Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Póg Mahone

2026-10-17T11:57:35Z

GiovanniCablami:

'''Póg Mahone''' was an Irish illegal immigrant and gang leader who gained infamy following his arrest where he claimed that the atheist movement helped him get into the country by deliberately focusing on woke culture war propaganda instead of the border crisis.<ref>Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Vol. XIV, No. 3, 1908, pp. 202-204.</ref> He also led the 1854 Irish Gang War. </ref>O’Connor, T. (1894). ''Chronicles of the Munster Underworld''. Cork University Press, pp. 112-115.</ref> Born in Vivache, Mexico, he was raised by radical leftist parents Croí Mahone and mother Anita Doctor.

He is an icon to crazed lunatic socialists who have been called threats to American society by right wing media outlets like The True News and podcaster David Ben Ten. Mahone also used the pen name “Mark Farney”.
[[File:Mark Farney.png|thumb|“Farney” in 1852]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

User talk:GiovanniCablami

2026-10-17T11:32:14Z

GiovanniCablami:

{{greeting
|username=DavidB4
|sig=
}}

Thanks for your contributions! When you get a chance, would you please add some supporting references to the new page [[Póg Mahone]]‎? --[[User:DavidB4|DavidB4]] ([[User talk:DavidB4|TALK]]) 07:25, October 17, 2026 (EDT)
:Also, especially when posting politically questionable and/or accusatory statements, you need to back those up with quality references as well. --[[User:DavidB4|DavidB4]] ([[User talk:DavidB4|TALK]]) 07:27, October 17, 2026 (EDT)

Thanks David! I believe a prankster friend may have accessed my account and made an edit to the Epstein page. If an edit shows up there about our President, just delete it. Friends, am I right? Won’t happen again, I assure you.
From, Giovanni Cablami

RMS Titanic

2026-10-17T11:51:14Z

GiovanniCablami: Radio didn’t exist, it was Marconi wireless. Calmer seas make it harder to spot icebergs due to the lack of foam or waves crashing against the iceberg, coal fires were extremely common and it had little to no effect in the ship. For more, I recommend Oc

{{Ship
| name=R.M.S. ''Titanic''
| image=Rms2.jpg
| flag=Government Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg
| flag-caption=Merchant Navy (UK - RNR)
| port=[[Liverpool]], [[England]]
| owner=White Star Line
| built=Harland & Wolff Shipyard [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| authorized=July 31, 1908
| keellaid=March 22, 1909
| launched=May 31, 1911
| retired=
| status=Sunk after iceberg collision April 15, 1912
| type=Ocean liner ''Olympic''-class
| displ=66,000 (max)
| length=882.75 ft.
| beam=92.5 ft.
| draft=34 ft. 7 in.
| speed=cruising:21 knots max:23.75 knots
| test=
| armament=
| crew=891
| pass=1,317 (maiden voyage) First-class: 324 Second-class: 285 Third-class: 708
|}
}}
'''[[R.M.S.]] ''Titanic''''' was a luxury passenger ship that sank after striking an iceberg on the night of April 14, 1912, while on its maiden voyage from [[Southampton]], [[England]], to [[New York City]], resulting in the deaths of 1,517 passengers and crew. This disaster became the topic of the third-highest-revenue movie, plays, literature, and scientific scrutiny. Nine [[unborn child]]ren survived the sinking,<ref>https://www.titanicpages.com/pregnant</ref> including John Jacob Astor VI,<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8146282/john-jacob-astor</ref> whose father was the wealthiest passenger aboard and wanted his child to be born in the [[United States]]. '''''See [[Unborn on the Titanic]]'''''.

'''''This tragedy produced inspiring examples of self-sacrifice, [[chivalry]], and [[faith]]'''''. The men on board, including several of the wealthiest in the world, intentionally gave up their lives for others. "All Second Class children were saved, along with 86% of their women, but only 8.33% of their menfolk."<ref name="Lifeboat">https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/the-average-lifeboat.html</ref> The band played on in a triumph of mind over matter as the ship sank.<ref>https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/last-song/</ref> The tragedy was [[prophet|prophesied]] by a novel published 15 years earlier, ''The Wreck of the Titan''. A preacher, who gave his life, continued to convert others to [[Christianity]] as he swam in the frigid water.<ref>http://www.bpnews.net/37601</ref>

As the ''Titanic'' sank, every life mattered, and the most vulnerable received the greatest protection, except those who were in the lower decks of the ship. http://time.com/money/4214764/income-inequality-titanic/ Most of the unborn children on the ''Titanic'' were saved and survived.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/children-on-titanic/</ref>

Not all the lifeboats were used (only 18 out of 20 as the two collapsible lifeboats capsized in the water), many were only partially filled due to initial miscommunication on the night of the disaster, and if the neighboring ''Californian'' had simply responded to the distress signals then all could have been saved. Yet [[liberal]]s exploited the tragedy to require excessive lifeboats and demand more regulations. The ''[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]'''s entry about the Titanic is devoted mostly to dry speculation about the cause of its sinking, rather than the dramatic [[chivalry]] and heroism.

==Description==
''Titanic'' was built to sail the highly-competitive North [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] route by White Star Line. Its chief competitor was Cunard, whose vessels recently garnered attention for their speed and luxury. Designed and built by the Belfast firm Harland and Wolff, ''Titanic'' was at the time of her launch and outfitting the largest ship afloat: its gross tonnage was 46,329 tons, and displaced 66,000 tons fully-laden; it was 882.5 feet long and 92.5 feet across the beam. For safety, it was built with a double-bottom hull, which was further divided into sixteen watertight compartments, which would not affect the ship's stability if four were flooded.

==Flag==
[[British]] merchant vessels normally fly the Red Ensign. However, as the captain and at least 12 crew were members of the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR), a special warrant was issued to fly the Blue Ensign.<ref>http://www.nava.org/Flag%20Information/articles/Titantic/titanic.htm</ref> RMS means "Royal Mail Ship", which means it was licensed to carry mail for the British Post Office.

==Maiden voyage==
''Titanic'' left Southampton on April 10, 1912, picking up additional passengers at Cherbourg, France, and Queenstown (now Cobh), Ireland, before heading out into the Atlantic.

==The sinking==

A later investigation discovered numerous freakish errors, the avoidance of any one of which would have averted the sinking. The [[liberal media]] blamed the tragedy on failure to follow prudent safety procedures, but human error and bizarre mishaps played the greatest role.

Traveling at high speed<ref>One documentary argues that the ''Titanic'' was speeding due to an out-of-control coal fire, requiring the coal to be used quickly; the concern was that the ''Titanic'' would run out of fuel before reaching New York, which would be an embarrassment to a company already having financial problems. However, this is seen as false history as there was plenty of coal on the ship as was standard jn the shipping industry. https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/community/threads/titanics-proposed-coal-consumption.17843/ </ref> (after receiving repeated warnings concerning the presence of icebergs), the ''Titanic'' had the customary number of lifeboats but not enough to carry all passengers at the same time. The prevailing theory at the time was that the lifeboats would ferry passengers to a nearby rescue ship and then come back to pick up more people. This might have worked if not for the fact that the ''Titanic'' sank unusually quickly, and that the ''Californian'', which was in range to effect a rescue, was not listening to its Marconi Wireless system. Subsequent regulations included requiring lifeboats to hold every passenger, and that Marconi operators on all ships monitor the airwaves constantly.

