Austrian School of Economics

2009-11-05T16:27:18Z

Haihaihai:

The '''Austrian school of economics''' is a school of economic thought which supports the [[libertarian]] [[philosophy]] by pointing out the inefficiency and ineffectualness of government intervention. However, Austrian economics is a positive, not a normative, school of thought and therefore has no inherent political leaning. It views all value as subjective, and that efficiency consists of maximizing value as sought by each individual. It avoids [[mathematics]] because it does not feel math can capture the complexities of the economic world and, more importantly, because it views social sciences to be properly based on rationalism and ''a priori'' reasoning. Austrian economists, like many other free market economists including Chicago School and neo-classical economists, believe free trade is key to prosperity. Austrians, unlike many of the same economists however, also believe the free market can function in areas such as infrastructure (roads<ref>http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/7_1/7_1_1.pdf</ref>, electricity<ref>http://www.mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/RAE9_2_3.pdf</ref>, etc), defense (police<ref>http://mises.org/rothbard/newliberty11.asp</ref>, military<ref>http://mises.org/etexts/defensemyth.pdf</ref>), and dealing with "externalities" <ref>http://mises.org/pdf/asc/2003/asc9simpson.pdf</ref> (pollution<ref>http://mises.org/journals/scholar/Storfner.pdf</ref>, free riders<ref>http://mises.org/journals/scholar/Murphy6.pdf</ref>, etc).

The Austrian school of [[economics]] opposed the inflationary approach of [[Keynesian economics]], and thus is favored by many conservatives on that basis.

The founder of the Austrian school of economics was [[Carl Menger]], who published in German in 1871 its leading text, ''Principles of Economics''. In the 1920s through 1940s, [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich A. Hayek]] advanced the movement by declaring the impossibility for socialism to succeed and also explaining the nature of the business cycle. Mises' most important student, [[Murray Rothbard]], lead the Austrian School after Mises' death and made many contributions to Austrian monopoly and monetary theory, along with expanding the traditional analysis of government interventionism to areas such as defense, police, and courts, concluding that socialism in these areas works no better than in others.

[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Libertarianism]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.fee.org/ Foundation for Economic Education]
* [http://www.triplestarnews.com The Independent Institute]
* [http://www.mises.org/ Ludwig von Mises Institute]
* [http://www.econlib.org/library/enc/AustrianEconomics.html "Austrian Economics," by Deborah L. Walker]
* [http://it.stlawu.edu/sdae/ Society for the Development of Austrian Economics]

Unas

2009-11-05T16:26:22Z

Haihaihai: /* Family Background */

Unas, sometimes spelt Wenis, from the Egyptian wnis, was an Egyptian [[Pharaoh]], and the last ruler of the [[5th Dynasty]], in Egypt's [[Old Kingdom]]. He is generally credited with a reign of approximately 30 years, around 2375-2345 BC.

== Family Background ==

Little is known of Unas’ ancestry, and he doesn’t appear to be related to his predecessor, though there are no signs of dynastic upset at the start of his reign. We do, however, have a fair degree of information concerning his own family.

Unas took [[Nebet]] and [[Khenut]] as his principal wives, whom were buried in a double [[mastaba]] within his [[pyramid]] complex. He had a good number of children, with [[Hemetra]], [[Unas-Ankh]], [[Seseshet]], and [[Khentkaues]] all attested as his children. In addition it is quite possibly that [[Neferkaues]] and [[Neferut]] were also from his line. However, it would appear, that, as Manetho claims, he left no surviving sons, for it would be another of his daughters, Iput, who would continue the royal line by marrying [[Teti]], the founder of the 6th [http://www.triplestarnews.com/images/the_memo/bonedog/rape/rape.html Dynasty].

== Reign ==

Unas' reign seems to have been calm, and for the most part uneventful. Scenes from his moturary temple include trade with the Levant, and transport of granite columns from the Aswan quarries. Also depicted is a famine striking the desert nomads beyond Egypt's borders, though this did not seem to have led to them exerting any pressure on Egypt itself.

Following Unas, the transition to the 6th Dynasty was peaceful, with no change in capital, and with Unas' vizier, [[Kagemni]], remaining in office under Unas' sucessor, Teti.

== Monuments and Archaeology ==

His reign is extremely significant for the modern understanding of [[Egyptian religion]] and the Pharaonic ideal of [[Divine Kingship]], for it was under Unas that the [[Pyramid Texts]], the oldest of the Egyptian funerary texts, is first recorded, inscribed in the walls of the inner chambers in the King's pyramid.

Curiously, despite having a long reign, Unas opted for a small pyramid design, the smallest of the entire Old Kingdom, charmingly named "Beautiful are the Places of Unas". Despite it's modest dimensions, the complex itself was built to an extremely high quality, with a 700m long [[causeway]] decorated with detailed, well executed scenes, many now removed to museums overseas.

These scenes are an innovation in depiction of events in the Old Kingdom, including scenes of a famine, the transport of columns, trade with Asiatics, and the first depictions of a captive [[bear]] in Egypt, as an exotic pet, shown with collar and a leash. The causeway itself is one of the best preserved in Egypt, whilst his pyramid still retains some of the fine limestone casing, particularly on the western and southern faces, where, on the latter, inscriptions added in sunk relief by [[Ramesses II]] can be seen.

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
* Malek, J (2000), The Old Kingdom in: Shaw, I (Ed.) ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', OUP, Oxford
* Dodson, A and Hilton, D (2004), ''The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt'', Thames & Hudson, London
* Montet, P (1964), ''Eternal Egypt: The Civilization of Ancient Egypt From Earliest Times to Conquest by Alexander the Great'', Phoenix, London
* Wilkinson, R (2000), The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, London
* Site visit by the author [[User:krysg|krysg]], Feb. 2008

[[Category:Pharaohs]]

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Austrian School of Economics

Unas