Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Juan Soriano

2009-12-25T13:35:20Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">[[Image:Soriano.jpg|thumb|Juan Soriano]]
'''Juan Soriano''' (Juan Rodríguez Montoya) ([[Guadalajara ]] 1920 - Mexico City, 2006), Mexican Abstract and [[surrealism|Surrealist]] [[painter]] and [[sculptor]]. His work includes portraits, still lifes and surrealistic scenes. Soriano was member of the Mexican School Cultural movement

:: ''"The influence of Soriano has been decisive not only among painters and sculptors, but also on theater and poetry," declared the distinguished Mexican poet and author [[Octavio Paz]] in his Essays on Mexican Art (1993), reflecting the artist’s place in the history of art.'' [http://www.philamuseum.org/press/releases/2007/642.html]

The Philadelphia Museum of Art holds in its collection: ''Dead Girl'' (1938), painted when he was only 18, Still Life (1942), ''Girl with Mask'' (1945) and ''Girl with a Bouquet'' (1946).

In 1987, he was awarded the Mexican National Art Prize.
[[Image:Soriano Retrato de Elena Garro 1948.JPG|thumb|left|Retrato de Elena Garro]]

== See also ==

*[[Mexican Painting]]
*[[Painting Schools]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.juansoriano.net/nav/noticias/philadelphia.html Fragile Demon: Juan Soriano in Mexico, 1935 - 1950] Philadelphia Museum of Art.
*[http://www.juansoriano.net/ Juan Soriano]
*[http://www.museoblaisten.com/english.asp?myURL=%2F02asp%2Fenglish%2FartistDetailEnglish%2Easp&myVars=artistId%3D23 Juan Soriano] Andrés Blaisten Museum.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soriano, Juan}}

[[Category:Mexican Painters]]

Ultraviolet

2009-12-25T13:35:07Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">'''Ultraviolet''' (or '''UV''') is [[electromagnetic radiation]] in the wavelength range of 4 to 400 nanometers, shorter wavelengths than that of visible light. The [[sun]] produces UV, which is commonly split into three bands: [[UVA]],[[UVB]], and [[UVC]].

UVA is not absorbed by [[ozone]]. UVB is mostly absorbed by ozone, although some reaches the Earth. UVC is completely absorbed by ozone and normal [[oxygen]].

[[category:physics]]

Merriam-Webster

2009-12-25T13:34:56Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">'''Merriam-Webster''' is the leading [[dictionary]] in [[America]], and the descendant of [[Noah Webster]]'s dictionaries.

However, it has many errors and biases:

*The date for [[eminent domain]] is incorrect: 1738.<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eminent%20domain</ref> The term ''dominium eminens'' was used as early as 1625.<ref>[http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-4744152149731401/unrestricted/CONCLS.PDF American Jurispudence, 26, Second Edition, (Rochester, NY: Lawyers Corporation)]</ref>
*[[Capital]] is poorly defined as accumulated goods, or the value of those goods, or net worth. It is more commonly used to mean [[liquid assets]] such as [[cash]], [[stocks]], [[bonds]] that can be easily used to acquire [[goods]] and [[services]].
*Merriam-Webster resists including new [[conservative]] terms, such as [[judicial activism]], which dates back to 1947 and has been repeatedly used by the U.S. Supreme Court since 1967, yet is still not included by Merriam-Webster.<ref>See [[Essay:Best New Conservative Words]].</ref>
*It gives the following liberal example of use of the derogatory term "hell-bent": "hell-bent to cut taxes again."<ref>1994 edition of Merriam-Webster, p. 539 (quoting the ''New Republic'', a liberal publication).</ref>
*Merriam-Webster also omitted the term the "[[invisible hand]]" until the late 1990s, although the term has been in popular use since shortly after its introduction by [[Adam Smith]]. In contrast, new liberal terms are quickly added; for example "green-collar" was added in 2009 only three years after it came into common use.
*It gives the following liberal example of use of the term "force-feed": "force-feed students with the classics."<ref>1994 edition of Merriam-Webster, p. 455.</ref>
*The definition of [[liberalism]] as pertaining to politics that is overtly biased towards [[liberal]] perceptions of their "good deeds" states: ": a political philosophy based on belief in progress, the essential goodness of the human race, and the autonomy of the individual and standing for the protection of political and civil liberties,"<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/liberalism</ref> actually hijacking [[conservative]] values and concealing how liberals demand taxpayer-funded [[abortion]], same-sex marriage, and [[censorship]] of [[classroom prayer]].

Merriam-Webster uses a disproportionate number of examples from [[liberal]] publications, such as the ''[[New York Times]]'', for illustrating how terms are used.

For a criticism of the dictionary treatment of the "Common Era," see [[CE]].

==External Links==
*[http://www.m-w.com Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Linguistics]]

Tax haven

2009-12-25T13:34:42Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">A '''tax haven''' is a state or foreign government, most often offshore, which allows an individual or [[corporation]] to "hide" money, in a technically legal fashion, from their nationality's tax system and therefore avoid paying taxes on that money.

[[category:Taxation]]

Rio Grande

2009-12-25T13:34:31Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">The 1,865 mile long (3,033 km) '''Rio Grande''' ('great or big river')is one of the longest rivers in [[North America]]. The river flows south from the San Juan Mountains in southwest [[Colorado]] to southwest [[Texas]], then flows southeast, with the remaining 1,250 miles of the river forming the border between the [[United States]] and [[Mexico]]. The river empties into the [[Gulf of Mexico]] near Brownsville, [[Texas]], and Matamoros, Mexico. <ref> http://www.nps.gov/ </ref> <ref> http://www.newmexico.org </ref> The river has long been used for [[irrigation]] of farmlands. <ref> http://www.unm.edu </ref>
The [[National Park Service]] working under the U.S. Department of
the Interior is the government agency responsible for overseeing the river and maintaining the lands around the river.
==References==

<references/>

See also: [[New Mexico]], [[Albuquerque]], [[Santa Fe]]

[[Category:Rivers]]

Georges Danton

2009-12-25T13:34:21Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">'''Georges Danton''' led the [[Cordeliers Club]] (a radical group in France) along with [[Jean Paul Marat]] during the late 1700s. As the Minister of Justice in revolutionary France he was instrumental in the creation of the Committee of Public Security (CPS) that became a tool of [[Maximilien de Robespierre]] during the [[Reign of Terror]]. After returning to Paris from a country rest in 1793, he urged the slowing of the Terror and the reduction of the power of the CPS and other committees formed by Robespierre. Although he garnered considerable public support through his fine oratory skills, he was arrested and executed on the 5th of April 1794 along with many of his supporters including Camille Desmoulins. His fall and execution created an atmosphere of fear and suspicion throughout Paris until the fall of Robespierre later that year.
{{DEFAULTSORT: Danton, Georges}}
[[Category:International Political Figures]]
[[Category:French Revolution]]

Tim Berners-Lee

2009-12-25T13:34:10Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">[[Image:Tim Berners-Lee.jpg|right|280px]]
'''Sir Timothy (Tim) Berners-Lee''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] software developer who was the primary inventor of the [[World Wide Web]]. In 2004 he was knighted for his services to the global development of the Internet.

Whilst working at [[CERN]] (a [[particle physics]] laboratory in [[Switzerland]]) in 1990, Berners-Lee came up with the idea of using the [[Internet]] to link [[hypertext]] documents. He designed the first web browser and web server, and in 1991 CERN created the world's first website. Berners-Lee has remained an active participant in World Wide Web development ever since. He now lives in the [[United States]] and is the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium.

Berners-Lee is the author of "Weaving the Web".

<blockquote>
''And if there ever was a thing that was made by committee, the Internet — with its protocols and packet switching — is it. But the World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free.'' [http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/bernerslee.html]
</blockquote>

== External links ==

*[http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/ Official site at W3C]
*[http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/berners-lee.htm Facts about Tim Berners-Lee inventor of the World Wide Web in 1991.]

[[Category:Inventors|Berners-Lee, Tim]]

Pierson v. Ray

2009-12-25T13:33:53Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">In '''''Pierson v. Ray''''', 386 U.S. 547 (1967), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] extended the protection of absolute [[judicial immunity]] to suits brought under § 1 of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1871]], 42 U.S.C. [[Section 1983]]. It held that the [[legislative record]] for that [[statute]] gave no indication that [[Congress]] intended to abolish this long-established principle of absolute judicial immunity.

