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Gold Democrats

2009-08-02T11:22:06Z

GregL: fix link

The '''Gold Democrats''' were conservative Democrats who strongly opposed the takeover of the Democratic Party in the 1896 U.S. presidential election by silverites, agrarians and radicals. They formed the '''National Democratic Party''' in 1896 as a vehicle for fellow [[Bourbon Democrats]] to oppose the regular Democratic party nominee [[William Jennings Bryan]] in the intensely fought presidential election of 1896. Most members were admirers of [[Grover Cleveland]]. They considered Bryan a dangerous man and charged that his "[[free silver]]" proposals would devastate the economy. They nominated the conservative Democratic politicians [[John M. Palmer]], a former Republican [[governor of Illinois]] and [[American Civil War|Union]] general, and [[Simon Bolivar Buckner, Sr.]], a former governor of Kentucky and Confederate general, for President and Vice President, respectively. The party only ran a few candidates for Congress and other offices including [[William Breckenridge]] in Kentucky.

The founders were disenchanted Democrats who saw it as a means to preserve the ideals of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Grover Cleveland]]. In its first official statement, the executive committee of the party accused the Democratic Party of forsaking this tradition by nominating Bryan.

For more than a century, it declared, the Democrats had believed:
:In the ability of every individual, unassisted, if unfettered by law, to achieve his own happiness” and had upheld his “right and opportunity peaceably to pursue whatever course of conduct he would, provided such conduct deprived no other individual of the equal enjoyment of the same right and opportunity. [They] stood for freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, freedom of trade, and freedom of contract, all of which are implied by the century-old battle-cry of the Democratic party, "Individual Liberty."

The party criticized both the inflationary policies of the Democrats and the protectionism of the Republicans.
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
Almost a “who’s who” of [[classical liberals]] gave the party their support, including President [[Grover Cleveland]] ()who gave quiet support); [[E. L. Godkin]], the editor and publisher of [[The Nation]]; [[Edward Atkinson]], a Boston publicist for free market causes; [[Horace White, Jr.]], the editor of the [[Chicago Tribune]] and later the [[New York Evening Post]]; and [[Charles Francis Adams Jr.]], a leading political reformer in Boston.

Two other supporters of Palmer and Buckner became better known in the decades after 1896: [[Moorfield Storey]], the first president of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]], and journalist [[Oswald Garrison Villard]], an anti-imperialist and civil libertarian. But the supporters of Palmer and Buckner who enjoyed the greatest influence after 1900 were two liberal leaders of the [[Progressive Era]], [[Louis Brandeis]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]].

Probably most backers of the ideals of the party ended up voting for Republican [[William McKinley]] in the 1896 election, but it did poll 137,000 votes, about 1.0%. After disappointing results in the 1898 elections, the executive committee voted to disband the party in 1900. Many former members probably returned to the regular party in 1900 because they opposed McKinley's imperialistic foreign policy.

==References==
*David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, [http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=22&articleID=261 "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896-1900,"] ''Independent Review'' 4 (Spring 2000), 555-75.
*Stanley L. Jones, ''The Presidential Election of 1896'' (1964).

===Primary sources===
* [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=LCCN09032461&id=VIwkzQzzbl4C&vq=wilson&dq=Democratic+%22campaign+text+Book%22&pg=PP19&printsec=4&lpg=PP19 ''Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party'' (1896) by Democratic Party (U.S.) National committee] this is the '''Gold Democrats''' handbook, with many speeches and statistical tables
====Notes====
<references/>

[[category:Gilded Age]]
[[category:Conservatives]]
[[category:Democratic Party]]

Bourbon Democrats

2009-08-02T11:21:07Z

GregL: fix punctuation

The '''Bourbon Democrats''' from 1876 to 1904 were conservative or classical liberal members of the U.S. [[Democratic Party]], especially those who supported President [[Grover Cleveland]] in 1884–1896 and [[Alton B. Parker]] in 1904. After 1904, the Bourbons faded away. [[Woodrow Wilson]], who had been a Bourbon, came to terms with [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1912.

Bourbon Democrats represented business interests, supported banking and railroad goals, promoted [[laissez-faire]] capitalism, opposed imperialism and U.S. overseas expansion, fought for the [[gold standard]], and opposed [[bimetallism|silver]]. They strongly supported reform movements such as civil service reform and opposed corruption of city bosses, leading the fight against the [[Tweed Ring]]. Their fight against corruption earned the votes of many Republican [[Mugwump|Mugwumps]] who in 1884 denounced the Republican candidate [[James G. Blaine]] as tainted by multiple scandals.

Besides Cleveland and Parker, nationally prominent Bourbons included:
* New York's [[Samuel J. Tilden]], David Bennett Hill, and William C. Whitney
* New Jersey's [[Woodrow Wilson]] (prior to 1912)
* Maryland's [[Arthur Pue Gorman]]
* Delaware's [[Thomas F. Bayard]]
* West Virginia's [[William L. Wilson]]
* Kentucky's [[John Griffin Carlisle]]
* Wisconsin's [[William Freeman Vilas]]
* Nebraska's [[J. Sterling Morton]]
* Illinois' [[John M. Palmer]]
* Iowa's [[Horace Boies]]
* Mississippi's [[Lucius Q. C. Lamar]]
* Minnesota's [[James J. Hill]]

==Bourbons and Bryan==
The [[Panic of 1893]] damaged the Bourbons because Cleveland was President at the time and was blamed for the consequent economic losses.

The Bourbons' great opponent was [[William Jennings Bryan]], who harnessed the energy of an agrarian insurgency with his [[Cross of Gold]] speech and defeated the Bourbons at the decisive [[1896 Democratic National Convention]]. Some of the Bourbons sat out the 1896 election; others created the third party ticket of the [[National Democratic Party (United States)|National Democratic Party]] led by [[John M. Palmer]], a former governor of Illinois. Most Bourbons returned to the Democratic party by 1900 or 1904 at the latest. Bryan demonstrated his hold on the party by winning the 1900 and 1908 Democratic nominations as well; in 1904, a Bourbon, [[Alton B. Parker]], won the nomination. He lost, as did Bryan every time.

[[William L. Wilson]], Cleveland's postmaster general, confided to his diary that he opposed Bryan on moral and ideological as well as party grounds. Wilson had begun his public service convinced that Congress was too much controlled by special interests, and his unsuccessful tariff fight had burned this conviction deeper. He feared the triumph of free silver would bring class legislation, paternalism, and selfishness feeding upon national bounty as surely as did protection. Moreover, free silver at 16 to 1 was morally wrong, "involving as it does the attempt to call 50 cents a dollar and make it legal tender for dollar debts." Populism, he said, was "the product of protection founded on the idea that Government can and therefore Government ought to make people prosperous." [Summers 240]

==Origins of the term==
The term was first used as a pun to refer both to bourbon whiskey from Kentucky and even more to the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon Dynasty]] of France that was overthrown in the French Revolution, but returned to power in 1815 to rule in a reactionary fashion.

The term was occasionally used in the [[1860s]] and [[1870s]] to refer to conservative Democrats (both North and South), and in the 1870s to refer to the regimes set up in the South by [[Redeemers]] as a conservative reaction against [[Reconstruction]].

==Bibliography==
* Going, Allen J. ''Bourbon Democracy in Alabama, 1874-1890''. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 1951.
* Merrill, Horace Samuel. ''Bourbon Leader: Grover Cleveland and the Democratic Party''. 1957. Merrill argues that in an age of rapid economic change Cleveland staunchly defended the untenable status quo. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=474332 online edition]
* Merrill, Horace Samuel. ''Bourbon Democracy of the Middle West, 1865-1896''. Louisiana State University, 1953.
* Morgan, H. Wayne. ''From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896''. Syracuse University Press, 1969. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94446383 online edition]
* Nevins, Allan. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage'' (1932)
* Sperber, Hans and Travis Trittschuh. ''American Political Terms: An Historical Dictionary''. Wayne State University Press, 1962.
* Summers, Festus P. ''William L. Wilson and Tariff Reform, a Biography''. Rutgers University Press, 1953.
* [[C. Vann Woodward|Woodward, C. Vann]]. ''Origins of the New South, 1877-1913''. Louisiana State University Press, 1951.

==Primary sources==
* Democratic Party (U.S.) National Committee. [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=LCCN09032461&id=VIwkzQzzbl4C&dq=Democratic+%22campaign+text+Book%22&pg=PP19&printsec=4&lpg=PP19 ''Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party'']. 1896. This is the handbook of the '''Gold Democrats''' or Bourbons; it strongly opposed Bryan.
* Nevins, Allan. ed. ''The Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850-1908''. 1933. 640 pp
* Wilson, William L. ''The Cabinet Diary of William L. Wilson, 1896-1897''. University of North Carolina Press, 1957.
====notes====
<references/>

[[Category: Political Parties]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]
[[Category:Republicanism]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]

Conservative Democrat

2009-08-02T11:20:10Z

GregL: /* See also */ fix link

A '''conservative Democrat''' is a member of the [[Democratic Party]] in the United States who holds [[conservative]] views on social or economic issues. Despite that party's longstanding reputation as a [[liberal]] political party, the Democratic Party has always had a conservative wing. Conservative Democrats today are organized into the [[Blue Dog]] caucus in the House. Previously they were known by other names including "boll weevil Democrats" during the 1980s, when a large number of conservative Democrats voted with [[Ronald Wilson Reagan|President Reagan]] on fiscal and social policy.

Most recently they were successful in the 2006 midterm elections when eight Blue Dog Democrats won election to the House[http://voteview.com/hou110.htm] in addition to the ones who won re-election, and as of 2008 there are 47 Blue Dog Democrats in that body.

The American South had a long tradition of electing conservative Democrats to office, including in Presidential elections until they broke from the Democrats in 1964 to vote for [[Barry Goldwater]], the Republican nominee. From 1948 to the 1970s an even more conservative wing of the party, mostly from the South, was called "Dixiecrats". The Dixiecrat wing of the party has been essentially defunct since the 1970s and many of them, such as [[Strom Thurmond]] and [[Jesse Helms]], were early converts to the [[Republican Party]], foreshadowing a long trend of conservatives leaving the Democrats and joining the Republicans that continued through the 1980s and 1990s.

Today there are several caucuses of people with conservative views in the Democratic Party. These conservative Democrats often find themselves at odds with the liberal majority of their party. The Blue Dog caucus in the House was organized in 1994 by conservative Democrats who believed the liberal wing of the party had "choked blue" conservative voices in the party. There is also a [[pro-life]] caucus within the Democrats called [[Democrats for Life of America]] currently led by [[Nat Hentoff]], a pro-[[Second Amendment]] caucus called [[Amendment II Democrats]] which supports [[gun rights]], and even a minority-held position within the [[environmentalist]] and [[organized labor]] movements opposed to further [[immigration]] into the United States on environmental or job protection grounds, although it should be noted that these voices have been all but shut out by the current leadership of those movements.<ref>Briggs, Vernon. ''Immigration and American Unionism''. Cornell University Press, 2001.</ref> <ref>Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz. ''The Environmental Movement's Retreat from Advocating U.S. Population Stabilization (1970 - 1998): A First Draft of History''. Journal of Policy History, (ISSN 0898-0306) Vol 12, No 1, 2000</ref>

The [[Democratic Leadership Council]] is occasionally referred to as "conservative" but it has liberal views on both social and economic issues. It includes among its ranks [[Bill Clinton]], [[Bill Richardson]], and [[Hillary Clinton]].

==Notable conservative Democrats today==
[[Zell Miller]] is a conservative Democrat who wrote a book, ''A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat'', about his differences with the current party leadership.

A more recent book (published October 2007) in the Conservative Democrat column is ''Why the Democrats Are Blue'' by [[Mark Stricherz]], a conservative pro-life [[Catholic]] and a Democrat. He traces the Democratic Party's takeover in the 1968-1972 period by wealthy secularist liberals who pushed the party's old socially conservative working class coalition of northern Catholics and southern Protestants out of the party leadership, and made pro-[[abortion]], [[gun control]], and similar liberal positions the dominant views in the party.

In 2008 the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in [[South Carolina]], Bob Conley, is running to the right of the Republican incumbent [[Lindsey Graham]]. The [[paleoconservative]] Bob Conley narrowly won a contested Democratic primary over the [[liberal]] Democrat activist, Michael Cone, who was supported mainly by out of state [[liberal]] bloggers.

[[Charley Reese]] is a conservative newspaper columnist who recently announced his retirement from writing.

==References==
<references />

==See also==
* [[Reagan Democrat]]
* [[Bourbon Democrats]], late 19th century
* [[Redeemers]]

[[Category:United States Political Terms]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]
[[Category:Conservatives]]

Blue Dog Democrat

2009-08-02T11:18:53Z

GregL: /* See also */ fix link

A '''Blue Dog Democrat''' is a relatively conservative [[Democrat]] in [[Congress]], as opposed to the main-stream [[leftist]] Democrat leadership. They have organized a caucus in the [[U.S. House of Representatives|House]], and usually vote together on fiscal issues. Many come from districts that have been voted Republican in the past, so the Blue Dogs make an effort to appeal to [[conservative]] voters.

The Blue Dog Coalition is a caucus of 52 conservative House Democrats. Leaders include Rep. [[Mike Ross]] of [[Arkansas]], Rep. [[John Tanner]] of [[Tennessee]], and Rep. [[Allen Boyd]], a farmer from the Florida Panhandle. The [[Obama Administration]] has tried to mollify them, realizing they have the power to defeat legislation if they vote with the [[Republicans]] in the House. The health care bill--a major item on the Obama agenda--can only pass with their support, and negotiations for a compromise that will satisfy the Blue Dogs were underway in late July, 2009.

Founded in 1994, the Blue Dog Caucus took its name from their view that the Democratic Party's liberal establishment had "choked blue" conservative voices in the party, from the drawings of blue hounds by Louisiana artist George Rodrigue which graced the walls of offices where they met, and as wordplay on "[[Yellow Dog Democrat]]".

Most recently they were successful in the 2006 and 2008 Congressional elections.<ref> see [http://voteview.com/hou110.htm analysis]</ref>.

An editorial from the conservative ''[[Washington Times]]'' notes they have had success in foreign policy too:
*... the Blue Dog Coalition ... joined with Republicans in passing a temporary [[FISA]] fix that would ensure that the National Security Agency and other intelligence agencies could monitor suspected terrorist communications overseas without having to obtain a warrant. [http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20071017/EDITORIAL/110170011/1013]

==111th Congress==
Blue Dogs like to consider themselves moderate or conservative that are independent of their liberal leadership. Their website states, “particularly active on fiscal issues, relentlessly pursuing a balanced budget and then protecting that achievement from politically popular ‘raids’ on the budget.” However, they increasingly vote with [[Nancy Pelosi]] and the liberal leadership on key fiscal policies, which is supposed to be their strong point. The [[Heritage Foundation]] and [[Human Events]] have compiled a list of the 16 top issues before the 111th Congress and scored the Blue Dogs on their votes. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=32898&s=rcmc Blue Dog Dems Report Card Human Events, July 29, 2009]</ref> What they found was that the Blue Dog Coalition has voted in lockstep with ultra [[liberal]] Rep. [[Steny Hoyer]] 78% of the time.

*[[SCHIP]]- 96% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*[[TARP]]- 82% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*$787 billion Economic Stimulus- 80% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*[[Republican]] alternative to the Economic Stimulus- 96% of all Blue Dogs voted against
*Fiscal 2009 Omnibus- 69% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*Mortgage Loans Modification- 68% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*[[Obama]]’s $3.6 trillion 2010 budget- 73% of Blue Dogs voted in favor
*Republican substitute for the Fiscal 2010 Budget Resolution- 100% of all Blue Dogs voted against
*Hate Crimes legislation- 68% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*$64.5 billion 2010 Commerce-Justice-Science Appropriations- 89% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*Fiscal 2010 Interior Environment Appropriations, a 17% increase over 2009 figures- 78% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*[[Cap and trade]]- 44% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*Fiscal 2010 State Foreign Operations Appropriations, a 33% increase over spending in 2009- 90% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*Fiscal 2010 Financial Services Appropriations- 57% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor
*$33.3 billion Fiscal 2010 Energy Water Appropriations- 94% of all Blue Dogs voted in favor

==Legislation to defund [[Planned Parenthood]]==
The 2009 measure offered by Republican Mike Pence to stop taxpayer dollars from being used to fund [[abortion]]s failed and funding was kept in place. Only 12 Blue Dogs voted with conservatives to remove funding. <ref>[http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2009/roll643.xml#Y%23Y FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 643 House.gov]</ref>

==Members==
*Rep. Stephanie Herseth Sandlin (SD), Blue Dog Co-Chair for Administration
*Rep. Baron Hill (IN-09), Blue Dog Co-Chair for Policy
*Rep. Charlie Melancon (LA-03), Blue Dog Co-Chair for Communications
*Rep. Heath Shuler (NC-11), Blue Dog Whip
*Altmire, Jason (PA-04)
*Arcuri, Mike (NY-24)
*Baca, Joe (CA-43)
*Barrow, John (GA-12)
*Berry, Marion (AR-01)
*Bishop, Sanford (GA-02)
*Boren, Dan (OK-02)
*Boswell, Leonard (IA-03)
*Boyd, Allen (FL-02)
*Bright, Bobby (AL-02)
*Cardoza, Dennis (CA-18)
*Carney, Christopher (PA-10)
*Chandler, Ben (KY-06)
*Childers, Travis (MS-01)
*Cooper, Jim (TN-05)
*Costa, Jim (CA-20)
*Cuellar, Henry (TX-28)
*Dahlkemper, Kathy (PA-03)
*Davis, Lincoln (TN-04)
*Donnelly, Joe (IN-02)
*Ellsworth, Brad (IN-08)
*Giffords, Gabrielle (AZ-08)
*Gordon, Bart (TN-06)
*Griffith, Parker (AL-05)
*Harman, Jane (CA-36)
*Holden, Tim (PA-17)
*Kratovil, Jr., Frank (MD-01)
*McIntyre, Mike (NC-07)
*Marshall, Jim (GA-03)
*Matheson, Jim (UT-02)
*Michaud, Mike (ME-02)
*Minnick, Walt (ID-01)
*Mitchell, Harry (AZ-05)
*Moore, Dennis (KS-03)
*Murphy, Patrick (PA-08)
*Nye, Glenn (VA-02)
*Peterson, Collin (MN-07)
*Pomeroy, Earl (ND)
*Ross, Mike (AR-04)
*Salazar, John (CO-03)
*Sanchez, Loretta (CA-47)
*Schiff, Adam (CA-29)
*Scott, David (GA-13)
*Space, Zack (OH-18)
*Tanner, John (TN-08)
*Taylor, Gene (MS-04)
*Thompson, Mike (CA-01)
*Wilson, Charles (OH-06)

[[Kirsten Gillibrand]] was a Blue Dog member before being appointed [[Hillary Clinton]]'s seat in the [[Senate]].

==See also==
* [[Bourbon Democrat]], late 19th century conservatives
* [[Conservative Democrat]]
* [[Reagan Democrat]]s, voted for Reagan

====references====
<references/>

==External Links==
* [http://www.house.gov/melancon/BlueDogs/Member%20Page.html The Blue Dog Coalition Website]
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Obama Presidency]]
[[Category: United States Political Terms]]

Joel Skousen

2009-08-01T21:42:11Z

GregL: /* See also */ bypass redirect

'''Joel M. Skousen''' is an [[United States|American]] [[conservatism|conservative]] political scientist<ref>http://www.joelskousen.com/Philosophy/philosophy.html</ref>, non-fiction Survivalist author, and consultant that specializes in preparedness topics, particularly [[Retreat|survival retreat]] and fallout shelter design and construction, as well as what he calls "strategic relocation."<ref>http://www.joelskousen.com/Strategic/strategic.html</ref> Skousen is the founder and chief editor of ''World Affairs Brief''<ref>http://www.worldaffairsbrief.com/</ref>, a weekly news analysis service. He has done architectural and retreat design consulting in both North America and Central America.<ref>http://www.joelskousen.com/About/about.html</ref>

Skousen is the author of several books including ''Essential Principles for the Conservation of Liberty'', ''Strategic Relocation--North American Guide to Safe Places'', ''The Secure Home'', ''Survival Home Manual: Architectural Design, Construction, and Remodeling Of Self-Sufficient Residences and Retreats'', and ''How to Implement a High Security Shelter in the Home''. He also published a booklet titled ''10 Packs for Survival'', which he has also posted to several web sites.<ref>http://www.captaindaves.com/dl-list/dl30-pak.htm</ref>

Skousen designs and consults on hardened retreat homes, often complete with fallout shelters with HEPA air filtration. In the book ''Dancing at Armageddon: Survivalism and Chaos in Modern Times'' by Richard G. Mitchell, Jr., (2001) Skousen is quoted: ""You never want to make a house look like an obvious fortress. Those who want in can always move up a bigger gun. There is no way you can design a home to withstand RPG rockets and tanks. I design these homes so you virtually cannot tell inside or out that they are any different from a conventional home."<ref>http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/532445.html</ref>

Because of its low population density and diverse economy, Skousen<ref>http://www.joelskousen.com/About/about.html</ref> and [[James Wesley Rawles]]<ref>http://www.survivalblog.com/retreatareas.html</ref> both recommend the Intermountain west region of the [[United States]], as a preferred region for relocation and setting up [[Retreat|survival retreats]].

Skousen was raised in [[Oregon]] and later served as a [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] fighter pilot during the Vietnam Era. Skousen has also worked as a commercial pilot, and is a member of the Experimental Aircraft Association, the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association and Pilots for 9/11 Truth.<ref>http://www.patriotsquestion911.com/#Skousen</ref><ref>http://www.pilotsfor911truth.org/core.html</ref> During the 1980s Skousen was the Chairman of the Conservative National Committee. He was also the Executive Editor of Conservative Digest.<ref>http://www.mskousen.com/About/Family/famous.html</ref>

In late 2007, Skousen gained attention when he gave his support to [[Ron Paul]] rather than to fellow LDS church member [[Mitt Romney]] in the 2008 US presidential campaign, in a widely-circulated YouTube video clip.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbYxtA5PBXU</ref> After [[John McCain]] became the [[Republican Party]]'s presumptive nominee in early 2008, Skousen also endorsed Pastor [[Chuck Baldwin]] of the [[Constitution Party]], "As Ron Paul goes back to Congress to continue the fight there, I believe Chuck Baldwin is the person to continue the fight during this election cycle and beyond."<ref>World Affairs Brief, May 2, 2008.</ref>

Joel Skousen is the older brother of Mark Skousen and the younger brother of Royal Skousen. The three Skousen brothers are the nephews of Cleon Skousen.<ref>http://www.mskousen.com/About/Family/famous.html</ref>

===Books===
*''Essential Principles for the Conservation of Liberty'', ISBN 1199306614 (1984)

*''The Secure Home'', ISBN 1199306720 (May, 1999)

*''Strategic Relocation--North American Guide to Safe Places'', ISBN 156861053X (various editions, latest listed is February, 2006)

*''Survival Home Manual: Architectural Design, Construction, and Remodeling Of Self-Sufficient Residences and Retreats'', ISBN 1199306396 (1982)

*''How to Implement a High Security Shelter in the Home'', ISBN 1199306524 (1998)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Survivalist retreat]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.JoelSkousen.com Skousen's web site]
* [http://www.worldaffairsbrief.com World Affairs Brief], Joel Skousen's weekly news analysis
* [http://www.captaindaves.com/dl-list/dl30-pak.htm 10 Packs for Survival]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3589684170354412946 Joel Skousen Bill of Rights Day Speech], [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]. December 15, 2007

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skousen, Joel}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Political Scientists]]
[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Survivalism]]

Claude Swanson

2009-08-01T21:00:55Z

GregL: clean up

'''Claude A. Swanson''' (1862-1939) was an American political leader from [[Virginia]]. He was an active Democrat and as congressman (1892-1906), fought for rural free delivery [[mail]] routes. As governor of Virginia (1906-1910) he led the [[Progressive Movement]] in the state, and established the state board of health and the highway department. He served in the U.S. Senate (1910-1933). He supported [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] for president in 1932 and was rewarded with an appointment as [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1933-1939).
==See also==
* [[History of Virginia]]

[[Category:The South]] [[Category:New Deal]] [[category:Virginia]] [[Category:United States Navy]] [[category:Progressive Era]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Swanson, Claude}}

Dominionism

2009-08-01T19:14:12Z

GregL: plural

'''Dominionism''' is a conspiracy theory most often used to describe politically active conservative Christians, mostly Calvinist in orientation, with an imagined specific agenda. The term is not recognized by any legitimate, trusted dictionary<ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dominionism?jss=0</ref> and is rarely used as a self-description; it is a loaded or [[pejorative]] term, and use of the term is primarily limited to religious and non-religious critics of the Christian Right on the political left. [[Leftist]]s commonly assign the pejorative label ''"Christer"'' to those they perceive as being ''"Dominionists"''.

