Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Things named after places

2009-03-30T13:22:28Z

HermanH: added another hot dog named after a city :-)

*[[France|French]] {{s2|french|fries}}
*[[Panama]] {{s2|Panama|hat}} - not made in Panama (according to Ripley's ''Believe It Or Not'')
*[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] [[Buffalo wings|wings]] - style of [[chicken]] made there
*[[Bermuda]] [[Bermuda shorts|shorts]]
*[[Canada|Canadian]] [[Canadian bacon|bacon]]
*[[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[dutch oven|oven]]
*[[England|English]] [[English muffin|muffin]]
*[[Frankfurt]]er - a [[hot dog]] named after the German city but not often eaten there
*[[Hamburg]]er - a [[hamburger|sandwich]], named after the German city
*[[Wien]]er - a [[hot dog]] sausage named for the capital of Austria (German: Wien)
*[[Parma]] [[Parma ham|ham]]
*[[Champagne (France)|Champagne]] - [[champagne]]
*[[Mayon]]naise - [[mayonnaise]] after Mayon in Menorca
*[[Denmark|Danish]] [[Danish pastries|pastries]] - called Viennese Pastries there
*[[Vaudeville]] [[vaudeville|theater]]
*[[Ebola]] - [[Ebola virus|virus]]
*[[Belgium|Belgian waffles]] [[Belgian waffles|waffles]]
*[[Shanghai]] - a [[darts]] term meaning to hit the single, double and treble of the same number in three darts.
*Bombay mix - named after the old name for [[Mumbai]].
[[Category:Items]]

Things named after places

2009-03-30T11:32:01Z

HermanH: not inappropriate, sorry, my mistake

*[[French fries]]
*[[Panama hat]] - not made in [[Panama]] (according to Ripley's ''Believe It Or Not'')
*[[Buffalo wings]] - made from [[chicken]], not [[buffalo]] meat
*[[Bermuda shorts]]
*[[Canadian Bacon]]
*[[Dutch Oven]]
*[[English muffin]]
*[[Hamburger]] - named after the city of [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]
[[Category:Items]]

Things named after places

2009-03-30T11:26:27Z

HermanH: fixed spelling on an item, removed an inappropriate item, added Hamburger

*[[French fries]]
*[[Panama hat]] - not made in [[Panama]] (according to Ripley's ''Believe It Or Not'')
*[[Buffalo wings]] - made from [[chicken]], not [[buffalo]] meat
*[[Bermuda shorts]]
*[[Canadian Bacon]]
*[[English muffin]]
*[[Hamburger]] - named after the city of [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]
[[Category:Items]]

Scott McClellan

2008-05-30T13:59:50Z

HermanH: create with basic info

Scott McClellan was [[White House]] Press Secretary from 2003 to 2006 for [[President George W. Bush]].

He is the author of the controversial 2008 memoir ''What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's Culture of Deception''.

Go

2007-05-09T09:02:57Z

HermanH: typo fix

'''Go''' is a two-player, strategical turn based board game. It originated in [[China]], probably in the third millenium BC, and is very popular in [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] as well. It didn't reach [[Europe]] and [[America]] until the end 19th century.

The rules of the game are quite simple, involving the placing of black and white stones on a grid. Despite the simple rules the game is strategically very deep, even more complex than [[chess]]<ref>[http://users.eniinternet.com/bradleym/Compare.html "Comparison between Go and Chess"], Comparison between Go and Chess by Milton N. Bradley.</ref>

==Reference==
<references />

[[Category:board games]]

Go

2007-05-09T09:01:55Z

HermanH: references

'''Go''' is a two-player, strategical turn based board game. It originated in [[China]], probably in the third millenium BC, and is very popular in [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] as well. It didn't reach [[Europe]] and [[America]] until the end 19th century.

The rules of the game are quite simple, involving the placing of black and white stones on a grid. Despite the simple rules the game is strategically very deep, even more complex than [[chess]]<ref>*[http://users.eniinternet.com/bradleym/Compare.html "Comparison between Go and Chess"], Comparison between Go and Chess by Milton M Bradley.</ref>

==Reference==
<references />

[[Category:board games]]

Go

2007-05-09T09:00:58Z

HermanH:

'''Go''' is a two-player, strategical turn based board game. It originated in [[China]], probably in the third millenium BC, and is very popular in [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] as well. It didn't reach [[Europe]] and [[America]] until the end 19th century.