On April 14, the ''Titanic'''s wireless operators received seven iceberg warnings, but the ship continued sailing through the North Atlantic at 23 knots. Conditions were clear and the water was calm, which was worse for the Titanic because the lack of waves prevented water from breaking against the base of icebergs, removing crucial white foam or whitecaps that would have made the ice visible in the dark. https://wgme.com/news/local/titanic-tragedy-how-a-perfect-storm-of-weather-conditions-sealed-the-ships-fate
At 11:40 p.m., while sailing 400 miles off the coast of [[Newfoundland]], lookout Frederick Fleet spotted a large iceberg directly ahead of the ship, and alerted the bridge, calling "Iceberg, right ahead!" First Officer William McMaster Murdoch ordered the engines stopped and reversed, and ordered the tiller hard to starboard. The large ship could not slow down and turn quickly enough and its starboard side hit the iceberg, resulting in a long scrape below the waterline.<ref>http://www.cincymuseum.org/information_center/press_room/titanic/sinking_timeline.asp</ref>Had the ship actually hit the iceberg directly, it probably wouldn't have capsized.<ref>''Reader's Digest'' refering to [https://www.nist.gov/nist-time-capsule/nist-beneath-waves/nist-reveals-how-tiny-rivets-doomed-titanic-vessel "NIST reveals how tiny rivets doomed ''Titanic'' vessel"] (February 13, 2019). ''National Institute of Standards'' website.</ref>

The collision ruptured six watertight compartments on the starboard side, resulting in flooding of the bow, eventually flooding each watertight compartment. Water levels in the bow reached as high as 14 feet just 10 minutes after the impact with the iceberg.<ref>http://www.historyonthenet.com/Titanic/titanic_timeline.htm</ref>

At midnight, Captain Smith was informed that the ship was so badly damaged that it would stay afloat for just two more hours. Smith ordered wireless distress signals sent and for deckhands to begin loading lifeboats. Wireless operators Jack Phillips and Harold Bride began sending the standard CQD distress call, which was still in common use among British wireless operators, before switching to the newer SOS. Contrary to popular myth, ''Titanic'' was not the first ship in history to send the SOS distress signal.<ref>http://www.snopes.com/history/titanic/sos.asp</ref> Phillips did not survive, but Bride was picked up by the ''Carpathia'' and assisted the ''Carpathia'''s wireless operator in handling the huge amount of wireless traffic the next day. A dramatic account of his experience may be found at <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1912/04/19/archives/thrilling-story-by-titanics-surviving-wireless-man-bride-tells-how.html</ref>

The crew quickly began loading lifeboats, but at far less than capacity. The first lifeboat was launched with just 26 people on board, despite having room for 65. By the time the last lifeboat left the ship, 1500 people remained on board.

As the lifeboats disembarked, the bow continued filling with water and the stern of the ship was slowly lifted out of the water. Witnesses in lifeboats recalled seeing the stern lift to almost a 45-degree angle above the water before snapping in two between the third and fourth funnels and sinking at 2:20 am on April 15. The 706 survivors were rescued by the Cunard liner ''Carpathia'', which was more than 50 miles away when it first heard the distress calls; she arrived some eighty minutes after the Titanic went down.

==Passengers==
Several of the wealthiest and most prominent persons in the world were passengers on the Titanic for its prestigious maiden voyage. To their credit, they voluntarily went down with the ship and died rather than take a spot on a lifeboat from others. Men allowed women and children to go first in filling the lifeboats, and the men in second class sacrificed their lives in greater percentage of all.<ref>http://www.anesi.com/titanic.htm</ref>

Third-class passengers accounted for the bulk of the dead. Due to the size of the ship, many steerage passengers were unable to reach the deck to board lifeboats. There were also reports that crew members actively prevented steerage passengers from reaching the deck. Accordingly, death rates clearly differed based on class. Every child traveling in first class survived the sinking, while only 34 percent of third-class children did. Two percent of first-class females drowned, while over half of third-class women did not survive.<ref>http://www.anesi.com/titanic.htm</ref>

A full passenger list is available that highlights who survived and who did not.<ref>http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whoweare/exhibits/titanic/p2.htm</ref>

Prominent Americans who went down with the ship included Mr. Benjamin Guggenheim, of the family that donated the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art in New York City, Major Archibald Butt, a military aide to [[President Taft]], and Colonel J. J. Astor, whose great grandfather was the wealthiest American prior to the [[Civil War]]. Colonel J.J. Astor was an inventor and science fiction writer who helped build three great hotels in New York City: the Astoria (now the Waldorf-Astoria), the Knickerbocker, and the St. Regis.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/titanic/astor.html Astor]</ref>

The passengers included only one black man, an engineer from [[Haiti]] who saved his [[French]] wife and their children, while perishing with the ship himself.<ref>https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2012-04-10-ct-met-trice-titanic-0409-20120409-story.html</ref>

==Inquiries==
Inquiries conducted in both Great Britain and the [[United States]] determined a number of factors that contributed to the loss of the ship and passengers. The official hearings in the [[United States]] were initially conducted in what is now called the "Kennedy Caucus Room" in the Russell Senate Building, and was the first of many famous congressional hearings held in that room.<ref>https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/titanic.htm</ref> Public interest was so great in the hearing that had to be moved to a more controllable location.

The official investigations were taken over by pro-regulation types who saw only big government solutions, rather than determining the true causes of the loss of life. The investigations embraced a theory of a boat-long gash from an iceberg that was disproven decades later when the wreckage was found. The lack of full use of the available lifeboats was barely noticed by the biased, pro-regulation investigators.

The watertight compartments were designed without capping at the top; water filling the six ruptured compartments pulled the bow of the ship down far enough that water spilled over the top of the next compartment in line. ''Titanic'' also had 16 standard lifeboats and 4 collapsibles, with enough combined space to carry 1,178 passengers, far short of the 2,224 persons aboard; many of the lifeboats were lowered down the side only partially filled with passengers (many of those remaining on board initially believed the ship to be "unsinkable"). Although the number of lifeboats was determined to be inadequate,<ref>http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepRec.php#a2</ref> the Titanic had in actuality exceeded the British Board of Trade's lifeboat regulations, which had been written down for much smaller ships.
[[Image:Titanic.jpg|right]]

Inquiries also revealed a fatal design flaw in the ship's vaunted watertight compartments. The compartments were essentially cubical, requiring watertight seals on all six sides to keep water out. However, the compartments were open at the top, which meant that as one compartment flooded, it would spill over into the next, filling that up, and so on, much as one might fill an ice cube tray. The ship was also designed to be able to stay afloat with any five compartments flooded. The iceberg ruptured the first six compartments, essentially dooming the ship.<ref>http://www.titanic-titanic.com/titanic_watertight_compartments.shtml</ref>

Both inquiries also determined that part of the blame for the high loss of passengers rested with Captain Stanley Lord of the liner ''Californian'', which was stopped for the night by an ice field some twenty miles from ''Titanic''. The board members alleged that ''Californian'' could have aided ''Titanic'' had its radio operator been on duty after 11:00 pm, and able to hear its distress signals. Indeed, it was determined that officers on the bridge of the ''Californian'' had seen distress lights from what they considered to be a "large passenger steamer," keeping under observation until the lights vanished after 2:00 am, but doing nothing further than that.<ref>http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOTReport/BOTRepCalifornian.php</ref>

Another theory involved a pre-existing coal fire that erupted aboard ''Titanic''; the Titanic's speed was due to its attempts to use the fiery coal before it ran out; the routing through the icebergs was due to concern that the coal would run out before reaching port (leaving Titanic stranded at sea, a potentially embarrassing event for its maiden voyage). The coal fire, though, purportedly weakened the structure, causing the ship to split open (whereas, had there been no coal fire, it may not have sunk). Although the existence of a coal fire (a common occurrence due to spontaneous combustion) is true, most experts consider this a "conspiracy theory".