[[Category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]
[[category:Judicial Immunity]]
[[category:Section 1983]]

United States Department of the Treasury

2009-12-25T13:33:42Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">[[Image:DepartmentofT.jpg|right|200px|]]
The '''United States Department of the Treasury''' is a [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet]] department. The Treasury was established by [[Congress]] in 1789 to help manage government revenue. The Department of the Treasury is administered by the [[Secretary of the Treasury]] and the [[Treasurer of the United States]]. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the President's [[United States Cabinet]]. The current Secretary of the Treasury is [[Timothy Geithner]], who was nominated by President [[Barack Obama]] on November 21, 2008 and confirmed by the [[United States Senate|Senate]] on January 26, 2009.

The Department of the Treasury's mission is to "promote the conditions for prosperity and stability in the United States and encourage prosperity and stability in the rest of the world." <ref>[http://www.treas.gov/education/duties/ Duties & Functions of the Treasury]</ref>

==History==
While the Department of the Treasury was created in 1789, the Office of the Treasurer was created by the Continental Congress in 1775.

The first Secretary of the Treasury was [[Alexander Hamilton]] under President [[George Washington]].

==Duties==
*Manage Federal Finances
*Collect taxes, duties and monies paid to and due to the United States
*Produce postage stamps, currency and coinage
*Manage the U.S. public debt
*Supervise national banks
*Advise on domestic and international financial policies
*enforce Federal finance and tax laws

<blockquote>The Secretary of the Treasury is the principal economic advisor to the President and plays a critical role in policy-making by bringing an economic and government financial policy perspective to issues facing the government. The Secretary is responsible for formulating and recommending domestic and international financial, economic, and tax policy, participating in the formulation of broad fiscal policies that have general significance for the economy, and managing the public debt. The Secretary oversees the activities of the Department in carrying out its major law enforcement responsibilities; in serving as the financial agent for the United States Government; and in manufacturing coins and currency.<br>

The Chief Financial Officer of the government, the Secretary serves as Chairman Pro Tempore of the President's Economic Policy Council, Chairman of the Boards and Managing Trustee of the Social Security and Medicare Trust Funds, and as U.S. Governor of the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.<ref>[http://www.ustreas.gov/education/duties/treas/sec-treasury.shtml Duties & Functions]</ref>
</blockquote>

In order for Federal Reserve notes (e.g. paper money) to become legal tender they must be signed by both the Secretary of the Treasury and the [[Treasurer of the United States|Treasurer]].

The [[United States Mint]] and [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] also fall under the Department of the Treasury's jurisdiction.<ref>[http://www.treas.gov/bureaus/ Bureaus of the DoT]</ref>

==Restructuring==
In 2003 some changes were made to the Department of the Treasury. The [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms]] (ATF) was transferred to the [[Department of Justice]]. The ATF's duties of tax and trade functions remained with the Treasury.
The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, United States Customs Service and the [[United States Secret Service]] were transferred to the [[Department of Homeland Security]].

==External Links==
*[http://www.ustreas.gov/ Official Website]
==References==
<references/>

[[category:United States]]
[[category:Taxation]]

287(g)

2009-12-25T13:33:30Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">'''Section 287(g)''' of the Immigration and Nationality Act allows the [[Department of Homeland Security]] to enter into assistance compacts with state and local governments in order to find, arrest and deport [[illegal]] [[immigrant]]s. Both sides must agree on the terms of the program before it is implemented. The DHS provides 287(g) training for state and local law officers to ensure the sharing of best practice. Joint operations under this section allow the various agencies to enforce immigration law more effectively.

287(g) began with the 1996 amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act passed by [[Congress]]. It is currently a volunteer program, though some would like it to be made mandatory.

One of 287(g)s successes is Mecklenburg county, [[North Carolina]], whose 287(g) trained police force have caught over 1,000 illegal immigrant criminals who have committed a state crime.

==References==
*[http://www.ice.gov/pi/news/factsheets/070622factsheet287gprogover.htm U.S. Customs: Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act]

[[Category:Law]]

Fenugreek

2009-12-25T13:30:28Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">[[Image:FenugreekSeed.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Fenugreek seeds]]
'''Fenugreek''' is a common ingredient in [[curry]] powders, and its extract is also used in artificial [[vanilla]], caramel, butterscotch and [[maple]] flavorings. [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,489009,00.html]
[[Category:Spices]]

Trinity Evangelical Divinity School

2009-12-25T13:30:15Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">'''Trinity Evangelical Divinity School''' (TEDS) is a Christian [[seminary]] based in Deerfield, [[Illinois]]. Its 2007 fall enrollment had over 1,200 students, making it one of the largest seminaries in terms of student body size. It is part of Trinity International University<ref>See [http://www.tiu.edu/ TIU]</ref>and is operated by the Evangelical Free Church of America.

The newly selected president of the university is Dr. Craig Williford (PhD '95), most recently president of Denver Seminary in Littleton, Colorado.

==External links==
*[http://www.tiu.edu/divinity/ Official Website]
==References==
<references/>
[[Category: Schools]]
[[Category: Fundamentalism]]

Japan Korea Annexation Treaty

2009-12-25T13:30:01Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">The '''Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty''' (Japanese: 日韓併合条約 ''Nikkan Heigō Jōyaku'' Korean: 한일병합조약 ''Hanil Byeonghap Joyak'') was signed by representatives of the [[Empire]]s of [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] on 22 August, 1910. It was proclaimed and came into effect on 29 August of the same year. This treaty officially began the period of Japanese rule in Korea, which lasted until the end of [[World War 2]]. In addition, it also meant the end of the Imperial dynasty of Korea.

Although Korean law required the treaty to be signed by Emperor Sunjong, he refused to do so and the treaty was signed by the Prime Minister, Yi Wan-Yong and the Japanese Resident General, Viscount Terauchi Masatake.

The Annexation Treaty was formally recinded in the "[[Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea]]", signed between Korea and Japan on 22 June, 1965, which stated: "It is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before 22 August, 1910 are already null and void."

Korea still commemorates the implementation date of 29 August, calling it "the day of national shame" (''Gukchi-il'' 국치일).

==Full Text of the Treaty==
{{cquote|'''Treaty of Annexation'''
22 August, 1910

<u>The Proclamation</u>

Notwithstanding the earnest and laborious work of reforms in the administration of Korea in which the Governments of Japan and Korea have been engaged for more than four years since the conclusion of the Agreement of 1905, the existing system of government in that country has not proved entirely equal to the duty of preserving public order and tranquillity; and in addition, the spirit of suspicion and misgiving dominates the whole peninsula.

In order to maintain peace and stability in Korea, to promote the prosperity and welfare of Koreans, and at the same time to ensure the safety and repose of foreign residents, it has been made abundantly clear that fundamental changes in the actual regime of government are absolutely essential. The Governments of Japan and Korea, being convinced of the urgent necessity of introducing reforms responsive to the requirements of the situation and of furnishing sufficient guarantee for the future, have, with the approval of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of Korea, concluded, through their plenipotentiaries, a treaty providing for complete annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan. By virtue of that important act, which shall take effect on its promulgation on August 29, 1910, the Imperial Government of Japan shall undertake the entire government and administration of Korea, and they hereby declare that the matters relating to foreigners and foreign trade in Korea shall be conducted in accordance with the following rules:

<u>The Treaty</u>

His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of Korea, having in view the special and close relations between their respective countries, desiring to promote the common wealth of the two nations and to assure the permanent peace in the Far East, and being convinced that these objectives can be best attained by the annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan, have resolved to conclude a treaty of such annexation and have, for that purpose, appointed as their plenipotentiaries, that is to say, His Majesty the Emperor of Japan Viscount Terauchi Masatake, Resident-General, and His Majesty the Emperor of Korea Yi Wan-Yong, Prime Minister, who upon mutual conference and deliberation have agreed to the following articles:

*Article 1. His Majesty the Emperor of Korea makes the complete and permanent cession to His Majesty the Emperor of Japan of all rights of sovereignty over the whole of Korea.

*Article 2. His Majesty the Emperor of Japan accepts the cession mentioned in the preceding article and consents to the complete annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan.