The rules of the game are quite simple, involving the placing of black and white stones on a grid. Despite the simple rules the game is strategically very deep, even more complex than [[chess]]<ref>*[http://users.eniinternet.com/bradleym/Compare.html "Comparison between Go and Chess"], Comparison between Go and Chess by Milton M Bradley.</ref>

[[Category:board games]]

Go

2007-05-09T08:59:19Z

HermanH:

'''Go''' is a two-player, strategical turn based board game. It originated in [[China]], probably in the third millenium BC, and is very popular in [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] as well. It didn't reach [[Europe]] and [[America]] until the end 19th century.

The rules of the game are quite simple, involving the placing of black and white stones on a grid. Despite the simple rules the game is strategically very deep, even more complex than [[chess]]<ref>[http://users.eniinternet.com/bradleym/Compare.html] Comparison between Go and Chess</ref>

[[Category:board games]]

Go

2007-05-09T08:53:10Z

HermanH: write a bit more

Abu Ghraib prison

2007-05-09T08:10:45Z

HermanH: remove content duplicated from previous paragraph

{{stub}}
'''Abu Ghraib prison'''(Abu Ghurayb), located 20 [[Mile|miles]] (32 [[Kilometer|kilometers]]) from [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]], was a notorious [[Prison|prison]] under [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam Hussein's]] regime, and the sight of several high profile prisoner abuse cases which received much worldwide attention.

===Abu Ghraib under Saddam Hussein===

During Saddam Hussein’s rule in Iraq, countless reports of torture and execution at Abu Ghraib emerged. The US State Department records incidents at Abu Ghraib involving the amputation of prisoners’ limbs for the crime of conducting business in United States currency in 1994<ref>“Iraqis Dismembered by Saddam Received Artificial Limbs in U.S.” US State Department, 28 May 2004, http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2004&m=May&x=20040528165245cpataruK3.368777e-02 </ref> and the 2001 execution of 28 political prisoners in a wave of “prison cleansing.” <ref>Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Iraq 2001,” US State Department, March 4, 2002.
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/nea/8257.html</ref> Additionally, in a report detailing conditions in Iraq under Hussein, the White House records the execution of over 4,000 prisoners at Abu Ghraib in 1984 alone. <ref> “Life Under Saddam,” http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/04/20030404-1.html </ref>

===Abu Ghraib under Coalition Control===

According to Capt. Mark Doggett of the Australian army out of 7,800 prisoners being held in 2004 approximately 120 foreign [[jihad]]ists were being held who entered to attack Iraqi civilians and coalition allies.

:"We have people in custody who have been involved in killing Americans and others from the coalition forces. I really cannot think of a worse crime than that: murder." Doggett added, "The most common things people are being detained for include attacking coalition forces or the Iraqi people, likewise for financing attacks on forces or the Iraqi people," or being "involved in the planning of attacks." Likewise "the manufacture of improvised explosive devices. That could mean everything from procuring the necessary materials for explosive devices, through to actually manufacturing the devices, to planting them." <ref>*[http://www.theoaklandpress.com/stories/052404/opi_052454.shtml ''Abu Ghraib inmates aren't 'helpless' - they're lethal''], Deroy Murdock, The Daily Oakland Press, May 24, 2004.</ref>

===Abuse cases===

During the occupation by the U.S.-led coalition, accounts of abuse of prisoners by U. S. forces emerged and led to courts martial of several individuals, including [[Lynndie England]]. Several of the accused soldiers claimed they were acting under orders. In 2004 [[Arundhati Roy]] told a meeting of the American Sociological Association in Berkeley broadcast on [[Democracy Now]],

:''Each of the Iraqi children killed by the United States was our child. Each prisoner tortured in Abu Ghraib was our comrade''.<ref>[http://nobsnews.blogspot.com/2004/08/arundhati-roy-transcript.html Transcript of Arundhati Roy] Speaking to American Sociological Association, from ''Democracy Now''</ref>