==Origin of the term==

The origin of the term can be found in the writings of the founder of [[Christian Reconstructionism]], Rousas J. Rushdoony, whose 1973 book, ''The Institute of Biblical Law'', uses the word “dominion” quite frequently:

*"God's covenant with Adam required him to exercise dominion over the earth and to subdue it (Gen. 1:26 ff) under God according to God's law-word."
*"The restoration of that covenant relationship was the work of Christ, His grace to His elect people."
*"The fulfillment of that covenant is their great commission: to subdue all things and all nations to Christ and His law-word." <ref>The Institutes of Biblical Law, R. J. Rushdoony, Pge 14</ref>
*“…the first step in the mandate is to bring men the word of God and for God to regenerate them. The second step is to demolish every kind of rampart or opposition to the dominion of God in Christ. The world and men must be brought into captivity to Christ, under the dominion of the Kingdom of God and the law of that kingdom. Third, this requires that, like Paul, we court-martial or "administer justice upon all disobedience" in every area of life where we encounter it. To deny the cultural mandate is to deny Christ and to surrender the world to the devil.” <ref>The Institutes of Biblical Law, R. J. Rushdoony, pp 724-725</ref>

It’s a term echoed by other Christian Reconstructionists. George Grant wrote in 1987: <ref>”The Changing of the Guard: Biblical Principles for Political Action," George Grant, 1987 </ref>
{{cquote|Christians have an obligation, a mandate, a commission, a holy responsibility to reclaim the land for Jesus Christ - to have dominion in the civil structures, just as in every other aspect of life and godliness.
But it is dominion that we are after. Not just a voice. 
It is dominion we are after. Not just influence. 
It is dominion we are after. Not just equal time. 
It is dominion we are after.}}

==Generic dominionism==

Dominionist or Christian Reconstructionist theology's belief that the penalties of the Levitical law remain binding upon Christians under the New Covenant is controversial among many conservative Evangelicals.

The Christian Research Institute, a noted conservative Evangelical apologetics ministry, takes the Dominionists to task for what it sees as a misunderstanding of the Bible.

Within the Christian Right, concern over social, cultural, and political issues such as [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]], [[same-sex marriage]], sympathy for Israel sometimes expressed as Christian Zionism, the banning of teacher-led prayer in the public schools, and the reduction of overtly fundamentalist Christian perspectives in the public square has prompted participation in elections since the 1970s. Activists and intellectuals in the Christian Right work in a coalition of religious conservatives, operating through the Republican Party to promote their influence. These dominionists sometimes make the claim that "America is a Christian nation."

Dominionist authors such as David Barton and controversial former Alabama Chief Justice Roy Moore and others look to 19th century court rulings for a different perspective on Christianity's role in government. [http://ecclesia.org/truth/rulings.html] They argue the U.S. Supreme Court has undermined the framers' intent for the establishment clause since the 1947 Everson v. Board of Education case.[http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/ChurchHistory/David_Barton3.aspx] They claim the morality expressed in American laws, such as the Blue laws, passed during the early part of American history deeply reflected Christianity's influence upon the culture. Such perspectives were advanced in 19th century cases such as Updegraph v. Commonwealth (1824) and Holy Trinity v. Commonwealth (1892), which Dominionist authors including Pat Robertson frequently cite in support of their arguments. [http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_speechs30.html][http://supreme.justia.com/us/143/457/case.html]

The Dominionist Chalcedon Foundation argues:

:"Based upon those premises, secularists would have to admit that at the time the Constitution was ratified, America was a full-blown theocracy. Sodomy laws, blasphemy laws, and even Sabbath laws were common in various states. If secularists are crying “theocracy” now, they would’ve marched in the streets of eighteenth-century America."[http://www.chalcedon.edu/articles/article.php?ArticleID=2308]

Now, they feel shut out, and feel the need to re-assert their presence as religious people with a valid perspective in the democratic political process and the institutions of the culture.

Few, however, articulate a position that could be called theocratic.

Critics argue the claim that the United States is a Christian nation is of questionable historic validity (often pointing out the deism of various founding fathers) , is ethnocentric, and reduces secularists and members of other religions (such as Judaism, Islam, and Hinduism) to second-class status. Religious historians, like Nathan Hatch, Mark Noll and others, also suggest that modern fundamentalists are nostalgic for a time that never really existed as they imagine it: a time in the indefinite past, before the turbulent sixties, when wholesomeness, and sanity, and harmony prevailed under a benevolent religion much as they conceive their own to be.

== Theological critique ==

Dominionist or Christian Reconstructionist theology's belief that the penalties of the Levitical law remain binding upon Christians under the New Covenant is controversial among many conservative Evangelicals.

The Christian Research Institute, a noted conservative Evangelical apologetics ministry, takes the Dominionists to task for what it sees as a misunderstanding of the Bible.

:"But are Christians supposed to be taking dominion at all? Granted that there is some confusion among American Christians as to what taking dominion would mean, is there a sense in which this really is the mission of the church? A careful reading of the Bible indicates otherwise. Simply put, the Bible never commands Christians to take dominion. A search for such a mandate proves fruitless. The Bible never even hints that this is to be a responsibility of the church between Christ's first and second comings." [http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v08n1/chrisre1.html]

CRI argues the Great Commission found in Matthew, Chapter 28:18-20, does not provide any sort of "Dominion Mandate" as argued by Gary North, R.J. Rushdoony or other Dominionists. "There is certainly no explicit connection made in Matthew 28 between the Great Commission and the Dominion Mandate of Genesis 1:28. Nor are the commands to disciple, baptize, and teach somehow equivalent to 'take dominion.'" [http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/web/crj0024a.html]

It also denies that Christians have a "general mandate from Christ to seek or achieve worldwide or even nationwide political dominion before His return."

Likewise, Bob DeWaay, a conservative Evangelical preacher from Minneapolis, argues the Dominionists strain to make biblical passages conform with their theology. "It is remarkable how much emphasis is placed on Genesis 1:26-28 as being a mandate to rule over cultures and human institutions in a fallen world when at the time that Adam was given this mandate, no such cultures existed and the world was not fallen. The text says nothing about cultures or subjugating other people." [http://cicministry.org/scholarly/sch001.htm]

==The "Christer" controversy==

On 29-30 April 2005 a gathering was held at the publicly funded College University of New York (CUNY) <ref>[http://lists.ucla.edu/pipermail/religionlaw/2005-June/018692.html ''Public university sponsorship of conference on "Examining the Real Agenda of the Christian Right"'']</ref> of radical leftists to discuss the "real agenda of the Christian right" and to "develop strategies to defeat them". One of the speakers, Katherine Yurica, told the conference the Republican Party had gained power through "Hitlerian tactics" and that evangelical leaders from Billy Graham to Jerry Falwell "had to have read Hitler’s Mein Kampf." <ref>[http://www.ird-renew.org/site/apps/s/content.asp?c=fvKVLfMVIsG&b=494491&ct=928973 ''President Bush Called “Evil,” Evangelicals Equated With Nazis at NCC-Supported Conference''], John Lomperis, The Institute on Religion and Democracy. </ref> 60s activist [[Chip Berlet]] said Christians are motivated by doctrines like "Dominionism, which order Christians to take over the secular state." Berlet lamented the fact [[People for the American Way]] had stopped monitoring Christian groups and noted his organization, Political Research Associates would love to do it but complained there wasn't enough money to be made. <ref>[http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2005/06/the_new_blackli.html ''The New Blacklist: Corporate America Caves In to the Christers''], Doug Ireland, June 09, 2005.</ref> Berlet has since become the primary author of the controversial Dominionism series in Wikipedia. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Dominionism&direction=next&oldid=48506938] During a panel discussion <ref>[http://www.religiousrightwatch.com/2005/07/the_things_peop.html Religious Right Watch''] July 10, 2005.</ref> on appropriate pejoratives to use, such as ''Christer'' or ''Theocon'', Berlet also recommended terms such as ''Religious Supremacist'' and ''Christian Supremacist''. <ref>[http://www.publiceye.org/media/logic96.html ''Techniques of the Propagandist''], Chip Berlet, Political Research Associates, Cambridge Massachusetts.</ref>

Stanley Kurtz of the ''National Review'' reported on the conference. Kurtz said the alleged desire of the Religious Right to "suppress other religions ...reestablish slavery. ...reduce women to near-slavery by making them property. ...execute anyone found guilty of pre-marital, extramarital, or homosexual sex. ...to bring back the death penalty for witchcraft" was the subject matter of discussion. <ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/kurtz/kurtz200505020944.asp ''Dominionist Domination, The Left runs with a wild theory.''] Stanley Kurtz, National Review Online, May 02, 2005.</ref> Christians soon reacted to the hate, <ref>[http://community.livejournal.com/dark_christian/362401.html Dark Christianity],
Exploring and Exposing Dominionist Christianity, 12 December 2005. </ref> bigotry, and distortions coming out of the conference. <ref>[http://rhymeswithright.mu.nu/archives/092627.php#092627 ''The "Christer" Controversy''], Rhymes With Right, June 16, 2005.</ref> Kurtz has investigated the extreme rhetoric of alleged Dominionist watchdogs and discovered at a website calling itself religioustolerance.org the claim that Dominionists
:''“advocate genocide for followers of minority groups and non-conforming members of their own religion.”'' <ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/reconstr.htm ReligiousTolerance.org] Onterio Consultants on Religious Tolerance, ''Dominionism (aka Christian Reconsturctionism, Dominion Theology and Theonomy)</ref>

Anthony Williams of ''FrontPage magazine.com'' also commented on the absurdities coming out of the conference. While noting the “threat” of religious fundamentalism among the gathering of extreme leftists was not in beheadings, forced marriages, honor killings, or genital mutilation in the Islamic Middle East, in this ideological fever swamp the real threat to freedom and liberty, "it turns out, is Jerry Falwell, Pat Robertson, and the seditious propaganda of Tim LaHaye, author of the best-selling apocalyptic fiction series ''Left Behind''." <ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=17957 "Dominionist" Fantasies], Anthony Williams, ''FrontPage magazine.com'', 4 May 2005.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Political profiling]]

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==

*[http://www.nationalreview.com/kurtz/kurtz200505020944.asp ''Dominionist Domination, The Left runs with a wild theory.''] Stanley Kurtz, National Review Online, May 02, 2005.
*[http://www.ird-renew.org/site/apps/s/content.asp?c=fvKVLfMVIsG&b=494491&ct=928973 ''President Bush Called “Evil,” Evangelicals Equated With Nazis at NCC-Supported Conference''], John Lomperis, The Institute on Religion and Democracy.
*[http://direland.typepad.com/direland/2005/06/the_new_blackli.html ''The New Blacklist: Corporate America Caves In to the Christers''], Doug Ireland, June 09, 2005.

*[http://rhymeswithright.mu.nu/archives/092627.php#092627 ''The "Christer" Controversy''], Rhymes With Right, June 16, 2005.
*[http://www.religiousrightwatch.com/2005/07/the_things_peop.html Religious Right Watch''] July 10, 2005.
*[http://www.publiceye.org/media/logic96.html ''Techniques of the Propagandist''], Chip Berlet, Political Research Associates, Cambridge Massachusetts.
*[http://lists.ucla.edu/pipermail/religionlaw/2005-June/018692.html ''Public university sponsorship of conference on "Examining the Real Agenda of the Christian Right"'']

[[Category:Conspiracy Theory]]
[[Category:Fundamentalism]]

Jacques Cousteau

2009-08-01T18:42:41Z

GregL: reinsert with sources

'''Jacques Yves-Cousteau''' (June 11, 1910 - June 25, 1997) is a world-famous ocean explorer who helped French engineer Émile Gagnan improve [[SCUBA]] gear with a [[demand regulator]], producing the Aqua-Lung. <ref>http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Ce-Cr/Cousteau-Jacques.html</ref>

Cousteau first joined the [[France|French]] [[navy]] in 1933, fought for the [[Free French]] resistance during [[World War II]], then remained again in the French navy until 1949.<ref>http://www.incwell.com/Biographies/Cousteau.html</ref> He continued in underwater exploration and leased the ship Calpyso from 1950 to 1997 as the ocean base for his research. His [[television]] series ''The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau'' ran from 1966 to 1976.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0192937/</ref>

He got caught up in [[environmentalism|environmental]] [[extremism]] in the later years of his life, advocating for enforced human [[population control]] in a 1991 interview<ref>''UNESCO Courier'', November 1991, quoted several places on the Internet such as http://www.radioliberty.com/pca.htm</ref>, and consulting to the 1992 [[Earth Summit]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>http://www.ecophotoexplorers.com/JacquesCousteau.asp</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Engineers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cousteau, Jacques}}

Environmental hysteria

2009-08-01T17:50:14Z

GregL: Redirected page to Environmental alarmism

#REDIRECT [[environmental alarmism]]

Jacques Yves-Cousteau

2009-08-01T17:49:24Z

GregL: Redirected page to Jacques Cousteau

#REDIRECT [[Jacques Cousteau]]

Jacques Cousteau

2009-08-01T17:48:42Z

GregL: expand

'''Jacques Yves-Cousteau''' (June 11, 1910 - June 25, 1997) is a world-famous ocean explorer who helped French engineer Émile Gagnan improve [[SCUBA]] gear with a [[demand regulator]], producing the Aqua-Lung. [http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Ce-Cr/Cousteau-Jacques.html]

Cousteau fought for the [[Free French]] resistance during [[World War II]] and later spent time in the [[France|French]] [[navy]] until 1949. He continued in underwater [[exploration]] and leased the ship ''Calpyso'' from 1950 to 1997 as the ocean base for his research. His [[television]] series ''The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau'' ran from 1968 to 1976.

He got caught up in [[environmentalism|environmental]] [[extremism]] in the later years of his life, advocating for enforced human [[population control]] in a 1991 interview, and consulting to the 1992 [[Earth Summit]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].

[[Category:People]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cousteau, Jacques}}

9/12 Candidate

2009-08-01T16:02:03Z

GregL: category cleanup to bring in line with existing CP categories

'''9/12 Candidates''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Politics of the United States|political]] [[blog]] organization (launched on 23 March, 2009<ref>http://whois.domaintools.com/912candidates.org</ref>) made up of only volunteers, publishing news and opinion from a [[Conservatism|conservative]] point of view. It functions as a discussion forum and group blog for a variety of [[netroots]] activists, whose efforts are primarily directed toward locating and promoting conservative candidates that have committed themselves to a [[morality|morally binding]] contract to represent their constituents and uphold the 9 principles and 12 values<ref>http://912candidates.org/912-values-principles/ </ref> listed below. These candidates represent the political ideology of the more than 661,000<ref>http://the912project.com/</ref> members of the [[9/12 Movement]]. On may May 12, 2009 [[Glenn Beck]] became aware of the organization, wishing it luck, and offering to host debates for candidates.

== The 9/12 Candidate Contract ==
A '''9/12 Candidate''' signs a [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/912contract-signed.pdf "morally binding" contract] that lists a modified version of [[Glenn Beck]]'s principles and values from his 9/12 Project<ref>http://theglennbeck912project.com/</ref>.

'''9 Principles'''

#America Is Good.
#I believe in God and He is the Center of my Life.
#I must always try to be a more honest person than I was yesterday.
#The family is sacred. My spouse and I are the ultimate authority, not the government.
#If you break the law you pay the penalty. Justice is blind and no one is above it.
#I have a right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness, but there is no guarantee of equal results.
#I work hard for what I have and I will share it with who I want to. Government cannot force me to be charitable.
#It is not un-American for me to disagree with authority or to share my personal opinion.
#The government works for me. I do not answer to them, they answer to me. <nowiki>*</nowiki>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''For the contract this has been reworded from the representatives perspective to read: “ The government works for the people. The people do not answer to the government, the government answers to the people.“''

'''12 Values'''
#Honesty
#Reverence
#Hope
#Thrift
#Humility
#Charity
#Sincerity
#Moderation
#Hard Work
#Courage
#Personal Responsibility
#Gratitude

==Signed Candidates==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Seeking Office
! Announcement
! Signed Contract
! Date Signed
!
|-
| [[RJ Harris|RJ Harris (OK)]]<ref>http://rjharris2010.com/</ref>
| [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] for [[Oklahoma 4th Congressional District|Oklahomas' 4th Congressional District]] <ref>http://rjharris2010.com/news.asp/</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/2009/04/19/912-candidate-rj-harris/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/4th-district-harris.pdf Contract]
| 17 April 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/RJ-Harris/51113889678|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/RJHarris2010|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/rjharris2010|Myspace]] [[File:meetup_82.png|25px|link=http://www.meetup.com/RJ-Harris-2010/|Meetup]]
|-
| [[Robert_C._Smith|Sen Bob Smith (FL)]]<ref>http://www.friendsofsenatorbobsmith.com/index.php</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Florida]]
| [http://912candidates.org/2009/06/10/912-candidate-senator-bob-smith/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/bob-smith-final1.jpg Contract]
| 13 May 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=70337491139|Facebook]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Smith Wikipedia]
|-
| [[Richard Pait|Richard Pait (FL)]]<ref>http://www.richardpait.info/</ref>
| [[Jacksonville, Florida]] [[Jacksonville City Council|City Council]], District 13
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/2009/05/28/jacksonvilles-first-official-912-candidate/ Read]
|
| 28 May 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/s.php?init=q&q=Richard+Pait&sid=0563fd04172a65dcce01d40022c4b0c3#/pages/Richard-Pait/63680301484?ref=s|Facebook]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/458435786|Myspace]]
|-
| [[Ron_Miller_(politician)|Ron Miller (MD)]]<ref>http://teamronmiller.com</ref>
| [[Maryland Senate]], District 27<ref>http://teamronmiller.com/reflections/?p=97#more-97</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/2009/06/07/912-candidate-ron-miller/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/ron.jpg Contract]
| 7 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Ron-Miller/134555780520?ref=mf|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/TeamRonMiller|Twitter]]
|-
| [[Marion_D._Thorpe,_Jr.|Dr. Marion Thorpe (FL)]]<ref>http://marionthorpe.com/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Florida]]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/2009/06/25/183/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/files/2009/06/thorpe-912-pledge_final.jpg Contract]
| 25 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/marionthorpe|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/marionthorpe|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/marionthorpe|Myspace]] [[File:youtube_16.png|link=http://www.youtube.com/user/marionthorpe|YouTube]]
|-
| [[Rand Paul|Rand Paul (KY)]]<ref>http://www.randpaul2010.com</ref>
| [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] for [[Kentucky]] <ref>http://www.randpaul2010.com/blog/2009/june/patriot%E2%80%99s-pipeline-radio-show-tonight-rand-paul-rj-harris</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/ky/2009/06/25/potential-us-senate-candidate-dr-rand-paul-becomes-the-first-to-sign-the-912-candidate-contract-in-kentucky/ Read]
|
| 26 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/DrRandPaul?ref=mf|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/DrRandPaul|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/ronpaul_2008president_|Myspace]] [[File:youtube_16.png|link=http://www.youtube.com/user/RandPaulsupporter|YouTube]] [[File:meetup_82.png|25px|link=http://rand-paul-for-senate-2010.meetup.com/|Meetup]]
|-
| [[Peg Luksik|Peg Luksik (PA)]]<ref>http://pegluksik.org/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Pennsylvania]] <ref>http://pegluksik.com/beliefs/</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/pa/2009/06/27/912-candidate-peg-luksik-state-senate/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/pa/files/2009/06/peg.jpg Contract]
| 27 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=70337491139#/group.php?gid=139592850133|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/pegluksik|Twitter]] [[File:flickr_16.png|link=http://www.flickr.com/photos/pegluksik/|Flicker]]
|-
| [[Bernie DeCastro|Bernie DeCastro (FL)]]<ref>http://www.electbernie.com/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Florida]]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/2009/06/30/another-florida-912-candidate/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/files/2009/06/bernie1.jpg Contract]
| 30 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=79090982465|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/ElectBernie|Twitter]]
|-
| [[Jay La Suer|Jay La Suer (CA)]] <ref>http://sheriffjay.org/blog/archives/67</ref>
| Candidate for [[San Diego County]] [[San Diego County Sheriff's Department (California)|Sheriff]]
| [http://912candidates.org/blog/2009/07/03/912-candidate-jay-la-suer-sheriff-san-diego-county-ca/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/ca/files/2009/07/jay-la-suer.jpg Contract]
| 2 July 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/JayLaSuer|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/SheriffJay|Twitter]]
|-
| [[Ben Gifford|Ben Gifford (CA)]]<ref>http://www.bengifford2012.com/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[California]]
| [http://912candidates.org/blog/2009/07/02/912-candidate-ben-gifford-us-senate-ca/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/ca/files/2009/05/ben-gifford.jpg Contract]
| 30 May 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Ben-Gifford/103240608097|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/Gifford2012|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/bengifford12|Myspace]]
|-
| [[Adam Kokesh|Adam Kokesh (NM)]]<ref>http://www.kokeshforcongress.com/</ref>
| [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] for [[New Mexico 3rd Congressional District|New Mexicos' 3rd Congressional District]]
| [http://912candidates.org/blog/2009/07/15/912-candidate-adam-kokesh-u-s-congress-3rd-district-ok/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/files/2009/07/Adam-Kokesh.jpg Contract]
| July 15, 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Adam-Kokesh/90664406259|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/adamkokesh|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/adamkokesh|Myspace]] [[File:youtube_16.png|link=http://www.youtube.com/user/KokeshforCongress|YouTube]]
|}

==Contributors/Organizers==
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
|+ State Organizers & Bloggers
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
|Alabama|| || ||Alaska|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/az/ Arizona]||S, R, M & D|| ||Arkansas|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ca/ California]||CS
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Colorado|| || ||Connecticut|| || ||Delaware|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/fl/ Florida]||JA|| ||Georgia||
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Hawaii|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/id/ Idaho]||SC|| ||Illinois|| || ||Indiana|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ia/ Iowa]||JM
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Kansas|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ky/ Kentucky]||CG, DS || ||Louisiana|| || ||Maine|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/md/ Maryland]||R, C & S
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Massachusetts|| || ||Michigan|| || ||Minnesota|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ms/ Mississippi]||DN || ||Missouri||
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Montana|| || ||Nebraska|| || ||Nevada|| || ||New Hampshire|| || ||New Jersey||
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| [http://912candidates.org/nm/ New Mexico]||J || ||New York|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/nc/ North Carolina]||LL || ||North Dakota|| || ||Ohio||
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| [http://912candidates.org/ok/ Oklahoma]||DK, CM || ||Oregon|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/pa/ Pennsylvania]||DM, WR || ||Rhode Island|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/sc/ South Carolina]||LL
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| South Dakota|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/tn/ Tennessee]||JA || ||[http://912candidates.org/tx/ Texas]||FM || ||Utah|| || ||Vermont||
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| [http://912candidates.org/va/ Virginia]||NH || ||[http://912candidates.org/wa/ Washington]||MO || ||West Virginia|| || ||Wisconsin|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/wv/ Wyoming]||BM
|-style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Washington DC|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

== Partners ==
[[America's Independent Party]] National Committee<ref>http://www.aipnews.com/talk/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=5612&posts=1&start=1</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:9/12_Candidates]]
[[Category:United_States_Constitution]]
[[Category:Taxation]]
[[Category:Libertarianism]]
[[Category:Blogs]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]

Environmental disasters caused by liberals

2009-08-01T15:43:30Z

GregL: better wording

[[Liberal]]s like to portray [[environmentalism]] as a liberal cause. What they won't tell you is many of the environmental disasters were caused by liberals:

* In 1979, [[Jimmy Carter]] adopted an [[energy]] policy in an effort to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, demanding a 50% cut in the use of oil to generate electricity and replace it with [[coal]]. This policy was unveiled in his 1979 "malaise" speech.<ref>http://www.rightwingnews.com/speeches/carter.php</ref> This caused a 40% increase in the use of coal as a power source<ref>Huber, Peter and Mills, Mark. ''The Bottomless Well''. Basic Books, 2005.</ref>, pumping millions of tons of additional [[greenhouse gases]] into the atmosphere. Indeed, global mean temperatures were dropping from 1940 to the late 1970s but this cooling trend reversed after 1978 and became a warming trend.
* Environmentalists have been opposed to [[nuclear power]] since the 1970s. Their cause gained more public support after the 1979 [[Three Mile Island]] accident. As a result of this opposition, no new nuclear power plants have been commissioned in the United States since. In conjunction with Carter's energy policy, this led to coal becoming the default electricity-producing fuel. See above for the consequences. Nuclear power, by contrast, does not produce any air pollution at all.
* [[Aerosol]]s are known to have an atmospheric cooling effect, possibly masking any man-made warming effects from greenhouse gases, assuming there is such a thing.<ref>http://www.enn.com/pollution/article/39303</ref> Liberal environmentalists campaigned heavily against consumer use of aerosols starting in 1974 after an environmental scare hit the news that aerosol sprays could be harmful to the [[ozone layer]].<ref>http://www.predictweather.co.nz/assets/articles/article_resources.php?id=36</ref> See above for the consequences. Global mean temperatures began rising again in the late 1970s.
* The [[anti-DDT campaign]] leading to a ban on [[DDT]] in most places has led to millions of deaths from [[malaria]] in the developing world.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref> The popularity of Rachel Carson's ''[[Silent Spring]]'' was a significant factor in bringing about a ban on the use of DDT. Replacement pesticides adopted after the DDT ban have proven to be less effective at eradicating [[mosquito]]es, and more harmful to the environment. When properly used DDT's ecological impact is negligible.<ref>Lomborg, Bjorn. ''Cool It'', pg 98. Vintage Books, 2008.</ref>
* Liberal events are notorious for generating hundreds of tons of [[garbage|litter]] and leaving the area a trampled, muddy, often eroded mess where nothing grows. Such events include inaugurations of liberal presidents, [[protest]] demonstrations sponsored by [[ANSWER]], the [[Woodstock]] festivals in 1969, 1994, and 1999, and even [[Earth Day]] celebrations. Compare this to the benign conservative, patriotic, and small town festivals such as the [[Fourth of July]], where people pick up their litter and little damage is done to the ground.
[[Image:1915b7ec753fa9d0352885dc23da4469.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The aftermath of the inauguration of [[Barack Obama]] on January 20, 2009: 100 tons of trash to clean up.]]
* Liberal [[immigration]] policies adopted in the United States due to the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act, opened the floodgates to unsustainable population growth in the United States which continues to this day. Had immigration levels been left at pre-1965 levels, U.S. population would have likely stabilized at around 240 million by now. Instead it is over 300 million, and expected to reach 468 million by the year 2060<ref>http://www.cis.org/impact_on_population.html</ref>, mostly due to mass immigration. The U.S. ecology cannot handle this rate of population growth.<ref>http://balance.org/alerts/alert122004.html</ref>
* Likewise, the ecology of U.S. National Parks and Monuments bordering [[Mexico]] has been trampled and is severely at risk from the [[illegal alien]]s coming into the U.S. who enter through those parks (such as Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument). Liberal environmental groups responded to this threat, not by supporting the [[The Secure the Fence Act of 2006|border fence]], but by filing lawsuits against the fence claiming it would disrupt [[animal]] habitats. When in fact, the flood of illegal aliens already did disrupt those animal habitats.<ref>http://www.desertinvasion.us/</ref>
* Liberal environmentalist demands for cleaner burning [[gasoline]] led to the addition of MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) into gasoline starting in 1979, with higher levels of MTBE mandated after 1992 to comply with the demands of the [[Clean Air Act]]. The leakage of MTBE from tens of thousands of storage tanks has contaminated tens of thousands of water wells throughout the U.S. An even small release of MTBE can render a large supply of water unpotable. MTBE was finally banned in some states in 2004-2005, but the damage has already been done. The cost of environmental cleanup and lawsuits from its use range upwards of $30 billion.
* Liberal environmentalist opposition to [[logging]], including any [[selective logging]] at all, on public lands has caused an excessive fuel buildup in forests and wildlands. While periodic [[fire]]s are a natural part of the ecology and most forest and grassland types are dependent on fire to one degree or another, the fires resulting from excessive fuel buildup are neither natural nor environmentally benign. This buildup is thanks to the near-ban on logging in 1992 when a federal judge halted all logging in National Forests until the [[northern spotted owl]] could be protected, and the resulting [[William Jefferson Clinton|Clinton]] administration's forest policy which drastically cut logging in the National Forests.
* [[Animal rights]] activists, in the name of defending animals have broken into laboratories and released the animals thus "rescued" into the wild. If these "rescued" animals are non-native species they can become invasives, causing ecological harm from having been released and then multiplying in an ecosystem in which they lack natural enemies. This has happened, among other places, in the [[United Kingdom]] where non-native [[mink]] were released into the wild by animal rights activists.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1617919.stm</ref> In addition, at least one case exists where [[vegetarian]] activists purchased [[fish]] with the intention of setting them free, releasing non-native sea lampreys into New Jersey's Passiac River. This same species has wreaked havoc on native species in the Great Lakes<ref>http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/08/vegetarian_reli.php</ref>.
* Contraceptive [[birth control]] pills are a serious source of water pollution, and the presence of these chemicals in the environment from being disposed of, often by flushing down the toilet, is harming fish populations and even causing mutations and hermaphroditic fish.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref>
* [[Organic]] farming is being promoted by liberal environmentalists. Organic farming requires 40% more land area to produce the same amount of food as modern, non-organic agriculture. The wide spread adoption of organic farming will encroach on conservation preserves and open space, and destroy many of them just to be able to feed the people whom modern agriculture feeds now.
* Liberal congressmen led by Senator [[Jeff Bingaman]] of [[New Mexico]], pushed an amendment to the 2007 energy bill which will ban the sale of most incandescent [[light bulb]]s by 2014. The intention of this ban is to force a switch to [[compact fluorescent]] light bulbs (CFL) in the name of reducing energy use. CFLs contain toxic [[mercury (element)|mercury]], while incandescent light bulbs are free of any toxic chemicals and can be disposed of safely. CFLs present a toxic hazard if one of them breaks inside a house or on a carpet, and may become a major source of mercury contamination in the water and air from CFLs which will be disposed of in landfills or incinerated.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59298</ref>
* Liberal animal rights opposition to [[hunting]], and cultural changes in which young people idolize "hip" metropolitan postmodern cultural motifs while holding rural and small town values (including hunting and responsible [[gun]] ownership) in disdain, has caused a decline in hunting which in turn has led to an overpopulation of [[deer]]. Not only is an excess of deer an environmental problem in itself, but it has also caused [[Lyme disease]], formerly a little-known disease spread by deer ticks, to become a serious health problem in recent years in the eastern United States.

==See also==
* [[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
* [[Environmental alarmism]]
* [[Liberal hypocrisy]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Environmentalism]]

Environmental disasters caused by liberals

2009-08-01T15:36:20Z

GregL: deer overpopulation and Lyme disease

[[Liberal]]s like to portray [[environmentalism]] as a liberal cause. What they won't tell you is many of the environmental disasters were caused by liberals:

* In 1979, [[Jimmy Carter]] adopted an [[energy]] policy in an effort to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, demanding a 50% cut in the use of oil to generate electricity and replace it with [[coal]]. This policy was unveiled in his 1979 "malaise" speech.<ref>http://www.rightwingnews.com/speeches/carter.php</ref> This caused a 40% increase in the use of coal as a power source<ref>Huber, Peter and Mills, Mark. ''The Bottomless Well''. Basic Books, 2005.</ref>, pumping millions of tons of additional [[greenhouse gases]] into the atmosphere. Indeed, global mean temperatures were dropping from 1940 to the late 1970s but this cooling trend reversed after 1978 and became a warming trend.
* Environmentalists have been opposed to [[nuclear power]] since the 1970s. Their cause gained more public support after the 1979 [[Three Mile Island]] accident. As a result of this opposition, no new nuclear power plants have been commissioned in the United States since. In conjunction with Carter's energy policy, this led to coal becoming the default electricity-producing fuel. See above for the consequences. Nuclear power, by contrast, does not produce any air pollution at all.
* [[Aerosol]]s are known to have an atmospheric cooling effect, possibly masking any man-made warming effects from greenhouse gases, assuming there is such a thing.<ref>http://www.enn.com/pollution/article/39303</ref> Liberal environmentalists campaigned heavily against consumer use of aerosols starting in 1974 after an environmental scare hit the news that aerosol sprays could be harmful to the [[ozone layer]].<ref>http://www.predictweather.co.nz/assets/articles/article_resources.php?id=36</ref> See above for the consequences. Global mean temperatures began rising again in the late 1970s.
* The [[anti-DDT campaign]] leading to a ban on [[DDT]] in most places has led to millions of deaths from [[malaria]] in the developing world.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref> The popularity of Rachel Carson's ''[[Silent Spring]]'' was a significant factor in bringing about a ban on the use of DDT. Replacement pesticides adopted after the DDT ban have proven to be less effective at eradicating [[mosquito]]es, and more harmful to the environment. When properly used DDT's ecological impact is negligible.<ref>Lomborg, Bjorn. ''Cool It'', pg 98. Vintage Books, 2008.</ref>
* Liberal events are notorious for generating hundreds of tons of [[garbage|litter]] and leaving the area a trampled, muddy, often eroded mess where nothing grows. Such events include inaugurations of liberal presidents, [[protest]] demonstrations sponsored by [[ANSWER]], the [[Woodstock]] festivals in 1969, 1994, and 1999, and even [[Earth Day]] celebrations. Compare this to the benign conservative, patriotic, and small town festivals such as the [[Fourth of July]], where people pick up their litter and little damage is done to the ground.
[[Image:1915b7ec753fa9d0352885dc23da4469.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The aftermath of the inauguration of [[Barack Obama]] on January 20, 2009: 100 tons of trash to clean up.]]
* Liberal [[immigration]] policies adopted in the United States due to the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act, opened the floodgates to unsustainable population growth in the United States which continues to this day. Had immigration levels been left at pre-1965 levels, U.S. population would have likely stabilized at around 240 million by now. Instead it is over 300 million, and expected to reach 468 million by the year 2060<ref>http://www.cis.org/impact_on_population.html</ref>, mostly due to mass immigration. The U.S. ecology cannot handle this rate of population growth.<ref>http://balance.org/alerts/alert122004.html</ref>
* Likewise, the ecology of U.S. National Parks and Monuments bordering [[Mexico]] has been trampled and is severely at risk from the [[illegal alien]]s coming into the U.S. who enter through those parks (such as Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument). Liberal environmental groups responded to this threat, not by supporting the [[The Secure the Fence Act of 2006|border fence]], but by filing lawsuits against the fence claiming it would disrupt [[animal]] habitats. When in fact, the flood of illegal aliens already did disrupt those animal habitats.<ref>http://www.desertinvasion.us/</ref>
* Liberal environmentalist demands for cleaner burning [[gasoline]] led to the addition of MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) into gasoline starting in 1979, with higher levels of MTBE mandated after 1992 to comply with the demands of the [[Clean Air Act]]. The leakage of MTBE from tens of thousands of storage tanks has contaminated tens of thousands of water wells throughout the U.S. An even small release of MTBE can render a large supply of water unpotable. MTBE was finally banned in some states in 2004-2005, but the damage has already been done. The cost of environmental cleanup and lawsuits from its use range upwards of $30 billion.
* Liberal environmentalist opposition to [[logging]], including any [[selective logging]] at all, on public lands has caused an excessive fuel buildup in forests and wildlands. While periodic [[fire]]s are a natural part of the ecology and most forest and grassland types are dependent on fire to one degree or another, the fires resulting from excessive fuel buildup are neither natural nor environmentally benign. This buildup is thanks to the near-ban on logging in 1992 when a federal judge halted all logging in National Forests until the [[northern spotted owl]] could be protected, and the resulting [[William Jefferson Clinton|Clinton]] administration's forest policy which drastically cut logging in the National Forests.
* [[Animal rights]] activists, in the name of defending animals have broken into laboratories and released the animals thus "rescued" into the wild. If these "rescued" animals are non-native species they can become invasives, causing ecological harm from having been released and then multiplying in an ecosystem in which they lack natural enemies. This has happened, among other places, in the [[United Kingdom]] where non-native [[mink]] were released into the wild by animal rights activists.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1617919.stm</ref> In addition, at least one case exists where [[vegetarian]] activists purchased [[fish]] with the intention of setting them free, releasing non-native sea lampreys into New Jersey's Passiac River. This same species has wreaked havoc on native species in the Great Lakes<ref>http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/08/vegetarian_reli.php</ref>.
* Contraceptive [[birth control]] pills are a serious source of water pollution, and the presence of these chemicals in the environment from being disposed of, often by flushing down the toilet, is harming fish populations and even causing mutations and hermaphroditic fish.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref>
* [[Organic]] farming is being promoted by liberal environmentalists. Organic farming requires 40% more land area to produce the same amount of food as modern, non-organic agriculture. The wide spread adoption of organic farming will encroach on conservation preserves and open space, and destroy many of them just to be able to feed the people whom modern agriculture feeds now.
* Liberal congressmen led by Senator [[Jeff Bingaman]] of [[New Mexico]], pushed an amendment to the 2007 energy bill which will ban the sale of most incandescent [[light bulb]]s by 2014. The intention of this ban is to force a switch to [[compact fluorescent]] light bulbs (CFL) in the name of reducing energy use. CFLs contain toxic [[mercury (element)|mercury]], while incandescent light bulbs are free of any toxic chemicals and can be disposed of safely. CFLs present a toxic hazard if one of them breaks inside a house or on a carpet, and may become a major source of mercury contamination in the water and air from CFLs which will be disposed of in landfills or incinerated.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59298</ref>
* Liberal animal rights opposition to [[hunting]], and cultural changes in which young people idolize "hip" metropolitan postmodern cultural motifs while holding rural and small town values (including hunting and [[gun]] ownership) in disdain, has led to an overpopulation of [[deer]]. Not only is an excess of deer an environmental problem in itself, but it has also caused [[Lyme disease]], formerly a little-known disease spread by deer ticks, to become a serious health problem in recent years in the eastern United States.

==See also==
* [[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
* [[Environmental alarmism]]
* [[Liberal hypocrisy]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Environmentalism]]

Peak oil

2009-08-01T15:25:50Z

GregL: /* Popular and fringe theories */ blogs

'''Peak oil''', as theorized by opponents of [[fossil fuels]] usage, is the point at which when global [[oil]] production will reach a peak or maximum, from which they say it will begin an irreversible decline.

Global oil production will peak sometime between 2008 and 2018 and then decline, according to a controversial new model developed Swedish University of Uppsalla physicist Fredrik Robelius.<ref name=Fox20060418>Melinda Wenner [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,266764,00.html Study: 'Peak Oil' Will Be Reached by 2018] April 18, 2007 [[Fox News]]</ref> According to a recent U.S. Government GAO report, world oil production will peak between now and 2040<ref>[http://www.energybulletin.net/28016.html Coverage of the GAO peak oil report] Energy Bulletin, Mar 29, 2007</ref>

==Additional oil resources==
Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy & Economic Research, an energy consultancy firm that works for oil companies, says "Not much can be said about additional oil resources because we haven't really started looking for them yet." <ref name=Fox20060418/> There is likely to be a lot of oil in as-yet undiscovered smaller fields.
It is likely that one of the moons of [[Saturn]], [[Titan]], contains a large quantity of liquid hydrocarbon<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=56480</ref><ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725073.000</ref>.

==New Technologies==
New technologies could help solve extraction problems according to Sam Kazman of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a non-profit public policy think tank in Washington, D.C.<ref name=Fox20060418/> New technologies have already turned fields that once seemed to be dormant into steady supplies of oil.

==Popular and fringe theories==
[[James Howard Kunstler]]'s 2005 book ''The Long Emergency'' is a popular book claiming that civilization is doomed during the next couple of decades due to peak oil. Similar doomsday scenarios are promoted by [[Richard Heinberg]] in a series of books with names like ''The Party's Over'', ''Powerdown'', ''Peak Everything'', and ''Blackout''. On the [[Internet]], a [[blog]] called "The Oil Drum" and the website "Dieoff.org" are the most prominent popularizers of "peak oil" doomsday scenarios, including the notion that mass starvation will occur in the next few decades.

==Rejection of theory==
Exxon's Australia chief, Mark Nolan, told an industry conference in Adelaide, Australia, that "the end of oil is nowhere in sight." Mr. Nolan cited a U.S. Geological Survey estimate of more than three trillion barrels of conventional recoverable oil resources, of which one trillion barrels has been produced. Conservative estimates of heavy-oil and shale-oil resources push the total to four trillion barrels, while a 10% increase in recoverability will deliver an extra 800 billion barrels according to Nolan.<ref name=MailTrib20060914>Bhushan Bahree and Jeffrey Ball [http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2006/0914/biz/stories/wsj-peakoil.htm Some insiders reject 'peak-oil theory'] September 14, 2006 [[Mail Tribune]]</ref>

It should also be noted that this is not a new concept, but has been around in different forms for many years. During the early 1970's in the United States, it was claimed that world oil would run out in 35 years, a claim that never came to pass.

Lindsey Williams, a Baptist chaplain to the 1970s Trans-Alaska Pipeline project, asserts in his 1980 book ''The Energy Non-Crisis'' that oil finds have been deliberately suppressed including a large find at Gull Island, Alaska.<ref>http://www.reformation.org/energy-non-crisis.html</ref> Williams has resurfaced recently giving public speeches on the same topic in response to recent "peak oil" and "energy crisis" scares.

''The Myth of the Oil Crisis'' by Robin M. Mills<ref>http://oilcrisismyth.com/</ref> is a 2008 book extensively documenting how "peak oil" theories are based on flawed assumptions and discredited science. Mills asserts that unconventional oil resources are much larger than conventional oil sources and have barely been developed at this point, leaving hundreds of years of oil yet to extract.

Peter Huber and Mark Mills' 2005 book ''The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy'' documents why energy is not scarce, new energy sources and transmission and storage are always being developed, and rapidly improving energy effeciency correlates with both increased usage and new sources leading to ever-cheaper, less polluting energy and more prosperity; in sum, no "energy crisis" is on the horizon for the foreseeable future and we may even see an energy glut, making any concerns over diminishing oil supplies a non-issue.

==Maybe not "Fossil Fuel"==
An alternative hypothesis to that of the common "fossil fuel" hypothesis of oil formation is the "abiotic" or "abiogenic" hypothesis. Thomas Gold of [[Cornell University]] has been the most prominent advocate of this theory in the West during his lifetime. Gold died in 2004.

Thomas Gold asserts that the sources of oil may not be “fossil fuels” in limited supply, but instead [[Abiotic oil|abiotic]] in nature (meaning not produced by a life process). According to Professor Gold, oil is produced by an abiogenic process, deep within the earth. The scientific community has not been eager to affirm this thesis. In fact, they tend to resist it. In 1992 Gold published a paper titled “The Deep Hot Biosphere”, later expanded into a 1999 book of the same name. In this paper he suggested that oil is non-biologically produced, deep within the earth. In other words, oil is not a fossil fuel. The Department of Energy refused to fund his research although both outcomes would have been good - If the research uncovered sources of oil that did not take millions of years to produce, it would be a bonanza for oil companies. If abiogenic petroleum sources are found to be abundant, it would mean Earth contains vast reserves of untapped petroleum. On the other hand, if his research failed, this research proposal will contribute strongly to fundamental science in petroleum engineering. So far, the DOE has refused to fund any of his research because it is counter to the mainstream effort.<ref>J. R. Nyquist [http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2006/0508.html Debunking Peak Oil] May 8, 2006 [[Geopolitical]].</ref>

==External links==
* [http://peakoildebunked.blogspot.com/ Peak Oil Debunked blog] - Debunking peak oil hype with facts and figures, and exposing the agendas behind peak oil.
* [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,193624,00.html Experts: Global Oil Production May Peak Soon] April 28, 2006 [[Fox News]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]
[[category:economics]]

Peak oil

2009-08-01T15:22:18Z

GregL: /* Popular and fringe theories */ Richard Heinberg

'''Peak oil''', as theorized by opponents of [[fossil fuels]] usage, is the point at which when global [[oil]] production will reach a peak or maximum, from which they say it will begin an irreversible decline.

Global oil production will peak sometime between 2008 and 2018 and then decline, according to a controversial new model developed Swedish University of Uppsalla physicist Fredrik Robelius.<ref name=Fox20060418>Melinda Wenner [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,266764,00.html Study: 'Peak Oil' Will Be Reached by 2018] April 18, 2007 [[Fox News]]</ref> According to a recent U.S. Government GAO report, world oil production will peak between now and 2040<ref>[http://www.energybulletin.net/28016.html Coverage of the GAO peak oil report] Energy Bulletin, Mar 29, 2007</ref>

==Additional oil resources==
Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy & Economic Research, an energy consultancy firm that works for oil companies, says "Not much can be said about additional oil resources because we haven't really started looking for them yet." <ref name=Fox20060418/> There is likely to be a lot of oil in as-yet undiscovered smaller fields.
It is likely that one of the moons of [[Saturn]], [[Titan]], contains a large quantity of liquid hydrocarbon<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=56480</ref><ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725073.000</ref>.

==New Technologies==
New technologies could help solve extraction problems according to Sam Kazman of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a non-profit public policy think tank in Washington, D.C.<ref name=Fox20060418/> New technologies have already turned fields that once seemed to be dormant into steady supplies of oil.

==Popular and fringe theories==
[[James Howard Kunstler]]'s 2005 book ''The Long Emergency'' is a popular book claiming that civilization is doomed during the next couple of decades due to peak oil. Similar doomsday scenarios are promoted by [[Richard Heinberg]] in a series of books with names like ''The Party's Over'', ''Powerdown'', ''Peak Everything'', and ''Blackout''.

==Rejection of theory==
Exxon's Australia chief, Mark Nolan, told an industry conference in Adelaide, Australia, that "the end of oil is nowhere in sight." Mr. Nolan cited a U.S. Geological Survey estimate of more than three trillion barrels of conventional recoverable oil resources, of which one trillion barrels has been produced. Conservative estimates of heavy-oil and shale-oil resources push the total to four trillion barrels, while a 10% increase in recoverability will deliver an extra 800 billion barrels according to Nolan.<ref name=MailTrib20060914>Bhushan Bahree and Jeffrey Ball [http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2006/0914/biz/stories/wsj-peakoil.htm Some insiders reject 'peak-oil theory'] September 14, 2006 [[Mail Tribune]]</ref>

It should also be noted that this is not a new concept, but has been around in different forms for many years. During the early 1970's in the United States, it was claimed that world oil would run out in 35 years, a claim that never came to pass.

Lindsey Williams, a Baptist chaplain to the 1970s Trans-Alaska Pipeline project, asserts in his 1980 book ''The Energy Non-Crisis'' that oil finds have been deliberately suppressed including a large find at Gull Island, Alaska.<ref>http://www.reformation.org/energy-non-crisis.html</ref> Williams has resurfaced recently giving public speeches on the same topic in response to recent "peak oil" and "energy crisis" scares.

''The Myth of the Oil Crisis'' by Robin M. Mills<ref>http://oilcrisismyth.com/</ref> is a 2008 book extensively documenting how "peak oil" theories are based on flawed assumptions and discredited science. Mills asserts that unconventional oil resources are much larger than conventional oil sources and have barely been developed at this point, leaving hundreds of years of oil yet to extract.

Peter Huber and Mark Mills' 2005 book ''The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy'' documents why energy is not scarce, new energy sources and transmission and storage are always being developed, and rapidly improving energy effeciency correlates with both increased usage and new sources leading to ever-cheaper, less polluting energy and more prosperity; in sum, no "energy crisis" is on the horizon for the foreseeable future and we may even see an energy glut, making any concerns over diminishing oil supplies a non-issue.

==Maybe not "Fossil Fuel"==
An alternative hypothesis to that of the common "fossil fuel" hypothesis of oil formation is the "abiotic" or "abiogenic" hypothesis. Thomas Gold of [[Cornell University]] has been the most prominent advocate of this theory in the West during his lifetime. Gold died in 2004.

Thomas Gold asserts that the sources of oil may not be “fossil fuels” in limited supply, but instead [[Abiotic oil|abiotic]] in nature (meaning not produced by a life process). According to Professor Gold, oil is produced by an abiogenic process, deep within the earth. The scientific community has not been eager to affirm this thesis. In fact, they tend to resist it. In 1992 Gold published a paper titled “The Deep Hot Biosphere”, later expanded into a 1999 book of the same name. In this paper he suggested that oil is non-biologically produced, deep within the earth. In other words, oil is not a fossil fuel. The Department of Energy refused to fund his research although both outcomes would have been good - If the research uncovered sources of oil that did not take millions of years to produce, it would be a bonanza for oil companies. If abiogenic petroleum sources are found to be abundant, it would mean Earth contains vast reserves of untapped petroleum. On the other hand, if his research failed, this research proposal will contribute strongly to fundamental science in petroleum engineering. So far, the DOE has refused to fund any of his research because it is counter to the mainstream effort.<ref>J. R. Nyquist [http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2006/0508.html Debunking Peak Oil] May 8, 2006 [[Geopolitical]].</ref>

==External links==
* [http://peakoildebunked.blogspot.com/ Peak Oil Debunked blog] - Debunking peak oil hype with facts and figures, and exposing the agendas behind peak oil.
* [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,193624,00.html Experts: Global Oil Production May Peak Soon] April 28, 2006 [[Fox News]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]
[[category:economics]]

Peak oil

2009-08-01T15:20:09Z

GregL: /* Rejection of theory */ another good book

'''Peak oil''', as theorized by opponents of [[fossil fuels]] usage, is the point at which when global [[oil]] production will reach a peak or maximum, from which they say it will begin an irreversible decline.

