening to encircle Pont du Fahs. The attacks convinced von Arnim that the Allied main effort would be made in the south and that he had little to fear from the north.<br />
<br />
The final Allied offensive, the [[Battle of Tunis]] began on 5 May with the 5th Corps gaining the hills which dominated the Tunis plain and the 9th Corps advancing on the morning of 6 May. The village of Massicault, which had been prepared for hedgehog defence, fell without resistance. By the afternoon the US 1st Infantry Division had gained their objective, and the British 6th and 7th Armoured Divisions, swept forward and entered Tunis on 7 May.<ref>"On 7 May the armour rolled into Tunis, taking many Axis forces by surprise. Some enemy troops even emerged from bars and restaurants, with stunned stares, and surrendered without a fight." The Decisive Campaigns of the Desert Air Force 1942-1945, Bryn Evans, p. 88, Pen and Sword, 2014</ref> On the same day the US 2nd Corps and Free French ''Corps d'Afrique'' took Bizerte. <br />
<br />
As the US 2nd Corps units pushed on to cut the Bizerte-Tunis road, they found surrendering Axis units clogging the roads, impeding further advance. Several German commanders had already been flown out, and entire Germans divisions began surrendering on 9 May,<ref>"At 11 a.m. yesterday Major General Krause, commanding artillery of the Africa corps sent an emissary to Maj. Gen. Omar N. Bradley and requested an armistice so the surrender might be negotiated ... The wholescale surrender of the enemy battalions began and by early afternoon all the northern region where the enemy had been cut off by the wedge the British First Army drove through was cleaned up. The bulk of the German armor was there and the total of prisoners was over 25,000, in addition to another 25,000 taken by the British. Five other generals were among those who surrendered wit Krause. They were Major General Borowitz, commander of the 15th armored division; Major General Neuffer, commander of the air force artillery division; Lieutenant General Bülowius commander of the Mannteuffel division; Major General Von Vaerst, commander of the Fifth Armored Army; and Major General Baumsenge, commander of the Bizerte Air Forces." [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19430510&id=aNdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hn8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6139,1068195&hl=en Six Nazi Generals Captured In North Africa, The Deseret News, 10 May 1943]</ref><ref>"Major General Karl Robert Max Bülowius quickly joined von Vaerst, Krause and Borowietz as an allied POW when he too surrendered his unit, the Manteuffel Division on May 9, 1943. As the North African campaign continued to collapse, other German generals from Armeed Gruppe Afrika arrived in Alled hands as well, including Major General Carl Peter Bernard Köchy." Hitler's Generals in America: Nazi POWs and Allied Military Intelligence, Derek R. Mallett, p. 248, University Press of Kentucky, 2013</ref>including 30,000 German POWs that surrendered to a sole British armoured car squadron.<ref>"The German fighting spirit ebbed to nothingness and tens of thousands of Nazi soldiers threw up their arms and raised white flags in surrender to a squadron of British armored cars that reached Cape Bon's Lighthouse Hill at 3 p.m. today ... The Germans made no real attempt to hold Cape Bon. They quit cold. I could have outfitted a division with the rifles, machine guns and artillery discarded by the enemy along the 40-mile road from the neck to the tip of Bon peninsula along which I drove behind a string of armoured cars since noon ... Hitler fed them well, dressed them well and inspired them with what they thought almost a holy mission. But they did not fight today. They quit. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19430513&id=5DcxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AWoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3882,6649318&hl=enGerman Fighting Spirit Missing As Troops Rush To Surrender, By Daniel De Luce, Associated Press Staff Writer, 11 May 1943]</ref><br />
<br />
The British 56th ''Black Cat'' Division and 1st Free French Division took several of the Italian-held hills in the region of Takrouna during the period 6 May 6 to 13 May 1943, but with severe losses.<ref>"The New Zealanders around Takrouna estimated that 20,000 enemy were still in front of them, so SRY supported the newly arrived 56 (Black Cat) Division fresh from Syria in an attack on the 11th/12th May. Alas there was no success and many casualties.." Monty's Marauders, Patrick Delaforce Pen and Sword, 2008</ref><br />
<ref>"On May 12th this Italian force was still resisting from positions just north of Enfidaville. A French division attacking their right was repulsed and then counterattacked. The Air Force, being called upon for aid, made a strong bombing attack at 1530, supported by all the artillery whose fire could be brought to bear." Finale in Tunisia, Colonel Conrad H. Lanza, Page. 488, The Field Artillery, July 1943</ref><br />
<ref>[http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref><br />
<br />
==Losses==<br />
<br />
Allied casualties during the Tunisian Campaign were around 76,020, with U.S. Army casualties of 18,221, including 2,715 dead, 8,978 wounded and 6,528 captured or missing. British Commonwealth losses amounted to 38,360 men, with 6,233 killed, 21,528 wounded and 10,599 captured or missing. French casualties totaled 19,439 with 2,150 killed, 10,276 wounded and 7,007 captured or missing.<br />
<br />
The Allied commanders also reported the capture of 250 panzers, 1,000 guns and more than 500 aircraft, many of them in good condition.<ref>"More than 1,000 guns and 250 tanks were captured." The Perilous Road to Rome and beyond, Edward Grace, pg.47, Pen and Sword, 17 May 2007</ref><ref>"The Germans eventually surrendered on the 13th May when the Allies took nearly a quarter of a million prisoners and captured over 1,000 guns and nearly 250 tanks." Britain at War 1939 to 1945, James Lingard, AuthorHouse, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
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[[Category:War]] [[Category:World War II]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Tunisian_Campaign&diff=1404798Tunisian Campaign2018-02-16T23:52:38Z<p>Firestarter: /* Enfidaville */</p>
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<div>The '''Tunisian Campaign''' consisted of a series of battles that took place between November 1942 and May 1943. The Axis forces, often called the German-Italian ''Panzer Armee'', consisted of German and Italian units and were led by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and General Giovanni Messe. The Allies consisted of American forces led by Generals Lloyd Fredendal and General George Patton, and British, New Zealand and Free French forces led by General (later Field Marshal) Bernard Montgomery. <br />
<br />
In November, [[Operation Torch]] brought in 125,000 American and British forces from the 1st Army (under General Kenneth Anderson) in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and joined the attack, with the aim of capturing Tunis and Bizerte before the Germans and Italians could send reinforcements into Tunisia. With the use of all available transport capacity the ''Regia Aeronautica'' managed to fly 72,000 ground troops and 5,000 tons of war material into Tunisia.<br />
<br />
Initially, the Axis forces under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel succeeded in defeating the Allies quickly in the Tunisian Campaign, driving Allied forces back 50 miles through the Kasserine Pass and capturing 4,000 Allied soldiers<ref>"They had captured 4,026 prisoners, 61 tanks and half-tracks, 161 motorized vehicles, 36 guns, 45 tons of ammunition, and huge amounts of fuel, lubricants and other equipment." Blitzkrieg No Longer, Samuel Mitcham, Pen and Sword, 2010</ref> in the attack lead by the Italian ''Littorio'' Armoured Division.<br />
<br />
From the start of May the Luftwaffe had been flying men and machines out of Tunisia to save what it could. With the 9th and 12th Air Forces in the battle, the Allies drove the Germans and Italians back into a pocket around Bizerte and Tunis, where the 5th ''Panzer Armee'' surrendered on 9 May. <br />
<br />
By 11 May the German forces in the northern pocket had been completely mopped up, while the divisions of the Allied 1st Army then turned to assist in the encirclement of the 1st Italian Army, which they achieved between 11–13 May.<br />
<br />
On 13 May, over 250,000 Axis prisoners were in Allied custody, thus bringing and end to the Tunisian Campaign. Thus Tunisia became available for launching [[Operation Husky]], an Allied invasion on Sicily as a preliminary to an assault on mainland Italy. <br />
<br />
==Maknassy Pass==<br />
<br />
At the end of January, German forces attacked the French, who were defending Faid Pass. General Fredendall faced an immediate choice between seizing Maknassy or reinforcing Faid Pass. The US 1st Armoured Divisiion had been preparing operations against Maknassy Pass since early January and Fredendall decided to seize Maknassy, since it would protect the Faid Pass and threaten the Axis defences.<br />