Capt. Doggett reported that only one journalists inquired about the nature of the actions that that led to internment for prisoners being held. Responding to the public release of the Abu Ghraib abuse photographs, then Secretary of Defense, Donald H. Rumsfeld, explained,
:“I feel terrible about what happened to these Iraqi detainees. They are human beings. They were in U.S. custody. Our country had an obligation to treat them right. We didn’t do that. That was wrong. To those Iraqis who were mistreated by members of U.S. armed forces, I offer my deepest apology. It was un-American. And it was inconsistent with the values of our nation.”<ref> Testimony as Prepared by Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, The Senate and House Armed Services Committees, Friday, May 07, 2004. http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=118</ref>

Army Reserve Brigadier General, Janis Karpinski, who assumed leadership of the prison on June 30, 2003, received a reprimand and was demoted to Colonel on charges of dereliction of duty.<ref>http://www.washingtontimes.com/functions/print.php?StoryID=20040526-120928-8194r</ref>

Nine members of the armed forces received courts martial for crimes depicted in the photographs. Of the more prominent perpetrators, Army Specialist Charles Graner received a 10-year prison sentence for his participation in abuse and sexual humiliation of prisoners. At his trial he repeatedly insisted that he was simply following commands issued by his superior officers. Private First Class, Lynndie England, received three years in prison and a dishonorable discharge. Sabrina Harmon, photgraphed beside a deceased prisoner, received a sentence of six months.

On May 24, 2004 President George W. Bush summarized the affair, “Under the dictator, prisons like Abu Ghraib were symbols of death and torture. That same prison became a symbol of disgraceful conduct by a few American troops who dishonored our country and disregarded our values...”<ref> Presidential Remarks at United States War College, May 24, 2004.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/05/20040524-1 0.html</ref>

==Reference==
<references />

==External Links==

'''Warning: These photographs are quite graphic'''
*[http://www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/introduction/] Salon.com Abu Ghraib Photo Archives

Chess

2007-05-07T14:18:04Z

HermanH: add relation to chinese and japanese versions of chess

[[Image:Staunton chess set.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A typical chess set and tournament clock.]]
'''Chess''' is a turn-based board game for two players, and is one of the most popular games in the world. The goal of the game is to place the opposing king into ''checkmate'', that is, a position in which the king is attacked and cannot escape from this situation.

Modern international chess has a powerful, sweeping [[queen]] who was not in the original game. The long reach of bishops today was also lacking at first. Maneuvers such as castling or capturing en passant have been developed within the past few hundred years.

Today, chess is one of the most popular board games in the world. International competition, including world championship events, is organized by an organization called FIDE and American competition organized by the USCF (United States Chess Federation). The only American world champion was [[Bobby Fischer]]. The current world champion is Russian Vladimir Kramnik.

==Origins==
Chess has its roots in [[India]], where locals played a game called Shaturanga. The earliest extant description of the game is contained in the [[Bhavishya Purana]], which dates from A.D. 300 to A.D. 600. Shaturanga used [[dice]], but [[Hinduism]] bans gambling. As a result, the game of chess developed free from any dice or chance. [[European]] travelers visited India in the 15th century, and brought back knowledge of the game, and modern chess was developed in southern Europe.

There has been some speculation that chess has roots in [[China]], and that is is related to [[XiangQi]] (Chinese Chess) and [[Shogi]] (Japanese Chess).

==The Board==
The chess board is a square, divided into 64 smaller squares aranged in eight rows of eight. The squares are alternating light and dark, with a light square in the bottom right hand corner. A chess board is the same as a [[Checkers|checkerboard]].

The horizontal rows of squares are refered to as "ranks" and the vertical rows are refered to as "files".

==Pieces==
[[Image:StauntonPieces.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Staunton Style chess pieces. From left to right: King, Queen, Bishop, Knight, Rook, and Pawn.]]
Each player has a total of 16 pieces; 8 pawns, 2 knights, 2 bishops, 2 rooks, 1 queen, 1 king. 

===Relative Value of Pieces===
There are several different ideas about the relative value of the pieces. It is important to note that the "points" used to assign a value to each piece are hypothetical and do not constitute a score.

The method most often used is:
*Pawn--1
*Knight--3 (some say 2.5)
*Bishop--3
*Rook--5
*Queen--9
*King--Priceless (although in an endgame, the King has an attacking power of about 3)

===Style===
The most popular style of pieces are known as Staunton style pieces, the tournament standard for chess pieces, although other types exist. Often, popular themed chess sets will appear with characters from popular culture or fiction taking the places of the more common Staunton style pieces. These novelty pieces are not tournament sanctioned however, and can sometimes cause confusion during gameplay as to which piece is which.