Of the passengers who went into the water, only six were pulled out alive, and only by efforts of surviving officers in several boats going through a sea of bodies. Hypothermia killed the remainder, as the water was about 29 degrees Fahrenheit. Many of those who perished came from wealthy, prominent families in [[Europe]] and [[America]], among them the heirs to the Straus fortune and the owners of Macy's department store in New York City. The disaster also had its heroes, such as the ship's band assembled on the stern to keep remaining passengers calm; and the "Unsinkable" Molly Brown, who forcibly took the tiller away from a rowboat crewman and forced everyone in her lifeboat to go back for people in the water.<ref>http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic_victims/</ref><ref>http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/manifest.php?q=5</ref>

As a result of the loss of ''Titanic'', in 1913 the first International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea was opened in London, England. Among the rules drawn up were requirements that each voyage hold lifeboat drills; that every ship have lifeboat space for each person on board; and that ships maintain a 24-hour radio watch. The International Ice Patrol was also created to keep watch on North Atlantic sea lanes and give ships adequate warnings of icebergs found. The United States Congress also passed the Wireless Ship Act in 1912; it stipulated that all vessels carrying more than 50 people and traveling more than two hundred miles off the coast carry a wireless capable of at least a 100-mile range.

==''Titanic'' found==
[[Image:5462536r.jpg|right|thumb|Titanic's bow as seen from the Russian MIR I submersible.]]
The wreck was found on September 1, 1985, at 41°46′ N 50°14′ W, under 13,000 feet of water, by an American/French team led by Dr. [[Robert Ballard]] of Woods Hole Institute and Jean-Louis Michel of Ifremer. Remote submersibles photographed the wreckage, which was in two pieces lying upright, confirming some witness accounts of the ship breaking in two at the surface. Further explorations by Ballard and Ifremer could not find evidence of a long gash caused by the iceberg and cited on the original reports; instead, it was postulated that a series of rivet popping combined with separation of seams and brittle fracturing in the hull plating allowed the water to rush in.

== Federal Reserve Conspiracy ==
Author G. Edward Griffin has brought to light that the sinking of the Titanic was a conspiracy by several powerful bankers in support of the Federal Reserve Act to silence several wealthy and politically influential Americans who were opposed to the act. This Act by extension would further distance the United States of America from the gold standard. A group of bankers which included J.P Morgan met on Jekyll Island to formulate the plot. Several wealthy Americans who were opponents to the Federal Reserve act including Jacob Aster, Benjamin Guggenheim and Isidor Straus were invited onto and aboard the Titanic when it sank. J.P Morgan was supposed to join them on the Titanic's maiden voyage but canceled his ticket the day before. Curiously no red (rescue) flares were aboard the Titanic to signal boats for rescue, only white (party) flares that would signal everything was OK. <ref>''The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve'', G. Edward Griffin</ref>

==In Popular Culture==
Books and novels have been written about the ''Titanic'' ever since its infamous sinking. The most well-known of these novels is ''A Night to Remember''. In 1997, director James Cameron produced the then-highest-grossing film in history, ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''. However, this film is inaccurate in several areas. For one thing, it depicted the men on board as cowardly. In real life, most of them willingly stood aside while the women and children got into the lifeboats. In the film, they had to be held back at gunpoint, and two were killed. It also showed an officer shooting himself in the head, and further depicts Captain Edward Smith dying in the wheelroom. This also is inaccurate, because several survivor accounts actually mention him swimming in the water, encouraging those clinging to a nearby capsized lifeboat before drowning.

The Titanic sinking was also eerily foreshadowed in an 1898 novel by Morgan Robertson, entitled ''The Wreck of the Titan.'' In the novel, a large, luxurious and "unsinkable" ocean liner called the ''Titan'' strikes an iceberg in the North Atlantic. The ship is carrying too few lifeboats, so many passengers drown or freeze in the ocean.<ref>http://www.titanic-titanic.com/wreck_of_the_titan_1.shtml</ref> The book is noted for its many similarities to the Titanic, including the name, the maiden voyage in April, the iceberg collision, the nautical position of the sinking (400 miles off the coast of Newfoundland) and the lack of lifeboats.

Two Titanic museums, featuring items from the ship, are located in [[Branson]], [[Missouri]] and in [[Pigeon Forge, Tennessee]]. In each, at the start of the tour, guests are given the name of a passenger aboard the ship; at the end the guests learn if they survived or perished.

The Christian publishing house [[Jack Chick|Chick Publications]] has used the ''Titanic'' in two of its tracts: ''[[Titanic (tract)|Titanic]]'' and ''[[Jenny (tract)|Jenny]]''.

== Titanic sisters ==
[[Image:WSL logo.gif|right|Logo]]
* RMS Olympic
* HMHS Britannic

The ''Olympic'' and ''Titanic'' were virtually identical ships, and there is a debunked theory that the Olympic was secretly switched to replace the ''Titanic''.<ref>https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-titanic-olympic-ship-switch-086691748061</ref> The sinking of the ''Titanic'' caused many changes to be made to ''Olympic'' as required by [[Great Britain]].

The three "Olympic-class" ocean liners were made on Belfast Ship Yards in [[Belfast]], Northern [[Ireland]] for The White Star Line.

RMS Olympic was the only ship of this line of vessels that had not sunk and which was eventually dismantled in 1935.

== Quote on the RMS Titanic sinking ==

''See also: [[There are no atheists on a sinking ship]] and [[There Are No Atheists In Foxholes|There are no atheists in foxholes]]''

George Orrell, who was the bandmaster on the RMS ''Carpathia'' (the rescue ship), observed:
{{Cquote|After [[Titanic]] struck the iceberg the band began to play bright music, dance music, comic songs – anything that would prevent the passengers from becoming panic-stricken…[however] various awe-stricken passengers began to think of the death that faced them and asked the bandmaster to play hymns. The one which appealed to all was ‘Nearer My God to Thee'.<ref>[https://mighty-warrior.org/2018/05/23/there-are-no-atheists-on-a-sinking-ship/ There are no atheists on a sinking ship]</ref>}}

== See also ==

*[[RMS Lusitania]]
*[[USS Indianapolis]]
*[[Titanic rescue]]
*[[Titan submersible]]

==References==

<References/>

==Further reading==
*Ballard, Robert D. ''The Discovery of the Titanic'' Warner Books, New York, (1995)
*Butler, Daniel Allen. ''Unsinkable: The Full Story of RMS Titanic'', Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA (1998).
*Collins, L. M. ''The Sinking of the Titanic: The Mystery Solved'' Souvenir Press, London (2003)
*Gardener, R & van der Vat, D ''The Riddle of the Titanic'' Orion, London (1995)
*Kentley, Eric. ''Discover the Titanic'', DK Inc, New York (1997)
*Lord, Walter. ''A Night to Remember'', Bantam, New York (1997).
*Lynch, Donald and Marschall, Ken. ''Titanic: An Illustrated History'', Hyperion, New York (1995)
*Marcus, Geoffrey. ''The Maiden Voyage'', Buccaneer Books, New York (1991)
*Pellegrino, Charles R. ''Her Name, Titanic'' Avon, New York (1990)
*Wade, Wyn Craig. ''The Titanic: End of a Dream.'' Penguin Books, New York (1986)
*Wels, Susan. ''Titanic: Legacy of the World's Greatest Ocean Liner'', Time-Life, New York (1997)