*Article 3. His Majesty the Emperor of Japan will accord to their Majesties the Emperor and ex-Emperor and His Imperial Highness the Crown Prince of Korea and their consorts and heirs such titles, dignity, and honor as are appropriate to their respective ranks, and sufficient annual grants will be made for the maintenance of such titles, dignity and honor.

*Article 4. His Majesty the Emperor of Japan will also accord appropriate honor and treatment to the members of the Imperial House of Korea and their heirs other than those mentioned in the preceding article, and the funds necessary for the maintenance of such honor and treatment will be granted.

*Article 5. His Majesty the Emperor of Japan will confer peerage and monetary grants upon those Koreans who, on account of meritorious services, are regarded as deserving such special recognition. Article 6. In consequence of the aforesaid annexation the Government of Japan assume the entire government and administration of Korea, and undertake to afford full protection for the persons and property of Koreans obeying the laws there in force to promote the welfare of all such Koreans.

*Article 7. The Government of Japan will, so far as circumstances permits, employ in the public service of Japan in Korea those Koreans who accept the new regime loyally and in good faith and who are duly qualified for such service.

*Article 8. This treaty, having been approved by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of Korea, shall take effect from the state of its promulgation.

In faith thereof:<br>

Resident General Viscount Terauchi Masatake<br>

Prime Minister Yi, Wan-Yong <ref>http://www.international.ucla.edu/eas/documents/kore1910.htm</ref>}}

==Also see==
*[[Protectorate Treaty of 1904]]
*[[Eulsa Treaty‎]]
*[[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1907]]
*[[Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v3n2/kawasaki.html Yutaka Kawasaki - Was the 1910 Annexation Treaty Between Korea and Japan Concluded Legally?]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[category:Japanese Treaties]][[category:Korea]]

A Beautiful Mind

2009-12-25T13:29:31Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">'''''A Beautiful Mind''''' (2001) is an Academy Award-winning [[movie]] based on the life of mathematician [[John Nash]]. The film accurately portrays Nash's struggle with [[schizophrenia]], but leaves out other details of Nash's life, such as his homosexual tendencies, extramarital affairs, and his divorce and subsequent reunion with his wife.<ref>http://www.slate.com/id/2060110/</ref> [[Russell Crowe]] played the lead role.

'''''A Beautiful Mind''''' is also the title of Sylvia Nasar's biography of John Nash.
==References==
<small><references /></small>
==Links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0268978/ IMDB entry]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beautiful Mind, A}}
[[Category:Movies]]
[[Category:Books]]

Kent Hovind

2009-12-25T13:29:17Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">[[File:KentHovind.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Kent Hovind giving a presentation]]
'''Dr. Kent Hovind''' (born 1953), called "Dr. Dino" because his expertise is in dinosaurs, is a prominent and controversial [[Young Earth Creationism|young Earth creationist]].
He founded [[Creation Science Evangelism Ministry]] in 1989<ref>http://www.drdino.com/</ref> and has a doctoral degree in Christian education from [[Patriot University]].

In 2001, Hovind opened a theme park in Pensacola, Florida called [[Dinosaur Adventure Land]], filled with exhibits explaining God's Creation.

== Controversy ==

A critic of Hovind questions the quality of his doctoral thesis and the academic standards of the university from which he received it, believing both to be subpar for institutions of higher learning.<ref>[http://chem.tufts.edu/science/Stear-NoAiG/no-AiG/bartelt_dissertation_on_hovind_thesis.htm Karen Bartelt, Ph.D. "The Dissertation Kent Hovind Doesn't Want You To Read."]</ref>

Hovind has been criticized by fellow Young Earth Creationists for supposedly using arguments that are unsound both Biblically and scientifically.<ref>Wieland, Carl, Ham, Ken, and Sarfati, Jonathan, [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/2571/ Maintaining Creationist Integrity] October 2002</ref>

He is currently serving a ten-year term in U.S. federal prison for 58 tax offenses, obstructing federal agents and related charges.<ref>''"10 years for 'Dr. Dino'"'', Michael Stewart. Pensacola News Journal, 19 January 19, 2007</ref>
Hovind has maintained that, as provided in U.S. law, there should have been no taxes because he runs a religious organization.

Hovind, with his son Eric Hovind, had released a set of videos titled "Answering the Critics" whereby they answered some common criticisms of themselves, usually from Internet sources. Hovind claimed he did not want to answer all the critics because he believed many critics criticize him without wanting to get any answers from him, so it was best to ignore them and continue preaching to those who really want to listen.<ref>Answering the Critics #1</ref>

== $250,000 Offer ==

Hovind is well known for his standing US$250,000 offer to anyone who can "prove evolution".<ref>http://www.drdino.com/articles.php?spec=67</ref>
The offer has gone unclaimed.
Contributors at [[Talk.origins|TalkOrigins]], a pro-evolution web-site, have pointed out that Hovind's challenge includes not just biological evolution but also [[abiogenesis]], [[cosmology]] and other things, and have claimed that the challenge is worded in a way that makes it impossible to fulfill since it requires proving the negative statement that "evolution" is the only possible explanation for the existence of life.<ref>Isaak, Mark, (Ed.) [http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CA/CA341.html Claim CA341], 2006</ref>

== External link ==
*[http://www.archive.org/details/KentHovind_Part1_HowOldIsTheEarth How Old Is The Earth?]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hovind, Kent}}

[[Category:Young Earth Creationists]]

Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England

2009-12-25T13:29:04Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">In '''''Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England''''', the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] reversed a lower court ruling against an [[abortion]] parental notification law. The Court ruled that lower courts should not broadly invalidate such a law, and the Court remanded for further review by the lower courts.

The Court emphasized that "we try not to nullify more of a legislature's work than is necessary, for we know that '[a] ruling of unconstitutionality frustrates the
intent of the elected representatives of the people.'" 126 S. Ct. 961, 967 (2006) (quoting ''Regan v. Time, Inc.'', 468 U.S. 641, 652 (1984) (plurality opinion) (brackets in original)).

Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] delivered the opinion of the unanimous court.

==External Links==
*[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=04-1144 Case] at FindLaw (registration may be required)
[[category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]

Cameron Davis

2009-12-25T13:28:49Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">'''Cameron Davis''' is the "[[Great Lakes]] Czar" in the [[Obama Administration]].<ref name=GB>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/198/29391/ List of Obama's Czars], GlennBeck.com, August 21, 2009.</ref> Appointed in June 2009, Cameron's formal title by the Obama administration is Special advisor to the U.S. EPA overseeing its Great Lakes restoration plan. He reports to the [[EPA|Environmental Protection Agency]] Administrator [[Lisa Jackson]]. His [[Responsibility|responsibilities]] include coordinating a number of federal agencies on issues relevant to Great Lakes, including invasive species, polluted harbors, sewage overflows and degraded wildlife habitat. Cameron Davis is one of a number of environmental czars, joining [[Chuck Fox]], charged with directing cleanup of the Chesapeake bay.

== Previous experience ==
Prior to his appointment, Cameron Davis was President of the Chicago-based, [[liberal]] [[environmentalist]] organization Alliance for the Great Lakes.<ref name=GB/> He was a litigating attorney and served as an adjunct clinical assistant [[professor]] of [[law]] at the [[University of Michigan]] Law School. Davis also served with the [[United Nations]] Environment Program in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], where he worked on the [[Montreal Protocol]] to protect the [[Earth|Earth’s]] ozone layer. He also worked at the U.S. EPA’s Office of Regional Counsel in [[Chicago]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Davis, Cameron}}
[[Category:Obama Administration]]
[[Category:Obama Administration Czars]]

Cabal

2009-12-25T13:28:34Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">A '''cabal''' is a "small group of [[secret]] plotters, as against a government or person in authority." <ref>http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cabal</ref> The formation of a cabal can be a rational response to repression.

The word originates from the Hebrew Kabala via the French cabale.

The term was also used on [[Usenet]] groups to satirise the paranoia that surrounded the early internet, and conspiracy theories in general. A mysterious 'cabal' of users who secretly ran the internet was referred to, but their existence was denied, usually with the phrase 'There Is No Cabal'.<ref>http://www.faqs.org/faqs/usenet/cabal-conspiracy-FAQ/</ref>

==See Also==
*[[Fifth Column]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:Internet culture]]

Minor League Baseball

2009-12-25T13:28:14Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration:blink; font-size: 1000%; font-weight:bold;">'''Minor league baseball''' is a ladder of professional baseball leagues in [[North America]] that compete at levels below that of [[Major League Baseball]]. All of the minor leagues are operated as independent businesses, and many are members of Minor League Baseball, an organization for leagues that have agreements to operate as affiliates of Major League Baseball. The purpose of the system is to develop players available to play in the Major Leagues on demand.