<br />
On 24 January 1943, despite coming under heavy anti-aircraft fire, the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment dug-in and around Djebel Rihana defeat the initial attacks from the US 26th Regimental Combat Team and 443rd Anti-Aircraft Battalion.<br />
<br />
On 30 January, the ''Centauro'' Armoured Division and German units from from the two German panzer divisions, attacked through Maknassy Pass. The Axis attack came as a complete surprise to the U.S. 2nd Army Corps. The U.S. 1st Armored Division, which had established itself in the saddle of the Faid Pass, was overrun. Gafsa was also abandoned.<br />
<br />
On 31 January, the U.S. 34th Division and part of the U.S. 1st Armored Division advanced toward Sened Station. The operation was intended to take them as far as Maknassy, but German and Italian tanks, supported by anti-tanki guns, stopped the Americans on 2 February.<br />
<br />
On 22 March, The Americans at Gafsa pushed on steadily along the road to Maknassy, while a second American force, supported by a Free French force, advanced through El Guettar to Gabès. More important still, the 2nd New Zealand Division under General Bernard Freyberg, was developing a threat against Rommel's right flank at El Hamma.<br />
<br />
At Maknassy and Faid, the Germans and Italians held until the night of 8/9 April, with the northward retreat of Axis units controlled by General Cramer's ''Afrika Korps'' headquarters.<br />
<br />
==Kasserine Pass==<br />
<br />
on 14 February, elements of the 10th and 21st Panzer divisions (under the overall command of General Heinz Ziegler) launched an attack through Faid and Maizila passes. The German attack overran the American defenders and reached the Djebel Lessouda hill. While half the German force reached Djebel Lessouda, the other half headed for Djebel Ksaira and Bir el Hafey. By the end of the day, most of the American fighting vehicles had been driven west or destroyed, leaving isolated pockets of US infantrymen in the hills of Djebel Lessouda, Djebel Ksaira, and Djebel Garet Hadid with no support. <br />
<br />
On February 19, Rommel attacked the US 2nd Army Corps in the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]]. The plan was for the German-Italian ''Panzer Armee'' to get to Tebessa and Thala. Rommel sent the 5th and 7th Bersaglieri Regiments into the pass to fight Colonel Anderson Moore's 19th Combat Engineer Regiment defending the pass. The 21st Panzer Division were not able to advance through the Sbiba Pass<ref>"While the fight for Kasserine Pass was in progress, Rommel had directed 21st Panzer Division to break through at Sbiba. However, on February 19 the division ran into Allied positions south of the town, fronted by an extensive minefield covered by artillery fire, and, unable to make headway, it remained there for the rest of the battle." Battlegrounds: Geography and the History of Warfare, Michael Stephenson, pg.224, Simon and Schuster, 2003</ref> in the face of fierce resistance from the US 34th Division and British Guards Brigade, but the Germans managed to exploit the Italian success through Kassarine Pass. German battlegroups tried to press on to Thala and Tebessa but were stopped in fierce fighting. On 22 February, Rommel was satisfied that he had managed to cause a significant amount of damage and casualties to the Allied forces, so he decided to withdraw his troops back to their startlines, covered by Bersaglieri. The damage done to the Allies was disastrous, but this was not a complete Axis victory for the Germans were unable to reach Thala and Tebessa. <br />
<br />
Close to 30,000 American soldiers took part in the fighting for Kasserine Pass. Around 300 were killed, 3,000 wounded and close to 4,000 American soldiers were captured.<ref>«''More than 200 U.S. tanks were destroyed and nearly 4,000 American troops were captured''.» World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia, p. 985, David T. Zabecki, Routledge, 2015</ref><ref>"American losses in round figures exceeded 3,000 killed and wounded and 200 tanks; the Germans claimed 3,721 prisoners." Patton, pg. 68, Da Capo Press, 2008</ref><br />
<br />
After the battle, General Dwight Eisenhower would send Fredendall back to the United States for a training command. His replacement, General George Patton, would confirm that there was nothing wrong with combat morale in the U.S. 2nd Army Corps that good leadership couldn't fix.<br />
<br />
==Mareth Line==<br />
<br />
The Mareth Line in eastern Tunisia was a natural defensive position comparable to El Alamein; a front 35&nbsp;km (22 miles) long extended from the coast to the mountains inland.<br />
<br />
On 3 March, the 10th Bersaglieri Regiment supported by 30 tanks attacked the British lines, hoping to repeat the Italian success at Kasserine Pass.<ref>"On February 22— facing poor terrain for mobile operations, increased Alled resistance, and a lack of cooperation from Arnim— Rommel withdrew artfully to prepare for a similiar operation against General Bernard L. Montgomery's British Eighth Army on the Mareth Line to the east." George S. Patton, Earle Rice, pg. 78, Infobase Publishing, 2009</ref> According to Associated Press war correspondent Don Whitehead:{{cquote|Last night three companies of Italians followed by 30 tanks and lorried infantry attacked the Highlander's advance screen. The Jocks “mowed 'em down”—and didn't lose a man. The tanks and infantry scurried back to the safety of the hills. Half the Italians were killed.<ref>Combat Reporter: Don Whitehead's World War II Diary and Memoirs, pg. 125, Fordham Univ Press, 2006</ref>}}<br />
<br />
On 6 March General Montgomery defeated four more counterattacks from the German divisions, destroying 52 panzers.<br />
<br />
On 17 March, the Gurkhas stormed Hangman's Hill and for seven days beat off all the assaults of the Germans, who had surrounded<br />
them.<br />
<br />
In mid-March the Allies went back on the offensive. Montgomery's 8th Army hit the Axis southern flank around Mareth with several divisions, breaking the Mareth Line on 20 March. When the 30th Corps was thrown back, Montgomery reinforced the flanking attack, which eventually - on 26 March - forced a German withdrawal. When the bridgehead at Wadi Zigzau had to be abandoned on 23 March, General Montgomery decided to switch the main attack from the Mareth Line to the flank where the New Zealanders were making such good progress. So reinforcements and supplies were rushed to Gemera; Bermard Freyberg's 2nd New Zealand Division. It was during this battle that Second Lieutenant [[Moananui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu]] of the 28th Maori Battalion won a posthumous VC defending Point 209.<br />
<br />
On Sunday 28 March, the 8th Army occupied Mareth, Toujane and Matmata, taking several thousands of prisoners. British tanks pursued the retreating Axis forces, but were stopped by anti-tank defences at Wadi el Assuib.<br />
<br />
The next Axis fallback position, at Wadi Akarit north of Mareth, was stormed by the 30th Corps on the night of 5 April. Again, the German and Italian forces made an orderly withdrawal, perhaps assisted by Montgomery's deliberate approach. General von Arnim now fell back to a defensive line covering the Tunisian capital.<br />
<br />
In a month-long series of battles, the British, hampered by heavy rains, pushed Axis units over 150 miles north to within 47 miles of Tunis.<br />
<br />
==El Guettar==<br />
<br />
While the 8th Army rolled up the German southern flank, Patton's revitalized 2nd Corps drove east into their flank, drawing Axis reinforcments from the south, thereby weakening the opposition to Montgomery's push.<br />
<br />
During the [[Battle of El Guettar]], the 5th Bersaglieri Regiment and supporting German and Italian tanks held up the US 2nd Army Corps, though the Americans did well in capturing in Jebel Mcheltat in fierce hand-to-hand combat, a 1, 500-foot hill.<br />
<br />
On 23 March, the 10th Panzer Division and supporting 7th Bersaglieri Regiment attacked the US 1st Division on the slopes of Djebel Berda, advancing six miles behind American lines and capturing 170 soldiers.<br />
<br />
On the night of 27/28 March, the US 47th Regiment captured Hill 369 from the Italians, but its 2nd Battalion was overrun in chaotic night-fighting and the battalion commander, two officers and 175 men from ''Echo'' Company were captured. <br />
<br />
On 28 March, the Free French Forces finally seized El Hamma Ridge and the Axis forces were forced to abandon Gabès. The ''Raggruppamento Sahariano'' (under General Alberto Mannerini) had fought stubbornly for several days on the key ground:{{cquote|The enemy positions seemed impregnable, and, in fact, the Italians manning them held out for three days ... Rommel, in a last desperate effort replaced the Italians with crack German troops. Hand-to-hand fighting followed, but the enemy, finally fell back into the ravine, leaving many dead behind.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19430401&id=zjRAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TVkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2804,4830439&hl=en Fighting French Troops' Part Advance in Advance on Gabes]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