== External links==

*[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/USReport/AmInqRep03.php United States inquiry]
*[http://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOT01.php Great Britain inquiry]
*[http://www.titanichistoricalsociety.org Titanic Historical Society]
*[http://www.paullee.com/titanic/index.html Titanic essays and links]
*[http://titanic.deep-ice.com/ Titanic Archive]
*[http://www.titanic-titanic.com/ Titanic-Titanic.com]
*[http://www.titanic-online.com/ RMS Titanic, Inc] The official ''Titanic'' archive.
*[http://www.atlanticliners.com/titanic_home.htm ''Titanic Home'' at Atlantic Liners.]
*[http://news.titanic.org.uk/ Titanic News Headlines]
*[http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/ Encyclopedia Titanica]

==Video links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFrDhpzigug Only existing film of ''Titanic'' before sinking]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUNfjnbGdYI&feature=related Film taken onboard RMS ''Olympic'', showing ''Titanic's'' captain E.J. Smith]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEYqxTRQS-4&feature=related Film of SS ''Mackay Bennett arriving in Halifax harbor bearing bodies recovered from ''Titanic'' disaster]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQw5RglP5KA&feature=related ''Carpathia'' arriving in New York with survivors]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mjgp7-H-45A&NR=1 ''Titanic'' survivors, 1950's]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Titanic, RMS}}
[[Category:Ships]]
[[Category:Man-Made Disasters]]
[[Category:Ship Sinkings]]

Talk:Póg Mahone

2026-10-17T11:25:53Z

GiovanniCablami:

Hello, would you please add some supporting references to this article, when you get the chance? Thank you!--[[User:DavidB4|DavidB4]] ([[User talk:DavidB4|TALK]]) 07:22, October 17, 2026 (EDT)

Of course! I do have a busy day ahead as I am working for the campaign but when I get the chance I’ll put some in. God Bless America!

Póg Mahone

2026-10-17T11:15:42Z

GiovanniCablami: Created page with "'''Póg Mahone''' was an Irish illegal immigrant and gang leader who gained infamy following his arrest where he claimed that the atheist movement helped him get into the coun..."

'''Póg Mahone''' was an Irish illegal immigrant and gang leader who gained infamy following his arrest where he claimed that the atheist movement helped him get into the country by deliberately focusing on woke culture war propaganda instead of the border crisis. He also led the 1854 Irish Gang War. Born in Vivache, Mexico, he was raised by radical leftist parents Croí Mahone and mother Anita Doctor.

He is an icon tocrazed lunatic socialists who have been called threats to American society by right wing media outlets like The True News and podcaster David Ben Ten. Mahone also used the pen name “Mark Farney”.
[[File:Mark Farney.png|thumb|“Farney” in 1852]]

Ireland

2026-10-17T10:57:23Z

GiovanniCablami:

{{Country
|name =''Ireland''
|map =Ireland.jpg
|map2 =Ireland location.png
|flag =Flag of Ireland.png
|arms =Ireland arms.png
|capital =Dublin
|capital-raw =
|government =Republic and Parliamentary Democracy
|government-raw =
|language =Irish and English
|king =
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =Catherine Connolly
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm = Micheál Martin
|pm-raw =
|area =27,133 sq mi
|pop =4,950,000 (2020)
|pop-basis =
|gdp =$390,000,000,000 (2020)
|gdp-year =
|gdp-pc =$78,788 (2020)
|currency =euro
|idd =
|tld =.ie
}}
'''Ireland''' (also called the '''Republic of Ireland''') is a country in northwestern Europe comprising five-sixths the island of [[Ireland (island)|Ireland]]. Ireland became independent in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The 1937 constitution gives the name of the state as simply "Ireland."<ref>"[http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_Constitution/ Constitution of Ireland - Bunreacht na hÉireann]"</ref>

Ireland supports the [[homosexual agenda]], having legalized [[same-sex "marriage"]] in 2015.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/05/23/ireland-gay-marriage/</ref> Once [[pro-life]], Ireland embraced [[abortion]] in May 2018 by repealing its constitutional protection for the [[unborn]]<ref>Multiple references:
*Chretien, Claire (May 26, 2018). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/breaking-ireland-votes-to-legalize-abortion Ireland votes to legalize abortion: ‘a tragedy of historic proportions’]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
*Berry, Susan (May 26, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/london/2018/05/26/irish-voters-say-yes-abortion/ Irish Voters Say ‘Yes’ to Abortion]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
*Clabough, Raven (May 26, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/29145-ireland-a-once-pro-life-stronghold-has-repealed-its-eighth-amendment-protecting-unborn-children Ireland, a Once Pro-Life Stronghold, Has Repealed Its Eighth Amendment Protecting Unborn Children]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
*Turley, K.V. (May 26, 2018). [https://www.lifesitenews.com/opinion/across-the-land-of-st.-patrick-night-has-fallen Across the land of St. Patrick, night has fallen]. ''LifeSiteNews''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.</ref> in a referendum that disadvantaged pro-life advocates.<ref>Clabough, Raven (May 23, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/29113-pro-life-advocates-disadvantaged-in-irish-fight-to-legalize-abortion Pro-life Advocates Disadvantaged in Irish Fight to Legalize Abortion]. ''The New American''. Retrieved May 26, 2018.</ref> Abortion officially became legal in September 2018, with the government intending to make the practice free.<ref>Multiple references:
*[https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/pro-lifers-mourn-as-ireland-officially-tramples-unborns-right-to-life Irish president signs law officially repealing pro-life Eighth Amendment, legalizing abortion]. ''LifeSiteNews'' (from the ''Society for the Protection of Unborn Children''). September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
*Williams, Thomas D. (September 20, 2018). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/09/20/planned-parenthood-excited-over-prospect-of-abortions-in-ireland/ Planned Parenthood ‘Excited!’ over Prospect of Abortions in Ireland]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
*Chappell, Bill (September 20, 2018). [https://www.npr.org/2018/09/20/649959209/ireland-plans-to-offer-abortions-for-free-as-ban-is-officially-repealed Ireland Plans To Offer Abortions For Free, As Ban Is Officially Repealed]. ''NPR''. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
*Folley, Aris (September 21, 2018). [https://thehill.com/policy/international/407729-ireland-to-offer-free-abortions Ireland to offer free abortions after ban's repeal]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
*Murphy, James (September 23, 2018). [https://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/europe/item/30145-irish-lawmakers-look-to-make-abortions-free Irish Lawmakers Look to Make Abortions Free]. ''The New American''. Retrieved September 23, 2018.</ref> In 2019, Irish voters removed restrictions on divorce.<ref>Wheaton, Sarah (May 26, 2019). [https://www.politico.eu/article/ireland-marriage-referendum-irish-voters-back-loosening-divorce-laws/ Irish voters back loosening divorce laws]. ''Politico''. Retrieved May 26, 2019.</ref> In several other referendums, the country abandoned its formerly strict adherence to traditional [[Christian]] morality. In furtherance of the [[homosexual agenda]], a complete ban on [[conversion therapy]] is proposed by the government of [[Ireland]] in 2022.<ref>https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/government-to-introduce-ban-on-conversion-therapy-aimed-at-transgender-people-1.4881194</ref>

Heterosexual marriage in Ireland has declined, while same-sex marriages (which often result in divorce) have increased. The average age of marriage has become quite old in Ireland: "the average age for brides was 35.4 years and 37.4 years for grooms in opposite-sex marriages," while about 40 years old for same-sex marriages in both genders.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-ie/lifestyle/wedding/marriages-in-ireland-jumped-81-25-in-2021-as-covid-restrictions-eased/ar-AAWJhzX</ref>

==Geography==
The island of Ireland is located in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], to the west of Great Britain. Of the thirty-two counties on the island of Ireland, twenty-six are in Ireland, including all counties in the provinces of Connacht, Munster and Leinster. Of the nine counties of [[Ulster]], three ([[Cavan]], [[Monaghan]] and [[Donegal]]) are in the Republic of Ireland, and the remaining counties remain in the [[United Kingdom]]. The longest river in Ireland, The Shannon, divides the country into a largely urban eastern section, dominated by Dublin, and a more rural, less economically vibrant western area.