Global oil production will peak sometime between 2008 and 2018 and then decline, according to a controversial new model developed Swedish University of Uppsalla physicist Fredrik Robelius.<ref name=Fox20060418>Melinda Wenner [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,266764,00.html Study: 'Peak Oil' Will Be Reached by 2018] April 18, 2007 [[Fox News]]</ref> According to a recent U.S. Government GAO report, world oil production will peak between now and 2040<ref>[http://www.energybulletin.net/28016.html Coverage of the GAO peak oil report] Energy Bulletin, Mar 29, 2007</ref>

==Additional oil resources==
Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy & Economic Research, an energy consultancy firm that works for oil companies, says "Not much can be said about additional oil resources because we haven't really started looking for them yet." <ref name=Fox20060418/> There is likely to be a lot of oil in as-yet undiscovered smaller fields.
It is likely that one of the moons of [[Saturn]], [[Titan]], contains a large quantity of liquid hydrocarbon<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=56480</ref><ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725073.000</ref>.

==New Technologies==
New technologies could help solve extraction problems according to Sam Kazman of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a non-profit public policy think tank in Washington, D.C.<ref name=Fox20060418/> New technologies have already turned fields that once seemed to be dormant into steady supplies of oil.

==Popular and fringe theories==
[[James Howard Kunstler]]'s 2005 book ''The Long Emergency'' is a popular book claiming that civilization is doomed during the next couple of decades due to peak oil.

==Rejection of theory==
Exxon's Australia chief, Mark Nolan, told an industry conference in Adelaide, Australia, that "the end of oil is nowhere in sight." Mr. Nolan cited a U.S. Geological Survey estimate of more than three trillion barrels of conventional recoverable oil resources, of which one trillion barrels has been produced. Conservative estimates of heavy-oil and shale-oil resources push the total to four trillion barrels, while a 10% increase in recoverability will deliver an extra 800 billion barrels according to Nolan.<ref name=MailTrib20060914>Bhushan Bahree and Jeffrey Ball [http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2006/0914/biz/stories/wsj-peakoil.htm Some insiders reject 'peak-oil theory'] September 14, 2006 [[Mail Tribune]]</ref>

It should also be noted that this is not a new concept, but has been around in different forms for many years. During the early 1970's in the United States, it was claimed that world oil would run out in 35 years, a claim that never came to pass.

Lindsey Williams, a Baptist chaplain to the 1970s Trans-Alaska Pipeline project, asserts in his 1980 book ''The Energy Non-Crisis'' that oil finds have been deliberately suppressed including a large find at Gull Island, Alaska.<ref>http://www.reformation.org/energy-non-crisis.html</ref> Williams has resurfaced recently giving public speeches on the same topic in response to recent "peak oil" and "energy crisis" scares.

''The Myth of the Oil Crisis'' by Robin M. Mills<ref>http://oilcrisismyth.com/</ref> is a 2008 book extensively documenting how "peak oil" theories are based on flawed assumptions and discredited science. Mills asserts that unconventional oil resources are much larger than conventional oil sources and have barely been developed at this point, leaving hundreds of years of oil yet to extract.

Peter Huber and Mark Mills' 2005 book ''The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy'' documents why energy is not scarce, new energy sources and transmission and storage are always being developed, and rapidly improving energy effeciency correlates with both increased usage and new sources leading to ever-cheaper, less polluting energy and more prosperity; in sum, no "energy crisis" is on the horizon for the foreseeable future and we may even see an energy glut, making any concerns over diminishing oil supplies a non-issue.

==Maybe not "Fossil Fuel"==
An alternative hypothesis to that of the common "fossil fuel" hypothesis of oil formation is the "abiotic" or "abiogenic" hypothesis. Thomas Gold of [[Cornell University]] has been the most prominent advocate of this theory in the West during his lifetime. Gold died in 2004.

Thomas Gold asserts that the sources of oil may not be “fossil fuels” in limited supply, but instead [[Abiotic oil|abiotic]] in nature (meaning not produced by a life process). According to Professor Gold, oil is produced by an abiogenic process, deep within the earth. The scientific community has not been eager to affirm this thesis. In fact, they tend to resist it. In 1992 Gold published a paper titled “The Deep Hot Biosphere”, later expanded into a 1999 book of the same name. In this paper he suggested that oil is non-biologically produced, deep within the earth. In other words, oil is not a fossil fuel. The Department of Energy refused to fund his research although both outcomes would have been good - If the research uncovered sources of oil that did not take millions of years to produce, it would be a bonanza for oil companies. If abiogenic petroleum sources are found to be abundant, it would mean Earth contains vast reserves of untapped petroleum. On the other hand, if his research failed, this research proposal will contribute strongly to fundamental science in petroleum engineering. So far, the DOE has refused to fund any of his research because it is counter to the mainstream effort.<ref>J. R. Nyquist [http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2006/0508.html Debunking Peak Oil] May 8, 2006 [[Geopolitical]].</ref>

==External links==
* [http://peakoildebunked.blogspot.com/ Peak Oil Debunked blog] - Debunking peak oil hype with facts and figures, and exposing the agendas behind peak oil.
* [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,193624,00.html Experts: Global Oil Production May Peak Soon] April 28, 2006 [[Fox News]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]
[[category:economics]]

Peak oil

2009-08-01T15:12:29Z

GregL: other sources

'''Peak oil''', as theorized by opponents of [[fossil fuels]] usage, is the point at which when global [[oil]] production will reach a peak or maximum, from which they say it will begin an irreversible decline.

Global oil production will peak sometime between 2008 and 2018 and then decline, according to a controversial new model developed Swedish University of Uppsalla physicist Fredrik Robelius.<ref name=Fox20060418>Melinda Wenner [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,266764,00.html Study: 'Peak Oil' Will Be Reached by 2018] April 18, 2007 [[Fox News]]</ref> According to a recent U.S. Government GAO report, world oil production will peak between now and 2040<ref>[http://www.energybulletin.net/28016.html Coverage of the GAO peak oil report] Energy Bulletin, Mar 29, 2007</ref>

==Additional oil resources==
Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy & Economic Research, an energy consultancy firm that works for oil companies, says "Not much can be said about additional oil resources because we haven't really started looking for them yet." <ref name=Fox20060418/> There is likely to be a lot of oil in as-yet undiscovered smaller fields.
It is likely that one of the moons of [[Saturn]], [[Titan]], contains a large quantity of liquid hydrocarbon<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=56480</ref><ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725073.000</ref>.

==New Technologies==
New technologies could help solve extraction problems according to Sam Kazman of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a non-profit public policy think tank in Washington, D.C.<ref name=Fox20060418/> New technologies have already turned fields that once seemed to be dormant into steady supplies of oil.

==Popular and fringe theories==
[[James Howard Kunstler]]'s 2005 book ''The Long Emergency'' is a popular book claiming that civilization is doomed during the next couple of decades due to peak oil.

==Rejection of theory==
Exxon's Australia chief, Mark Nolan, told an industry conference in Adelaide, Australia, that "the end of oil is nowhere in sight." Mr. Nolan cited a U.S. Geological Survey estimate of more than three trillion barrels of conventional recoverable oil resources, of which one trillion barrels has been produced. Conservative estimates of heavy-oil and shale-oil resources push the total to four trillion barrels, while a 10% increase in recoverability will deliver an extra 800 billion barrels according to Nolan.<ref name=MailTrib20060914>Bhushan Bahree and Jeffrey Ball [http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2006/0914/biz/stories/wsj-peakoil.htm Some insiders reject 'peak-oil theory'] September 14, 2006 [[Mail Tribune]]</ref>

It should also be noted that this is not a new concept, but has been around in different forms for many years. During the early 1970's in the United States, it was claimed that world oil would run out in 35 years, a claim that never came to pass.

Lindsey Williams, a Baptist chaplain to the 1970s Trans-Alaska Pipeline project, asserts in his 1980 book ''The Energy Non-Crisis'' that oil finds have been deliberately suppressed including a large find at Gull Island, Alaska.<ref>http://www.reformation.org/energy-non-crisis.html</ref> Williams has resurfaced recently giving public speeches on the same topic in response to recent "peak oil" and "energy crisis" scares.

''The Myth of the Oil Crisis'' by Robin M. Mills<ref>http://oilcrisismyth.com/</ref> is a 2008 book extensively documenting how "peak oil" theories are based on flawed assumptions and discredited science. Mills asserts that unconventional oil resources are much larger than conventional oil sources and have barely been developed at this point, leaving hundreds of years of oil yet to extract.

==Maybe not "Fossil Fuel"==
An alternative hypothesis to that of the common "fossil fuel" hypothesis of oil formation is the "abiotic" or "abiogenic" hypothesis. Thomas Gold of [[Cornell University]] has been the most prominent advocate of this theory in the West during his lifetime. Gold died in 2004.

Thomas Gold asserts that the sources of oil may not be “fossil fuels” in limited supply, but instead [[Abiotic oil|abiotic]] in nature (meaning not produced by a life process). According to Professor Gold, oil is produced by an abiogenic process, deep within the earth. The scientific community has not been eager to affirm this thesis. In fact, they tend to resist it. In 1992 Gold published a paper titled “The Deep Hot Biosphere”, later expanded into a 1999 book of the same name. In this paper he suggested that oil is non-biologically produced, deep within the earth. In other words, oil is not a fossil fuel. The Department of Energy refused to fund his research although both outcomes would have been good - If the research uncovered sources of oil that did not take millions of years to produce, it would be a bonanza for oil companies. If abiogenic petroleum sources are found to be abundant, it would mean Earth contains vast reserves of untapped petroleum. On the other hand, if his research failed, this research proposal will contribute strongly to fundamental science in petroleum engineering. So far, the DOE has refused to fund any of his research because it is counter to the mainstream effort.<ref>J. R. Nyquist [http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2006/0508.html Debunking Peak Oil] May 8, 2006 [[Geopolitical]].</ref>

==External links==
* [http://peakoildebunked.blogspot.com/ Peak Oil Debunked blog] - Debunking peak oil hype with facts and figures, and exposing the agendas behind peak oil.
* [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,193624,00.html Experts: Global Oil Production May Peak Soon] April 28, 2006 [[Fox News]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]
[[category:economics]]

Peak oil

2009-08-01T14:50:27Z

GregL: useful link

'''Peak oil''' is the theoretical point when peak global [[oil]] production will have been reached. According to some [[scientist]]s, global oil production will begin an irreversible decline and less oil will be available with every passing year. Most [[energy]] experts no longer debate about whether the peak will occur, but when.<ref name=Fox20060428>Ker Than [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,193624,00.html Experts: Global Oil Production May Peak Soon] April 28, 2006 [[Fox News]]</ref>

Global oil production will peak sometime between 2008 and 2018 and then decline, according to a controversial new model developed Swedish University of Uppsalla physicist Fredrik Robelius.<ref name=Fox20060418>Melinda Wenner [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,266764,00.html Study: 'Peak Oil' Will Be Reached by 2018] April 18, 2007 [[Fox News]]</ref> According to a recent U.S. Government GAO report, world oil production will peak between now and 2040<ref>[http://www.energybulletin.net/28016.html Coverage of the GAO peak oil report] Energy Bulletin, Mar 29, 2007</ref>

==Additional oil resources==
Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy & Economic Research, an energy consultancy firm that works for oil companies, says "Not much can be said about additional oil resources because we haven't really started looking for them yet." <ref name=Fox20060418/> There is likely to be a lot of oil in as-yet undiscovered smaller fields.
It is likely that one of the moons of [[Saturn]], [[Titan]], contains a large quantity of liquid hydrocarbon<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=56480</ref><ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725073.000</ref>.

==New Technologies==
New technologies could help solve extraction problems according to Sam Kazman of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a non-profit public policy think tank in Washington, D.C.<ref name=Fox20060418/> New technologies have already turned fields that once seemed to be dormant into steady supplies of oil.

==Popular and fringe theories==
[[James Howard Kunstler]]'s 2005 book ''The Long Emergency'' is a popular book claiming that civilization is doomed during the next couple of decades due to peak oil.

==Rejection of theory==
Exxon's Australia chief, Mark Nolan, told an industry conference in Adelaide, Australia, that "the end of oil is nowhere in sight." Mr. Nolan cited a U.S. Geological Survey estimate of more than three trillion barrels of conventional recoverable oil resources, of which one trillion barrels has been produced. Conservative estimates of heavy-oil and shale-oil resources push the total to four trillion barrels, while a 10% increase in recoverability will deliver an extra 800 billion barrels according to Nolan.<ref name=MailTrib20060914>Bhushan Bahree and Jeffrey Ball [http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2006/0914/biz/stories/wsj-peakoil.htm Some insiders reject 'peak-oil theory'] September 14, 2006 [[Mail Tribune]]</ref>

It should also be noted that this is not a new concept, but has been around in different forms for many years. During the early 1970's in the United States, it was claimed that world oil would run out in 35 years, a claim that never came to pass.

==Maybe not "Fossil Fuel"==
Thomas Gold at [[Cornell University]], assert that the sources of oil may not be “fossil fuels” in limited supply, but instead [[Abiotic oil|abiotic]] in nature (meaning not produced by a life process). According to Professor Gold, oil is produced by an abiogenic process, deep within the earth. The scientific community has not been eager to affirm this thesis. In fact, they tend to resist it. In 1992 Gold published a paper titled “The Deep Hot Biosphere”, later expanded into a 1999 book of the same name. In this paper he suggested that oil is non-biologically produced, deep within the earth. In other words, oil is not a fossil fuel. The Department of Energy refused to fund his research although both outcomes would have been good - If the research uncovered sources of oil that did not take millions of years to produce, it would be a bonanza for oil companies. If abiogenic petroleum sources are found to be abundant, it would mean Earth contains vast reserves of untapped petroleum. On the other hand, if his research failed, this research proposal will contribute strongly to fundamental science in petroleum engineering. So far, the DOE has refused to fund any of his research because it is counter to the mainstream effort.<ref>J. R. Nyquist [http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2006/0508.html Debunking Peak Oil] May 8, 2006 [[Geopolitical]].</ref>

==External links==
* [http://peakoildebunked.blogspot.com/ Peak Oil Debunked blog] - Debunking peak oil hype with facts and figures, and exposing the agendas behind peak oil.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]
[[category:economics]]

Peak oil

2009-08-01T14:46:31Z

GregL: /* Maybe not "Fossil Fuel" */ Gold's 1999 book

'''Peak oil''' is the theoretical point when peak global [[oil]] production will have been reached. According to some [[scientist]]s, global oil production will begin an irreversible decline and less oil will be available with every passing year. Most [[energy]] experts no longer debate about whether the peak will occur, but when.<ref name=Fox20060428>Ker Than [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,193624,00.html Experts: Global Oil Production May Peak Soon] April 28, 2006 [[Fox News]]</ref>

Global oil production will peak sometime between 2008 and 2018 and then decline, according to a controversial new model developed Swedish University of Uppsalla physicist Fredrik Robelius.<ref name=Fox20060418>Melinda Wenner [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,266764,00.html Study: 'Peak Oil' Will Be Reached by 2018] April 18, 2007 [[Fox News]]</ref> According to a recent U.S. Government GAO report, world oil production will peak between now and 2040<ref>[http://www.energybulletin.net/28016.html Coverage of the GAO peak oil report] Energy Bulletin, Mar 29, 2007</ref>

==Additional oil resources==
Michael Lynch, president of Strategic Energy & Economic Research, an energy consultancy firm that works for oil companies, says "Not much can be said about additional oil resources because we haven't really started looking for them yet." <ref name=Fox20060418/> There is likely to be a lot of oil in as-yet undiscovered smaller fields.
It is likely that one of the moons of [[Saturn]], [[Titan]], contains a large quantity of liquid hydrocarbon<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=56480</ref><ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725073.000</ref>.

==New Technologies==
New technologies could help solve extraction problems according to Sam Kazman of the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a non-profit public policy think tank in Washington, D.C.<ref name=Fox20060418/> New technologies have already turned fields that once seemed to be dormant into steady supplies of oil.

==Popular and fringe theories==
[[James Howard Kunstler]]'s 2005 book ''The Long Emergency'' is a popular book claiming that civilization is doomed during the next couple of decades due to peak oil.

==Rejection of theory==
Exxon's Australia chief, Mark Nolan, told an industry conference in Adelaide, Australia, that "the end of oil is nowhere in sight." Mr. Nolan cited a U.S. Geological Survey estimate of more than three trillion barrels of conventional recoverable oil resources, of which one trillion barrels has been produced. Conservative estimates of heavy-oil and shale-oil resources push the total to four trillion barrels, while a 10% increase in recoverability will deliver an extra 800 billion barrels according to Nolan.<ref name=MailTrib20060914>Bhushan Bahree and Jeffrey Ball [http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2006/0914/biz/stories/wsj-peakoil.htm Some insiders reject 'peak-oil theory'] September 14, 2006 [[Mail Tribune]]</ref>

It should also be noted that this is not a new concept, but has been around in different forms for many years. During the early 1970's in the United States, it was claimed that world oil would run out in 35 years, a claim that never came to pass.

==Maybe not "Fossil Fuel"==
Thomas Gold at [[Cornell University]], assert that the sources of oil may not be “fossil fuels” in limited supply, but instead [[Abiotic oil|abiotic]] in nature (meaning not produced by a life process). According to Professor Gold, oil is produced by an abiogenic process, deep within the earth. The scientific community has not been eager to affirm this thesis. In fact, they tend to resist it. In 1992 Gold published a paper titled “The Deep Hot Biosphere”, later expanded into a 1999 book of the same name. In this paper he suggested that oil is non-biologically produced, deep within the earth. In other words, oil is not a fossil fuel. The Department of Energy refused to fund his research although both outcomes would have been good - If the research uncovered sources of oil that did not take millions of years to produce, it would be a bonanza for oil companies. If abiogenic petroleum sources are found to be abundant, it would mean Earth contains vast reserves of untapped petroleum. On the other hand, if his research failed, this research proposal will contribute strongly to fundamental science in petroleum engineering. So far, the DOE has refused to fund any of his research because it is counter to the mainstream effort.<ref>J. R. Nyquist [http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2006/0508.html Debunking Peak Oil] May 8, 2006 [[Geopolitical]].</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[category:geology]]
[[category:economics]]

Environmental disasters caused by liberals

2009-08-01T14:27:37Z

GregL: /* See also */ liberal hypocrisy

[[Liberal]]s like to portray [[environmentalism]] as a liberal cause. What they won't tell you is many of the environmental disasters were caused by liberals:

* In 1979, [[Jimmy Carter]] adopted an [[energy]] policy in an effort to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, demanding a 50% cut in the use of oil to generate electricity and replace it with [[coal]]. This policy was unveiled in his 1979 "malaise" speech.<ref>http://www.rightwingnews.com/speeches/carter.php</ref> This caused a 40% increase in the use of coal as a power source<ref>Huber, Peter and Mills, Mark. ''The Bottomless Well''. Basic Books, 2005.</ref>, pumping millions of tons of additional [[greenhouse gases]] into the atmosphere. Indeed, global mean temperatures were dropping from 1940 to the late 1970s but this cooling trend reversed after 1978 and became a warming trend.
* Environmentalists have been opposed to [[nuclear power]] since the 1970s. Their cause gained more public support after the 1979 [[Three Mile Island]] accident. As a result of this opposition, no new nuclear power plants have been commissioned in the United States since. In conjunction with Carter's energy policy, this led to coal becoming the default electricity-producing fuel. See above for the consequences. Nuclear power, by contrast, does not produce any air pollution at all.
* [[Aerosol]]s are known to have an atmospheric cooling effect, possibly masking any man-made warming effects from greenhouse gases, assuming there is such a thing.<ref>http://www.enn.com/pollution/article/39303</ref> Liberal environmentalists campaigned heavily against consumer use of aerosols starting in 1974 after an environmental scare hit the news that aerosol sprays could be harmful to the [[ozone layer]].<ref>http://www.predictweather.co.nz/assets/articles/article_resources.php?id=36</ref> See above for the consequences. Global mean temperatures began rising again in the late 1970s.
* The [[anti-DDT campaign]] leading to a ban on [[DDT]] in most places has led to millions of deaths from [[malaria]] in the developing world.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref> The popularity of Rachel Carson's ''[[Silent Spring]]'' was a significant factor in bringing about a ban on the use of DDT. Replacement pesticides adopted after the DDT ban have proven to be less effective at eradicating [[mosquito]]es, and more harmful to the environment. When properly used DDT's ecological impact is negligible.<ref>Lomborg, Bjorn. ''Cool It'', pg 98. Vintage Books, 2008.</ref>
* Liberal events are notorious for generating hundreds of tons of [[garbage|litter]] and leaving the area a trampled, muddy, often eroded mess where nothing grows. Such events include inaugurations of liberal presidents, [[protest]] demonstrations sponsored by [[ANSWER]], the [[Woodstock]] festivals in 1969, 1994, and 1999, and even [[Earth Day]] celebrations. Compare this to the benign conservative, patriotic, and small town festivals such as the [[Fourth of July]], where people pick up their litter and little damage is done to the ground.
[[Image:1915b7ec753fa9d0352885dc23da4469.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The aftermath of the inauguration of [[Barack Obama]] on January 20, 2009: 100 tons of trash to clean up.]]
* Liberal [[immigration]] policies adopted in the United States due to the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act, opened the floodgates to unsustainable population growth in the United States which continues to this day. Had immigration levels been left at pre-1965 levels, U.S. population would have likely stabilized at around 240 million by now. Instead it is over 300 million, and expected to reach 468 million by the year 2060<ref>http://www.cis.org/impact_on_population.html</ref>, mostly due to mass immigration. The U.S. ecology cannot handle this rate of population growth.<ref>http://balance.org/alerts/alert122004.html</ref>
* Likewise, the ecology of U.S. National Parks and Monuments bordering [[Mexico]] has been trampled and is severely at risk from the [[illegal alien]]s coming into the U.S. who enter through those parks (such as Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument). Liberal environmental groups responded to this threat, not by supporting the [[The Secure the Fence Act of 2006|border fence]], but by filing lawsuits against the fence claiming it would disrupt [[animal]] habitats. When in fact, the flood of illegal aliens already did disrupt those animal habitats.<ref>http://www.desertinvasion.us/</ref>
* Liberal environmentalist demands for cleaner burning [[gasoline]] led to the addition of MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) into gasoline starting in 1979, with higher levels of MTBE mandated after 1992 to comply with the demands of the [[Clean Air Act]]. The leakage of MTBE from tens of thousands of storage tanks has contaminated tens of thousands of water wells throughout the U.S. An even small release of MTBE can render a large supply of water unpotable. MTBE was finally banned in some states in 2004-2005, but the damage has already been done. The cost of environmental cleanup and lawsuits from its use range upwards of $30 billion.
* Liberal environmentalist opposition to [[logging]], including any [[selective logging]] at all, on public lands has caused an excessive fuel buildup in forests and wildlands. While periodic [[fire]]s are a natural part of the ecology and most forest and grassland types are dependent on fire to one degree or another, the fires resulting from excessive fuel buildup are neither natural nor environmentally benign. This buildup is thanks to the near-ban on logging in 1992 when a federal judge halted all logging in National Forests until the [[northern spotted owl]] could be protected, and the resulting [[William Jefferson Clinton|Clinton]] administration's forest policy which drastically cut logging in the National Forests.
* [[Animal rights]] activists, in the name of defending animals have broken into laboratories and released the animals thus "rescued" into the wild. If these "rescued" animals are non-native species they can become invasives, causing ecological harm from having been released and then multiplying in an ecosystem in which they lack natural enemies. This has happened, among other places, in the [[United Kingdom]] where non-native [[mink]] were released into the wild by animal rights activists.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1617919.stm</ref> In addition, at least one case exists where [[vegetarian]] activists purchased [[fish]] with the intention of setting them free, releasing non-native sea lampreys into New Jersey's Passiac River. This same species has wreaked havoc on native species in the Great Lakes<ref>http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/08/vegetarian_reli.php</ref>.
* Contraceptive [[birth control]] pills are a serious source of water pollution, and the presence of these chemicals in the environment from being disposed of, often by flushing down the toilet, is harming fish populations and even causing mutations and hermaphroditic fish.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref>
* [[Organic]] farming is being promoted by liberal environmentalists. Organic farming requires 40% more land area to produce the same amount of food as modern, non-organic agriculture. The wide spread adoption of organic farming will encroach on conservation preserves and open space, and destroy many of them just to be able to feed the people whom modern agriculture feeds now.
* Liberal congressmen led by Senator [[Jeff Bingaman]] of [[New Mexico]], pushed an amendment to the 2007 energy bill which will ban the sale of most incandescent [[light bulb]]s by 2014. The intention of this ban is to force a switch to [[compact fluorescent]] light bulbs (CFL) in the name of reducing energy use. CFLs contain toxic [[mercury (element)|mercury]], while incandescent light bulbs are free of any toxic chemicals and can be disposed of safely. CFLs present a toxic hazard if one of them breaks inside a house or on a carpet, and may become a major source of mercury contamination in the water and air from CFLs which will be disposed of in landfills or incinerated.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59298</ref>

==See also==
* [[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
* [[Environmental alarmism]]
* [[Liberal hypocrisy]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Environmentalism]]