By early April, the US 1st Armored Division's losses since the recapture of Sened Station would reach 304 killed, 1,265 wounded, 116 missing or captured, and forty tanks destroyed.<br />
<br />
==Wadi Akarit==<br />
<br />
On 6 April, the Italian 3rd ''Tobruk'' Battalion from the ''San Marcos'' Marine Regiment, well dug in at Wadi Akarit and plentifully supplied with automatic weapons and grenades, is practically destroyed in hand-to-hand combat fighting alongside the 39th Bersaglieri Regiment, with the attacking British suffering crippling losses in the form of 126 killed from the 6th ''Green Howards''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162155/http://www.greenhowards.org.uk/bill-cheall/cheall11.htm Bill Cheall's Story]</ref><ref>"The ...69th Brigade of the 50th Division was having a difficult time. The 7th Green Howards, on the right, managed to take an enemy outpost on Point 85 but in tandem with 5th East Yorkshires failed to reach an anti-tank ditch below the hog's back. Hit by concentrated artillery, mortar and small-arms fire from the Italian Tobruk and 39th Bersaglieri Regiments which wounded both COs, they dug in amidst mounting casualties. Private E. Anderson, a stretcher-bearer of the East Yorkshires, completely disregarding his own safety, carried back three wounded men and was killed attempting to bring in a fourth. He was awarded a posthumous VC." The Bloody Road to Tunis, David Rolf, Frontline Books, 2015</ref> <br />
<br />
That next day, the 1st/2nd Gurkhas, 1st/9th Gurkhas and 1st Battalion from the ''Royal Sussex'' Regiment secure the mountain pass at the foot of Djebel Fatnassa, with the Gurkhas losing fifty killed but defeatimg two Italian divisions and German reserves entrusted with its defence.<ref>"The battle was over and, considering the task given to the 1/2nd, the loss of some fifty all ranks was gratifyingly small." Britain's Brigade of Gurkhas, E.D Smith, Pen and Sword, 1983</ref> During the desperate fighting, the 200th Panzer Grenadier Regiment counterattacked the Gurkhas while the 361st Panzer Grenadier Regiment and supporting Italian infantry from the ''Pistoia'' Division attempted to capture Djebel Zouai.<ref>"Messe ordered the 200th Panzer Grenadier Regiment to recapture the hill and 361st Panzer Grenadier Regiment accompanied by a battalion from the Pistoia Division to retake Djebel Zouai." The Bloody Road to Tunis, David Rolf, Frontline Books, 2015</ref> <br />
<br />
General von Arnim later confirmed the valiant stand of the Italian Marines and 39th Bersaglieri Regiment, claiming that they were ''"the best soldiers I ever commanded"''.<ref>[http://www.avalanchepress.com/Italy_marines.php Italy's Marines]</ref>Private [[Eric Anderson]], of the East Yorkshire Regiment, won a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] at Wadi Akarit for his efforts in rescuing four British wounded under enemy fire.<br />
<br />
==Enfidaville==<br />
<br />
During 20, 21 and 22 April, General Giuseppe Falugi, commander of the ''Pistoia'' Division delivered fierce counterattacks, but they were met with equally fierce resistance, with the British succeedingd in holding the village of Enfidaville.<ref>"This part of the front was defended by the Italian Pistoia Division, which made several counterattacks during the ensuing day. These were continued on the 21st and 22nd, but the British held the village." Close Support in Tunisia, Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Williams Thompson, The Field Artillery Journal, July 1943</ref><br />
<br />
Takrouna village, a stone outcrop nearly 1,000 feet high and Point 141 proved to be very difficult objective in the fighting. On the night of April 19, the 2nd New Zealand Division attacked under the cover of heavy artillery fire, but the 28th ''Maori'' Battalion suffered heavy casualties in the failed attack, especially among the officers. The Italian defenders in the form of the remnants of the ''Folgore'', ''Trieste'' and ''Giovani Fascisti'' Divisions, put up a fierce defence for another day and night before superior numbers in the form of two New Zealand brigades (with extra artillery support) finally captured Takrouna and surrounding positions. An Allied war correspondent reported that only 326 defenders were captured and that the Italians had fought very hard:{{cquote|The fight atop the 600-foot peak finally ended at 8 p.m. last night. At that hour the first real Italian defenders the British had met surrendered in a body, 326 of them. They gave up only because their ammunition gave out. These Italians were tough, trained killers who didn't feel faint when stout British troopers flung their comrades over the cliffs to clear the road up the side of the steep peak and reach the village atop it. They stood, fired and fought back and when they gave up they said the allies wouldn't get to Tunis. They holed up in caves and crevices of the slopes and had to be dragged out before their machine guns and mortars were silenced.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19430424&id=-OJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OCEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6228,4995462&hl=en British and Italians Battle To Death on Top Bloody Peak, The Bend Bulletin, Oregon, 24 April 1943]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
After three days fierce fighting, the Takrouna stronghold was captured by the New Zealanders from the 23rd and 28th Battalions, but Hill 141 remained in Italian hands. Over 500 men in General Freyberg's 2nd Division were killed or wounded seizing the Takrouna and surrounding ground. As a consequence, Takrouna would be the last battle fought by the New Zealand Division during the Tunisian Campaign with the British 56th ''Black Cat'' Division taking over the advance and General Freyberg recalled to Cairo.<br />
<ref>[http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref> Sergeants Haane Manahi Walter Smith received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for their part in the battle.<br />
<br />
During the fighting in April, it was observed by General Harold Alexander in a despatch to Winston Churchill that ''"the Italians fought particularly well, outdoing the Germans in line with them"''.<ref>Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War, John Gooch, pg.95, Routledge, 2012</ref><br />
<br />
American infantrymen also won much praise for their determination and experience in the fighting on 23–24 April, when the 2nd Battalion from the 18th Infantry, attacked a German stronghold three times before General von Arnim finally quit. After nightfall 1 May the Germans withdrew into Mateur. But two days later American armour drove the defenders out of the town<br />
<br />
By 2 May, both sides had fought themselves to exhaustion; but whereas von Arnim had expended his armoured reserves, General Alexander had still strong tank forces in hand, including those of the 8th Army which was still uncommitted to a major attack.<br />
<br />
==Tunis==<br />
<br />
The 1st Army's drive towards Tebourba was heavily contested, with several German counter-attacks. The Allied attackers, however made good progress, taking Longstop Hill, Jebel Bou Aoukas, threatening to encircle Pont du Fahs. The attacks convinced von Arnim that the Allied main effort would be made in the south and that he had little to fear from the north.<br />
<br />
The final Allied offensive, the [[Battle of Tunis]] began on 5 May with the 5th Corps gaining the hills which dominated the Tunis plain and the 9th Corps advancing on the morning of 6 May. The village of Massicault, which had been prepared for hedgehog defence, fell without resistance. By the afternoon the US 1st Infantry Division had gained their objective, and the British 6th and 7th Armoured Divisions, swept forward and entered Tunis on 7 May.<ref>"On 7 May the armour rolled into Tunis, taking many Axis forces by surprise. Some enemy troops even emerged from bars and restaurants, with stunned stares, and surrendered without a fight." The Decisive Campaigns of the Desert Air Force 1942-1945, Bryn Evans, p. 88, Pen and Sword, 2014</ref> On the same day the US 2nd Corps and Free French ''Corps d'Afrique'' took Bizerte. <br />
<br />