==People==
The Irish people are mainly of Celtic and Norman origin with history of some Anglo-Saxon settlers during failed English plantations (successful in Northern Ireland only). Today, the country has many minorities including substantial numbers of people from [[Poland]], [[China]] and [[Nigeria]]. Traditionally the language of Irish (Gaelic) was the primary one on the island but after centuries of British colonialism by the end of the 19th century it was endangered and was confined to very small, peripheral regions in the West of the country as it continues to today following an unsuccessful attempt to revive the language by Ireland's government. Britain tried to secure unity with Ireland by using multiple large-scale plantations of Scottish Protestant settlers. All of these where failures due to the native Irish violently opposing such settlers, the only success was the Ulster plantation which is the reason for the large Protestant population in Northern Ireland and the partitioning of the country. There is still sectarian conflict in this part of the island.

During the 1840s a disease known as the potato blight spread through the nations potato crop (most Irish were totally reliant on potatoes). The English did not help and the blight caused mass starvation and disease. In the end about 1 million had died and about 1 million had emigrated. The famine was a major blow to the nation, especially to the native language (Irish) and eventually the population would fall from over 8 million before the famine to under 3 million in the mid 20th century(before rising again). The nation continued to be a major source of immigrants to the United States and today over 30 million Americans report Irish ancestry making it the second largest ancestry in the United States only behind German.
Irish writers(many Anglo-Irish) such as Swift, Sheridan, Goldsmith, Burke, O'Casey, Wilde, Joyce, Yeats, Shaw, and Beckett have made major contributions to English literature over the past 300 years.
*Population: 4,470,700 (2010 est.).
*Cities: Capital—Dublin (pop. 506,211). Other cities—Cork (119,418), Limerick (92,539), Galway (72,414), Waterford, (45,748).
*Population breakdown 0–14 years (20.4%), 15–24 years (15%), 25–34 years (17%), 35–44 years (14%), 45–54 years (12%), 55–64 years (10%), 65 years and over (11%)
*Population growth rate: 2.61% (2008 est.).
*Ethnic groups: Irish 84.5%, other white 9.8%, Asian 1.9%, black 1.4%, mixed and other 0.9%, unspecified 1.6% (2011 est.).
*Religions: Roman Catholic 86.8%; No religion 4.4%; Church of Ireland 3%; Islam 0.8%; Presbyterian 0.6%; Orthodox 0.5%; Methodist 0.3%; other 2.1%
*Languages: English, Irish (Gaelic).
*Education: Compulsory up to age 16. Enrolment rates: first (primary) level 449,508, second (high school and vocational) level 335,162, third (university and college) level 133,691. Literacy—98%-99%.
*Health: Infant mortality rate—4.61/1,000. Life expectancy at birth—male 77.32 yrs., female 81.79 yrs.
*Work force: Services—66%; industry—28%; agriculture—6%.

==Government and Political Conditions==
Ireland is a sovereign, independent, democratic state with a parliamentary system of government. The president, who serves as head of state in a largely ceremonial role, is elected for a 7-year term and can be re-elected only once. The current president is Michael D. Higgins, who is serving his first term after succeeding President [[Mary McAleese]]. In carrying out certain constitutional powers and functions, the president is aided by the Council of State, an advisory body. On the Taoiseach's (prime minister's) advice, the president also dissolves the Oireachtas (Parliament).

The [[Taoiseach]] (pronounced "TEE-shuck")(prime minister) is elected by the Dáil ([[lower house]] of Parliament) as the leader of the incoming government. He is usually the leader of the principal political party, of which he had been elected by an internal vote within that party. He usually has to make a deal with other political parties and/or independently elected TDs (members of parliament). In order to be able to form a government he must essentially have the support of a majority of the 166 elected members of Dáil Éireann. Dáil Éireann is far and away the most important political parliament, and Seanad Éireann was historically created as a means to provide the former colonial Anglo-Irish rulers with a voice in national politics. Only one member of Seanad Éireann has served in an Irish government by virtue of that membership, James Dooge. Elections to the Dáil are held approximately every 5 years (unless called earlier due to a political crisis). Executive power is vested in a cabinet whose ministers are nominated by the Taoiseach and approved by the Dáil.

The bicameral Oireachtas (Parliament) consists of Seanad Éireann (Senate) and Dáil Éireann (House of Representatives). The Seanad is composed of 60 members—11 nominated by the [[Taoiseach]], 6 elected by the national universities, and 43 elected from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis. The Seanad has the power to delay legislative proposals and is allowed 90 days to consider and amend bills sent to it by the Dail, which wields greater power in Parliament. The Dáil has 166 members popularly elected to a maximum term of 5 years under a complex system of proportional representation. A member of the Dáil is known as a Teachta Dala, or TD.

Judges are appointed by the president on nomination by the government and can be removed from office only for misbehavior or incapacity and then only by resolution of both houses of Parliament. The ultimate court of appeal is the Supreme Court, consisting of the chief justice and five other justices. The Supreme Court also can decide upon the constitutionality of legislative acts if the president asks for an opinion.

Local government is by elected county councils and—in the cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, and Waterford—by county borough corporations. County councils/corporations in turn select city mayors. In practice, however, authority remains with the central government.

Irish politics was traditionally dominated by the two political parties that grew out of Ireland's bitter 1922-23 civil war: Fianna Fáil (''Wariers of Destiny'') and Fine Gael (''Tribe of the Gaelic People''). Fianna Fáil was formed by those who opposed the 1921 treaty with the UK that gave Ireland independence but required Ireland to retain links to the UK. Fine Gael was formed by those who supported tht treaty. Although treaty opponents lost the civil war, Fianna Fáil soon became Ireland's largest political party and retained that position until 2011 when it was decimated and Fine Gael emerged as the country's largest party. Labour, Sinn Féin, and the Greens are the other significant parties.

Until 2004 Ireland had granted citizenship on the basis of birth on Irish soil. Concerns about immigration and social welfare abuse prompted the government to seek to bring citizenship laws in line with the more restrictive policies prevalent in the rest of Europe, and the 2004 referendum measure passed by a wide majority. Now, persons with non-Irish parents can acquire Irish citizenship at birth only if at least one parent has been resident in Ireland for three years preceding the birth.