Environmental disasters caused by liberals

2009-08-01T14:26:36Z

GregL: litter, mud and erosion from liberal festivals

[[Liberal]]s like to portray [[environmentalism]] as a liberal cause. What they won't tell you is many of the environmental disasters were caused by liberals:

* In 1979, [[Jimmy Carter]] adopted an [[energy]] policy in an effort to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, demanding a 50% cut in the use of oil to generate electricity and replace it with [[coal]]. This policy was unveiled in his 1979 "malaise" speech.<ref>http://www.rightwingnews.com/speeches/carter.php</ref> This caused a 40% increase in the use of coal as a power source<ref>Huber, Peter and Mills, Mark. ''The Bottomless Well''. Basic Books, 2005.</ref>, pumping millions of tons of additional [[greenhouse gases]] into the atmosphere. Indeed, global mean temperatures were dropping from 1940 to the late 1970s but this cooling trend reversed after 1978 and became a warming trend.
* Environmentalists have been opposed to [[nuclear power]] since the 1970s. Their cause gained more public support after the 1979 [[Three Mile Island]] accident. As a result of this opposition, no new nuclear power plants have been commissioned in the United States since. In conjunction with Carter's energy policy, this led to coal becoming the default electricity-producing fuel. See above for the consequences. Nuclear power, by contrast, does not produce any air pollution at all.
* [[Aerosol]]s are known to have an atmospheric cooling effect, possibly masking any man-made warming effects from greenhouse gases, assuming there is such a thing.<ref>http://www.enn.com/pollution/article/39303</ref> Liberal environmentalists campaigned heavily against consumer use of aerosols starting in 1974 after an environmental scare hit the news that aerosol sprays could be harmful to the [[ozone layer]].<ref>http://www.predictweather.co.nz/assets/articles/article_resources.php?id=36</ref> See above for the consequences. Global mean temperatures began rising again in the late 1970s.
* The [[anti-DDT campaign]] leading to a ban on [[DDT]] in most places has led to millions of deaths from [[malaria]] in the developing world.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref> The popularity of Rachel Carson's ''[[Silent Spring]]'' was a significant factor in bringing about a ban on the use of DDT. Replacement pesticides adopted after the DDT ban have proven to be less effective at eradicating [[mosquito]]es, and more harmful to the environment. When properly used DDT's ecological impact is negligible.<ref>Lomborg, Bjorn. ''Cool It'', pg 98. Vintage Books, 2008.</ref>
* Liberal events are notorious for generating hundreds of tons of [[garbage|litter]] and leaving the area a trampled, muddy, often eroded mess where nothing grows. Such events include inaugurations of liberal presidents, [[protest]] demonstrations sponsored by [[ANSWER]], the [[Woodstock]] festivals in 1969, 1994, and 1999, and even [[Earth Day]] celebrations. Compare this to the benign conservative, patriotic, and small town festivals such as the [[Fourth of July]], where people pick up their litter and little damage is done to the ground.
[[Image:1915b7ec753fa9d0352885dc23da4469.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The aftermath of the inauguration of [[Barack Obama]] on January 20, 2009: 100 tons of trash to clean up.]]
* Liberal [[immigration]] policies adopted in the United States due to the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act, opened the floodgates to unsustainable population growth in the United States which continues to this day. Had immigration levels been left at pre-1965 levels, U.S. population would have likely stabilized at around 240 million by now. Instead it is over 300 million, and expected to reach 468 million by the year 2060<ref>http://www.cis.org/impact_on_population.html</ref>, mostly due to mass immigration. The U.S. ecology cannot handle this rate of population growth.<ref>http://balance.org/alerts/alert122004.html</ref>
* Likewise, the ecology of U.S. National Parks and Monuments bordering [[Mexico]] has been trampled and is severely at risk from the [[illegal alien]]s coming into the U.S. who enter through those parks (such as Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument). Liberal environmental groups responded to this threat, not by supporting the [[The Secure the Fence Act of 2006|border fence]], but by filing lawsuits against the fence claiming it would disrupt [[animal]] habitats. When in fact, the flood of illegal aliens already did disrupt those animal habitats.<ref>http://www.desertinvasion.us/</ref>
* Liberal environmentalist demands for cleaner burning [[gasoline]] led to the addition of MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) into gasoline starting in 1979, with higher levels of MTBE mandated after 1992 to comply with the demands of the [[Clean Air Act]]. The leakage of MTBE from tens of thousands of storage tanks has contaminated tens of thousands of water wells throughout the U.S. An even small release of MTBE can render a large supply of water unpotable. MTBE was finally banned in some states in 2004-2005, but the damage has already been done. The cost of environmental cleanup and lawsuits from its use range upwards of $30 billion.
* Liberal environmentalist opposition to [[logging]], including any [[selective logging]] at all, on public lands has caused an excessive fuel buildup in forests and wildlands. While periodic [[fire]]s are a natural part of the ecology and most forest and grassland types are dependent on fire to one degree or another, the fires resulting from excessive fuel buildup are neither natural nor environmentally benign. This buildup is thanks to the near-ban on logging in 1992 when a federal judge halted all logging in National Forests until the [[northern spotted owl]] could be protected, and the resulting [[William Jefferson Clinton|Clinton]] administration's forest policy which drastically cut logging in the National Forests.
* [[Animal rights]] activists, in the name of defending animals have broken into laboratories and released the animals thus "rescued" into the wild. If these "rescued" animals are non-native species they can become invasives, causing ecological harm from having been released and then multiplying in an ecosystem in which they lack natural enemies. This has happened, among other places, in the [[United Kingdom]] where non-native [[mink]] were released into the wild by animal rights activists.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1617919.stm</ref> In addition, at least one case exists where [[vegetarian]] activists purchased [[fish]] with the intention of setting them free, releasing non-native sea lampreys into New Jersey's Passiac River. This same species has wreaked havoc on native species in the Great Lakes<ref>http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/08/vegetarian_reli.php</ref>.
* Contraceptive [[birth control]] pills are a serious source of water pollution, and the presence of these chemicals in the environment from being disposed of, often by flushing down the toilet, is harming fish populations and even causing mutations and hermaphroditic fish.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref>
* [[Organic]] farming is being promoted by liberal environmentalists. Organic farming requires 40% more land area to produce the same amount of food as modern, non-organic agriculture. The wide spread adoption of organic farming will encroach on conservation preserves and open space, and destroy many of them just to be able to feed the people whom modern agriculture feeds now.
* Liberal congressmen led by Senator [[Jeff Bingaman]] of [[New Mexico]], pushed an amendment to the 2007 energy bill which will ban the sale of most incandescent [[light bulb]]s by 2014. The intention of this ban is to force a switch to [[compact fluorescent]] light bulbs (CFL) in the name of reducing energy use. CFLs contain toxic [[mercury (element)|mercury]], while incandescent light bulbs are free of any toxic chemicals and can be disposed of safely. CFLs present a toxic hazard if one of them breaks inside a house or on a carpet, and may become a major source of mercury contamination in the water and air from CFLs which will be disposed of in landfills or incinerated.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59298</ref>

==See also==
* [[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
* [[Environmental alarmism]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Environmentalism]]

Environmental disasters caused by liberals

2009-08-01T14:04:35Z

GregL: spelling

[[Liberal]]s like to portray [[environmentalism]] as a liberal cause. What they won't tell you is many of the environmental disasters were caused by liberals:

* In 1979, [[Jimmy Carter]] adopted an [[energy]] policy in an effort to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, demanding a 50% cut in the use of oil to generate electricity and replace it with [[coal]]. This policy was unveiled in his 1979 "malaise" speech.<ref>http://www.rightwingnews.com/speeches/carter.php</ref> This caused a 40% increase in the use of coal as a power source<ref>Huber, Peter and Mills, Mark. ''The Bottomless Well''. Basic Books, 2005.</ref>, pumping millions of tons of additional [[greenhouse gases]] into the atmosphere. Indeed, global mean temperatures were dropping from 1940 to the late 1970s but this cooling trend reversed after 1978 and became a warming trend.
* Environmentalists have been opposed to [[nuclear power]] since the 1970s. Their cause gained more public support after the 1979 [[Three Mile Island]] accident. As a result of this opposition, no new nuclear power plants have been commissioned in the United States since. In conjunction with Carter's energy policy, this led to coal becoming the default electricity-producing fuel. See above for the consequences. Nuclear power, by contrast, does not produce any air pollution at all.
* [[Aerosol]]s are known to have an atmospheric cooling effect, possibly masking any man-made warming effects from greenhouse gases, assuming there is such a thing.<ref>http://www.enn.com/pollution/article/39303</ref> Liberal environmentalists campaigned heavily against consumer use of aerosols starting in 1974 after an environmental scare hit the news that aerosol sprays could be harmful to the [[ozone layer]].<ref>http://www.predictweather.co.nz/assets/articles/article_resources.php?id=36</ref> See above for the consequences. Global mean temperatures began rising again in the late 1970s.
* The [[anti-DDT campaign]] leading to a ban on [[DDT]] in most places has led to millions of deaths from [[malaria]] in the developing world.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref> The popularity of Rachel Carson's ''[[Silent Spring]]'' was a significant factor in bringing about a ban on the use of DDT. Replacement pesticides adopted after the DDT ban have proven to be less effective at eradicating [[mosquito]]es, and more harmful to the environment. When properly used DDT's ecological impact is negligible.<ref>Lomborg, Bjorn. ''Cool It'', pg 98. Vintage Books, 2008.</ref>
* Liberal [[immigration]] policies adopted in the United States due to the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act, opened the floodgates to unsustainable population growth in the United States which continues to this day. Had immigration levels been left at pre-1965 levels, U.S. population would have likely stabilized at around 240 million by now. Instead it is over 300 million, and expected to reach 468 million by the year 2060<ref>http://www.cis.org/impact_on_population.html</ref>, mostly due to mass immigration. The U.S. ecology cannot handle this rate of population growth.<ref>http://balance.org/alerts/alert122004.html</ref>
* Likewise, the ecology of U.S. National Parks and Monuments bordering [[Mexico]] has been trampled and is severely at risk from the [[illegal alien]]s coming into the U.S. who enter through those parks (such as Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument). Liberal environmental groups responded to this threat, not by supporting the [[The Secure the Fence Act of 2006|border fence]], but by filing lawsuits against the fence claiming it would disrupt [[animal]] habitats. When in fact, the flood of illegal aliens already did disrupt those animal habitats.<ref>http://www.desertinvasion.us/</ref>
* Liberal environmentalist demands for cleaner burning [[gasoline]] led to the addition of MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) into gasoline starting in 1979, with higher levels of MTBE mandated after 1992 to comply with the demands of the [[Clean Air Act]]. The leakage of MTBE from tens of thousands of storage tanks has contaminated tens of thousands of water wells throughout the U.S. An even small release of MTBE can render a large supply of water unpotable. MTBE was finally banned in some states in 2004-2005, but the damage has already been done. The cost of environmental cleanup and lawsuits from its use range upwards of $30 billion.
* Liberal environmentalist opposition to [[logging]], including any [[selective logging]] at all, on public lands has caused an excessive fuel buildup in forests and wildlands. While periodic [[fire]]s are a natural part of the ecology and most forest and grassland types are dependent on fire to one degree or another, the fires resulting from excessive fuel buildup are neither natural nor environmentally benign. This buildup is thanks to the near-ban on logging in 1992 when a federal judge halted all logging in National Forests until the [[northern spotted owl]] could be protected, and the resulting [[William Jefferson Clinton|Clinton]] administration's forest policy which drastically cut logging in the National Forests.
* [[Animal rights]] activists, in the name of defending animals have broken into laboratories and released the animals thus "rescued" into the wild. If these "rescued" animals are non-native species they can become invasives, causing ecological harm from having been released and then multiplying in an ecosystem in which they lack natural enemies. This has happened, among other places, in the [[United Kingdom]] where non-native [[mink]] were released into the wild by animal rights activists.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1617919.stm</ref> In addition, at least one case exists where [[vegetarian]] activists purchased [[fish]] with the intention of setting them free, releasing non-native sea lampreys into New Jersey's Passiac River. This same species has wreaked havoc on native species in the Great Lakes<ref>http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/08/vegetarian_reli.php</ref>.
* Contraceptive [[birth control]] pills are a serious source of water pollution, and the presence of these chemicals in the environment from being disposed of, often by flushing down the toilet, is harming fish populations and even causing mutations and hermaphroditic fish.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref>
* [[Organic]] farming is being promoted by liberal environmentalists. Organic farming requires 40% more land area to produce the same amount of food as modern, non-organic agriculture. The wide spread adoption of organic farming will encroach on conservation preserves and open space, and destroy many of them just to be able to feed the people whom modern agriculture feeds now.
* Liberal congressmen led by Senator [[Jeff Bingaman]] of [[New Mexico]], pushed an amendment to the 2007 energy bill which will ban the sale of most incandescent [[light bulb]]s by 2014. The intention of this ban is to force a switch to [[compact fluorescent]] light bulbs (CFL) in the name of reducing energy use. CFLs contain toxic [[mercury (element)|mercury]], while incandescent light bulbs are free of any toxic chemicals and can be disposed of safely. CFLs present a toxic hazard if one of them breaks inside a house or on a carpet, and may become a major source of mercury contamination in the water and air from CFLs which will be disposed of in landfills or incinerated.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59298</ref>

==See also==
* [[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
* [[Environmental alarmism]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Environmentalism]]

Environmental disasters caused by liberals

2009-08-01T14:01:46Z

GregL: link to new DDT article

[[Liberal]]s like to portray [[environmentalism]] as a liberal cause. What they won't tell you is many of the environmental disasters were caused by liberals:

* In 1979, [[Jimmy Carter]] adopted an [[energy]] policy in an effort to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, demanding a 50% cut in the use of oil to generate electricity and replace it with [[coal]]. This policy was unveiled in his 1979 "malaise" speech.<ref>http://www.rightwingnews.com/speeches/carter.php</ref> This caused a 40% increase in the use of coal as a power source<ref>Huber, Peter and Mills, Mark. ''The Bottomless Well''. Basic Books, 2005.</ref>, pumping millions of tons of additional [[greenhouse gases]] into the atmosphere. Indeed, global mean temperatures were dropping from 1940 to the late 1970s but this cooling trend reversed after 1978 and became a warming trend.
* Environmentalists have been opposed to [[nuclear power]] since the 1970s. Their cause gained more public support after the 1979 [[Three Mile Island]] accident. As a result of this opposition, no new nuclear power plants have been commissioned in the United States since. In conjunction with Carter's energy policy, this led to coal becoming the default electricity-producing fuel. See above for the consequences. Nuclear power, by contrast, does not produce any air pollution at all.
* [[Aerosol]]s are known to have an atmospheric cooling effect, possibly masking any man-made warming effects from greenhouse gases, assuming there is such a thing.<ref>http://www.enn.com/pollution/article/39303</ref> Liberal environmentalists campaigned heavily against consumer use of aerosols starting in 1974 after an environmental scare hit the news that aerosol sprays could be harmful to the [[ozone layer]].<ref>http://www.predictweather.co.nz/assets/articles/article_resources.php?id=36</ref> See above for the consequences. Global mean temperatures began rising again in the late 1970s.
* The [[anti-DDT campaign]] leading to a ban on [[DDT]] on most places has led to millions of deaths from [[malaria]] in the developing world.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref> The popularity of Rachel Carson's ''[[Silent Spring]]'' was a significant factor in bringing about a ban on the use of DDT. Replacement pesticides adopted after the DDT ban have proven to be less effective at eradicating [[mosquito]]es, and more harmful to the environment. When properly used DDT's ecological impact is negligible.<ref>Lomborg, Bjorn. ''Cool It'', pg 98. Vintage Books, 2008.</ref>
* Liberal [[immigration]] policies adopted in the United States due to the passage of the 1965 Immigration Act, opened the floodgates to unsustainable population growth in the United States which continues to this day. Had immigration levels been left at pre-1965 levels, U.S. population would have likely stabilized at around 240 million by now. Instead it is over 300 million, and expected to reach 468 million by the year 2060<ref>http://www.cis.org/impact_on_population.html</ref>, mostly due to mass immigration. The U.S. ecology cannot handle this rate of population growth.<ref>http://balance.org/alerts/alert122004.html</ref>
* Likewise, the ecology of U.S. National Parks and Monuments bordering [[Mexico]] has been trampled and is severely at risk from the [[illegal alien]]s coming into the U.S. who enter through those parks (such as Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument). Liberal environmental groups responded to this threat, not by supporting the [[The Secure the Fence Act of 2006|border fence]], but by filing lawsuits against the fence claiming it would disrupt [[animal]] habitats. When in fact, the flood of illegal aliens already did disrupt those animal habitats.<ref>http://www.desertinvasion.us/</ref>
* Liberal environmentalist demands for cleaner burning [[gasoline]] led to the addition of MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) into gasoline starting in 1979, with higher levels of MTBE mandated after 1992 to comply with the demands of the [[Clean Air Act]]. The leakage of MTBE from tens of thousands of storage tanks has contaminated tens of thousands of water wells throughout the U.S. An even small release of MTBE can render a large supply of water unpotable. MTBE was finally banned in some states in 2004-2005, but the damage has already been done. The cost of environmental cleanup and lawsuits from its use range upwards of $30 billion.
* Liberal environmentalist opposition to [[logging]], including any [[selective logging]] at all, on public lands has caused an excessive fuel buildup in forests and wildlands. While periodic [[fire]]s are a natural part of the ecology and most forest and grassland types are dependent on fire to one degree or another, the fires resulting from excessive fuel buildup are neither natural nor environmentally benign. This buildup is thanks to the near-ban on logging in 1992 when a federal judge halted all logging in National Forests until the [[northern spotted owl]] could be protected, and the resulting [[William Jefferson Clinton|Clinton]] administration's forest policy which drastically cut logging in the National Forests.
* [[Animal rights]] activists, in the name of defending animals have broken into laboratories and released the animals thus "rescued" into the wild. If these "rescued" animals are non-native species they can become invasives, causing ecological harm from having been released and then multiplying in an ecosystem in which they lack natural enemies. This has happened, among other places, in the [[United Kingdom]] where non-native [[mink]] were released into the wild by animal rights activists.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1617919.stm</ref> In addition, at least one case exists where [[vegetarian]] activists purchased [[fish]] with the intention of setting them free, releasing non-native sea lampreys into New Jersey's Passiac River. This same species has wreaked havoc on native species in the Great Lakes<ref>http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/08/vegetarian_reli.php</ref>.
* Contraceptive [[birth control]] pills are a serious source of water pollution, and the presence of these chemicals in the environment from being disposed of, often by flushing down the toilet, is harming fish populations and even causing mutations and hermaphroditic fish.<ref>Murray, Iain. ''The Really Inconvenient Truths''. Regnery Publishing, 2008.</ref>
* [[Organic]] farming is being promoted by liberal environmentalists. Organic farming requires 40% more land area to produce the same amount of food as modern, non-organic agriculture. The wide spread adoption of organic farming will encroach on conservation preserves and open space, and destroy many of them just to be able to feed the people whom modern agriculture feeds now.
* Liberal congressmen led by Senator [[Jeff Bingaman]] of [[New Mexico]], pushed an amendment to the 2007 energy bill which will ban the sale of most incandescent [[light bulb]]s by 2014. The intention of this ban is to force a switch to [[compact fluorescent]] light bulbs (CFL) in the name of reducing energy use. CFLs contain toxic [[mercury (element)|mercury]], while incandescent light bulbs are free of any toxic chemicals and can be disposed of safely. CFLs present a toxic hazard if one of them breaks inside a house or on a carpet, and may become a major source of mercury contamination in the water and air from CFLs which will be disposed of in landfills or incinerated.<ref>http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=59298</ref>

==See also==
* [[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
* [[Environmental alarmism]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Environmentalism]]

The 11th Hour

2009-08-01T13:46:51Z

GregL: Patrick Moore quote

'''''The 11th Hour''''' is a 90-minute environmental [[schlockumentary]] produced and narrated by actor [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] which endorses the theory of [[Anthropogenic global warming]]. Unlike [[Al Gore]]'s film ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'', ''The 11th Hour'' focuses mainly on the alleged "future catastrophes" of man-made global warming. Former Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], ''[[New York Times]]'' reporter Andy Revkin, and Scripps Institute oceanographer Jeremy Jackson all appear in the movie.<ref>http://blogcritics.org/archives/2007/08/18/101351.php</ref> The movie uses the tagline "turn mankind's darkest hour into its finest", falsely calling this mankind's darkest hour despite almost all environmental indicators being positive and much improved from 50 or 100 years ago.

The film was released in late August 2007 and immediately became a bust at the box office. It was shown on over 111 screens a week, and after the first eighteen days only grossed $417,913 from ticket sales, less than the cost of the film's production.<ref>http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/09/05/global-warming-media-disaster-dicaprio-s-11th-hour-bombs-box-office</ref>

The promotional poster and DVD case for this movie are illustrated with an image of the planet Earth with a large [[Vibram]] type [[work boot]] print superimposed over it, perhaps illustrating the attitude Leonardo DiCaprio and other [[Hollywood]] elitists have toward those who depend on resource extraction for their livelihoods and might wear such work boots on the job, such as loggers, miners, and construction workers.

A pre-release showing of the film at Cannes reportedly ended with most of the attenders asleep.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,295768,00.html</ref> The ''Chicago Sun'' newspaper called ''The 11th Hour'' "a bore" and the news parody website ''[[The Onion]]'' called it "a headache of a film directed like an Errol Morris project, but with half the substance. It's clearly preaching to the choir, but even they may find it off-key."<ref>http://www.filmspot.com/movie/364791/11th-hour/reviews/critic.html?tag=fs_nav;reviews&om_act=convert&om_clk=fstabs</ref>

[[Patrick Moore]], a former [[Greenpeace]] leader, has called the movie "another example of anti-forestry scare tactics"<ref>''Vancouver Sun'', August 29, 2007</ref>.

==Links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0492931/ ''The 11th Hour''] at the Internet Movie Database

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eleventh Hour, The}}
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Global Warming]]

The 11th Hour

2009-08-01T13:38:37Z

GregL: the promotional poster and DVD

'''''The 11th Hour''''' is a 90-minute environmental [[schlockumentary]] produced and narrated by actor [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] which endorses the theory of [[Anthropogenic global warming]]. Unlike [[Al Gore]]'s film ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'', ''The 11th Hour'' focuses mainly on the alleged "future catastrophes" of man-made global warming. Former Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], ''[[New York Times]]'' reporter Andy Revkin, and Scripps Institute oceanographer Jeremy Jackson all appear in the movie.<ref>http://blogcritics.org/archives/2007/08/18/101351.php</ref>

The film was released in late August 2007 and immediately became a bust at the box office. It was shown on over 111 screens a week, and after the first eighteen days only grossed $417,913 from ticket sales, less than the cost of the film's production.<ref>http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/09/05/global-warming-media-disaster-dicaprio-s-11th-hour-bombs-box-office</ref>

The promotional poster and DVD case for this movie are illustrated with an image of the planet Earth with a large [[Vibram]] type [[work boot]] print superimposed over it, perhaps illustrating the attitude Leonardo DiCaprio and other [[Hollywood]] elitists have toward those who depend on resource extraction for their livelihoods and might wear such work boots on the job, such as loggers, miners, and construction workers.

A pre-release showing of the film at Cannes reportedly ended with most of the attenders asleep.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,295768,00.html</ref> The ''Chicago Sun'' newspaper called ''The 11th Hour'' "a bore" and the news parody website ''[[The Onion]]'' called it "a headache of a film directed like an Errol Morris project, but with half the substance. It's clearly preaching to the choir, but even they may find it off-key."<ref>http://www.filmspot.com/movie/364791/11th-hour/reviews/critic.html?tag=fs_nav;reviews&om_act=convert&om_clk=fstabs</ref>

==Links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0492931/ ''The 11th Hour''] at the Internet Movie Database

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eleventh Hour, The}}
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Global Warming]]

Fifth Party System

2009-07-27T13:10:24Z

GregL: fixing links

The '''Fifth Party System''', also called the '''New Deal Party System''', refers to the system of politics in the United States that began in 1933 with a realignment caused by the [[Great Depression, U.S.|Great Depression in the U.S.]]. The [[New Deal Coalition]] was forged by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and kept his [[U.S. Democratic Party, history|Democratic Party]] in power most of the time until 1968.<ref> Political scientists prefer the term "Fifth Party System"; historians call it the "New Deal System". The [[Party System]] model dates to the early 20th century. The numbering of the systems was introduced in 1967 by William N. Chambers and Walter D. Burnham, eds. ''American Party Systems'' (1967)</ref>. It followed the [[Fourth Party System]], (usually called the [[Progressive Era]] by historians). Experts debate whether it ended in the mid-1960s and was replaced by the '''Sixth Party System''', or continues to the present. Paulson (2006) argues that a decisive realignment took place in the late 1960s.