As the US 2nd Corps units pushed on to cut the Bizerte-Tunis road, they found surrendering Axis units clogging the roads, impeding further advance. Several German commanders had already been flown out, and entire Germans divisions began surrendering on 9 May,<ref>"At 11 a.m. yesterday Major General Krause, commanding artillery of the Africa corps sent an emissary to Maj. Gen. Omar N. Bradley and requested an armistice so the surrender might be negotiated ... The wholescale surrender of the enemy battalions began and by early afternoon all the northern region where the enemy had been cut off by the wedge the British First Army drove through was cleaned up. The bulk of the German armor was there and the total of prisoners was over 25,000, in addition to another 25,000 taken by the British. Five other generals were among those who surrendered wit Krause. They were Major General Borowitz, commander of the 15th armored division; Major General Neuffer, commander of the air force artillery division; Lieutenant General Bülowius commander of the Mannteuffel division; Major General Von Vaerst, commander of the Fifth Armored Army; and Major General Baumsenge, commander of the Bizerte Air Forces." [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19430510&id=aNdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hn8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6139,1068195&hl=en Six Nazi Generals Captured In North Africa, The Deseret News, 10 May 1943]</ref><ref>"Major General Karl Robert Max Bülowius quickly joined von Vaerst, Krause and Borowietz as an allied POW when he too surrendered his unit, the Manteuffel Division on May 9, 1943. As the North African campaign continued to collapse, other German generals from Armeed Gruppe Afrika arrived in Alled hands as well, including Major General Carl Peter Bernard Köchy." Hitler's Generals in America: Nazi POWs and Allied Military Intelligence, Derek R. Mallett, p. 248, University Press of Kentucky, 2013</ref>including 30,000 German POWs that surrendered to a sole British armoured car squadron.<ref>"The German fighting spirit ebbed to nothingness and tens of thousands of Nazi soldiers threw up their arms and raised white flags in surrender to a squadron of British armored cars that reached Cape Bon's Lighthouse Hill at 3 p.m. today ... The Germans made no real attempt to hold Cape Bon. They quit cold. I could have outfitted a division with the rifles, machine guns and artillery discarded by the enemy along the 40-mile road from the neck to the tip of Bon peninsula along which I drove behind a string of armoured cars since noon ... Hitler fed them well, dressed them well and inspired them with what they thought almost a holy mission. But they did not fight today. They quit. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19430513&id=5DcxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AWoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3882,6649318&hl=enGerman Fighting Spirit Missing As Troops Rush To Surrender, By Daniel De Luce, Associated Press Staff Writer, 11 May 1943]</ref><br />
<br />
The British 56th ''Black Cat'' Division and 1st Free French Division took several of the Italian-held hills in the region of Takrouna during the period 6 May 6 to 13 May 1943, but with severe losses.<ref>"The New Zealanders around Takrouna estimated that 20,000 enemy were still in front of them, so SRY supported the newly arrived 56 (Black Cat) Division fresh from Syria in an attack on the 11th/12th May. Alas there was no success and many casualties.." Monty's Marauders, Patrick Delaforce Pen and Sword, 2008</ref><br />
<ref>"On May 12th this Italian force was still resisting from positions just north of Enfidaville. A French division attacking their right was repulsed and then counterattacked. The Air Force, being called upon for aid, made a strong bombing attack at 1530, supported by all the artillery whose fire could be brought to bear." Finale in Tunisia, Colonel Conrad H. Lanza, Page. 488, The Field Artillery, July 1943</ref><br />
<ref>[http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme025.shtml Enfidaville]</ref><br />
<br />
==Losses==<br />
<br />
Allied casualties during the Tunisian Campaign were around 76,020, with U.S. Army casualties of 18,221, including 2,715 dead, 8,978 wounded and 6,528 captured or missing. British Commonwealth losses amounted to 38,360 men, with 6,233 killed, 21,528 wounded and 10,599 captured or missing. French casualties totaled 19,439 with 2,150 killed, 10,276 wounded and 7,007 captured or missing.<br />
<br />
The Allied commanders also reported the capture of 250 panzers, 1,000 guns and more than 500 aircraft, many of them in good condition.<ref>"More than 1,000 guns and 250 tanks were captured." The Perilous Road to Rome and beyond, Edward Grace, pg.47, Pen and Sword, 17 May 2007</ref><ref>"The Germans eventually surrendered on the 13th May when the Allies took nearly a quarter of a million prisoners and captured over 1,000 guns and nearly 250 tanks." Britain at War 1939 to 1945, James Lingard, AuthorHouse, 2007</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:War]] [[Category:World War II]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Battles_of_Mount_Longdon_and_Wireless_Ridge&diff=1404797Battles of Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge2018-02-16T23:44:32Z<p>Firestarter: /* Mount Longdon */</p>
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<div>Following [[Operation Rosario (Falklands/Malvinas War)]], the Argentinian occupation of the Falkland Islands in April 1982, the 2nd and 3rd British Parachute Battalions (2 and 3 PARA) were deployed as part of [[3 Commando Brigade]] to retake the Islands in [[Operation Corporate]]. <br />
<br />
==Mount Longdon==<br />
<br />
Having landed at Port San Carlos on May 21, 3 PARA marched across the East Falkland via Teal Inlet to the sheep farm settlement of Estancia House from where they began to send out patrols to harass the defenders and map out the area around Mount Longdon situated to the north west of [[Port Stanley]], the capital of the Islands.<br />
<br />
Before the British 3rd and 5th Brigades could retake Port Stanley, it was essential that the high ground around the capital was taken. This included Mount Longdon, Wireless Ridge and Cortley Ridge.<br />
<br />
Of these objectives, 3 PARA was tasked with taking Mount Longdon on the night of June 11/12, to coincide with attacks on Two Sisters Mountain by Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Whitehead's 45 Commando and Mount Harriet by Lieutenant-Colonel Nick Vaux's 42 Commando.<br />
<br />
On June 10, Lieutenant Colonel Hew Pike gave his orders in the Regimental Headquarters at Estancia House for the attack on Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge. They were told to expect around 800 Argentinian soldiers from Lieutenant-Colonel Omar Giménez's 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment ''La Plata'' defending the positions who were well dug in and provided with artillery cover from 18 Argentine 105mm Oto Melara howitzers from Lieutenant-Colonel Martín Balza's 3rd Artillery Group and a further 18 Oto Melaras near Government House from Lieutenant-Colonel Alberto Quevedo's 4th Airborne Artillery Group. In addition, the area had been heavily mined.<br />
<br />
Mount Longdon is a long narrow feature of rocky terrain, running from east to west with two summits. As a result of its geography only one company attacking could advance along it. The plan was that the rifle companies would be led to the start line at the stream, west of Mount Longdon by members of D (Patrol) Company. The start line would be known as ‘Free Kick’.<br />
<br />
Major Mike Argue's B Company, on the right would take the two summits named ‘Fly Half’ and ‘Full Back’ following the ridge line. Meanwhile, Major David Collett's A Company would be on the left to take ‘Wing Forward’, a spur running from the western side of the summit. C Company would seize 'Rough Diamond' before clearing the rest of Wireless Ridge.<br />
<br />
It was a silent approach until Corporal Brian Milne stepped on a land mine, which alerted 2nd Lieutenant Juan Baldini's 1st Rifle Platoon (B Company 7th Regiment ''La Plata'') to the attack. At this point the Argentinian sentries opened fire and fierce fighting ensued. Lieutenant Ian Bickerdicke's No. 4 Platoon took the brunt of the enemy machine-gun fire, with several killed and wounded, including the Platoon Commander and Platoon Sergeant. Sergeant Des Fuller, therefore, took command of the remnants of 4 Platoon and moved forward to attack a Marine heavy machine gun position up a steep slope. It was whilst engaging this position that Sergeant McKay was killed in action. He would later receive a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] for his actions.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, A Company was attacking from the northern side of Mount Longdon. They were coming under heavy, sustained and accurate fire from Staff Sergeant Raúl González's 2nd Rifle Platoon and so the decision was made by Pike to withdraw them from that position. Instead they were to move through B Company and take ‘Full Back’. With Major Argue having finally taken the western peak, Major Collett's A Company moved eastwards, under heavy from Argentinian reinforcements in the form of First Lieutenant Raúl Castañeda's 1st Rifle Platoon (C Company 7th Regiment), before taking the eastern peak.<br />
<br />
Mount Longdon was secure by 09.30 am on June 12. By this time, 3 PARA had been fighting for 12 hours and they would remain under heavy fire for a further 48 hours from Marine Artillery Observation Officers and Mortar Fire Controllers (MFCs) on Mount Tumbledown. During this period an additional four British Paratroopers were killed in action and several more wounded or injured.<br />
<br />