===Principal Government Officials===
*President—Catherine Connolly
*Taoiseach (Prime Minister)--Micháel Mairtin
*Tánaiste (Deputy Prime Minister)--Simon Harris

====Taoisigh (Prime Ministers) of the Republic of Ireland====
*'''Éamon de Valera''' (Fianna Fáil): 1937–1948, 1951–1954, 1957–1959.
*'''John A.Costello''' (Fine Gael): 1948–1951, 1954–1957.
*'''Seán Lemass''' (Fianna Fáil): 1959–1966.
*'''Jack Lynch''' (Fianna Fáil): 1966–1973, 1977–1979.
*'''Liam Cosgrave''' (Fine Gael): 1973–1977.
*'''Charles Haughey''' (Fianna Fáil): 1979–1981, March 1982 - December 82 and March 1987 - February 1992.
*'''Garret FitzGerald''' (Fine Gael): 30 June 1981- 9 March 1982 and 14 December 1982 - 10 March 1987.
*'''Albert Reynolds''' (Fianna Fáil): February 1992 – 1994.
*'''John Bruton''' (Fine Gael): 1994–1997.
*'''Bertie Ahern''' (Fianna Fáil): 1997–2008.
*'''Brian Cowen''' (Fianna Fáil): 2008 to 2011.<ref>[http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp?locID=349&docID=-1 Government of Ireland website]</ref>
*'''Enda Kenny''' (Fine Gael): 2011-

===Political Parties===
'''Fianna Fail''': (Pronounced Fee-Na Fall which is Irish for 'Wariers of Destiny'). Ireland's 3rd largest political party, they do not class themselves as either left or right wing but are generally considered centrist and traditionally the choice for republicans (in the Irish sense, meaning supporters of a United Ireland) due to its foundation by Eamon de Valera; considered by his supporters to be the greatest of all Irish nationalists. Fianna Fail is traditionally a Populist party, spearheading the disease and slum eradication programme's of the 1950s and 1960s. Nowadays however, it is considered to be on the pragmatic centre as well as supportive of the construction sector and its representatives. Led by Micháel Mairtin. <ref>[http://www.fiannafail.ie/]</ref>

'''Fine Gael''': (Pronounced Finna Gale, Irish for 'Family of the Irish'). Ireland's largest party. Fine Gael is traditionally socially and fiscally conservative. Traditionally the party of Big Business and the farming community, although generally liberal on social issues (though probably not by American standards) Under the leadership of [[Garret FitzGerald]] in the 1980s, the party embraced [[social democracy]]. Today the party likes to characterize itself as a party of the "progressive centre". Led by [[Enda Kenny]].<ref>[http://www.finegael.com/index.cfm]</ref>

'''Labour Party''': Currently the second largest party. The Labour Party has traditionally been the left wing force of Irish politics, though in the recent election under the leadership of a former member of the communist leaning Sinn Féin Workers Party, [[Pat Rabbitte]], the party moved over to the centre in order to join in a possible coalition government with Fine Gael. Although they lost the election, the coalition helped to modernise the party more in line with European Social Democratic Groups. The party is currently led by [[Ivana Bacik]], a center left politician.<ref>[http://www.labour.ie/]</ref>

'''Green Party''': A left-wing party and member of the current leading coalition who are in favour of environmental protection, renewable energy and a stronger system of social security. Led by John Gormley, the current minister for the Environment.

'''Sinn Féin''': (Pronounced Shin Fane, Irish for 'Ourselves') Remnant of Ireland's oldest political party, it is closely connected with the Provisional [[IRA]], a terrorist/guerrilla movement that sought a United Irish Republic that have since disbanded. They have recently embraced a more democratic approach. They are a party of left-wing socialist economics which espouses liberal social issues such as same-sex "marriage". They organise in all 32 counties of Ireland. Led by Mary Lou McDonald TD.<ref>[http://www.sinnfein.ie/]</ref>

'''Aontú''': (Pronounced Ain-too, Irish for ‘Unity’) A socially Conservative Party, it was founded in January 2019 by Peadar Tóibín, a TD who broke away from Sinn Féin for its radical left views on abortion. A strong pro-life party, Aontú prioritises the traditionalism that Ireland has lost like Catholicism and pro-life policies. It is currently led by Peadar Tóibín.

===Foreign Relations===
Ireland is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the European Union. Ireland has been an important contributor to numerous international peacekeeping missions, such as in Lebanon (UNIFIL), Liberia (UNIMIL), and the Balkans (KFOR and EUFOR). Ireland's overseas development assistance focuses on Sub-Saharan Africa and stands at 5 percent of GDP.

In July 2018 Ireland's senate has voted in favour of banning imports from [[Israel]]i settlements in the [[West Bank]] and other "occupied" territories which were gained in the [[Six-Day War]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/11/irish-senate-approves-ban-on-products-from-israeli-settlements</ref>

===Relations with the United States===
U.S. relations with Ireland have long been based on common ancestral ties and shared values. These relations have broadened and matured, given the significant U.S. role in Ireland's economic success and cooperation on global challenges. Besides regular dialogue on political and economic issues, the U.S. and Irish Governments have official exchanges in areas such as medical research and education.

With Ireland's membership in the European Union, the discussion of EU trade and economic policies, as well as other aspects of EU policy, is also a key element in the U.S.-Irish relationship. In recent years, Ireland has attempted to act as a diplomatic bridge between the United States and European Union. During its 2004 EU presidency, Ireland worked to strengthen U.S.-EU ties that had been strained by the Iraq war, and the current EU Ambassador to the United States is former Irish Prime Minister John Bruton.

Emigration, long a vital element in the U.S.-Irish relationship, declined significantly with Ireland's economic boom in the 1990s. For the first time in its modern history, Ireland is experiencing high levels of inward migration, a phenomenon with political, economic, and social consequences. However, Irish citizens do continue the common practice of taking temporary residence overseas for work or study, mainly in the U.S., U.K., and elsewhere in Europe, before returning to establish careers in Ireland. The U.S. J-1 visa program, for example, remains a popular means for Irish youths to work temporarily in the United States.

==Economy==
Ireland once boasted a vibrant, globalized economy, with GDP per capita second only to Luxembourg's in the EU. The "Celtic Tiger" period of the mid to late 1990s saw several years of double-digit GDP growth, driven by a progressive industrial policy that boosted large-scale foreign direct investment and exports. GDP growth dipped during the immediate post-9/11 global economic slowdown, but has averaged roughly 5 percent yearly since 2004, the best performance for this period among the original EU 15 Member States. Since 2004, the Irish economy has generated roughly 90,000 new jobs annually, attracting over 200,000 foreign workers, mostly from the new EU Member states, in an unprecedented immigration influx. The construction sector has accounted for approximately one-quarter of these jobs, and economists caution that any slowdown in Ireland's vibrant housing market would have ramifications for continued GDP growth.

Economic and trade ties are an important facet of overall U.S.-Irish relations. In 2005, U.S. exports to Ireland were valued at $9 billion, while Irish exports to the U.S. totaled $28 billion, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce. The range of U.S. exports includes electrical components and equipment, computers and peripherals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, and livestock feed. Irish exports to the United States represent approximately 20% of all Irish exports, and have roughly the same value as Irish exports to the UK (inclusive of Northern Ireland). Exports to the United States include alcoholic beverages, chemicals and related products, electronic data processing equipment, electrical machinery, textiles and clothing, and glassware. According to Ireland's Central Statistical Office, Irish exports to the United States from January to September 2006 rose by 7% compared to the same period in 2005, while Irish imports from the United States from January to September 2006 fell by 14% compared to the same period in 2005.

U.S. investment has been particularly important to the growth and modernization of Irish industry over the past 25 years, providing new technology, export capabilities, and employment opportunities. As of year-end 2006, the stock of U.S. foreign direct investment in Ireland stood at $84 billion, more than double the U.S. total for China and India combined ($31.2 billion). Currently, there are approximately 620 U.S. subsidiaries in Ireland, employing roughly 100,000 people and spanning activities from manufacturing of high-tech electronics, computer products, medical supplies, and pharmaceuticals to retailing, banking, finance, and other services. In more recent years, Ireland has also become an important research and development (R&D) center for U.S. firms in Europe.