==Partisanship==
The System was heavily Democratic through 1964 and heavily Republican at the presidential level since 1968, with the Senate switching back and forth after 1980. The Democrats usually controlled the House except that the Republicans won in 1946, 1952, and 1994 through 2004 elections. Both Houses went Democratic in 2006. Of the nineteen presidential elections since 1932, the Democrats won 7 of the first 9 (through 1964), while the GOP won 7 of the 10 since 1968. Down to 1964 Democratic control of Congress was the norm, but the [[Conservative coalition]] had effective veto power; since 1966 divided government has been the norm.

With Republican promises of prosperity discredited by the [[Great Depression]], the four consecutive elections, 1932-36-40-44 of Democrat [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] gave the Democrats dominance, though in domestic issues the [[Conservative coalition]] generally controlled Congress from 1938 to 1964. The activist [[New Deal]] promoted [[American liberalism]], anchored in a [[New Deal Coalition]] that dominated the [[Democratic party]]. The party was dominated by liberal groups, especially ethno-religious minorities (Catholics, Jews, African Americans), white Southerners, well-organized labor unions, big city machines, intellectuals, and liberal farm groups. Opposition [[Republican Party|Republicans]] were split between a conservative wing, led by Senator [[Robert A. Taft]], and a more successful moderate wing led by President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].
==New rules==
New rules took effect that changed the political universe. The most important was the enfranchisement of the blacks in the South, thanks to the 1965 Voting Rights Act. In addition, poll taxes were abolished, 18 year old were given the right to vote, and the role of women was informally expanded inside both parties. At the same time the old big city machines, with their neighborhood structures, collapsed in nearly every city. Communications media changes with the rise of television after 1960 as the dominant medium for political discourse and campaign advertising.
==Collapse of 5th Party System==
The period climaxed with [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s smashing electoral defeat of [[conservative]] Republican presidential candidate [[Barry Goldwater]] in 1964; in no other election since 1944 has the Democratic party received more than 50.1% of the popular vote for President.<ref>See, for example, the election pages at [http://www.presidentelect.org/index.html presidentelect.org]</ref> The Democratic coalition divided in 1948 and 1968, in the latter election allowing the Republican candidate [[Richard Nixon]] to take the White House. Democrats kept control of the House until the 1994 election. For the next twelve years the [[Republican Party|GOP]] was in control with small majorities, until the Democrats recaptured the House in 2006. The Democrats held the Senate until 1980; since then the two parties have traded control of the Senate back and forth with small majorities.
==Sixth Party System==
The Sixth Party System is variously dated by scholars, usually from 1968 or 1980. Shafer (2007) calls it the "Late New Deal System." The 6th System was characterized by a Republican dominance, with the GOP winning 7 of 10 presidential elections from 1968 through 2004. Control of Congress was split. The dominant leader of the 6th Party System was [[Ronald Reagan]], with Republicans using his as their standard of proper politics into the late 21st century.

New voter coalitions included the emergence of the "religious right" -- a combination of Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants united on opposition to abortion and gay rights. On the left, to a lesser degree, Democrats augmented their coalition with well educated voters, gays, and non-religious seculars. The Hispanic population grew very rapidly, reaching 15% of the population, but turnout was so low they were not a major factor in voting, except in California. Although [[George W. Bush]] made a special effort to reach Hispanics, their negative reaction to Republican nativism on the issue of immigration strengthened the Democratic affiliations of those Hispanics who voted.

New rules changes involved campaign financing, as very large sums were raised and candidates spent much of their energy focused on raising money behind the scenes. New campaign technologies involved the Internet, but television advertising continued to grow in importance, overshadowing the Internet as a campaign tool. [[Howard Dean]] in 2004 demonstrated that the Internet could be used to organize and finance a crusade, and this model was followed by most of the candidates for the 2008 election, with [[Barack Obama]] and [[Ron Paul]] the most successful.

==New Deal Coalition: voting %D 1948-1964==

{| class="wikitable"
|
% Democratic vote in major groups, presidency 1948-1964
|-
|
|
1948
|
1952
|
1956
|
1960
|
1964
|-
|
all voters
|
50
|
45
|
42
|
50
|
61
|-
|-
|
White
|
50
|
43
|
41
|
49
|
59
|-
|
Black
|
50
|
79
|
61
|
68
|
94
|-
|-
|
College
|
22
|
34
|
31
|
39
|
52
|-
|
High School
|
51
|
45
|
42
|
52
|
62
|-
|
Grade School
|
64
|
52
|
50
|
55
|
66
|-
|-
|
Professional & Business
|
19
|
36
|
32
|
42
|
54
|-
|
White Collar
|
47
|
40
|
37
|
48
|
57
|-
|
Manual worker
|
66
|
55
|
50
|
60
|
71
|-
|
Farmer
|
60
|
33
|
46
|
48
|
53
|-
|-
|
Union member
|
76
|
|
51
|
62
|
77
|-
|
Not union
|
42
|
|
35
|
44
|
56
|-
|-
|
Protestant
|
43
|
37
|
37
|
38
|
55
|-
|
Catholic
|
62
|
56
|
51
|
78
|
76
|-
|-
|
Republican
|
|
8
|
4
|
5
|
20
|-
|
Independent
|
|
35
|
30
|
43
|
56
|-
|
Democrat
|
|
77
|
85
|
84
|
87
|-
|-
|
East
|
48
|
45
|
40
|
53
|
68
|-
|
Midwest
|
50
|
42
|
41
|
48
|
61
|-
|
West
|
49
|
42
|
43
|
49
|
60
|-
|
South
|
53
|
51
|
49
|
51
|
52
|-
|-
|
|}
Source: Gallup Polls in Gallup (1972)

== Further reading==
see the more detailed guide at [[Fifth Party System/Bibliography]]

* Aldrich, John H. "Political Parties in a Critical Era," ''American Politics Research,'' vol 27#1 (1999) [http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/27/1/9 online abstract] speculates on emergence of Seventh Party System
* Allswang, John M. ''New Deal and American Politics'' (1978), statistical analysis of votes
* Bell, Jonathan. ''The Liberal State on Trial: The Cold War and American Politics in the Truman Years,'' (2004), 404pp; detailed analysis of impact of foreign policy on key elections 1946-48-50 [http://www.amazon.com/Liberal-State-Trial-American-Contemporary/dp/0231133561/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211910249&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Bibby, John F. "Party Organizations, 1946-1996," in Byron E. Shafer, ed. ''Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics,'' (1998)
* Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, Donald Stokes. ''The American Voter'' (1964), highly influential study by [[Michigan School]] of voter psychology in 1950s. [http://www.amazon.com/American-Voter-Angus-Campbell/dp/0226092542/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195198915&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Fraser, Steve, and Gary Gerstle, eds. ''The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980'' (1990), essays on broad topics.
* Hamby, Alonzo. ''Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. to Bush'' (1992).
* Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System: Decay of Consensus, 1932-1980," in ''The Evolution of American Electoral Systems'' (Paul Kleppner et al. eds.) (1981) pp 219-225,
* Ladd Jr., Everett Carll with Charles D. Hadley. ''Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s'' 2nd ed. (1978).
* Leuchtenburg, William E. ''In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush'' (2001)
* Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. ''The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism'' (2002)
* Milkis, Sidney M. ''The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal'' (1993)
* Perlstein, Rick. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2002) very well written narrative of politics 1960-64 [http://www.amazon.com/Before-Storm-Goldwater-Unmaking-Consensus/dp/0809028581/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211911045&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Perlstein, Rick. ''Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America'' (2008) very well written narrative of politics 1964-68
* Sabato, Larry J., and Howard R. Ernst. ''Encyclopedia Of American Political Parties And Elections'' (2006) comprehensive coverage of politics since 1945.
* Shafer, Byron E. "Where Are We in History? Political Orders and Political Eras in the Postwar U.S.," ''The Forum'' (2007) Vol. 5#3, Article 4. http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol5/iss3/art4 online edition]
* Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (2001)
* Sundquist, James L. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29223022 ''Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States''], (1983)
* Wilentz, Sean. ''The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974-2008'' (2008), major narrative history

== Bibliography==
* Aldrich, John H. "Political Parties in a Critical Era," ''American Politics Research,'' vol 27#1 (1999) [http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/27/1/9 online abstract] speculates on emergence of Seventh Party System
* Allswang, John M. ''New Deal and American Politics'' (1978), statistical analysis of votes
* Andersen, Kristi. ''The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928-1936'' (1979), statistical analysis of polls
* Bell, Jonathan. ''The Liberal State on Trial: The Cold War and American Politics in the Truman Years,'' (2004), 404pp; detailed analysis of impact of foreign policy on key elections 1946-48-50 [http://www.amazon.com/Liberal-State-Trial-American-Contemporary/dp/0231133561/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211910249&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Bibby, John F. "Party Organizations, 1946-1996," in Byron E. Shafer, ed. ''Partisan Approaches to Postwar American Politics,'' (1998)
* Bullock, Charles S., Donna R. Hoffman, and Ronald Keith Gaddie. "Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004," ''Social Science Quarterly,'' 87 (Sept. 2006), 494–518.
* Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, Donald Stokes. ''The American Voter'' (1964), highly influential study by [[Michigan School]] of voter psychology in 1950s. [http://www.amazon.com/American-Voter-Angus-Campbell/dp/0226092542/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195198915&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, Donald Stokes. ''Elections and the Political Order'' (1966) influential study of voters in early 1960s by Michigan School.
* Campbell, James E. "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004," ''Social Science History,'' 30 (Fall 2006), 359–86.
* Campbell, James E. ''American Campaign: U.S. Presidential Campaigns and the National Vote'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/American-Campaign-Presidential-Presidency-Leadership/dp/089096940X/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195198915&sr=8-9 excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, Tracy. ''Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, an American Political Tradition-1742-2004'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Deliver-Vote-Election-Political-Tradition-1742-2004/dp/078671591X/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product excerpt and text search]
* Fraser, Steve, and Gary Gerstle, eds. ''The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980'' (1990), essays on broad topics.
* Geer, John G. "New Deal Issues and the American Electorate, 1952-1988," ''Political Behavior,'' 14#1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 45-65 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0190-9320%28199203%2914%3A1%3C45%3ANDIATA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T online at JSTOR]
* Gershtenson, Joseph. "Mobilization Strategies of the Democrats and Republicans, 1956-2000," ''Political Research Quarterly'' Vol. 56, No. 3 (Sep., 2003), pp. 293-308 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1065-9129%28200309%2956%3A3%3C293%3AMSOTDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H in JSTOR]
* Green, John C. and Paul S. Herrnson. [http://polisci.wisc.edu/~party/apsa2000green.pdf "Party Development in the Twentieth Century: Laying the Foundations for Responsible Party Government?"] (2000) 
* Hamby, Alonzo. ''Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. to Bush'' (1992).
* Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System: Decay of Consensus, 1932-1980," in ''The Evolution of American Electoral Systems'' (Paul Kleppner et al. eds.) (1981) pp 219-225,
* Keller, Morton. ''America's Three Regimes: A New Political History'' (2007) 384pp.
* Ladd Jr., Everett Carll with Charles D. Hadley. ''Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s'' 2nd ed. (1978).
* Leuchtenburg, William E. ''In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush'' (2001)
* Levine, Jeffrey; Carmines, Edward G.; and Huckfeldt, Robert. "The Rise of Ideology in the Post-New Deal Party System, 1972-1992." ''American Politics Quarterly'' (1997) 25(1): 19-34. Issn: 0044-7803 Argues that the social basis of the New Deal party system has weakened. The result is ideology shapes partisan support.
* Manza, Jeff and Clem Brooks; ''Social Cleavages and Political Change: Voter Alignments and U.S. Party Coalitions,'' (1999), quantitiative
* Manza, Jeff; "Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal" ''Annual Review of Sociology,'' 2000 pp 297+
* Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. ''The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism'' (2002)
* Milkis, Sidney M. ''The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal'' (1993)
* Paulson, Arthur. ''Electoral Realignment and the Outlook for American Democracy'' (2006)
* Perlstein, Rick. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2002) very well written narrative of politics 1960-64 [http://www.amazon.com/Before-Storm-Goldwater-Unmaking-Consensus/dp/0809028581/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211911045&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
* Perlstein, Rick. ''Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America'' (2008) very well written narrative of politics 1964-68
* Robinson, Edgar Eugene. ''They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote, 1932-1944'' (1947) tables of votes by county
* Sabato, Larry J., and Howard R. Ernst. ''Encyclopedia Of American Political Parties And Elections'' (2006) comprehensive coverage of politics since 1945.
* Shafer, Byron E. "Where Are We in History? Political Orders and Political Eras in the Postwar U.S.," ''The Forum'' (2007) Vol. 5#3, Article 4. http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol5/iss3/art4 online edition]
* Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. ''Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775-2000'' (2001)
* Sternsher, Bernard. "The New Deal Party System: A Reappraisal," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' v.15#1 (Summer, 1984), pp. 53-81 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953%28198422%2915%3A1%3C53%3ATNDPSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I JSTOR]
* Sternsher, Bernard. "The Emergence of the New Deal Party System: A Problem in Historical Analysis of Voter Behavior," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'', v.6#1 (Summer, 1975), pp. 127-149 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953%28197522%296%3A1%3C127%3ATEOTND%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3 online at JSTOR]
* Sundquist, James L. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29223022 ''Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States''], (1983)
* Wilentz, Sean. ''The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974-2008'' (2008), major narrative history
===Primary sources===
* Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98754501 ''Public Opinion, 1935-1946'' (1951)]. A massive compilation of public opinion polls.
* Gallup, George. ''The Gallup Poll: Public opinion, 1935-1971'' (3 vol 1972), summarizes each poll

====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:New Deal]]
[[Category:United States History]]
[[Category:United States Political Terms]]
[[Category:1960s]]
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category:Democratic Party]]
[[category:1950s]]

9/12 Candidate

2009-07-27T12:59:40Z

GregL: fmt

'''9/12 Candidates''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Politics of the United States|political]] [[blog]] organization (launched on 23 March, 2009<ref>http://whois.domaintools.com/912candidates.org</ref>) made up of only volunteers, publishing news and opinion from a [[Conservatism|conservative]] point of view. It functions as a discussion forum and group blog for a variety of [[netroots]] activists, whose efforts are primarily directed toward locating and promoting conservative candidates that have committed themselves to a [[morality|morally binding]] contract to represent their constituents and uphold the 9 principles and 12 values<ref>http://912candidates.org/912-values-principles/ </ref> listed below. These candidates represent the political ideology of the more than 661,000<ref>http://the912project.com/</ref> members of the [[9/12 Movement]]. On may May 12, 2009 [[Glenn Beck]] became aware of the organization, wishing it luck, and offering to host debates for candidates.

== The 9/12 Candidate Contract ==
A '''9/12 Candidate''' signs a [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/912contract-signed.pdf "morally binding" contract] that lists a modified version of [[Glenn Beck]]'s principles and values from his 9/12 Project<ref>http://theglennbeck912project.com/</ref>.

'''9 Principles'''

#America Is Good.
#I believe in God and He is the Center of my Life.
#I must always try to be a more honest person than I was yesterday.
#The family is sacred. My spouse and I are the ultimate authority, not the government.
#If you break the law you pay the penalty. Justice is blind and no one is above it.
#I have a right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness, but there is no guarantee of equal results.
#I work hard for what I have and I will share it with who I want to. Government cannot force me to be charitable.
#It is not un-American for me to disagree with authority or to share my personal opinion.
#The government works for me. I do not answer to them, they answer to me. <nowiki>*</nowiki>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''For the contract this has been reworded from the representatives perspective to read: “ The government works for the people. The people do not answer to the government, the government answers to the people.“''

'''12 Values'''
#Honesty
#Reverence
#Hope
#Thrift
#Humility
#Charity
#Sincerity
#Moderation
#Hard Work
#Courage
#Personal Responsibility
#Gratitude

==Signed Candidates==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Seeking Office
! Announcement
! Signed Contract
! Date Signed
!
|-
| [[RJ Harris|RJ Harris (OK)]]<ref>http://rjharris2010.com/</ref>
| [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] for [[Oklahoma 4th Congressional District|Oklahomas' 4th Congressional District]] <ref>http://rjharris2010.com/news.asp/</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/2009/04/19/912-candidate-rj-harris/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/4th-district-harris.pdf Contract]
| 17 April 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/RJ-Harris/51113889678|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/RJHarris2010|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/rjharris2010|Myspace]] [[File:meetup_82.png|25px|link=http://www.meetup.com/RJ-Harris-2010/|Meetup]]
|-
| [[Robert_C._Smith|Sen Bob Smith (FL)]]<ref>http://www.friendsofsenatorbobsmith.com/index.php</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Florida]]
| [http://912candidates.org/2009/06/10/912-candidate-senator-bob-smith/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/bob-smith-final1.jpg Contract]
| 13 May 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=70337491139|Facebook]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Smith Wikipedia]
|-
| [[Richard Pait|Richard Pait (FL)]]<ref>http://www.richardpait.info/</ref>
| [[Jacksonville, Florida]] [[Jacksonville City Council|City Council]], District 13
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/2009/05/28/jacksonvilles-first-official-912-candidate/ Read]
|
| 28 May 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/s.php?init=q&q=Richard+Pait&sid=0563fd04172a65dcce01d40022c4b0c3#/pages/Richard-Pait/63680301484?ref=s|Facebook]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/458435786|Myspace]]
|-
| [[Ron_Miller_(politician)|Ron Miller (MD)]]<ref>http://teamronmiller.com</ref>
| [[Maryland Senate]], District 27<ref>http://teamronmiller.com/reflections/?p=97#more-97</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/2009/06/07/912-candidate-ron-miller/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/ron.jpg Contract]
| 7 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Ron-Miller/134555780520?ref=mf|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/TeamRonMiller|Twitter]]
|-
| [[Marion_D._Thorpe,_Jr.|Dr. Marion Thorpe (FL)]]<ref>http://marionthorpe.com/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Florida]]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/2009/06/25/183/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/files/2009/06/thorpe-912-pledge_final.jpg Contract]
| 25 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/marionthorpe|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/marionthorpe|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/marionthorpe|Myspace]] [[File:youtube_16.png|link=http://www.youtube.com/user/marionthorpe|YouTube]]
|-
| [[Rand Paul|Rand Paul (KY)]]<ref>http://www.randpaul2010.com</ref>
| [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] for [[Kentucky]] <ref>http://www.randpaul2010.com/blog/2009/june/patriot%E2%80%99s-pipeline-radio-show-tonight-rand-paul-rj-harris</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/ky/2009/06/25/potential-us-senate-candidate-dr-rand-paul-becomes-the-first-to-sign-the-912-candidate-contract-in-kentucky/ Read]
|
| 26 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/DrRandPaul?ref=mf|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/DrRandPaul|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/ronpaul_2008president_|Myspace]] [[File:youtube_16.png|link=http://www.youtube.com/user/RandPaulsupporter|YouTube]] [[File:meetup_82.png|25px|link=http://rand-paul-for-senate-2010.meetup.com/|Meetup]]
|-
| [[Peg Luksik|Peg Luksik (PA)]]<ref>http://pegluksik.org/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Pennsylvania]] <ref>http://pegluksik.com/beliefs/</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/pa/2009/06/27/912-candidate-peg-luksik-state-senate/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/pa/files/2009/06/peg.jpg Contract]
| 27 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=70337491139#/group.php?gid=139592850133|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/pegluksik|Twitter]] [[File:flickr_16.png|link=http://www.flickr.com/photos/pegluksik/|Flicker]]
|-
| [[Bernie DeCastro|Bernie DeCastro (FL)]]<ref>http://www.electbernie.com/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Florida]]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/2009/06/30/another-florida-912-candidate/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/files/2009/06/bernie1.jpg Contract]
| 30 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=79090982465|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/ElectBernie|Twitter]]
|-
| [[Jay La Suer|Jay La Suer (CA)]] <ref>http://sheriffjay.org/blog/archives/67</ref>
| Candidate for [[San Diego County]] [[San Diego County Sheriff's Department (California)|Sheriff]]
| [http://912candidates.org/blog/2009/07/03/912-candidate-jay-la-suer-sheriff-san-diego-county-ca/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/ca/files/2009/07/jay-la-suer.jpg Contract]
| 2 July 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/JayLaSuer|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/SheriffJay|Twitter]]
|-
| [[Ben Gifford|Ben Gifford (CA)]]<ref>http://www.bengifford2012.com/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[California]]
| [http://912candidates.org/blog/2009/07/02/912-candidate-ben-gifford-us-senate-ca/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/ca/files/2009/05/ben-gifford.jpg Contract]
| 30 May 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Ben-Gifford/103240608097|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/Gifford2012|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/bengifford12|Myspace]]
|-
| [[Adam Kokesh|Adam Kokesh (NM)]]<ref>http://www.kokeshforcongress.com/</ref>
| [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] for [[New Mexico 3rd Congressional District|New Mexicos' 3rd Congressional District]]
| [http://912candidates.org/blog/2009/07/15/912-candidate-adam-kokesh-u-s-congress-3rd-district-ok/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/files/2009/07/Adam-Kokesh.jpg Contract]
| July 15, 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Adam-Kokesh/90664406259|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/adamkokesh|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/adamkokesh|Myspace]] [[File:youtube_16.png|link=http://www.youtube.com/user/KokeshforCongress|YouTube]]
|}

==Contributors/Organizers==
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
|+ State Organizers & Bloggers
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
|Alabama|| || ||Alaska|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/az/ Arizona]||S, R, M & D|| ||Arkansas|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ca/ California]||CS
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Colorado|| || ||Connecticut|| || ||Delaware|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/fl/ Florida]||JA|| ||Georgia||
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Hawaii|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/id/ Idaho]||SC|| ||Illinois|| || ||Indiana|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ia/ Iowa]||JM
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Kansas|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ky/ Kentucky]||CG, DS || ||Louisiana|| || ||Maine|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/md/ Maryland]||R, C & S
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Massachusetts|| || ||Michigan|| || ||Minnesota|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ms/ Mississippi]||DN || ||Missouri||
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Montana|| || ||Nebraska|| || ||Nevada|| || ||New Hampshire|| || ||New Jersey||
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| [http://912candidates.org/nm/ New Mexico]||J || ||New York|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/nc/ North Carolina]||LL || ||North Dakota|| || ||Ohio||
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| [http://912candidates.org/ok/ Oklahoma]||DK, CM || ||Oregon|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/pa/ Pennsylvania]||DM, WR || ||Rhode Island|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/sc/ South Carolina]||LL
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| South Dakota|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/tn/ Tennessee]||JA || ||[http://912candidates.org/tx/ Texas]||FM || ||Utah|| || ||Vermont||
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| [http://912candidates.org/va/ Virginia]||NH || ||[http://912candidates.org/wa/ Washington]||MO || ||West Virginia|| || ||Wisconsin|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/wv/ Wyoming]||BM
|-style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Washington DC|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

== Partners ==
[[America's Independent Party]] National Committee<ref>http://www.aipnews.com/talk/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=5612&posts=1&start=1</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:9/12_Candidates]]
[[Category:United_States_Constitution]]
[[Category:Taxation]]
[[Category:Nonviolent_resistance_movements]]
[[Category:Anti-fascism]]
[[Category:Anti-communism]]
[[Category:Libertarianism]]
[[Category:1791 in law]]
[[Category:Amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution]]
[[Category:Federalist Papers]]
[[Category:Political weblogs]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]

9/12 Candidate

2009-07-27T12:59:01Z

GregL: sp.

9/12 Candidates is an [[United States|American]] [[Politics of the United States|political]] [[blog]] organization (launched on 23 March, 2009<ref>http://whois.domaintools.com/912candidates.org</ref>) made up of only volunteers, publishing news and opinion from a [[Conservatism|conservative]] point of view. It functions as a discussion forum and group blog for a variety of [[netroots]] activists, whose efforts are primarily directed toward locating and promoting conservative candidates that have committed themselves to a [[morality|morally binding]] contract to represent their constituents and uphold the 9 principles and 12 values<ref>http://912candidates.org/912-values-principles/ </ref> listed below. These candidates represent the political ideology of the more than 661,000<ref>http://the912project.com/</ref> members of the [[9/12 Movement]]. On may May 12, 2009 [[Glenn Beck]] became aware of the organization, wishing it luck, and offering to host debates for candidates.

== The 9/12 Candidate Contract ==
A '''9/12 Candidate''' signs a [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/912contract-signed.pdf "morally binding" contract] that lists a modified version of [[Glenn Beck]]'s principles and values from his 9/12 Project<ref>http://theglennbeck912project.com/</ref>.