19-year-old Private Grant Grinham, badly wounded in the action, in an interview with the ''Leicester Mercury'' in 2017, reported that the Argentinian conscripts had fought well:{{cquote|Those Argentinian lads on Mount Longdon fought their hearts out. They were determined defenders. The battle was in the balance. We fought for every inch of ground. The Heavy Machine Gunners were regular Marines and their confidence was high. They were armed with .50-cal machine guns which would stop a car, and were well up for the fight. They're a big heavy weapon, mostly used in an anti-aircraft role. It was a formidable defensive weapon for us to engage. They also had snipers all along Mount Longdon who were very accurate. They had night sights and were far superior to anything we had - contrary to reports. It was a very difficult battle.<ref>[http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/the-falklands-war-paratrooper-lost-a-leg-and-saw-friends-killed-but-would-do-it-all-again/story-30241617-detail/story.html The Falklands War: Paratrooper 'lost a leg and saw friends killed but would do it all again']</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The night battle and retaliatory artillery bombardment cost the British Paras 23 killed and about 70 wounded.<ref>''"We'd lost something like twenty-two guys up to that point, dead, but three times more than that were wounded."'' Bloody Hell: The Price Soldiers Pay, Daniel Hallock, pg. 60, Plough Publishing House, 1999</ref><ref>''"Our battalion had lost twenty-three men there, with more than sixty wounded."'' Forward Into Hell, Vincent Bramley, John Blake Publishing</ref><br />
<br />
==Wireless Ridge==<br />
<br />
Briefly under command of Brigadier Tony Wilon's 5 Infantry Brigade, elements of 2 PARA conducted a helicopter insertion deep behind forward [[Argentinian Army]] Special Forces patrols and [[Argentinian Air Force]]'s Observation Posts (OPs) on 2 June. They liberated the settlements of Bluff Cove and Fitzroy, opening a southern flank of operations. On the night of June 13/14 2 PARA deployed 3 PARA and, supported by British lights and [[Royal Navy warships]], attacked Wireless Ridge. Argentinian artillery responded vigorously and the Argentinian Land Forces Commander, Brigadier-General [[Oscar Luis Jofré]] sent Major Guillermo Rubén Berazay's A Company (3rd Mechanized Infantry Regiment ''La Tablada'') west of Stanley Racecourse to counterattack Wireless Ridge. However, this stronghold again was secure by first light and shortly afterwards Argentinian resistance collapsed. Both British battalions followed up and were the first troops to enter Port Stanley.<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
<br />
The Battles of Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge cost the British 1st Parachute Regiment and supporting Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Squadron (SBS) 26 dead, and 130 requiring CASEVAC (evacuation of casualties by air). Argentinean casualties were fifty-six killed, 245 wounded a 100 taken prisoner.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:War]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:British History]]<br />
[[Category:1980s]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Battles_of_Mount_Longdon_and_Wireless_Ridge&diff=1404796Battles of Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge2018-02-16T23:42:47Z<p>Firestarter: /* Mount Longdon */</p>
<hr />
<div>Following [[Operation Rosario (Falklands/Malvinas War)]], the Argentinian occupation of the Falkland Islands in April 1982, the 2nd and 3rd British Parachute Battalions (2 and 3 PARA) were deployed as part of [[3 Commando Brigade]] to retake the Islands in [[Operation Corporate]]. <br />
<br />
==Mount Longdon==<br />
<br />
Having landed at Port San Carlos on May 21, 3 PARA marched across the East Falkland via Teal Inlet to the sheep farm settlement of Estancia House from where they began to send out patrols to harass the defenders and map out the area around Mount Longdon situated to the north west of [[Port Stanley]], the capital of the Islands.<br />
<br />
Before the British 3rd and 5th Brigades could retake Port Stanley, it was essential that the high ground around the capital was taken. This included Mount Longdon, Wireless Ridge and Cortley Ridge.<br />
<br />
Of these objectives, 3 PARA was tasked with taking Mount Longdon on the night of June 11/12, to coincide with attacks on Two Sisters Mountain by Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Whitehead's 45 Commando and Mount Harriet by Lieutenant-Colonel Nick Vaux's 42 Commando.<br />
<br />
On June 10, Lieutenant Colonel Hew Pike gave his orders in the Regimental Headquarters at Estancia House for the attack on Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge. They were told to expect around 800 Argentinian soldiers from Lieutenant-Colonel Omar Giménez's 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment ''La Plata'' defending the positions who were well dug in and provided with artillery cover from 18 Argentine 105mm Oto Melara howitzers from Lieutenant-Colonel Martín Balza's 3rd Artillery Group and a further 18 Oto Melaras near Government House from Lieutenant-Colonel Alberto Quevedo's 4th Airborne Artillery Group. In addition, the area had been heavily mined.<br />
<br />
Mount Longdon is a long narrow feature of rocky terrain, running from east to west with two summits. As a result of its geography only one company attacking could advance along it. The plan was that the rifle companies would be led to the start line at the stream, west of Mount Longdon by members of D (Patrol) Company. The start line would be known as ‘Free Kick’.<br />
<br />
Major Mike Argue's B Company, on the right would take the two summits named ‘Fly Half’ and ‘Full Back’ following the ridge line. Meanwhile, Major David Collett's A Company would be on the left to take ‘Wing Forward’, a spur running from the western side of the summit. C Company would seize 'Rough Diamond' before clearing the rest of Wireless Ridge.<br />
<br />
It was a silent approach until Corporal Brian Milne stepped on a land mine, which alerted 2nd Lieutenant Juan Baldini's 1st Rifle Platoon (B Company 7th Regiment ''La Plata'') to the attack. At this point the Argentinian sentries opened fire and fierce fighting ensued. Lieutenant Ian Bickerdicke's No. 4 Platoon took the brunt of the enemy machine-gun fire, with several killed and wounded, including the Platoon Commander and Platoon Sergeant. Sergeant Des Fuller, therefore, took command of the remnants of 4 Platoon and moved forward to attack a Marine heavy machine gun position up a steep slope. It was whilst engaging this position that Sergeant McKay was killed in action. He would later receive a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] for his actions.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, A Company was attacking from the northern side of Mount Longdon. They were coming under heavy, sustained and accurate fire from Staff Sergeant Raúl González's 2nd Rifle Platoon and so the decision was made by Pike to withdraw them from that position. Instead they were to move through B Company and take ‘Full Back’. With Major Argue having finally taken the western peak, Major Collett's A Company moved eastwards, under heavy from Argentinian reinforcements in the form of First Lieutenant Raúl Castañeda's 1st Rifle Platoon (C Company 7th Regiment), before taking the eastern peak.<br />
<br />
Mount Longdon was secure by 09.30 am on June 12. By this time, 3 PARA had been fighting for 12 hours and they would remain under heavy fire for a further 48 hours from Marine Artillery Observation Officers and Mortar Fire Controllers (MFCs) on Mount Tumbledown. During this period an additional four British Paratroopers were killed in action and several more wounded or injured.<br />
<br />
19-year-old Private Grant Grinham, badly wounded in the action, in an interview with the ''Leicester Mercury'' in 2017, reported that the Argentinian conscripts had fought well:{{cquote|Those Argentinian lads on Mount Longdon fought their hearts out. They were determined defenders. The battle was in the balance. We fought for every inch of ground. The Heavy Machine Gunners were regular Marines and their confidence was high. They were armed with .50-cal machine guns which would stop a car, and were well up for the fight. They're a big heavy weapon, mostly used in an anti-aircraft role. It was a formidable defensive weapon for us to engage. They also had snipers all along Mount Longdon who were very accurate. They had night sights and were far superior to anything we had - contrary to reports. It was a very difficult battle.<ref>[http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/the-falklands-war-paratrooper-lost-a-leg-and-saw-friends-killed-but-would-do-it-all-again/story-30241617-detail/story.html The Falklands War: Paratrooper 'lost a leg and saw friends killed but would do it all again']</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The night battle and retaliatory artillery bombardment cost the British Paras 23 killed and 70 wounded.<ref>''"We'd lost something like twenty-two guys up to that point, dead, but three times more than that were wounded."'' Bloody Hell: The Price Soldiers Pay, Daniel Hallock, pg. 60, Plough Publishing House, 1999</ref><br />
<br />
==Wireless Ridge==<br />
<br />