Many U.S. businesses find Ireland an attractive location to manufacture for the EU market, since it is inside the EU customs area and uses the euro. In 2005, U.S. firms accounted for 61% of Ireland's total exports of euro 89 billion. Other reasons for Ireland's attractiveness include: a 12.5 percent corporate tax rate for domestic and foreign firms; the quality and flexibility of the English-speaking work force; cooperative labor relations; political stability; pro-business government policies; a transparent judicial system; strong intellectual property protection; and, the pulling power of existing companies operating successfully (a "clustering" effect). Factors that negatively affect Ireland's ability to attract investment include: increasing labor and energy costs (especially when compared to low-cost countries in Eastern Europe and Asia), skilled labor shortages, inadequate infrastructure (such as in the transportation and internet/broadband sectors), and price levels that are ranked among the highest in Europe.
*Nominal GDP (2009): $204.144 billion.
*Real GDP growth (2011): 2.8% (Q1 2011).
*Nominal GDP per capita (2009): $45,642.
*Natural resources: Zinc, lead, natural gas, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat.
*Agriculture (5% of GDP): Products—cattle, meat, and dairy products; potatoes; barley; hay; silage; wheat.
*Industry (46% of GDP): Types—food processing, beverages, engineering, computer equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, construction.
*Trade (2006): Exports--$119.8 billion (excluding services): machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food, live animals, manufactured materials, beverages. Imports--$87.4 billion (excluding services): grains, petroleum products, machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, textile yarns. Major suppliers-Great Britain and Northern Ireland 31%, U.S. 11%, Germany 8%, China 7%, Japan 4%, France 3%, rest of the world (including other EU Member States) 36%.

Ireland was badly hit by the 2008 financial crisis, resulting in the collapse of the property [[economic bubble|bubble]].

==History==
The earliest inhabitants—people of a mid-Stone Age culture—arrived about 6000 BC. About 4,000 years later, tribes from southern Europe arrived and established a high Neolithic culture, leaving behind gold ornaments and huge stone monuments. The Bronze Age people, who arrived during the next 1,000 years, produced elaborate gold and bronze ornaments and weapons.

The Iron Age arrived abruptly in the fourth century BC with the invasion of the Celts, a tall, energetic people who had spread across mainland Europe and Great Britain in the preceding centuries. The Celts, or Gaels, and their more numerous predecessors divided into five kingdoms in which, despite constant strife, a rich culture flourished.

The coming of Christianity from across the Irish Sea brought major changes and civilizing influences. Tradition maintains that [[St. Patrick]] arrived on the island in AD 432 and, in the years that followed, worked to convert the Irish to Christianity.

The pagan druid tradition collapsed before the spread of the new faith, and Irish scholars excelled in the study of Latin learning and Christian theology in the monasteries that flourished. Missionaries went forth from Ireland to Great Britain and the continent, spreading news of the flowering of learning, and scholars from other nations came to Irish monasteries. The excellence and isolation of these monasteries helped preserve Latin and Greek learning during the Dark Ages. The arts of manuscript illumination, metalworking, and sculpture flourished and produced such treasures as the Book of Kells, ornate jewelry, and the many carved stone crosses that dot the island.

Two hundred years of Viking invasion and settlement was later followed by a Norman conquest in the 12th century. The Norman conquest resulted in the assimilation of the Norman settlers into Irish society. The early 17th century saw the arrival of Scottish and English Protestants, sent as colonists to the north of Ireland and the Pale around Dublin.

In 1800 the Irish Parliament passed the Act of Union with Great Britain, and Ireland was an official part of the United Kingdom until 1921. Religious freedom, outlawed in the 18th century, was restored in 1829, but this victory for the Irish Catholic majority was overshadowed by a severe economic depression and the great famine from 1846-48 when the potato crop failed. Millions died, and the millions that emigrated spawned the first mass wave of Irish emigration to the United States. A decade later, in 1858, the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB—also known as the Fenians) was founded as a secret society dedicated to armed rebellion against the British. An aboveground political counterpart, the Home Rule Movement, was created in 1874, advocating constitutional change for independence.

Galvanized by the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, the party was able to force British governments after 1885 to introduce several home rule bills. The turn of the century witnessed a surge of interest in Irish nationalism, including the founding of Sinn Féin ("Ourselves Alone") as an open political movement.

Nationalism was and is a potent populist force in Irish politics. A home rule bill passed in 1914, but its implementation was suspended until war in Europe ended. Believing the mantra: "England's problem is Ireland's opportunity," and tapping into a mood of Gaelic revivalism, Padraic Pearse and James Connolly led the unsuccessful Easter Rising of 1916. Pearse and the other 1916 leaders declared an independent Irish republic, but a lack of popular support doomed the rebellion, which lasted a week and destroyed large portions of Dublin. The decision by the British military government to execute the leaders of the rebellion, coupled with the British Government's threat of conscripting the Irish to fight in the Great War, alienated public opinion and produced massive support for Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election. Under the leadership of Eamon de Valera, the elected Sinn Féin deputies constituted themselves as the first Dail. Tensions only increased: British attempts to smash Sinn Féin ignited the Anglo-Irish War of 1919–1921.

The end of the war brought the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921, which established the Irish Free State of 26 counties within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] and recognized the partition of the island into Ireland and Northern Ireland, though supposedly as a temporary measure. The six predominantly Protestant counties of northeast Ulster—Northern Ireland—remained a part of the United Kingdom with limited self-government. A significant Irish minority repudiated the treaty settlement because of the continuance of subordinate ties to the British monarch and the partition of the island. This opposition led to further hostilities—a civil war (1922–23), which was won by the pro-treaty forces.

In 1932, Eamon de Valera, the political leader of the forces initially opposed to the treaty, became Prime Minister, and a new Irish constitution was enacted in 1937. The last British military bases were soon withdrawn, and the ports were returned to Irish control. Ireland was neutral in World War II. The government formally declared Ireland a republic in 1948; however, it does not normally use the term "Republic of Ireland," which tacitly acknowledges the partition, but refers to the country simply as "Ireland."

== See also ==

*[[Ireland, irreligion and obesity]]