Today there are twenty leagues with a total of 246 clubs large, medium, and small towns, as well as the suburbs of major cities, across the [[United States of America]] and [[Canada]].

==History==
As baseball evolved in the mid-to-late 19th century from an amateur pastime into an organized professional sport, fully and openly professional baseball teams arose in 1869. In 1876 a group of these clubs formed the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs. Because of this professional clubs outside the National League responded by forming regional associations of their own.

In the late 1890s, the Western League led by Ben Johnson decided to challenge the National League's position as the sole Major League. In 1900, he changed the name of the league to the [[American League]] and began to make deals to sign contracts with players who were dissatisfied with the pay and terms of their deals with the [[National League]]. This began to concern Patrick T. Powers, president of the Eastern League, and many other league owners. In response to the National-American battle, they agreed to form the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, called the NABPL, or "NA" for short, which today is called Minor League Baseball. <ref>http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/milb/history/</ref><ref>http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/milb/history/timeline.jsp</ref>

==System==
There are five classifications to minor league baseball: Class AAA, Class AA, Class A, Short-Season A, and Rookie. Each Major League team is required to have one Class AAA and one Class AA affiliate. On top of this each Major League team typically has two Class A teams, two teams from among the Short-Season A, and three Rookie level teams.

==List of leagues and teams==
;AAA <ref>http://www.triple-abaseball.com/Welcome.jsp</ref>
*[[International League]]
*[[Pacific Coast League]]

;AA <ref>http://www.doublea-baseball.com/images/Tour.swf</ref>
*[[Eastern League (baseball)|Eastern League]]
*[[Southern League (baseball)|Southern League]]
*[[Texas League]]

;A <ref>http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/baseball/minors/minors.htm</ref>
<small>Leagues with a * are subclassified as Class A-Advanced leagues.</small>

*[[California League]]*
*[[Carolina League]]*
*[[Florida State League]]*
*[[Midwest League]]
*[[South Atlantic League]]

;Short-Season A <ref>http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/baseball/minors/shortseason.htm</ref>

*[[New York - Penn League]]
*[[Northwest League]]

;Rookie <ref>http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/baseball/minors/rookie.htm</ref>
<small>Leagues with a * are subclassified as Rookie-Advanced leagues.</small>

*[[Appalachian League]]*
*[[Arizona League]]
*[[Gulf Coast League]]
*[[Pioneer League]]*
*[[Dominican Summer League]]
*[[Venezuelan Summer League]]

;Off-season leagues <ref>http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/events/winterleagues/?league=afl</ref><ref>http://www.hawaiiwinterbaseball.com/</ref>
*[[Arizona Fall League]]
*[[Hawaii Winter Baseball]]

;Independent leagues <ref>http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/baseball/minors/independents.htm</ref>
<small>These leagues are not affiliated with Major League Baseball or Minor League Baseball and operate as fully independent professional leagues</small>
*[[American Association of Independent Professional Baseball|American Association]] (not to be confused with the American Association from either the [[American Association (19th century)|19th century]] or the [[American Association (20th century)|20th century]])
*[[Atlantic League of Professional Baseball|Atlantic League]]
*[[Canadian-American Association of Professional Baseball|Can-Am League]]
*[[Continental Baseball League]]
*[[Frontier League]]
*[[Golden Baseball League]]
**[[Arizona Winter League]] (affiliated with GBL)
*[[Northern League (baseball)|Northern League]]
*[[South Coast League]]
*[[United League Baseball]]
**[[Texas Winter League]] (affiliated with ULB)

==See Also==
[[Baseball]]
[[Major League Baseball]]

==External Links==
*[http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/index.jsp?cid=milb/ Official Site of Minor League Baseball]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Baseball]]

Conservapedia:Commandments

2009-12-25T13:27:10Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="text-decoration: blink; font-size: 10000%;">.
<center><font face="Arial" size="+2"><b>C<small>ONSERVAPEDIA</small> C<small>OMMANDMENTS</small></b></font></center><br>
# Everything you post must be true and verifiable. Do not copy from [[Wikipedia]]<ref>It is appropriate to quote or cite Wikipedia to illustrate the liberal view of an issue. For example, one could cite the Wikipedia [[atheism]] or [[evolution]] articles to illustrate a liberal view in regards to atheism or the evolutionary [[paradigm]].</ref> or elsewhere unless it was your original work.<ref>See [[Conservapedia:Guidelines#Copying from other sources|here]] for more information on copying.</ref>
# Always cite<ref>[[Conservapedia]]'s [[Conservapedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] assists new [[wiki]] users on [[Conservapedia:Footnotes - technical help|how to put footnotes]] in an article. In addition, Conservapedia's Manual of Style shows new Conservapedia wiki users [[Conservapedia:Manual of Style|how to flag an article or section of an article which is uncited]].</ref> and give credit to your sources,<ref>Sources should be authoritative works, not merely published opinions by others. No sources advocating or supporting unlawful activity of any kind are allowed.</ref> even if in the [[public domain]].<ref>When the source is a US State or Federal Government, or the source waives attribution, citing may be unnecessary.</ref>
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== Notes ==
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[[Category:Conservapedia Administration]]

Golden Rule

2009-12-25T13:24:42Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="font-size:9001%">. The phrase '''Golden rule''' is established in English as the name for a Biblical teaching<ref>"Golden rule, n. The biblical teaching that one should behave toward others as one would have others behave toward oneself." [http://www.bartleby.com/61/25/G0182500.html American Heritage dictionary]</ref> often phrased as "do unto others as you would have others do unto you." In this form it qualifies as a "familiar misquotation." It is expressed twice in the Gospels as the words of Jesus:
:"Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets." {{bible ref|book=Matthew|chap=7|verses=12|version=KJV}}
:"And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise." {{bible ref|book=Luke|chap=10|verses=27|version=KJV}}
By referring to "the law and the prophets," Jesus is saying that the principle is not original with him, but is his expression of a principle of Judaic law, a supercession of the original [[Lex Talionis]].

Jesus also stated it to be the second most important commandment in Christianity, after the [[Shema]]<ref>http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=mark%2012:28-34;&version=64;</ref><ref>http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=matthew%2022:37-40;&version=64;</ref>.

==Historical Formulations==

The principle is found throughout religious history as a guiding principle in the treatment of others.

* "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself: I am the LORD." — [[Torah]] (ca. 1200-1500 BC) {{bible ref|book=Leviticus|chap=19|verses=18|version=}}

* "When an alien lives with you in your land, do not mistreat him. The alien living with you must be treated as one of your native-born. Love him as yourself, for you were aliens in Egypt. I am the LORD your God." — [[Torah]] (ca. 1200-1500 BC) {{bible ref|book=Leviticus|chap=19|verses=33-34|version=}}

* "What you do not wish upon yourself, extend not to others." — [[Confucius]] (ca. 551–479 BC)

* "Since to others, to each one for himself, the self is dear, therefore let him who desires his own advantage not to harm another" [[Pali Canon|Udana - Varqua]], (ca. 470 BC)

* "This is the sum of duty; do naught unto others what you would not have them do unto you." — ''Mahabharata'' (5:15:17) (c. 500 BC)

* "What is hateful to you, do not to your fellow man." — Hillel the Elder (ca. 50 BC-10 AD)

* "As ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise." — [[Jesus]] (ca. 5 BC—33 AD) in the [[Gospels]], {{bible ref|book=Luke|chap=10|verses=27|version=KJV}}

* "None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself." — [[Muhammad]] (c. 571 – 632 AD) in a [[Hadith]].

==Humor and Parody==

[[George Bernard Shaw]], in a preface to his play ''Man and Superman,'' includes a collection of witty "Maxims for Revolutionists" which include
*Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you. Their tastes may not be the same.
*The golden rule is that there are no golden rules.