Briefly under command of Brigadier Tony Wilon's 5 Infantry Brigade, elements of 2 PARA conducted a helicopter insertion deep behind forward [[Argentinian Army]] Special Forces patrols and [[Argentinian Air Force]]'s Observation Posts (OPs) on 2 June. They liberated the settlements of Bluff Cove and Fitzroy, opening a southern flank of operations. On the night of June 13/14 2 PARA deployed 3 PARA and, supported by British lights and [[Royal Navy warships]], attacked Wireless Ridge. Argentinian artillery responded vigorously and the Argentinian Land Forces Commander, Brigadier-General [[Oscar Luis Jofré]] sent Major Guillermo Rubén Berazay's A Company (3rd Mechanized Infantry Regiment ''La Tablada'') west of Stanley Racecourse to counterattack Wireless Ridge. However, this stronghold again was secure by first light and shortly afterwards Argentinian resistance collapsed. Both British battalions followed up and were the first troops to enter Port Stanley.<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
<br />
The Battles of Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge cost the British 1st Parachute Regiment and supporting Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Squadron (SBS) 26 dead, and 130 requiring CASEVAC (evacuation of casualties by air). Argentinean casualties were fifty-six killed, 245 wounded a 100 taken prisoner.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:War]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:British History]]<br />
[[Category:1980s]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Battles_of_Mount_Longdon_and_Wireless_Ridge&diff=1404795Battles of Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge2018-02-16T23:39:19Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>Following [[Operation Rosario (Falklands/Malvinas War)]], the Argentinian occupation of the Falkland Islands in April 1982, the 2nd and 3rd British Parachute Battalions (2 and 3 PARA) were deployed as part of [[3 Commando Brigade]] to retake the Islands in [[Operation Corporate]]. <br />
<br />
==Mount Longdon==<br />
<br />
Having landed at Port San Carlos on May 21, 3 PARA marched across the East Falkland via Teal Inlet to the sheep farm settlement of Estancia House from where they began to send out patrols to harass the defenders and map out the area around Mount Longdon situated to the north west of [[Port Stanley]], the capital of the Islands.<br />
<br />
Before the British 3rd and 5th Brigades could retake Port Stanley, it was essential that the high ground around the capital was taken. This included Mount Longdon, Wireless Ridge and Cortley Ridge.<br />
<br />
Of these objectives, 3 PARA was tasked with taking Mount Longdon on the night of June 11/12, to coincide with attacks on Two Sisters Mountain by Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Whitehead's 45 Commando and Mount Harriet by Lieutenant-Colonel Nick Vaux's 42 Commando.<br />
<br />
On June 10, Lieutenant Colonel Hew Pike gave his orders in the Regimental Headquarters at Estancia House for the attack on Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge. They were told to expect around 800 Argentinian soldiers from Lieutenant-Colonel Omar Giménez's 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment ''La Plata'' defending the positions who were well dug in and provided with artillery cover from 18 Argentine 105mm Oto Melara howitzers from Lieutenant-Colonel Martín Balza's 3rd Artillery Group and a further 18 Oto Melaras near Government House from Lieutenant-Colonel Alberto Quevedo's 4th Airborne Artillery Group. In addition, the area had been heavily mined.<br />
<br />
Mount Longdon is a long narrow feature of rocky terrain, running from east to west with two summits. As a result of its geography only one company attacking could advance along it. The plan was that the rifle companies would be led to the start line at the stream, west of Mount Longdon by members of D (Patrol) Company. The start line would be known as ‘Free Kick’.<br />
<br />
Major Mike Argue's B Company, on the right would take the two summits named ‘Fly Half’ and ‘Full Back’ following the ridge line. Meanwhile, Major David Collett's A Company would be on the left to take ‘Wing Forward’, a spur running from the western side of the summit. C Company would seize 'Rough Diamond' before clearing the rest of Wireless Ridge.<br />
<br />
It was a silent approach until Corporal Brian Milne stepped on a land mine, which alerted 2nd Lieutenant Juan Baldini's 1st Rifle Platoon (B Company 7th Regiment ''La Plata'') to the attack. At this point the Argentinian sentries opened fire and fierce fighting ensued. Lieutenant Ian Bickerdicke's No. 4 Platoon took the brunt of the enemy machine-gun fire, with several killed and wounded, including the Platoon Commander and Platoon Sergeant. Sergeant Des Fuller, therefore, took command of the remnants of 4 Platoon and moved forward to attack a Marine heavy machine gun position up a steep slope. It was whilst engaging this position that Sergeant McKay was killed in action. He would later receive a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] for his actions.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, A Company was attacking from the northern side of Mount Longdon. They were coming under heavy, sustained and accurate fire from Staff Sergeant Raúl González's 2nd Rifle Platoon and so the decision was made by Pike to withdraw them from that position. Instead they were to move through B Company and take ‘Full Back’. With Major Argue having finally taken the western peak, Major Collett's A Company moved eastwards, under heavy from Argentinian reinforcements in the form of First Lieutenant Raúl Castañeda's 1st Rifle Platoon (C Company 7th Regiment), before taking the eastern peak.<br />
<br />
Mount Longdon was secure by 09.30 am on June 12. By this time, 3 PARA had been fighting for 12 hours and they would remain under heavy fire for a further 48 hours from Marine Artillery Observation Officers and Mortar Fire Controllers (MFCs) on Mount Tumbledown. During this period an additional four British Paratroopers were killed in action and several more wounded or injured.<br />
<br />
19-year-old Private Grant Grinham, badly wounded in the action, in an interview with the ''Leicester Mercury'' in 2017, reported that the Argentinian conscripts had fought well:{{cquote|Those Argentinian lads on Mount Longdon fought their hearts out. They were determined defenders. The battle was in the balance. We fought for every inch of ground. The Heavy Machine Gunners were regular Marines and their confidence was high. They were armed with .50-cal machine guns which would stop a car, and were well up for the fight. They're a big heavy weapon, mostly used in an anti-aircraft role. It was a formidable defensive weapon for us to engage. They also had snipers all along Mount Longdon who were very accurate. They had night sights and were far superior to anything we had - contrary to reports. It was a very difficult battle.<ref>[http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/the-falklands-war-paratrooper-lost-a-leg-and-saw-friends-killed-but-would-do-it-all-again/story-30241617-detail/story.html The Falklands War: Paratrooper 'lost a leg and saw friends killed but would do it all again']</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The night battle and retaliatory artillery bombardment cost the British Paras 23 killed and 70 wounded.<br />
<br />
==Wireless Ridge==<br />
<br />
Briefly under command of Brigadier Tony Wilon's 5 Infantry Brigade, elements of 2 PARA conducted a helicopter insertion deep behind forward [[Argentinian Army]] Special Forces patrols and [[Argentinian Air Force]]'s Observation Posts (OPs) on 2 June. They liberated the settlements of Bluff Cove and Fitzroy, opening a southern flank of operations. On the night of June 13/14 2 PARA deployed 3 PARA and, supported by British lights and [[Royal Navy warships]], attacked Wireless Ridge. Argentinian artillery responded vigorously and the Argentinian Land Forces Commander, Brigadier-General [[Oscar Luis Jofré]] sent Major Guillermo Rubén Berazay's A Company (3rd Mechanized Infantry Regiment ''La Tablada'') west of Stanley Racecourse to counterattack Wireless Ridge. However, this stronghold again was secure by first light and shortly afterwards Argentinian resistance collapsed. Both British battalions followed up and were the first troops to enter Port Stanley.<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
<br />
The Battles of Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge cost the British 1st Parachute Regiment and supporting Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Squadron (SBS) 26 dead, and 130 requiring CASEVAC (evacuation of casualties by air). Argentinean casualties were fifty-six killed, 245 wounded a 100 taken prisoner.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:War]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:British History]]<br />
[[Category:1980s]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404792Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T23:21:18Z<p>Firestarter: /* Falklands/Malvinas War */</p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel '''Carlos Carrizo Salvadores''' (born 7 August 1942) is a former commanding officer in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later served as police chief of Jujuy Province in [[Argentina]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