'''9 Principles'''

#America Is Good.
#I believe in God and He is the Center of my Life.
#I must always try to be a more honest person than I was yesterday.
#The family is sacred. My spouse and I are the ultimate authority, not the government.
#If you break the law you pay the penalty. Justice is blind and no one is above it.
#I have a right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness, but there is no guarantee of equal results.
#I work hard for what I have and I will share it with who I want to. Government cannot force me to be charitable.
#It is not un-American for me to disagree with authority or to share my personal opinion.
#The government works for me. I do not answer to them, they answer to me. <nowiki>*</nowiki>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>''For the contract this has been reworded from the representatives perspective to read: “ The government works for the people. The people do not answer to the government, the government answers to the people.“''

'''12 Values'''
#Honesty
#Reverence
#Hope
#Thrift
#Humility
#Charity
#Sincerity
#Moderation
#Hard Work
#Courage
#Personal Responsibility
#Gratitude

==Signed Candidates==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Seeking Office
! Announcement
! Signed Contract
! Date Signed
!
|-
| [[RJ Harris|RJ Harris (OK)]]<ref>http://rjharris2010.com/</ref>
| [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] for [[Oklahoma 4th Congressional District|Oklahomas' 4th Congressional District]] <ref>http://rjharris2010.com/news.asp/</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/2009/04/19/912-candidate-rj-harris/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/4th-district-harris.pdf Contract]
| 17 April 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/RJ-Harris/51113889678|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/RJHarris2010|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/rjharris2010|Myspace]] [[File:meetup_82.png|25px|link=http://www.meetup.com/RJ-Harris-2010/|Meetup]]
|-
| [[Robert_C._Smith|Sen Bob Smith (FL)]]<ref>http://www.friendsofsenatorbobsmith.com/index.php</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Florida]]
| [http://912candidates.org/2009/06/10/912-candidate-senator-bob-smith/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/bob-smith-final1.jpg Contract]
| 13 May 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=70337491139|Facebook]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Smith Wikipedia]
|-
| [[Richard Pait|Richard Pait (FL)]]<ref>http://www.richardpait.info/</ref>
| [[Jacksonville, Florida]] [[Jacksonville City Council|City Council]], District 13
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/2009/05/28/jacksonvilles-first-official-912-candidate/ Read]
|
| 28 May 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/s.php?init=q&q=Richard+Pait&sid=0563fd04172a65dcce01d40022c4b0c3#/pages/Richard-Pait/63680301484?ref=s|Facebook]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/458435786|Myspace]]
|-
| [[Ron_Miller_(politician)|Ron Miller (MD)]]<ref>http://teamronmiller.com</ref>
| [[Maryland Senate]], District 27<ref>http://teamronmiller.com/reflections/?p=97#more-97</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/2009/06/07/912-candidate-ron-miller/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/ron.jpg Contract]
| 7 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Ron-Miller/134555780520?ref=mf|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/TeamRonMiller|Twitter]]
|-
| [[Marion_D._Thorpe,_Jr.|Dr. Marion Thorpe (FL)]]<ref>http://marionthorpe.com/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Florida]]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/2009/06/25/183/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/files/2009/06/thorpe-912-pledge_final.jpg Contract]
| 25 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/marionthorpe|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/marionthorpe|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/marionthorpe|Myspace]] [[File:youtube_16.png|link=http://www.youtube.com/user/marionthorpe|YouTube]]
|-
| [[Rand Paul|Rand Paul (KY)]]<ref>http://www.randpaul2010.com</ref>
| [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] for [[Kentucky]] <ref>http://www.randpaul2010.com/blog/2009/june/patriot%E2%80%99s-pipeline-radio-show-tonight-rand-paul-rj-harris</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/ky/2009/06/25/potential-us-senate-candidate-dr-rand-paul-becomes-the-first-to-sign-the-912-candidate-contract-in-kentucky/ Read]
|
| 26 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/DrRandPaul?ref=mf|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/DrRandPaul|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/ronpaul_2008president_|Myspace]] [[File:youtube_16.png|link=http://www.youtube.com/user/RandPaulsupporter|YouTube]] [[File:meetup_82.png|25px|link=http://rand-paul-for-senate-2010.meetup.com/|Meetup]]
|-
| [[Peg Luksik|Peg Luksik (PA)]]<ref>http://pegluksik.org/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Pennsylvania]] <ref>http://pegluksik.com/beliefs/</ref>
| [http://912candidates.org/pa/2009/06/27/912-candidate-peg-luksik-state-senate/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/pa/files/2009/06/peg.jpg Contract]
| 27 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=70337491139#/group.php?gid=139592850133|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/pegluksik|Twitter]] [[File:flickr_16.png|link=http://www.flickr.com/photos/pegluksik/|Flicker]]
|-
| [[Bernie DeCastro|Bernie DeCastro (FL)]]<ref>http://www.electbernie.com/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[Florida]]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/2009/06/30/another-florida-912-candidate/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/fl/files/2009/06/bernie1.jpg Contract]
| 30 June 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=79090982465|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/ElectBernie|Twitter]]
|-
| [[Jay La Suer|Jay La Suer (CA)]] <ref>http://sheriffjay.org/blog/archives/67</ref>
| Candidate for [[San Diego County]] [[San Diego County Sheriff's Department (California)|Sheriff]]
| [http://912candidates.org/blog/2009/07/03/912-candidate-jay-la-suer-sheriff-san-diego-county-ca/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/ca/files/2009/07/jay-la-suer.jpg Contract]
| 2 July 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/JayLaSuer|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/SheriffJay|Twitter]]
|-
| [[Ben Gifford|Ben Gifford (CA)]]<ref>http://www.bengifford2012.com/</ref>
| [[United States Senate]] for [[California]]
| [http://912candidates.org/blog/2009/07/02/912-candidate-ben-gifford-us-senate-ca/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/ca/files/2009/05/ben-gifford.jpg Contract]
| 30 May 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Ben-Gifford/103240608097|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/Gifford2012|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/bengifford12|Myspace]]
|-
| [[Adam Kokesh|Adam Kokesh (NM)]]<ref>http://www.kokeshforcongress.com/</ref>
| [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]] for [[New Mexico 3rd Congressional District|New Mexicos' 3rd Congressional District]]
| [http://912candidates.org/blog/2009/07/15/912-candidate-adam-kokesh-u-s-congress-3rd-district-ok/ Read]
| [http://912candidates.org/files/2009/07/Adam-Kokesh.jpg Contract]
| July 15, 2009
| [[File:facebook_16.png|link=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Adam-Kokesh/90664406259|Facebook]] [[File:twitter_16.png|link=http://twitter.com/adamkokesh|Twitter]] [[File:myspace_16.png|link=http://www.myspace.com/adamkokesh|Myspace]] [[File:youtube_16.png|link=http://www.youtube.com/user/KokeshforCongress|YouTube]]
|}

==Contributors/Organizers==
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
|+ State Organizers & Bloggers
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
|Alabama|| || ||Alaska|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/az/ Arizona]||S, R, M & D|| ||Arkansas|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ca/ California]||CS
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Colorado|| || ||Connecticut|| || ||Delaware|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/fl/ Florida]||JA|| ||Georgia||
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Hawaii|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/id/ Idaho]||SC|| ||Illinois|| || ||Indiana|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ia/ Iowa]||JM
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Kansas|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ky/ Kentucky]||CG, DS || ||Louisiana|| || ||Maine|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/md/ Maryland]||R, C & S
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Massachusetts|| || ||Michigan|| || ||Minnesota|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/ms/ Mississippi]||DN || ||Missouri||
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Montana|| || ||Nebraska|| || ||Nevada|| || ||New Hampshire|| || ||New Jersey||
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| [http://912candidates.org/nm/ New Mexico]||J || ||New York|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/nc/ North Carolina]||LL || ||North Dakota|| || ||Ohio||
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| [http://912candidates.org/ok/ Oklahoma]||DK, CM || ||Oregon|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/pa/ Pennsylvania]||DM, WR || ||Rhode Island|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/sc/ South Carolina]||LL
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| South Dakota|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/tn/ Tennessee]||JA || ||[http://912candidates.org/tx/ Texas]||FM || ||Utah|| || ||Vermont||
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| [http://912candidates.org/va/ Virginia]||NH || ||[http://912candidates.org/wa/ Washington]||MO || ||West Virginia|| || ||Wisconsin|| || ||[http://912candidates.org/wv/ Wyoming]||BM
|-style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| Washington DC|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|}

== Partners ==
[[America's Independent Party]] National Committee<ref>http://www.aipnews.com/talk/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=5612&posts=1&start=1</ref>

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:9/12_Candidates]]
[[Category:United_States_Constitution]]
[[Category:Taxation]]
[[Category:Nonviolent_resistance_movements]]
[[Category:Anti-fascism]]
[[Category:Anti-communism]]
[[Category:Libertarianism]]
[[Category:1791 in law]]
[[Category:Amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution]]
[[Category:Federalist Papers]]
[[Category:Political weblogs]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]

Branch Davidians

2009-07-27T00:02:33Z

GregL: adding background on the movement

The '''Branch Davidians''' were a religious sect that broke off from the Seventh Day Adventist Church. The Branch Davidians as a movement go back to 1955. In popular usage the name is usually associated with the specific Branch Davidian group led by [[David Koresh]] near [[Waco]], [[Texas]].

Several Branch Davidian groups and splinter groups exist. In 1983 Koresh (real name: Vernon Howell) claimed to be a [[prophet]] and was ejected at gunpoint from a Branch Davidian group by its leader George Roden, but soon assembled his own group of followers. Further challenges between George Roden and David Koresh over leadership of the Branch Davidians took place. One of them was in 1987, when Roden challenged Koresh to a contest to "raise the dead" and unearthed a corpse for the contest. In 1989 David Koresh and his followers gained control of the Mount Carmel property near Waco formerly held by George Roden's group, after Roden was convicted of the [[murder]] of Wayman Dale Adair, in response to Adair claiming to be the messiah.

A stand-off between the U.S. [[government]] and the Koresh-led group, beginning on February 28th, 1993 ended on April 19th when a fire broke out in the main church building that was under siege. The fire killed 79 people, 25 of which were children.

The Branch Davidians were under siege after a warrant was secured by the U.S. [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] for allegedly having illegal [[firearm]]s and a [[drug]] [[laboratory]] inside their main [[church]] building. There were also alleged reports of [[abuse]] of children and [[polygamy]] committed by the church leader, David Koresh, who claimed he was the [[messiah]].
The event was controversial because some believe the actions of the government were too harsh and that they did not take into effect the mentality of the Branch Davidians. Some also believe the [[BATF]] started the fire that burnt down the building and killed those inside, and this belief is supported by the evidence in several documentary [[film]]s, such as ''Waco: The Rules of Engagement'' and ''Waco: A New Revelation''. These films contradicted the longstanding claims by the BATF and [[FBI]] that no [[pyrotechnic]] devices were used at Waco, causing them to retract their claims and Congressional hearings into the Waco siege to be reopened.

==References==
* ''Waco: The Rules of Engagement'', documentary film, 1997
* ''Waco: A New Revelation'', documentary film, 1999
* Thibodeau, David. ''A Place Called Waco: A Survivor's Story''. HarperCollins, 1999.
<references/>

==See also==
* [[Ruby Ridge, Idaho]]

[[category:cults]]

Mark Stricherz

2009-07-26T23:23:27Z

GregL: rm possibly incorrect info; other sources say he is from California and now lives in D.C.

'''Mark Stricherz''' is a [[pro-life]] [[Catholic]], [[conservative Democrat]], and the author of ''Why the Democrats Are Blue'', a 2007 book detailing the takeover of the [[Democratic Party]] from 1972 on by secularist social liberals who pushed such issues as [[abortion]], [[affirmative action]], [[gun control]], [[homosexual]] issues and [[feminism]]. The book in particular focuses on the abortion issue and how this issue has affected the party's makeup and alienated voters.

He locates this takeover by secularists and social liberals in the 1972 McGovern Commission, which had been formed to reform the party's nominating process after the 1968 [[Chicago]] convention, but instead became the vehicle for wealthy secular professionals to gain a foothold in the party. These secular activists alienated the party's old [[working class]] base of Northern Catholics and Southern Protestants, based especially in the [[Rust Belt]] and [[Appalachia]], with their social agenda.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stricherz, Mark}}
[[Category:Authors]]

Hottest year on record

2009-07-11T01:37:08Z

GregL: +

The '''hottest year on record''' in the United States was 1934, during a period of natural warming. [http://samanoontheissues.blogspot.com/2008/01/nasa-1934-hottest-year-on-record.html]
Conversely, supporters of the [[Kyoto Protocol|global warming treaty]] claim it was 1998, but even there, world mean temperatures have been falling since the 1998 peak. Even AGW true believers cannot deny that.
[[Category:Global Warming]]

BASE jumping

2009-07-09T14:30:14Z

GregL: Created page with ''''BASE jumping''' is a form of sport parachuting involving parachuting off a fixed object. BASE stands for the four types of fixed objects: Buildings, [[A...'

'''BASE jumping''' is a form of [[sport]] [[parachute|parachuting]] involving parachuting off a fixed object. BASE stands for the four types of fixed objects: [[Building]]s, [[Antenna]]s, Spans (or [[bridge]]s), and Earth formations such as [[cliff]]s and [[canyon]] rims.

==Relation to skydiving==
BASE jumping is considered a separate sport from [[skydiving]], because skydiving involves falling through airspace and the use of [[aircraft]], all of which fall under the regulation of government agencies such as the U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] and place skydiving within the broader realm of [[aviation]]. BASE jumping falls outside of this realm. For this reason, sport parachuting organizations such as the USPA (United States Parachute Association) do not concern themselves with BASE jumping.

However, skydiving is the usual entry route into BASE jumping, and most BASE jumpers were highly experienced skydivers before attempting their first BASE jump.

==Hazards==
BASE jumping is considered a highly dangerous sport, because of the low altitudes one jumps from. These are far lower than in most sport parachuting and in many cases do not allow sufficient time to deploy a reserve parachute, should the main chute fail to deploy.

Another danger comes from the likelihood of collision with an object, such as a canyon wall or the side of a building, while falling. BASE jumpers have to be expertly skilled at both direction control during freefall and canopy control.

Still another danger comes from the fact that BASE jumping may also involve illegally [[trespassing]] onto private property and then having an escape plan to avoid [[arrest]] after the jump. This is especially the case at most [[skyscraper]]s, antennas, and U.S. [[National Park]]s which do not welcome nor desire BASE jumpers.

[[Category:Sports]]

Parachute

2009-07-09T12:59:24Z

GregL: /* Types */

A '''parachute''' is a device used to slow down the extent of a [[gravity|fall]] by trapping [[air]] moving upwards in a large fabric to prevent it from moving downward quickly. Parachutes are sometimes used by the [[military]] to drop supplies and/or troops safely into enemy territory, and in such sports as [[skydiving]] and [[BASE jumping]].

==History==
[[Leonardo da Vinci]] is credited with first conceiving of the parachute circa 1495, in the form of cloth material pulled over a pyramidal frame. The first actual parachute jump by a person was possibly Fauste Veranzio in 1617 who jumped from a tower in [[Venice]] using a parachute similar to da Vinci's design. In the late 1700s, several [[hot air balloon]]ists were in the forefront of developing the parachute as we know it today. These include the first emergency use of a parachute (by Jean Pierre Blanchard in 1785, to escape his exploding hot air balloon), and the first jump with a parachute made of cloth without a frame (by Andrew Garnerin in 1797), and cutting small holes in the parachute canopy to limit severe oscillations (also by Garnerin at the suggestion of a French astronomer).

The first jump from an airplane was claimed by either Grant Morton or Albert Berry in 1911 or 1912. Up until that point, parachute jumps were done from hot air balloons, and from fixed objects such as towers.

==Types==
Modern parachutes used by people fall into two broad types: the conventional round parachute, and the rectangular or ram-air parachute. The latter was developed in the 1960s and began to see widespread use in sport parachuting at the end of the 1970s. The military still uses round chutes, which are better for dropping troops at a given location. Rectangular chutes, which are much easier to control and provide more forward movement and steerability, are nowadays almost universally used in sport parachuting.

Other modern parachute designs not falling into the above categories also exist, for specialty use in such areas as pilot chutes for vehicle stabilization at [[supersonic]] speeds and space vehicle recovery.

==See also==
*[[Ejection seat]]

[[Category:Technology]]

Parachute

2009-07-09T12:52:59Z

GregL: expand

A '''parachute''' is a device used to slow down the extent of a [[gravity|fall]] by trapping [[air]] moving upwards in a large fabric to prevent it from moving downward quickly. Parachutes are sometimes used by the [[military]] to drop supplies and/or troops safely into enemy territory, and in such sports as [[skydiving]] and [[BASE jumping]].

==History==
[[Leonardo da Vinci]] is credited with first conceiving of the parachute circa 1495, in the form of cloth material pulled over a pyramidal frame. The first actual parachute jump by a person was possibly Fauste Veranzio in 1617 who jumped from a tower in [[Venice]] using a parachute similar to da Vinci's design. In the late 1700s, several [[hot air balloon]]ists were in the forefront of developing the parachute as we know it today. These include the first emergency use of a parachute (by Jean Pierre Blanchard in 1785, to escape his exploding hot air balloon), and the first jump with a parachute made of cloth without a frame (by Andrew Garnerin in 1797), and cutting small holes in the parachute canopy to limit severe oscillations (also by Garnerin at the suggestion of a French astronomer).

The first jump from an airplane was claimed by either Grant Morton or Albert Berry in 1911 or 1912. Up until that point, parachute jumps were done from hot air balloons, and from fixed objects such as towers.

==Types==
Modern parachutes fall into two broad types: the conventional round parachute, and the rectangular or ram-air parachute. The latter was developed in the 1960s and began to see widespread use in sport parachuting at the end of the 1970s. The military still uses round chutes, which are better for dropping troops at a given location. Rectangular chutes, which are much easier to control and provide more forward movement and steerability, are nowadays almost universally used in sport parachuting.

==See also==
*[[Ejection seat]]

[[Category:Technology]]

Coral snake

2009-07-09T12:22:24Z

GregL: rm unneeded words

[[File:Coral snake.jpg|250px|thumb|right]]
'''Coral snakes''' are a highly [[venom | venomous]] [[snake]] common in [[North America]]. Coral snakes are famous for their red, yellow, and black colored bands. A lot of nonvenomous snakes like the [[Milk snake]] and [[King Snake]] have similar colors due to [[mimicry]]. However, it is easy to tell them apart using the [[nursery rhyme]]: "red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on black, venom lack." In coral snakes, the red bands are bounded on each side by yellow bands and red does not touch black. In nonvenomous snakes mimicking coral snakes, the red bands are bounded on each side by black bands and red does not touch yellow. Another way of telling them apart is to know which areas where coral snakes are native.

There are three species of coral snakes in the United States: the eastern coral snake (''Micrurus fulvius'') is found in parts of the Carolinas, down to Florida, and west across Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to southeastern Louisiana. The Texas coral snake, ''Micrurus tener'' is found in Texas and western Louisiana, and the Arizona coral snake, ''Micruroides euryxanthus'' is found in Arizona and a small part of New Mexico.

[[Category:Snakes]]

Pennsylvania Railroad

2009-07-09T12:11:05Z

GregL: /* Merger into Penn Central */ link

The '''Pennsylvania Railroad''', chartered in 1846, was one of the most important lines in the [[Railroad history]] of the United States. For many years was the largest corporation in the world, with a peak of 10,000 miles of tracks in heavily industrialized parts of the east, and 250,000 employees.
[[File:PA-RR-East.jpg|thumb|550px|eastern parts of the Pennsylvania system, 1930]]
==Innovation==
The Pennsylvania was famed as the pioneer in most of the innovations which were later adopted by other roads. The Pennsylvania was one of the first to shift from wood to coal, was the first American railroad to lay steel rails and the first to lay Bessemer rails; it was the first to put the steel fire-box under the locomotive boiler; it was the first to use the air brake and the block signal system; it was the first to use the overhead crane in its rounds-houses and shops.

==Herman Haupt==
Herman Haupt played the leading role in the early development and growth of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1847-56. His work on original surveys, track-laying, and bridge building operations led to his promotion to chief engineer. He fought for reduced freight tonnage taxation (to allow for competition with canal traffic) and he influenced the extension of track throughout the Midwest.

==J. Edgar Thomson==
see [[J. Edgar Thomson]]

In 1860, the Pennsylvania represented only the main line from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, with a few short branches. By 1869 it had expanded within Pennsylvania alone to nearly one thousand miles and also controlled lines northward to the shores of Lake Erie, through New York. In 1869 it purchased the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago line, giving it a connection with Chicago through Ohio and Indiana. In 1870 the Pennsylvania began to expand on the east also and obtained an entry into New York City by acquiring the United Railroad and Canal Company, which owned lines across New Jersey.

In 1871-72 the Pennsylvania expanded into the Midwest by astute purchases. It bought the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad in 1871 as well as smaller lines in Ohio, merging them into the system. The most important acquisition during this period was the purchase of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, with lines extending westward from Pittsburgh to St. Louis, with branches reaching southward to Cincinnati and northward to Chicago. This system included over 1400 miles of road, giving the Pennsylvania a second line to Chicago, a direct line to St. Louis, a second line to Cincinnati, and access to territory not previously tapped.

Besides expanding the system and putting it on a solid financial basis, Thomson made the Pennsylvania the technological leader of the industry. It took the lead in moving from wood to coal, and from iron to steel (in rails, bridges and cars). With Philadelphia emerging as the center of the locomotive industry, new innovations were offered first to the Pennsylvania, which embraced them.

Thomson invented a new kind of management suitable for a large dispersed corporation with many functions. Specially, he devised a decentralized system based on geographical districts, as well as the the "line and staff" system that became synonymous with American management. Line executives handled people and hourly decisions on traffic, while staff executives handled finance and paperwork.

==Tom Scott==
see [[Tom Scott]]
==George Roberts==
George Roberts was president from 1880 to 1897 and embraced a decade of comparative prosperity for the country as a whole and after 1893 a very difficult period of panic and industrial and financial depression. In the 1880s the business of the Pennsylvania grew thanks to the steady industrial development of its region. Pittsburgh became the world center of steel and iron manufacture. The discovery of petroleum in western Pennsylvania, creating an enormous new industry in itself, proved to be a bonanza for the Pennsylvania. The extensive opening up of the bituminous (soft coal) districts of western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, created a huge new category of traffic.

Expansion came with control of a line to Washington, and a Southern artery from Wilmington, Delaware, to Baltimore and Washington. It acquired control of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad and thus a line to Richmond, Virginia.

In addition to the development of its main line from Philadelphia to Jersey City, the Pennsylvania acquired many other New Jersey lines, including the West Jersey and Seashore, a road running from Camden to Atlantic City and Cape May.

==Alexander Cassatt==
The presidency of Alexander Cassatt, 1899-1906, saw the Pennsylvania reach its historic peak. Cassatt did not expand the mileage but deepened it, with quadruple tracks in the areas of heaviest traffic. Cassatt brought the line to New York City, purchased the Long Island Railroad, and started a tunnel that opened into the magnificent Pennsylvania Station in 1910.
==Penn Station==
It built Pennsylvania Station, one of the great urban stations in 1910; it was demolished in 1963. Construction involved major tunneling, a great bridge across the East River, and development of an electric train system. While the station building was demolished in 1963, the transportation complex of which it was a part remains, and [[Amtrak]] restored a nearby building for its new Penn Station.
==1922 strike==
The management of the Pennsylvania Railroad took the lead in fighting the 1922 strike of the national union of railroad shopmen who maintained railroads' rolling stock. Penn management assumed leadership of the industry in dealing with the strike, which began on 1 July 1922, by dispatching crews of their own loyal shopmen to help other railroads keep their equipment rolling and by leading a campaign among railroad executives to head off some lines from negotiating with the union. Penn management also resisted the Harding administration's attempt to conciliate between the shopmen and the railroads. By September 1922 the strike was effectively broken, but it was not until 1928 that the union canceled the strike order. Penn management was successful, but at a considerable financial cost.<ref> Colin J. Davis, "Strategy for Success: The Pennsylvania Railroad and the 1922 National Railroad Shopmen's Strike." ''Business And Economic History'' 1990 19: 271-278. 0894-6825 </ref>
==Electrics and Diesels==
By 1938, the Pennsylvania Railroad had electrified 600 route-miles of track. Almost all of this electrification was accomplished after 1928 at a cost in excess of $250,000,000. Financial factors, including the artificially lower cost of operating diesel engines, prevented further electrification.

After years of fighting the growing trend toward diesel locomotives, and the increasing success of the General Motors (GM) Electro-Motive Division, the Pennsylvania Railroad purchased 820 GM diesel locomotives in 1949, bringing an end to an era for the nation's number one coal carrier.

The railroad brought in famous designer Raymond Loewy, who streamlined the GG-1, S-1, and K4S locomotives and upscaled the interior decoration of its rolling stock and stations.
==Merger into Penn Central==
By 1950 the Pennsy was America's largest transportation enterprise, with $3 billion in assets, and 10,100 miles of track stretching from Philadelphia to St. Louis. Only three industrials were larger (General Motors, Standard Oil of New Jersey, and U.S. Steel). The New York Central system had assets of $2.6 billion in a system based just north of the Pennsylvania lines, with considerable overlap.

Financially, however, the Pennsy had high operating costs, and was barely surviving in the face of competition from trucks. Passenger traffic made up 20% of the business, and had very high operating costs, especially in suburban commuting runs. The threat from automobiles was ominous.