There is also a cynical play on the wording and the sentiment behind the rule:
* "He who has the gold, rules." — [[William Sahlman]], among others

==Unrelated uses==
*A small town named Golden Rule existed in Texas for some time around the early 1900s.<ref>[http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/GG/hrg65.html Golden Rule, Texas]. Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association: "Golden Rule, also known as Greer's Neighborhood, was four miles east of Mineola on what later became Farm Road 49 in southern Wood County. The community's name was probably changed to Golden Rule by 1890.... In 1905 the Golden Rule school reported thirty white and fifty-six black students.... Golden Rule was not named on the 1936 county highway map.</ref>
*The ''Golden Rule Insurance Company'' is best known for its intense and ultimately successful lobbying for the creation of "health savings accounts," an alternative to traditional health insurance.

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[category:Philosophy]]
[[category:New Testament]]

Saudi Arabia

2009-12-25T13:23:56Z

Gregmiller:

<div style="font-size: 500%">. {{Country
|name ='''المملكة العربية السعودية'''<br>'''al-Mamlaka al-‘Arabiyya as-Su’ūdiyya'''
|map =Saudi arabia rel 2003.jpg
|flag =Flag of Saudi Arabia.png
|arms =Arms of Saudi Arabia.png
|capital =Riyadh
|capital-raw =[[Riyadh|ar-Riyād]]
|government =Absolute Monarchy
|government-raw =
|language =Arabic
|king =Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =
|pm-raw =
|area =829,996 sq mi
|pop =24,000,000
|pop-basis =
|gdp =$446 billion
|gdp-year =2007
|gdp-pc =$21,200
|currency =Riyal
|idd =
|tld =
}}
'''The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia''' (''al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya'', '''المملكة العربية السعودية''', also '''Saudi Arabia''' or '''KSA''') is a large country on the [[Arabian peninsula]]. Ruled by The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, the country is one of the few absolute monarchies left in the world. [[Shari'a]] (Islamic jurisprudence) is the official law of the Kingdom. The Kingdom was first declared on 8 January 1926 by [[Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud]], and was brought together on 22 September 1932.

==People==
Saudi Arabia's 2007 population was estimated to be about 27.6 million, including about 5.6 million resident foreigners. Until the 1960s, most of the population was nomadic or seminomadic; due to rapid economic and urban growth, more than 95% of the population now is settled. Some cities and oases have densities of more than 1,000 people per square kilometer (2,600 per sq. mi). Saudi Arabia has undergone a population boom of sorts in the last few decades.

Saudi Arabia is known as the birthplace of [[Islam]], which in the century following [[Muhammad]]'s death in 632 A.D. spread west to [[Spain]] and east to [[India]]. Islam obliges all Muslims to make the [[Hajj]], or pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], at least once during their lifetime if they are able to do so. The cultural environment in Saudi Arabia is highly conservative; the country adheres to a strict interpretation of Islamic religious law (Shari'a). Cultural presentations must conform to narrowly defined standards of ethics. Men and women are not permitted to attend public events together and are segregated in the work place.

Most Saudis are ethnically [[Arab]]. Some are of mixed ethnic origin and are descended from Turks, Iranians, Indonesians, Indians, Africans, and others, most of whom immigrated as pilgrims and reside in the Hijaz region along the Red Sea coast. Many Arabs from nearby countries are employed in the kingdom. There also are significant numbers of Asian expatriates mostly from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines. There are less than 100,000 Westerners in Saudi Arabia.

==Government==
The central institution of Saudi Arabian Government is the monarchy. The Basic Law adopted in 1992 declared that Saudi Arabia is a monarchy ruled by the sons and grandsons of King Abd Al Aziz Al Saud, and that the Holy [[Qur'an]] is the constitution of the country, which is governed on the basis of Islamic law (Shari'a). There are no political parties or national elections; however, the country held its first municipal elections in 2005. The king's powers are limited because he must observe the Shari'a and other Saudi traditions. He also must retain a consensus of the numerous Saudi royal family, religious leaders (ulema), and other important elements in Saudi society. The leading members of the royal family choose the king from among themselves with the subsequent approval of the ulema.

Saudi kings gradually have developed a central government. Since 1953, the Council of Ministers, appointed by and responsible to the king, has advised on the formulation of general policy and directed the activities of the growing bureaucracy. This council consists of a prime minister, the first and second deputy prime ministers, 20 ministers (of whom the minister of defense also is the second deputy prime minister), two ministers of state, and a small number of advisers and heads of major autonomous organizations.

Legislation is by resolution of the Council of Ministers and the Shura Council, ratified by royal decree, and must be compatible with the Shari'a. Justice is administered according to the Shari'a by a system of religious courts whose judges are appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, composed of 12 senior jurists. The independence of the judiciary is protected by law. The king acts as the highest court of appeal and has the power to pardon. Access to high officials (usually at a majlis, or public audience) and the right to petition them directly are well-established traditions.

The kingdom is divided into 13 provinces governed by princes or close relatives of the royal family. All governors are appointed by the King.

In March 1992, [[King Fahd]] issued several decrees outlining the basic statutes of government and codifying for the first time procedures concerning the royal succession. The King's political reform program also provided for the establishment of a national Consultative Council, with appointed members having advisory powers to review and give advice on issues of public interest. It also outlined a framework for councils at the provincial or emirate level.

In September 1993, King Fahd issued additional reform decrees, appointing the members of the national Consultative Council and spelling out procedures for the new council's operations. He announced reforms regarding the Council of Ministers, including term limitations of 4 years and regulations to prohibit conflict of interest for ministers and other high-level officials. The members of 13 provincial councils and the councils' operating regulations also were announced in September 1993. In February, March, and April 2005, Saudis voted in the country's first municipal elections in more than 50 years. Women, and male members of the military, were not permitted to vote.

In July 1997, the membership of the Consultative Council was expanded from 60 to 90 members, and again in May 2001 from 90 to 120 members. In 2005, membership was expanded to 150 members. Membership has changed significantly during expansions of the council as many members have not been reappointed. The role of the council is gradually expanding as it gains experience.

In November 2006, [[King Abdallah]] announced the formation of an Allegiance Committee which, in the future, will select the Crown Prince.

===Principal Government Officials===
*King, Prime Minister, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques--King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud
*Minister of Foreign Affairs--Prince Saud Al Faysal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud

===Foreign Relations===
Saudi foreign policy objectives are to maintain its security and its paramount position on the Arabian Peninsula, defend general Arab and Islamic interests, promote solidarity among Islamic governments, and maintain cooperative relations with other oil-producing and major oil-consuming countries.

Saudi Arabia signed the UN Charter in 1945. The country plays a prominent and constructive role in the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and Arab and Islamic financial and development assistance institutions. One of the largest aid donors in the world, it still gives some aid to a number of Arab, African, and Asian countries. Jeddah is the headquarters of the Secretariat of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and its subsidiary organization, the Islamic Development Bank, founded in 1969.

Membership in the 11-member OPEC and in the technically and economically oriented Arab producer group--the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries--facilitates coordination of Saudi oil policies with other oil-exporting governments. As the world's leading exporter of petroleum, Saudi Arabia has a special interest in preserving a stable and long-term market for its vast oil resources by allying itself with healthy Western economies which can protect the value of Saudi financial assets. It generally has acted to stabilize the world oil market and tried to moderate sharp price movements.

The Saudi Government frequently helps mediate regional crises and support the Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations. A charter member of the Arab League, Saudi Arabia supports the position that Israel must withdraw from the territories which it occupied in June 1967, as according to United Nations Resolution 242. Saudi Arabia supports a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict but rejected the Camp David accords, claiming that they would be unable to achieve a comprehensive political solution that would ensure Palestinian rights and adequately address the status of Jerusalem. Although Saudi Arabia broke diplomatic relations with and suspended aid to Egypt in the wake of Camp David, the two countries renewed formal ties in 1987. In March 2002, Crown Prince Abdallah offered a Middle East peace plan, now known as the Arab Peace Initiative, at the annual summit of the Arab League in which Arab governments would offer "normal relations and the security of Israel in exchange for a full Israeli withdrawal from all occupied Arab lands, recognition of an independent Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital, and the return of Palestinian refugees." In March 2007 the Arab League reiterated its support for the Arab Peace Initiative by endorsing it as the foundation for a broad Arab-Israeli peace.