Officer Cadet Carrizo Salvadores entered the Colegio Militar de la Nación in 1959 and was commissioned into the Argentinian Army in 1962, as an infantry second lieutenant. Having been promoted to captain in 1974, he had passed paratroop qualification as a lieutenant for the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade and undertook service in the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment.<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (a company commander) took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment, in order to steal the weaponry and capture and/or execute the officers present, but were either killed in battle or shortly afterwards executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11–12 June 1982, during the [[Falklands/Malvinas War]], when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon. During the [[Battles of Mount Longdon and Wireless Ridge]], British Paratroopers had to fight from one rock to another, taking casualties at every turn in what is still the bloodiest British ground battle since Korea.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001, and October 13, 2003, during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista in Jujuy Province, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police. During that period, several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However, during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed. The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight." According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19-year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404791Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T23:19:07Z<p>Firestarter: /* Rosario chapel Massacre */</p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel '''Carlos Carrizo Salvadores''' (born 7 August 1942) is a former commanding officer in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later served as police chief of Jujuy Province in [[Argentina]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
Officer Cadet Carrizo Salvadores entered the Colegio Militar de la Nación in 1959 and was commissioned into the Argentinian Army in 1962, as an infantry second lieutenant. Having been promoted to captain in 1974, he had passed paratroop qualification as a lieutenant for the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade and undertook service in the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment.<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (a company commander) took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment, in order to steal the weaponry and capture and/or execute the officers present, but were either killed in battle or shortly afterwards executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11–12 June 1982, during the [[Falklands/Malvinas War]], when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon. During the Battle of Mount Longdon, British Paratroopers had to fight from one rock to another, taking casualties at every turn in what is still the bloodiest British battle since Korea.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001, and October 13, 2003, during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista in Jujuy Province, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police. During that period, several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However, during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed. The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight." According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19-year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404790Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T23:16:08Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel '''Carlos Carrizo Salvadores''' (born 7 August 1942) is a former commanding officer in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later served as police chief of Jujuy Province in [[Argentina]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
Officer Cadet Carrizo Salvadores entered the Colegio Militar de la Nación in 1959 and was commissioned into the Argentinian Army in 1962, as an infantry second lieutenant. Having been promoted to captain in 1974, he had passed paratroop qualification as a lieutenant for the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade and undertook service in the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment.<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment, in order to steal the weaponry and capture and/or execute the officers present, but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11–12 June 1982, during the [[Falklands/Malvinas War]], when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon. During the Battle of Mount Longdon, British Paratroopers had to fight from one rock to another, taking casualties at every turn in what is still the bloodiest British battle since Korea.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001, and October 13, 2003, during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista in Jujuy Province, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police. During that period, several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However, during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed. The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight." According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19-year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Military Commanders]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404788Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T23:12:55Z<p>Firestarter: /* Military career */</p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (born 7 August 1942) is a former company commander in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later a police chief in Jujuy Province of Argentina.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
Officer Cadet Carrizo Salvadores entered the Colegio Militar de la Nación in 1959 and was commissioned into the Argentinian Army in 1962, as an infantry second lieutenant. Having been promoted to captain in 1974, he had passed paratroop qualification as a lieutenant for the 4th Airborne Infantry Brigade and undertook service in the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment.<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment, in order to steal the weaponry and capture and/or execute the officers present, but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11-12 June 1982 when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon.<br />
During the Battle of Mount Longdon, British Paratroopers had to fight from one rock to another, taking casualties at every turn in what is still the bloodiest British battle since Korea.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001 and October 13, 2003 during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista in Jujuy Province, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police. During that period, several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed. The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight." According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19 year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404787Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T23:00:49Z<p>Firestarter: /* Chief of Police of Jujuy */</p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (born 7 August 1942) is a former company commander in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later a police chief in Jujuy Province of Argentina.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment, in order to steal the weaponry and capture and/or execute the officers present, but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11-12 June 1982 when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon.<br />
During the Battle of Mount Longdon, British Paratroopers had to fight from one rock to another, taking casualties at every turn in what is still the bloodiest British battle since Korea.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001 and October 13, 2003 during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista in Jujuy Province, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police. During that period, several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed. The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight." According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19 year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404786Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T22:54:19Z<p>Firestarter: /* Falklands/Malvinas War */</p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (born 7 August 1942) is a former company commander in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later a police chief in Jujuy Province of Argentina.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment, in order to steal the weaponry and capture and/or execute the officers present, but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11-12 June 1982 when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon.<br />