In 1968 the Pennsy merged with the rival [[New York Central]] into the [[Penn Central]] Transportation Company, which went bankrupt in 1970. The railroad continued to operate and today its historic track is largely operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway.

==see also==
*[[J. Edgar Thomson]]
==External links==
[[File:PA-RR.jpg|thumb|390px|map of system in 1940s|right]]
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/railroad.htm Guide to Railroad History online]
==Further reading==
* Bezilla, Michael. ''Electric Traction on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1895-1968.'' (1980). 233 pp.
* Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. "The Railroads: Pioneers in Modern Corporate Management". ''Business History Review'' 1965 39(1): 16-40. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3112463 in JSTOR]
* Daughen, Joseph R., and Peter H. Binzen. ''The Wreck of the Penn Central'' (1971).
* Davis, Patricia T. ''End of the Line: Alexander J. Cassatt and the Pennsylvania Railroad.'' (1978). 208 pp.
* Jenks, Leland H. "Early History of a Railway Organization." ''Business History Review'' 1961 35(2): 153-179. 0007-6805
* Moody, John. ''TheRailroad Builders'' (1919) [http://cprr.org/Museum/Railroad_Builders/Railroad_Builders_03.html ch 3 online]
* Orr, John W. ''Set Up Running: The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman, 1904-1949.'' (2001). 376 pp.
* Salsbury, Stephen. ''No Way to Run a Railroad: Untold Story of the Penn Central Crisis'' (1981)
* Sobel, Robert. ''The Fallen Colossus.'' (1977). 370 pp. on the Penn Central
* Ward, James A. ''J. Edgar Thomson: Master of the Pennsylvania'' (1980). 265 pp.
* Ward, James A. "Herman Haupt and the Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad." ''Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'' 1971 95(1): 73-97.

[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Rail transport]]
[[Category:American Civil War]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania]]

Talk:Paleoconservative

2009-07-09T12:08:58Z

GregL: comments

Steve Sailer is definitely not religious, so would he fit in here? [[User:DanH|DanH]] 16:14, 18 July 2007 (EDT)

I took the American Nationalist Union off the list of paleoconservative organizations. The ANU is the continuation of what used to be Don Wassall's Populist Party, formerly linked to Willis Carto and Liberty Lobby, all better described as white supremist and neo-Nazi than paleoconservative. I'm also not sure the League of the South really belongs on that list either, nor the claim that paleoconservatives are against "miscegenation". [[User:GregL|GregL]] 08:08, 9 July 2009 (EDT)

Paleoconservative

2009-07-09T12:04:33Z

GregL: /* Paleoconservative Organizations */ removing ANU, see talk

'''Paleoconservative''' is a term that describes an academic or scholarly [[conservative]] who emphasizes religious heritage, national and Western identity, [[tradition]], [[civil society]] and classical [[federalism]], the importance of [[demographics]], and an anti-interventionist policy of [[Robert Taft]]. Paleoconservatives oppose [[immigration]], [[communism]], [[authoritarianism]], [[social democracy]] and entitlement programs.

Many paleoconservatives identify themselves as "classical conservatives" and trace their philosophy to the [[Old Right]] [[Republicans]] of the interwar period, which helped keep the U.S. out of the [[United Nations|League of Nations]], reduce immigration with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, and oppose [[Franklin Roosevelt]]. They often look back even further, to [[Edmund Burke]], as well as the American anti-federalist movement that stretched from the days of [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[John C. Calhoun]].

Paleoconservatism is a dominant paradigm in the [[Bible Belt]] states.

==Etymology==
The term paleoconservative was first used by paleoconservative historians [[Thomas Fleming]] or [[Paul Gottfried]], with the "paleo" prefix meaning "old" in opposition to the "neo", or "new", conservatives. The term is now routinely used by both its proponents and its detractors.<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/12/08/what-the-heck-is-a-paleoconservative-and-why-you-should-care/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref>

Gottfried wrote in his entry to ''American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia'': "Paleoconservative" becomes a conceptual and political counterpoint to "neoconservative" in "The Conservative Movement" by Thomas Fleming and Paul Gottfried (1988). Here the term no longer refers merely to conservative traditionalists of the 1950s and 1960s, e.g., Southern Agrarians, Catholic anticommunists associated with "National Review", and Taft Republicans who rallied to the Cold War. Instead, the term is now applied to embattled conservatives who opposed the growing influence of anticommunist New Deal Democrats on the Reagan presidency and on the conservative movement on the 1980s."

==Philosophy==
Paleoconservatism "is distinguished by certain [[Philosophy|philosophical]] presumptions that differ markedly from the presumptions of [[neocon]]s and most modern conservatives."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "What the Heck is a Paleoconservative and Why You Should Care" op cit.</ref>

Unlike most conservatives today, paleoconservatives are against the [[Iraq War]]. They are highly critical of the [[George W. Bush|Bush administration]] and the mainstream conservative movement. Paleoconservatism vocally distinguishes itself in its opposition to [[neoconservative|neoconservatism]]. However, what really sets them apart from other conservatives is much deeper than just policy: they generally reject the [[Enlightenment]] in whole or in part; they reject [[John Locke|Lockean]] "[[Social contract|contract theory]]" and the concept of "natural rights" outright. Dr. Donald Livingston, Professor of Philosophy at [[Emory University]], has argued that natural rights are a "philosophical superstition," and that "Whatever they might be, natural rights are universal and apply to all men. Further, they are known by reason, independent of any inherited moral tradition... It follows, therefore, that the doctrine of natural rights must be in a condition of permanent hostility to all inherited moral traditions. Any such tradition, no matter how noble the goods of excellence cultivated in it, can always be seen as violating ''someone's'' natural rights under some interpretation or another."<ref>'''Phillips, Dan''' "Understanding the Paleoconservative Perspective on Life" (2006) [http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/10/31/understanding-the-paleoconservative-perspective-on-life/ Intellectual Conservative]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref>

Paleos agree with mainstream conservatives on issues like opposition to [[secularism]], [[abortion]] on demand and [[gay marriage]], while supporting capital punishment, handgun ownership and an original intent reading of the [[U.S. Constitution]]. Paleocons also often argue that modern managerial society is a threat to stable families.

=== Government ===

Paleos strongly oppose American membership in the [[United Nations]]. They also seek to limit the power of the [[Federal|Federal Government]], while strongly supporting [[Local Government|State's Rights]]. Paleos believe America was founded as a [[Constitutional Republic]] and support this form of government in favor of pure [[democracy]]. Some paleos in the [[Neo-Confederate]] movement, support the seccession of the Southern States.

=== Culture ===

Paleoconservatives differ from neoconservatives on [[immigration]], [[affirmative action]] and, unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos generally oppose [[miscegenation]] (multicultural integration). Paleoconservatives also question the supposition that [[European]] [[culture]] and mores can ever be transplanted or forced upon non-Western cultures, due to separate cultural heritages. As a result, paleocons are most distinctive in their emphatic opposition to open immigration by non-Europeans, and their general disapproval of U.S. intervention overseas for the purposes of exporting democracy.<ref>http://www.nationalinvestor.com/Experts-Lubinskas.htm</ref>

=== Religion ===

Paleoconservatives are [[Conservative Christianity|Conservative Christians]], like [[Christian Fundamentalism|Protestant Fundamentalists]] and [[Traditionalist Catholics]]. They oppose religious [[pluralism]] and support orthodoxy of the [[doctrine]] within the respective denominations. They stress the importance of the need of America to return to its Christian Heritage.

=== Economy ===

Paleoconservatives support [[free market]] [[capitalism]], but many are ardent opponents of [[free trade]], citing disintegration of America's manufacturing base, and American dependance on imports as adverse effects of free trade. They strongly oppose all forms of [[socialism]] or [[communism]]. They seek to replace [[Federal Reserve System]] with a Constitutional monetary system. They are deeply concerned with the United States' loans of large amounts of money from the [[World Bank]] and the huge trade deficit the country is experiencing. Unlike mainstream conservatives, paleos oppose the continuing US financial support of [[Israel]]. Like other conservatives, they emphasize the importance of creating jobs for the working class and the slashing of [[taxes]] and spending.

== Definitions ==

In the March 2004 edition of [[Chronicles (magazine)|''Chronicles'']] magazine, Samuel Francis defined paleoconservatism versus conservatism as: "What paleoconservatism tries to tell Americans is that the dominant forces in their society are no longer committed to conserving the traditions, institutions, and values that created and formed it, and, therefore, that those who are really conservative in any serious sense and wish to live under those traditions, institutions, and values need to oppose the dominant forces and form new ones."

Journalist Rod Dreher of the ''Dallas Morning News'' outlined what he called the "Crunchy Con Manifesto", which summarizes most paleoconservative principles:

*"We are conservatives who stand outside the conservative mainstream; therefore, we can see things that matter more clearly.
*Modern conservatism has become too focused on money, power, and the accumulation of stuff, and insufficiently concerned with the content of our individual and social character.
*Big business deserves as much skepticism as big government.
*Culture is more important than politics and economics.
*A conservatism that does not practice restraint, humility, and good stewardship — especially of the [[Conservation|natural world]] — is not fundamentally conservative.
*Small, Local, Old, and Particular are almost always better than Big, Global, New, and Abstract.
*Beauty is more important than efficiency.
*The relentlessness of media-driven pop culture deadens our senses to authentic truth, beauty, and wisdom.
*We share Russell Kirk’s conviction that “the institution most essential to conserve is the family.”
*Politics and economics won’t save us; if our culture is to be saved at all, it will be by faithfully living by the [[Russell Kirk|Permanent Things]], conserving these ancient moral truths in the choices we make in our everyday lives."<ref>'''Dreher, Rod''' "A Crunchy Con Manifesto" [http://crunchycon.nationalreview.com/about/ National Review Online]. Accessed 26 December 2007.</ref>

The leading publications of the paleoconservatives includes ''[[The American Conservative]]'' and ''[[Chronicles (magazine)]].'' Perhaps the most well known paleoconservative is [[Patrick J. Buchanan]]. Other paleoconservatives include [[Ron Paul]], [[Chuck Baldwin]], [[Peter Brimelow]], [[Thomas Fleming]], the late [[Samuel Francis]], [[Peter Hitchens]], [[William S. Lind]], [[Scott McConnell]], [[Charley Reese]], [[Paul Craig Roberts]], [[Steve Sailer]], [[Clyde Wilson]], U.S. Congressman and 2nd Chairman of the [[John Birch Society]], [[Larry McDonald]], passsenger on [[Korean Airlines Flight 007]] shot down by the Soviets on Sept. 1, 1983. The term has also been applied to the three key intellectuals in post-war conservatism: [[Russell Kirk]], [[Richard Weaver]], and [[Robert Nisbet]].

== Paleoconservative Organizations ==

* [[Constitution Party]]
* [[Council of Conservative Citizens]]
* [[Family Research Council]]
* [[Institute on the Constitution]]
* [[League of the South]] ([[Neo-Confederate]])
* [[Rockford Institute]]
* [[VDARE]]

== See also ==

*[[Paleoconservatism Worldwide]]

==References==
<references/>
[[category:political Ideologies]]
[[category:Conservatives]]

Sea Shepherd

2009-06-27T21:01:40Z

GregL: Created page with '{{stub}} '''Sea Shepherd''' is a radical animal rights and environmentalist group founded by Paul Watson in 1978, after his expulsion from Greenpeace because ...'

{{stub}}
'''Sea Shepherd''' is a [[radical]] [[animal rights]] and [[environmentalist]] group founded by [[Paul Watson]] in 1978, after his expulsion from [[Greenpeace]] because Greenpeace wasn't radical enough for him. Watson had been a co-founder of the Greenpeace Foundation in 1972. Specifically, he was expelled in 1977 over whether using "direct action" against [[seal]] hunters was justified. Sea Shepherd's actions have included scuttling two [[Iceland]]ic [[whaling]] ships in 1985, in which animal rights activist [[Rodney Coronado]] participated, and ramming [[Japan]]ese whaling ships at sea and throwing stink bombs at them.

[[Category:Environmentalism]]

Rodney Coronado

2009-06-27T20:49:23Z

GregL: add to bio

{{stub}}

'''Rodney Adam Coronado''' is the founder of [[Animal Liberation Front]] and is involved with several [[animal rights]] groups. In 1995, he was convicted for an arson attack on the research laboratory at Michigan State University that occurred in 1992.<ref>http://www.activistcash.com/biography.cfm/bid/3255</ref> He was sentenced to 57 months in federal prison for the crime.

Rod Coronado's start in animal rights activism was as a crewmember on the [[Sea Shepherd]] in 1985 at the age of 19. He was part of one of the Sea Shepherd's most infamous actions, sinking two [[Iceland]]ic [[ship]]s to protest [[whaling]] in 1986.<ref>http://www.targetofopportunity.com/coronado.htm</ref>

==Quotes==
<blockquote>
"You know, those people - I think they should appreciate that we're only targeting their property. Because frankly I think it's time to start targeting them."
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
"Terrorists target cities full of people. We just target property."
</blockquote>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[http://www.targetofopportunity.com/coronado.htm Profile]

[[Category: Criminals]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coronado, Rodney}}

Snake

2009-06-27T01:38:04Z

GregL: /* Some snake species */ +

'''Snakes''' are long, [[limb]]less, [[scale|scaly]] [[reptile]]s which [[slither]] upon the ground and sometimes swim in [[water]]. Some snakes (about one third of species) are [[poison]]ous (specifically, [[venom]]ous). Snakes are abundant in warmer climates, and most of them are quite harmless to man.

==The origin of snakes: Evolutionary View==
Snakes are suborder within the order of ''Squamata'', class of reptiles (''Reptilia''), subphylum vertebrats, phylum ''Chordata''. They originate from lizard-like reptiles with legs. Their ancestors probably lived under the ground and lost their legs. The most primitive snakes (''Boidae'' and ''Pythonidae'') still have rudimentary back limbs.

==The origin of snakes: Creationists View==
Snakes are a group of animals that have frustrated evolutionists for many years. They are anatomically unlike any other vertebrate and can hybridize regularly, supporting the notion that they are a [[apobaramin]]. Snakes can be classified into three families based on hydridization data: Boidae (boas and pythons), Colubridae (colubrid snakes), and Viperidae (Vipers). Since hydrids can be formed within each family, but not between any family, each of the three can be classified as a [[holobaramin]], suggesting that an ancestral pair for each family was present on Noah's Ark. Other research suggest multiple [[holobaramin]]s in each family suggesting up to 12 snake pairs on the Ark during the Flood.<ref>1. Hennigan, T. 2005. An initial investigation into the baraminology of snakes: order--Squamata, suborder Serpentes. Creation Reasearch Society Quarterly Vol. 42.</ref>

In the [[Bible]], it was a snake (serpent) that persuaded [[Eve]] to defy the law set down by [[God]], and eat the fruit of the [[Tree of Knowledge]], this causing the exile of [[Adam and Eve]] from [[Eden]]. Snakes have since then been associated with [[evil]] and [[deceit]].

==Some snake species==
* [[Asp]]
* [[Coral snake]]
* [[Corn snake]]
* [[Garter Snake]]
* [[King Snake]]
* [[Python]]
* [[Rattlesnake]]
* [[Viper]]

==References==
1. Hennigan, T. 2005. An initial investigation into the baraminology of snakes: order--Squamata, suborder Serpentes. Creation Reasearch Society Quarterly Vol. 42.

==External Links==
[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,396632,00.html World's Smallest Snake as Thin as Spaghetti], Associated Press, ''Fox News Channel'', August 04, 2008

[[Category:Snakes| ]]

Coral snake

2009-06-27T01:32:39Z

GregL: expand

'''Coral snakes''' are a highly [[venom | venomous]] [[snake]] common in [[North America]]. Coral snakes are really famous for their red, yellow, and black colored bands. A lot of nonvenomous snakes like the [[Milk snake]] and [[King Snake]] have similar colors due to [[mimicry]]. However, it is really easy to tell them apart using the [[nursery rhyme]]: "red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on black, venom lack." In coral snakes, the red bands are bounded on each side by yellow bands and red does not touch black. In nonvenomous snakes mimicing coral snakes, the red bands are bounded on each side by black bands and red does not touch yellow. Another way of telling them apart is to know which areas where coral snakes are native.

There are three species of coral snakes in the United States: the eastern coral snake (''Micrurus fulvius'') is found in parts of the Carolinas, down to Florida, and west across Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to southeastern Louisiana. The Texas coral snake, ''Micrurus tener'' is found in Texas and western Louisiana, and the Arizona coral snake, ''Micruroides euryxanthus'' is found in Arizona and a small part of New Mexico.

[[Category:Snakes]]

Coral snake

2009-06-27T01:31:27Z

GregL: expand

'''Coral snakes''' are a highly [[venom | venomous]] [[snake]] common in [[North America]]. Coral snakes are really famous for their red, yellow, and black colored bands. A lot of nonvenomous snakes like the [[milk snake]] and [[king snake]] have similar colors due to [[mimicry]]. However, it is really easy to tell them apart using the [[nursery rhyme]]: "red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on black, venom lack." In coral snakes, the red bands are bounded on each side by yellow bands and red does not touch black. In nonvenomous snakes mimicing coral snakes, the red bands are bounded on each side by black bands and red does not touch yellow. Another way of telling them apart is to know which areas where coral snakes are native.

There are three species of coral snakes in the United States: the eastern coral snake (''Micrurus fulvius'') is found in parts of the Carolinas, down to Florida, and west across Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to southeastern Louisiana. The Texas coral snake, ''Micrurus tener'' is found in Texas and western Louisiana, and the Arizona coral snake, ''Micruroides euryxanthus'' is found in Arizona and a small part of New Mexico.

[[Category:Snakes]]

Coral snake

2009-06-27T01:18:09Z

GregL: correcting information

Snake

2009-06-27T01:16:53Z

GregL: /* Some snake species */ alpha and add a few

'''Snakes''' are long, [[limb]]less, [[scale|scaly]] [[reptile]]s which [[slither]] upon the ground and sometimes swim in [[water]]. Some snakes (about one third of species) are [[poison]]ous (specifically, [[venom]]ous). Snakes are abundant in warmer climates, and most of them are quite harmless to man.

==The origin of snakes: Evolutionary View==
Snakes are suborder within the order of ''Squamata'', class of reptiles (''Reptilia''), subphylum vertebrats, phylum ''Chordata''. They originate from lizard-like reptiles with legs. Their ancestors probably lived under the ground and lost their legs. The most primitive snakes (''Boidae'' and ''Pythonidae'') still have rudimentary back limbs.

==The origin of snakes: Creationists View==
Snakes are a group of animals that have frustrated evolutionists for many years. They are anatomically unlike any other vertebrate and can hybridize regularly, supporting the notion that they are a [[apobaramin]]. Snakes can be classified into three families based on hydridization data: Boidae (boas and pythons), Colubridae (colubrid snakes), and Viperidae (Vipers). Since hydrids can be formed within each family, but not between any family, each of the three can be classified as a [[holobaramin]], suggesting that an ancestral pair for each family was present on Noah's Ark. Other research suggest multiple [[holobaramin]]s in each family suggesting up to 12 snake pairs on the Ark during the Flood.<ref>1. Hennigan, T. 2005. An initial investigation into the baraminology of snakes: order--Squamata, suborder Serpentes. Creation Reasearch Society Quarterly Vol. 42.</ref>

In the [[Bible]], it was a snake (serpent) that persuaded [[Eve]] to defy the law set down by [[God]], and eat the fruit of the [[Tree of Knowledge]], this causing the exile of [[Adam and Eve]] from [[Eden]]. Snakes have since then been associated with [[evil]] and [[deceit]].

==Some snake species==
* [[Asp]]
* [[Coral snake]]
* [[Garter Snake]]
* [[King Snake]]
* [[Python]]
* [[Rattlesnake]]
* [[Viper]]

==References==
1. Hennigan, T. 2005. An initial investigation into the baraminology of snakes: order--Squamata, suborder Serpentes. Creation Reasearch Society Quarterly Vol. 42.

==External Links==
[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,396632,00.html World's Smallest Snake as Thin as Spaghetti], Associated Press, ''Fox News Channel'', August 04, 2008

[[Category:Snakes| ]]

Britain's Got Talent

2009-06-27T01:09:17Z

GregL: final 2009 winner

'''Britain's Got Talent''' is a [[television]] show broadcast on the [[ITV]] network in the [[United Kingdom]]. The show showcases amateur talent by encouraging people to audition for the show. It is part of the "Got Talent" series created by [[Simon Cowell]]. The show debuted in 2007, with each season culminating in a semi-final and final round.

==Famous contestants==
In 2007, [[opera]] singer [[Paul Potts]] won the final round. Potts has since gone on to additional fame as a concert performer and his debut album, ''One Chance'' hit the #1 spot on the U.K. album charts.

The 2008 season was won by 14 year old dancer George Sampson.

During the debut show of the 2009 season on April 11, the performance of singer Susan Boyle became a sensation around the world, including the clip of her performance widely viewed over [[YouTube]] and shown on evening TV newscasts. Boyle's vocal talent caught the judges and audience off guard, who were initially skeptical because of her plain appearance and dress. Initially met with snickers when she appeared on stage, the audience gave her a standing ovation soon after she began performing her rendition of "I Dream a Dream" from ''[[Les Miserables]]''. Her backstory contributed some to her fame, as a 47 year old woman from [[Scotland]] whose mother had recently passed away, and who had, in her words, wanted to be a professional singer but had never been given a chance. Susan Boyle is a devout [[Roman Catholic]] and a church volunteer. She also received a standing ovation the next morning when she appeared in church on [[Easter]] Sunday.

The 2009 season winner was a dance group called Diversity, who barely beat Susan Boyle in the final round.

==See Also==
*[[America's Got Talent]]

[[Category:Television Shows]]

Talk:Uriah Heep (band)

2009-05-04T18:03:19Z

GregL: the who

Uriah Heep is a great band, but i think the only reason they are on here is because one member is a born-again christian! I mean they aren't that well known. we need an article on the who
:I agree. You or someone should write one. The Who did a great anti-communist song, "Won't Get Fooled Again", and a libertarian anti-tax song "Goin' Mobile". They refused to let Michael Moore use "Won't Get Fooled Again" in his movie. When one of the Yippies, Abbie Hoffman or someone, jumped on stage at Woodstock demanding his pet liberal cause be heard, Pete Townshend kicked him off stage. Good guys. [[User:GregL|GregL]] 14:03, 4 May 2009 (EDT)

Bumblebee

2009-05-03T01:39:24Z

GregL: behavior

The bumblebee is a four-winged [[insect]], a species of [[bee]]. Its wings swivel and flap, knocking into each other which produces a buzzing sound.
Despite the small area of its wings, the swirling [[vortice]]s produced when the wings collide provide additional lift. <ref> [http://www.geek.com/news/geeknews/2004Mar/gee20040405024594.htm Geek News FAQ] </ref>

According to a persistent urban legend, the laws of physics supposedly say that "bumblebees can't fly". This stems a rough calculation based on the assumption that their wings are smooth and fixed like that of an airplane. <ref> [http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20040911/mathtrek.asp Flight of the Bumblebee] - Ivars Peterson </ref>
Strobe photography of bumblebees in flight shows how the wings move.

Bumble bees, like their honeybee cousins, feed on [[pollen]] and [[nectar]]. A bumble bee will often identify where a food source is by flying in a figure-8 pattern around it.

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Insects]]

Wasp

2009-05-03T01:36:02Z

GregL: /* Appearance */

''WASP is a disparaging acronym for "White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" see [[WASP (term)]]''

'''Wasps''' are flying insects related to [[bee]]s and [[ant]]s, of the order Hymenoptera. There are several [[species]] of wasps, found in many parts of the world.

==Appearance==

Wasps can come in a variety of different shapes and sizes. Most wasps are similar to bees. A wasp is typically half the length of an adult male human's thumb and its body is often yellow with black stripes, but may also be black with white stripes, or solid brown or solid black in color. Wasps are often mistaken for bees, but there are ways to distinguish the two from one another.

*Wasps are generally more slender, with a "wasp-waist".
*Segments of a wasp are more prominent to that of a bee.
*Bees appear to have hair while wasps don't.

One species of wasp which builds its nest in the ground and is known for particularly aggressive behavior is known as a "yellow jacket". Two different varieties are often called "hornets": one of them is the European hornet which is large (up to 1 1/2 inches), relatively gentle although they do sting, and black and yellow in color. Another is the North American hornet which is black and white in color, notoriously aggressive in behavior, and builds large football-shaped nests in trees. All of these are actually different species of wasps.

==Behavior==

Wasps are generally more aggressive than bees because they are hunters/scavengers rather than specialist nectar-feeders. They have catholic tastes, and constantly search for high-protein edibles among human garbage while bees just look for [[flowers]], which they [[pollinate]] while collecting their nectar food. Wasps are also more likely to sting a [[human]] unprovoked and unlike a bee, a wasp is capable of stinging a human multiple times.

[[Category:Insects]]