In 1990-91, Saudi Arabia played an important role in the Gulf War, developing new allies and improving existing relationships between Saudi Arabia and some other countries. Saudi Arabia provided water, food, shelter, and fuel for coalition forces in the region. Saudi Arabia's combined costs in payments, foregone revenues, and donated supplies were $55 billion. More than $15 billion went toward reimbursing the United States alone. However, there also were diplomatic and financial costs. Relations between Saudi Arabia and Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya deteriorated. Each country had remained silent following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait but called for an end to violence once the deployment of coalition troops began. Relations between these countries and Saudi Arabia have returned to their pre-war status. Saudi Arabia's relations with those countries which expressed support for Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait--Yemen, Jordan, and Sudan--were severely strained during and immediately after the war. For example, several hundred thousand Yemenis were expelled from Saudi Arabia after the Government of Yemen announced its position, thus exacerbating an existing border dispute. Saudi-Yemeni relations, especially in the wake of the 1994 Yemen civil war, remained fragile and of significant concern to the Saudi Government. Relations have slowly warmed over time and the Yemeni-Saudi border was finally demarcated in 2000. The Palestine Liberation Organization's support for Iraq cost it financial aid as well as good relations with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states. Recently, though, Saudi Arabia's relations with Jordan and the Palestinian Authority have improved, with the Saudi Government providing assistance for the Palestinian Authority.

As it had during the 1990-91 Gulf War, Saudi Arabia provided important support to Coalition efforts in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2006, Saudi Arabia hosted a conference to promote sectarian reconciliation within Iraq, and has pledged substantial debt relief to aid the elected government. Saudi Arabia is an important player in promoting stability and security in the Gulf region, and provided critical reconstruction support to Lebanon following the 2006 conflict between Hezbollah and Israel. Saudi Arabia has also taken a more prominent leadership role within the Organization of the Islamic Conference. In addition to promoting its Arab Peace initiative in 2007, in February it brokered an agreement between Palestinian factions known as the "Mecca Agreement," and in May 2007 King Abdullah brokered a reconciliation agreement between Chad and Sudan.

===Relations with the United States===
Saudi Arabia's unique role in the Arab and Islamic worlds, its possession of the world's largest reserves of oil, and its strategic location make its friendship important to the United States. Diplomatic relations were established in 1933; the U.S. embassy opened in Jeddah in 1944 and moved to Riyadh in 1984. The Jeddah embassy became a U.S. consulate. Meanwhile, a U.S. consulate opened in Dhahran in 1944.

The United States and Saudi Arabia share a common concern about regional security, oil exports and imports, and sustainable development. Close consultations between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia have developed on international, economic, and development issues such as the Middle East peace process and shared interests in the Gulf. The continued availability of reliable sources of oil, particularly from Saudi Arabia, remains important to the prosperity of the United States as well as to Europe and Japan. Saudi Arabia is one of the leading sources of imported oil for the United States, providing more than one million barrels/day of oil to the U.S. The U.S. is Saudi Arabia's largest trading partner, and Saudi Arabia is the largest U.S. export market in the Middle East.

In addition to economic ties, a longstanding security relationship continues to be important in U.S.-Saudi relations. A U.S. military training mission established at Dhahran in 1953 provides training and support in the use of weapons and other security-related services to the Saudi armed forces. The United States has sold Saudi Arabia military aircraft (F-15s, AWACS, and UH-60 Blackhawks), air defense weaponry (Patriot and Hawk missiles), armored vehicles (M1A2 Abrams tanks and M-2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles), and other equipment. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has had a long-term role in military and civilian construction activities in the Kingdom.

The Gulf War and Operation Iraqi Freedom demonstrated U.S.-Saudi cooperation in the areas of cultural accommodation, as well as in military operations. For example, the U.S. military issued general orders prohibiting the consumption of alcohol and setting guidelines for off-duty behavior and attire. Saudi Arabia accommodated U.S. culture and its military procedures by allowing U.S. servicewomen to serve in their varied roles throughout the kingdom--a major step for a highly patriarchal society. In August 2003, following the U.S.-led war in Iraq in March and April 2003, the United States withdrew its troops stationed in Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Arabia's relations with the United States were strained after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in which 15 of the suicide bombers were Saudi citizens. On May 12, 2003 suicide bombers killed 35 people, including nine Americans, in attacks at three housing compounds for Westerners in Riyadh. On November 8, 2003 terrorists attacked another compound housing foreign workers from mainly Arab countries. At least 18 people, including 5 children died in this attack, and more than 100 were injured.

On May 1, 2004 terrorists killed two Americans in the Yanbu oil facility in the western part of the country. On May 29, 2004 terrorists killed one American and wounded several others in attacks on an official building and housing compound in al-Khobar in the Eastern Province. On June 6, terrorists shot and killed a BBC journalist. On June 9 and June 12, 2004 terrorists killed Americans Robert Jacobs and Kenneth Scroggs. On June 18, 2004 terrorists kidnapped and beheaded American Paul Johnson. On December 6, 2004 terrorists attacked the U.S. Consulate in Jeddah, killing five consulate employees. Terrorists also targeted and killed other foreign nationalities during this time. In February 2007, four French nationals were killed in western Saudi Arabia in a suspected terrorist attack.

Currently, Saudi Arabia is an important partner in the campaign against terrorism, providing assistance in the military, diplomatic, and financial arenas. Counterterrorism cooperation between Saudi Arabia and the United States increased significantly after the May 12, 2003 bombings in Riyadh and continues today. In February 2005, the Saudi government sponsored the first ever Counter-Terrorism International Conference in Riyadh.

==Human Rights issues==
Despite close cooperation on security issues, the United States remains concerned about human rights conditions in Saudi Arabia. Principal human rights problems include abuse of prisoners and incommunicado detention; prohibitions or severe restrictions on the freedoms of speech, press, peaceful assembly and association, and religion; denial of the right of citizens to change their government; systematic discrimination against women and ethnic and religious minorities; and suppression of workers' rights.

They have strict laws that are punishable by beheading, such as sodomy convictions. If the criminal was convicted of lewd offenses, occasionally the Saudi's will crucify the victim in addition to head separation, in public. In 2008, 102 people were beheaded. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,523364,00.html?test=latestnews Saudis Behead, Crucify Convicted Child Molester, Murderer] AP, May 30, 2009</ref>

Saudi Arabia has strict gender segregation laws prohibiting women from holding jobs, meeting men other than their relatives, or living independantly of a family of husband. These laws are enforced by an Islamic department of the police force, justified as measures to protect Islamic culture and morality.

As an Islamic country under strict Islamic law, Saudi Arabia has little of the religious freedom common in the west. Bringing a [[Bible]] or religious symbols such as a cross or a [[Star of David]] into the country will risk confiscation. Although [[Christianity]] is permitted, preaching to Muslims or attempting to convert them in public or private is a criminal offense, as is the production or distribution of bibles.<ref>Christian Examiner, Sept. 2007, Vol 25, No 9, Pg. 20</ref>

==Economy==
Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia by U.S. geologists in the 1930s, although large scale production did not begin until after [[World War II]]. Oil wealth has made possible rapid economic development, which began in earnest in the 1960s and accelerated spectacularly in the 1970s, transforming the kingdom.

Saudi oil reserves are the largest in the world, and Saudi Arabia is the world's leading oil producer and exporter. Oil accounts for more than 90% of the country's exports and nearly 75% of government revenues. Proven reserves are estimated to be 263 billion barrels, about one-quarter of world oil reserves.

More than 95% of all Saudi oil is produced on behalf of the Saudi Government by the parastatal giant Saudi ARAMCO. In June 1993, Saudi ARAMCO absorbed the state marketing and refining company (SAMAREC), becoming the world's largest fully integrated oil company. Most Saudi oil exports move by tanker from Gulf terminals at Ras Tanura and Ju'aymah. The remaining oil exports are transported via the east-west pipeline across the kingdom to the Red Sea port of Yanbu.

Due to a sharp rise in petroleum revenues in 1974 following the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, Saudi Arabia became one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. It enjoyed a substantial surplus in its overall trade with other countries; imports increased rapidly; and ample government revenues were available for development, defense, and aid to other Arab and Islamic countries.