During the Battle of Mount Longdon, British Paratroopers had to fight from one rock to another, taking casualties at every turn in what is still the bloodiest British battle since Korea.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001 and October 13, 2003 during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police of Jujuy. During that period of unrest several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed (The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight"). According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19 year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404783Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T22:49:41Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (born 7 August 1942) is a former company commander in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later a police chief in Jujuy Province of Argentina.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment, in order to steal the weaponry and capture and/or execute the officers present, but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11-12 June 1982 when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001 and October 13, 2003 during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police of Jujuy. During that period of unrest several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed (The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight"). According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19 year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404781Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T22:48:51Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (born 7 August 1944) is a former company commander in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later a police chief in Jujuy Province of Argentina.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Military career==<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment, in order to steal the weaponry and capture and/or execute the officers present, but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11-12 June 1982 when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001 and October 13, 2003 during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police of Jujuy. During that period of unrest several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed (The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight"). According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19 year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404777Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T22:43:37Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (born 7 August 1944) is a former company commander in the Argentinian 20th Infantry Regiment and later a police chief in Jujuy Province of Argentina.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11-12 June 1982 when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon.<br />
<br />
==Commander of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named Commanding Officer of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001 and October 13, 2003 during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police of Jujuy. During that period of unrest several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed (The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight"). According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19 year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404774Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T22:41:39Z<p>Firestarter: /* Later career */</p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (born 7 August 1944) is a former company commander in the Argentinian 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment and later a police commandant in Jujuy Province of Argentina.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11-12 June 1982 when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon.<br />
<br />
==Commanding Officer of the 20th Regiment==<br />
<br />
On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named commander of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
<br />
==Chief of Police of Jujuy==<br />
<br />
Between December 31, 2001 and October 13, 2003 during the government of Eduardo Fellner of the Partido Justicialista, Carrizo Salvadores was named Chief of Police of Jujuy. During that period of unrest several left-wing militants would end up detained under orders of Carrizo Salvadores. Seven of the 24 detainees were charged with causing damage to property, causing serious injuries and resisting arrest. However during his period as police chief, a militant, Cristian Gabriel Ibáñez was killed (The head of Regional Unit Four, commissioner Raúl Aparicio, would claim that the deceased had been imprisoned for "having participated in a fight"). According to The official version of the Jujuy police, Ibáñez (a militant of the CCC) was found hanged in his cell at the 39th Police Station in the Jujuy city of Libertador General San Martin after being arrested for "drunkenness and disorderly behaviour". The reported suicide of Ibáñez emboldened hundreds of citizens to take to the streets in the early hours of October 10, 2003 clashing with police, destroying the police station and setting fire to two trucks, a car and an ambulance. While returning from visiting his girlfriend, 19 year-old Luis Marcelo Cuellar, stopped to observe the clashes that were taking place near the 39th Police Station and was shot in the stomach. He was rushed to the Ledesma Clinic but was pronounced dead on arrival. His aunt, Elida, claimed that Cuellar did not participate in the street protests. As a result, Carrizo resigned from his position in order to facilitate with the investigations taking place following the Libertador General San Martín violent street protests.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404769Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T22:17:07Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
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<div>Retired colonel Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (born 7 August 1944) is a former company commander in the Argentinian 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment and later a police commandant in Jujuy Province of Argentina.<br />
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==Early life==<br />
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Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
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==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
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Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
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==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
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Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11-12 June 1982 when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon.<br />
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==Later career==<br />
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On December 7, 1987, Colonel Carrizo Salvadores was named commander of the 20th "Los Cazadores de los Andes" Infantry Regiment in San Salvador de Jujuy, replacing Colonel Fernando Marcelo Zarraga. On February 10, 1989, Carrizo Salvadores and Military Chaplain César Lovaglio presided over a religious-military ceremony in remembrance of the regiment's dead during Operation Independence. Lovaglio in his homage would state that the operation was a "heroic deed of our glorious Argentine Army, which culminated in the total defeat of the enemy of the Fatherland: Marxism."<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarterhttps://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Carlos_Carrizo_Salvadores&diff=1404762Carlos Carrizo Salvadores2018-02-16T22:09:04Z<p>Firestarter: </p>
<hr />
<div>Retired colonel Carlos Carrizo Salvadores (born 7 August 1944) is a former company commander in the Argentinian 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment and later a police commandant in Jujuy Province of Argentina.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Carrizo Salvadores was born on 7 August 1944 in San Miguel de Tucumán and lived in Catamarca, as a child. He was educated at Colegio Belgrano.<br />
<br />
==Rosario chapel Massacre==<br />
<br />
Between August 10 and 12 in 1974, Captain Carlos Carrizo Salvadores took part in the gun-battles that later became known as the ''Masacre de Capilla del Rosario''. Some 16 Marxist guerrillas of the People's Revolutionary Army (''Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo'' or ERP) had planned to overrun the peacetime barracks of the 17th Airborne Infantry Regiment but were either killed in battle or executed for wearing Argentinian Army uniforms.<br />
<br />
==Falklands/Malvinas War==<br />
<br />
Major Carlos Carrizo Salvadores distinguished himself on 11-12 June 1982 when, as Second-in-Command of the 7th Mechanized Infantry Regiment, he defended Mount Longdon.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrizo Salvadores, Carlos}}<br />
[[Category:Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:Wars]]</div>Firestarter