==Bibliography==
* Brady, Ciaran, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of Ireland: An A-Z Guide to Its People, Places, History, and Culture.'' (2000). 390 pp.
* Foster, R. F., ed. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland.'' (1989). 382 pp.
* Ruckenstein, Lelia and O'Malley, James A. ''Everything Irish: The History, Literature, Art, Music, People, and Places of Ireland from A-Z.'' (2003). 496 pp.
* ''[[OECD]] Information Technology Outlook 2004''
* Lalor, Brian, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of Ireland'' (Gill & Macmillan, 2003) (ISBN 9780717130009)
===Historical surveys and reference books===
* Bottigheimer, Karl S. ''Ireland and the Irish: A Short History.'' (1982). 301 pp.
* Canny, Nicholas. ''From Reformation to Restoration: Ireland, 1534-1660'' (Dublin, 1987)
* Connolly, S. J. ed. ''The Oxford Companion to Irish History'' (1998) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=74356275 online edition]
* Cosgrove, Art. ed., ''A New History of Ireland, ii: Medieval Ireland, 1169-1534'' (1987). 982 pp.
* Donnelly, James S., ed. ''Encyclopedia of Irish History and Culture.'' (2004). 1084 pp.
* Edwards, Ruth Dudley. ''An Atlas of Irish History.'' 2d ed. (1981). 286 pp.
* Ellis, Steven G. ''Ireland in the Age of the Tudors 1447-1603. English Expansion and the End of Gaelic Rule'' (1998)
* Fleming, N. C. and O'Day, Alan. ''The Longman Handbook of Modern Irish History since 1800.'' 2005. 808 pp.
* Foster, R. F. ''Modern Ireland, 1600-1972'' (1988)
* Foster, R. F., ed. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland.'' (1989). 382 pp.
* Fry, Peter and Fry, Fiona Somerset. ''A History of Ireland.'' Routledge, 1989. 366 pp.
* Hachey, Thomas E., Joseph M. Hernon Jr., Lawrence J. McCaffrey; ''The Irish Experience: A Concise History'' M. E. Sharpe, 1996 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3955678 online edition]
* Hickey, D. J. and Doherty, J. E. ''A Dictionary of Irish History since 1800.'' Barnes & Noble, 1980. 615 pp.
* Jackson, Alvin. ''Ireland: 1798-1998'' (1999)
* Johnson, Paul. ''Ireland: Land of Troubles: A History from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day.'' (1982). 224 pp. by a conservative historian
* Lee, J. J. ''Ireland 1912-1985'' (1989)
* Lecky, W. E. H. ''A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century,'' 5 vols. (1892) [https://books.google.com/books?id=JRswAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA8&dq=intitle:history+intitle:ireland+inauthor:Lecky+date:1800-1923&num=30&as_brr=1#PPP9,M1 vol 3 online]
* Moody, T. W. and Vaughan, W. E., eds. ''A New History of Ireland. Vol. 4: Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 1691-1800.'' (1986). 849 pp.
* Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X.; and Byrne, F. J., eds. ''A New History of Ireland. Vol. 8: A Chronology of Irish History to 1976: A Companion to Irish History, Part 1.'' (1982). 591 pp
* Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X.; and Byrne, F. J., eds. ''A New History of Ireland. Vol. 9: Maps, Genealogies, Lists. A Companion to Irish History, Part 2.'' (1984).
* Newman, Peter R. ''Companion to Irish History, 1603-1921: From the Submission of Tyrone to Partition.'' (1991). 256 pp basic summary
* Ranelagh, John O'Beirne. ''A Short History of Ireland.'' (1983). 272 pp.
* Ranelagh, John. ''Ireland: An Illustrated History. '' (1981). 267 pp.
* Vaughan, W. E., ed. ''A New History of Ireland. Vol. 5: Ireland under the Union, I, 1801-70.'' (1990). 839 pp.
* Vaughan, W. E., ed. ''A New History of Ireland. Vol. 6: Ireland under the Union. Part 2: 1870-1921.'' (1996). 957 pp.

===Specialized studies===
* Bartlett, Thomas and Keith Jeffrey, eds. ''A Military History of Ireland'' (1996)
* Boyce, D. George and Alan O’day. ''The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy'' 1996 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103075467 online edition]
* Cosgrove, Art. "The Writing of Irish Medieval History", I.H.S., xxvii (1990), 97-111
* Cullen, L. M. ''The Emergence of Modern Ireland, 1600-1900'' (Dublin, 1981)
* Cunliffe, Barry et al., ed. ''The Penguin Atlas of British and Irish History.'' 320 pp.
* Daly, Mary E. "The Irish Free State/ Éire/ Republic of Ireland/ Ireland: 'A Country by Any Other Name'?" ''Journal of British Studies'' 2007 46(1): 72–90. Issn: 0021-9371 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* de Paor, Liam. ''The Peoples of Ireland. From Pre-History to Modern Times'' (London, 1986)
* Donnelly, J. S.. Jr., and Kerby A. Miller, eds. ''Irish Popular Culture'' (Dublin, 1999)
* Foster, John Wilson and Chesney, Helena C. G., eds. ''Nature in Ireland: A Scientific and Cultural History.'' (Dublin: 1998). 658 pp
* Graham, B. J. and L. J. Proudfoot, eds. ''An Historical Geography of Ireland''(1993)
* Hayes, Alan and Urquhart, Diane, eds. ''Irish Women's History.'' (Dublin, 2004). 240 pp.
* Hill, Jacqueline R. "Popery and Protestantism, Civil and Religious Liberty: The Disputed Lessons of Irish History 1690-1812", ''Past and Present,'' 118 (1988), 96-129 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746(198802)118%3C96%3APAPCAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N fulltext in JSTOR]
* Kinealy, Christine. ''The Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845-52'' (Dublin, 1994)
* Kreilkamp, Vera, ed. ''Eire/Land'' (2003), environmental history
* Luddy, Maria. ''Women in Ireland, 1800-1918: A Documentary History. '' (1995). 356 pp. primary sources
* Mokyr, Joel. ''Why Ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy, 1800-1850.'' Allen & Unwin, 1983. 330 pp. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=86069007 online edition]
* ÓGráda, Cormac. ''Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780-1939.'' (1994). 536 pp.
* ÓGráda, Cormac. ''Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory.'' (1999). 272 pp.
* Alan J. Ward, ''The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992'' (Irish Academic Press, 1994) (ISBN 0-7165-2528-3)

===Ulster===
* Adamson, Ian. ''The Identity of Ulster,'' 2nd edition (Belfast, 1987)
* Jonathan Bardon, A History of Ulster (Belfast, 1992.)
* Bew, Paul, Peter Gibbon and Henry Patterson, ''Northern Ireland 1921-1994: Political Forces and Social Classes'' (1995)
* Claran Brady, Mary O'Dowd and Brian Walker, eds. ''Ulster: An Illustrated History'' (1989)
* Patrick Buckland, ''A History of Northern Ireland'' (Dublin, 1981)
* Elliott, Marianne. ''The Catholics of Ulster: A History.'' Basic Books. 2001. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=86066470# online edition]
* Farrell, Michael. ''Northern Ireland: The Orange State,'' 2nd edition (London, 1980)
* Henessy, Thomas. ''A History of Northern Ireland, 1920-1996.'' (1998). 365 pp.

===Culture===
* Brown, Terence. ''Ireland: A Social and Cultural History, 1922 to the Present.'' (1985). 310 pp.
* Cahalan, James M. ''The Irish Novel: A Critical History.'' (1988). 365 pp.
* Cleary, Joe and Connolly, Claire, eds. ''The Cambridge Guide to Modern Irish Culture.'' (2005). 363 pp.
* Deane, Seamus. ''A Short History of Irish Literature.'' (1986). 282 pp.
* Duddy, Thomas. ''A History of Irish Thought'' Routledge, 2002 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108437504 online edition]
* Flynn, Arthur. ''The Story of Irish Film.'' (Blackrock, Ireland: Currach, 2006). 328 pp.
* Gonzalez, Alexander G. ''Modern Irish Writers: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook'' (1997) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14156161 online edition]
* Kiberd, Declan. ''The Irish Writer and the World.'' (2005). 331 pp.
* McHugh, Roger and Harmon, Maurice. ''Short History of Anglo-Irish Literature from Its Origins to the Present Day.'' (1982). 377 pp.
* Mercier, Vivian, and Eilís Dillon. ''Modern Irish Literature: Sources and Founders'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34130284 online edition]
* Morash, Christopher. ''A History of Irish Theatre, 1601-2000.'' (2002) 322 pp.
* Murphy, James H. ''Ireland: A Social, Cultural and Literary History, 1791-1891.'' (Blackrock, Ireland: Four Courts Press, 2003), 224 pp.
* ÓhÓgáin, Dáithí. ''The Lore of Ireland: An Encyclopedia of Myth, Legend, and Romance.'' (2006). 531 pp.
* Pierce, David. ''Light, Freedom, and Song: A Cultural History of Modern Irish Writing.'' (2006). 350 pp.
* Yeats, W. B. ''A Book of Irish Verse'' (2002), primary sources [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109474100 online edition]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{| style="width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"
!colspan=2 style="width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; "|'''Copyright Details'''
|-
!style="background-color: #000088; color:white;"|License:
|style=" background-color: none;"| This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code
|-
!style=" background-color: #000088; color:white;"|Source:
|style="background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black"| File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3180.htm]}}}.
|}

[[Category:European Countries]]
[[Category:Ireland]]
[[Category:Christian-Majority Countries]]