But higher oil prices led to development of more oil fields around the world and reduced global consumption. The result, beginning in the mid-1980s, was a worldwide oil glut, which introduced an element of planning uncertainty for the first time in a decade. Saudi oil production, which had increased to almost 10 million barrels per day (b/d) during 1980-81, dropped to about 2 million b/d in 1985. Budgetary deficits developed, and the government drew down its foreign assets. Responding to financial pressures, Saudi Arabia gave up its role as the "swing producer" within OPEC in the summer of 1985 and accepted a production quota. Since then, Saudi oil policy has been guided by a desire to maintain market and quota shares and to support stability in the international oil market.

Saudi Arabia was a key player in coordinating the successful 1999 campaign of OPEC and other oil-producing countries to raise the price of oil to its highest level since the Gulf War by managing production and supply of petroleum. That same year, Saudi Arabia established the Supreme Economic Council to formulate and better coordinate economic development policies in order to accelerate institutional and industrial reform.

In response to increasing international demand for oil, Saudi ARAMCO is engaged in an expansion of its oil production capacity, and plans to raise its capacity from the current 9.5-10 million barrels/day (mb/d) to 12 mb/d within the next several years. Saudi ARAMCO is also increasing production of associated and non-associated natural gas to feed the expanding petrochemical sector. Notably, Saudi Arabia has awarded contracts to foreign companies to conduct gas exploration in selected regions of the country--the first such foreign participation in the petroleum sector upstream since the nationalization of ARAMCO in the 1970s.

Saudi Arabia continues to pursue rapid industrial expansion, led by the petrochemical sector. The Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), a parastatal petrochemical company, is now one of the world's leading petrochemical producers, and the government promotes private sector involvement in petrochemicals. The government also plans new investments in the mining sector and in refining,

After Saudi Arabia announced its intention to join the World Trade Organization (WTO), negotiations focused on increasing market access to foreign goods and services and the timeframe for becoming fully compliant with WTO obligations. In April 2000, the government established the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority to encourage foreign direct investment in the country. Saudi Arabia signed a Trade Investment Framework Agreement with the U.S. in July 2003, and joined the WTO in December 2005.

Through 5-year development plans, the government has sought to allocate its petroleum income to transform its relatively undeveloped, oil-based economy into that of a modern industrial state while maintaining the kingdom's traditional Islamic values and customs. Although economic planners have not achieved all their goals, the economy has progressed rapidly. Oil wealth has increased the standard of living of most Saudis. However, significant population growth has strained the government's ability to finance further improvements in the country's standard of living. Heavy dependence on petroleum revenue continues, but industry and agriculture now account for a larger share of economic activity. The mismatch between the job skills of Saudi graduates and the needs of the private job market at all levels remains the principal obstacle to economic diversification and development; about 4.6 million non-Saudis are employed in the economy.

Saudi Arabia's first two development plans, covering the 1970s, emphasized infrastructure. The results were impressive--the total length of paved highways tripled, power generation increased by a multiple of 28, and the capacity of the seaports grew tenfold. For the third plan (1980-85), the emphasis changed. Spending on infrastructure declined, but it rose markedly on education, health, and social services. The share for diversifying and expanding productive sectors of the economy (primarily industry) did not rise as planned, but the two industrial cities of Jubail and Yanbu--built around the use of the country's oil and gas to produce steel, petrochemicals, fertilizer, and refined oil products--were largely completed.

In the fourth plan (1985-90), the country's basic infrastructure was viewed as largely complete, but education and training remained areas of concern. Private enterprise was encouraged, and foreign investment in the form of joint ventures with Saudi public and private companies was welcomed. The private sector became more important, rising to 70% of non-oil GDP by 1987. While still concentrated in trade and commerce, private investment increased in industry, agriculture, banking, and construction companies. These private investments were supported by generous government financing and incentive programs. The objective was for the private sector to have 70% to 80% ownership in most joint venture enterprises.

The fifth plan (1990-95) emphasized consolidation of the country's defenses; improved and more efficient government social services; regional development; and, most importantly, creating greater private-sector employment opportunities for Saudis by reducing the number of foreign workers.

The sixth plan (1996-2000) focused on lowering the cost of government services without cutting them and sought to expand educational training programs. The plan called for reducing the kingdom's dependence on the petroleum sector by diversifying economic activity, particularly in the private sector, with special emphasis on industry and agriculture. It also continued the effort to "Saudiize" the labor force.

The seventh plan (2000-2004) focused more on economic diversification and a greater role of the private sector in the Saudi economy. For the period 2000-2004, the Saudi Government aimed at an average GDP growth rate of 3.16% each year, with projected growths of 5.04% for the private sector and 4.01% for the non-oil sector. The government also set a target of creating 817,300 new jobs for Saudi nationals.

The eighth plan (2005-2010) again focuses on economic diversification in addition to education and inclusion of women in society. The plan calls for establishing new universities and new colleges with technical specializations. Privatization as well as emphases on a knowledge-based economy and tourism will help promote the goal of economic diversification.

==History==
[[Image:Bcdf.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Masjid Nabawi, Medina, Saudi Arabia]]
Except for a few major cities and oases, the harsh climate historically prevented much settlement of the Arabian Peninsula. People of various cultures have lived in the peninsula over a span of more than 5,000 years. The Dilmun culture, along the Gulf coast, was contemporaneous with the Sumerians and ancient Egyptians, and most of the empires of the ancient world traded with the states of the peninsula.

The Saudi state began in central Arabia in about 1750. A local ruler, Muhammad bin Saud, joined forces with an Islamic reformer, Muhammad Abd Al-Wahhab, to create a new political entity. Over the next 150 years, the fortunes of the Saud family rose and fell several times as Saudi rulers contended with Egypt, the [[Ottoman Empire]], and other Arabian families for control on the peninsula. The modern Saudi state was founded by the late King Abdul Aziz Al Saud (known internationally as Ibn Saud). In 1902, Abdul Aziz recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's ancestral capital, from the rival Al-Rashid family. Continuing his conquests, Abdul Aziz subdued Al-Hasa, the rest of Nejd, and the Hijaz between 1913 and 1926. In 1932, these regions were unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Boundaries with Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait were established by a series of treaties negotiated in the 1920s, with two "neutral zones"--one with Iraq and the other with Kuwait--created. The Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone was administratively partitioned in 1971, with each state continuing to share the petroleum resources of the former zone equally. Tentative agreement on the partition of the Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone was reached in 1981, and partition was finalized by 1983. The country's southern boundary with Yemen was partially defined by the 1934 Treaty of Taif, which ended a brief border war between the two states. A June 2000 treaty further delineated portions of the boundary with Yemen. The location and status of Saudi Arabia's boundary with the [[United Arab Emirates]] is not final; a de facto boundary reflects a 1974 agreement. The border between Saudi Arabia and [[Qatar]] was resolved in March 2001. The border with [[Oman]] also is not demarcated.

King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Saud, who reigned for 11 years. In 1964, Saud abdicated in favor of his half-brother, Faisal, who had served as Foreign Minister. Because of fiscal difficulties, King Saud had been persuaded in 1958 to delegate direct conduct of Saudi Government affairs to Faisal as Prime Minister; Saud briefly regained control of the government in 1960-62. In October 1962, Faisal outlined a broad reform program, stressing economic development. Proclaimed King in 1964 by senior royal family members and religious leaders, Faisal also continued to serve as Prime Minister. This practice has been followed by subsequent kings.

The mid-1960s saw external pressures generated by Saudi-Egyptian differences over [[Yemen]]. When civil war broke out in 1962 between Yemeni royalists and republicans, Egyptian forces entered Yemen to support the new republican government, while Saudi Arabia backed the royalists. Tensions subsided only after 1967, when Egypt withdrew its troops from Yemen.

Saudi forces did not participate in the [[Six Day War|Six-Day (Arab-Israeli) War]] of June 1967, but the government later provided annual subsidies to Egypt, Jordan, and Syria to support their economies. During the [[1973 Arab-Israeli war]], Saudi Arabia participated in the post war Arab oil boycott of the United States and Netherlands. A member of the [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OPEC), Saudi Arabia had joined other member countries in moderate oil price increases beginning in 1971. After the 1973 war, the price of oil rose substantially, dramatically increasing Saudi Arabia's wealth and political influence.

In 1975, King Faisal was assassinated by a nephew, who was executed after an extensive investigation concluded that he acted alone. Faisal was succeeded by his half-brother Khalid as King and Prime Minister; their half-brother Prince Fahd was named Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister. King Khalid empowered Crown Prince Fahd to oversee many aspects of the government's international and domestic affairs. Economic development continued rapidly under King Khalid, and the kingdom assumed a more influential role in regional politics and international economic and financial matters.

In June 1982, King Khalid died, and Fahd became King and Prime Minister in a smooth transition. Another half-brother, Prince Abdullah, Commander of the Saudi National Guard, was named Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister. King Fahd's brother, Prince Sultan, the Minister of Defense and Aviation, became Second Deputy Prime Minister. Under King Fahd, the Saudi economy adjusted to sharply lower oil revenues resulting from declining global oil prices. Saudi Arabia supported neutral shipping in the Gulf during periods of the [[Iran-Iraq war]] and aided Iraq's war-strained economy. King Fahd played a major part in bringing about the August 1988 cease-fire between Iraq and Iran and in organizing and strengthening the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), a group of six Arabian Gulf states dedicated to fostering regional economic cooperation and peaceful development.

In 1990-91, King Fahd played a key role before and during the [[Gulf war]]. King Fahd's action also consolidated the coalition of forces against [[Iraq]] and helped define the tone of the operation as a multilateral effort to reestablish the sovereignty and territorial integrity of [[Kuwait]]. Acting as a rallying point and personal spokesman for the coalition, King Fahd helped bring together his nation's GCC allies, Western allies, and Arab allies, as well as nonaligned nations from Africa and the emerging democracies of eastern Europe. He used his influence as Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques to persuade other Arab and Islamic nations to join the coalition.

King Fahd suffered a stroke in November 1995. From 1997, Crown Prince Abdullah took on much of the day-to-day responsibilities of running the government. Upon King Fahd's death on August 1, 2005, Abdullah assumed the throne as King. Prince Sultan, Minister of Defense and Aviation, became Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister.

==Notable Saudi Arabians==
*[[Osama Bin Laden]]
*[[Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Alsaud]]: ranked 11th richest person in the world by USAToday in 2002.<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/02/28/forbes.htm</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Ramadan]]
*[[Arab American]]
*[[St. John Philby]]

==References==
<References/>

{{License|license = This work is in the [[public domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.| source = [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3584.htm]}}

[[Category:Asian Countries]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]
[[Category:Muslim-Majority Countries]]

Old Earth Creationism

2009-12-25T13:22:10Z

Gregmiller: typo

<div style="display:none"> '''Old Earth Creationism''' is the belief that God created the universe and the world billions of years ago.
Old Earth Creationists do not all agree on the extent of the [[Great Flood|Noachian flood]], although many maintain that it was a local flood.<ref>Ross, Hugh, [http://www.reasons.org/resources/faf/1990_v4n4_q4/index.shtml#let_us_reason Let Us Reason: The Waters of the Flood] ''Facts & Faith'', Volume 4, No. 4, Winter 1990.</ref>

== General ==

Old Earth [[Creationism|Creationists]] hold to view of the Biblical book of Genesis that allows for an old earth <ref>http://www.answersincreation.org/question.htm</ref>.
Dr. [[Norman Geisler]] wrote that "both young- and old-earthers who are [[evangelical]] hold to the historicity of the Genesis account: They believe that Adam and Eve were literal people, the progenitors of the entire human race."
Dr. Geisler also wrote concerning young earth creationist and old earth creationist the following: "Both groups are also agreed in their opposition to [[naturalism]], which they see as the philosophical [[presupposition]] of [[theory of evolution|evolution]]." <ref>http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/science/SC0305W3.htm</ref>

Proponents of Old Earth Creationism include [[Hugh Ross]], David Snoke, Greg Neyman, Francis Schaeffer, and Norman Geisler. <ref>http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/notable_leaders/index.shtml</ref>

==Rich diversity of views==
There are a wide number of views of creationism starting from the literal understanding of [[Young Earth Creationism]], through the [[Gap theory]] and [[Day age creationism]] and ending with [[Theistic evolution]].

Old Earth creationists frequently, though not always, hold views which are more in keeping with those which are held by naturalistic scientists. For example believers in the [[Gap theory]] maintain that there was a gap of millions or billions or years between [[Genesis]] 1:1 and Genesis 1:2. Believers in [[Progressive Creationism]] or the "day age" idea believe that each "day" of creation lasted a thousand years or more. Believers in [[Theistic Evolution]] go even further in trying to harmonize the Bible to naturalistic views.

== Criticism ==

Meanwhile [[Young Earth creationism|Young-Earth creationists]] hold that belief in an old Earth is frequently based on extra-biblical sources, not on the Bible. For example:
{{QuoteBox|If an old earth were really the teaching of Scripture, then one claim is glaringly conspicuous by its absence, that is, any claim in commentaries that the Bible ''unambiguously teaches'' long ages. Rather, the usual claim is that the biblical text appears on the surface to teach a young earth but ''may allow for'' an old earth.—[[Jonathan Sarfati]]<ref>Sarfati, Jonathan, ''Refuting Compromise'', Master Books, March 2004, p.55. Emphasis in original.</ref>}}
{{QuoteBox|It is apparent that the most straightforward understanding of Genesis, without regard to the hermeneutical considerations suggested by science, is that God created the heavens and the earth in six solar days, that man was created on the sixth day, and that death and chaos entered the world after the fall of Adam and Eve, and that all fossils were the result of the catastrophic deluge that spared only Noah’s family and the animals therewith.—[[Pattle Pun]]<ref>Pun, P.P.T., ''Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation'' 39:14, 1987; quoted by Creation Ministries International[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4155].</ref>}}
{{QuoteBox|From a superficial reading, the impression received is that the entire creative process took place in six twenty-four hour days. If this was the true intent of the Hebrew author (a questionable deduction, as will be presently shown), this seems to run counter to modern scientific research, which indicates that the planet Earth was created several billion years ago.—[[Gleason Archer]]<ref>Archer, G.L., ''A Survey of Old Testament Introduction'', Moody, Chicago, p. 187, 1985; quoted by Creation Ministries International[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4154].</ref>}}
{{QuoteBox|It is of course admitted that, taking this account [Genesis] by itself, it would be most natural to understand the word [day] in its ordinary sense; but if that sense brings the Mosaic account into conflict with facts, [millions of years] and another sense avoids such conflict, then it is obligatory on us to adopt that other.—[[Charles Hodge]]<ref>Hodge, C., ''Systematic Theology'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI, USA, pp. 570–571, 1997; quoted by Creation Ministries International[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4166] (their parenthetical insertions).</ref>}}
{{QuoteBox|[C]onfessedly, it would not have been as readily deduced from the Genesis text had it not been for the evidences advanced by secular science.—J. Barton Payne<ref>J. B. Payne, ''The Theology of the Older Testament'', (Grand Rapids, MI, Zondervan, 1972, p.136); quoted in Sarfati, Jonathan, "Refuting Compromise", Master Books, March 2004</ref>}}
{{QuoteBox|We have to admit here [concerning those who take the six days of Creation as literal days] that the exegetical basis [the arguments from the words of Scripture] of the creationists is strong. … In spite of the careful biblical and scientific research that has accumulated in support of the creationists’ view, there are problems that make the theory wrong to most (including many evangelical) scientists. … Data from various disciplines point to a very old earth and even older universe.’—James Montgomery Boice<ref>Montgomery Boice, J.L., ''Genesis: An Expositional Commentary'', Zondervan Publishing House, Michigan, 1:57–62, 1982; quoted by [[Ken Ham|Ham, Ken]], [http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/324/#r5 The big picture], ''Creation'' 23(2):16–18, March 2001 (their insertions in square parentheses).</ref>}}

==External links==

===Old Earth Creationism Ministries===
* [http://www.reasons.org Reasons to Believe]
* [http://www.answersincreation.org Answers in Creation]
* [http://www.godandscience.org Godandscience.org]

=== Criticism of Old Earth Creationism by Young Earth Creationists ===

[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/2080 Jonathan Sarfati addresses Old Earth Claims]

===Evidence for an Old Earth===
[http://www.godandscience.org/youngearth/yeclaims.html Old Earth Evidence from an OEC]
{{Creation vs. evolution}}
==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Creationism]]
<div>