Although chess pieces can come in a variety of materials, marble and glass tend to be very popular, but for most chess tournaments, simple plastic pieces are usually favored. Also, while many home chess sets use heavy boards made out of wood or stone or some polymer material, tournament boards are actually roll-able mats with the board printed on it.

==Gameplay ==

The object of the game is to checkmate the other player's '''King''' before he checkmates your king. When a pawn reaches the far side of the board, it may be promoted to any other piece (except a King).

*The players alternate moving until the game has ended.
*The player with the White pieces always moves first.

===Movement===
The pieces move as follows.
*The '''pawn''' moves one square forward, except when moving from it's opening position, when it can optionally move two. The pawn is the only piece that captures in a way different from the way it moves. It captures opposing pieces by capturing one square diagonally forward. When another piece is on the square directly in front of a pawn it cannot move unless it is making a capture. 
*The '''knight''', which is the only piece that can jump over other pieces, moves one square in one straight direction and two in the other. 
*The '''bishop''' can move as many squares as desired diagonally. 
*The '''rook''' can move as many squares as desired in a straight direction. 
*The '''queen''' is the most powerful piece in the board. It can move as many squares as desired (without jumping over another piece), either straight or diagonally. 
*The '''king''', which is the most important piece on the board, moves one square, either straight or diagonally.

====Capturing====

All pieces except for the pawn capture along their lines of motion. A capture is made by moving a piece to a square occupied by one of the opponent's pieces, and removing the opponent's piece from the board. If a piece can move to occupy the location of an opponent's piece, it can capture that piece. The '''pawn''', can only capture by moving diagonally forward one square. A piece is said to be undefended if it has no piece "supporting" its position - i.e., preventing an opponent from capturing it by threat of losing his attacking piece.

====Special Moves====
*'''Castling'''- When a player has no pieces between a rook and his king, and he has not moved either piece, he can move the king two squares in the direction of the rook, and then place the rook on the square that the king passed over. A player cannot castle if the King is currently in check, would be in check after castling, or would move through a square which is under attack.
*'''en passant'''- French for "In passing." In chess, if a player pushes his pawn far down to the end of the board, and his opponent pushes a starting pawn 2 spaces ahead, to put the pawn on the same row to avoid confrontation, the player may choose to invoke the "en passant" move, which treats the enemy pawn as though it had only moved one space. The player may capture diagonally on the square '''behind''' the enemy pawn, and remove the enemy pawn. The principle is that the two space rule for a pawn's first move cannot be used to avoid confrontation between two pawns. However, the player may only invoke "en passant" on the first turn after the opponent pushes his pawn. He cannot make it after than turn.

===The end of the game===
The game ends either with one player winning by checkmating his opponent's king, or in a draw with niether player winning.

====Checkmate====
Checkmate is achieved when the following conditions are met.
* The King is directly attacked by an opponent's piece. (Check)
* Every square that the King can move to is also attacked by an opponent's piece.
* The Piece that is attacking the King cannot be captured.
* Another Piece cannot be moved in between to cut off the attack on the King.
When the King is checkmated, The game is over, and the player who checkmated the other player's king is the winner.

====Draw====
There are several ways that the game can end in a draw. One of these is stalemate, which is described below. Additionally, the players can mutually agree to a draw, or a draw can be claimed if each player has made fifty consecutive moves without a pawn move or a capture, or if the same position has appeared on the board three times.

=====Stalemate=====
A player is stalemated when he cannot make a legal move, and is not in check.

==Notation==
Chess notation is used to record the moves of a chess game. This has several uses. Notation can be used to record games for review at a later time. There are two major methods of chess notation, Algebraic and Descriptive.

===Algebraic===
Algebraic is the more commonly used method of notation.

===Descriptive===

== Strategy==
===Moves which win material===
There are several basic types of moves that win material.
====The Fork====
When a player makes a move which attacks 2 of his opponent's pieces simultaneously with one piece of his own, it is called a '''fork'''. This forces his opponent to essentially, choose which piece he will lose. Knights are especially adept at Forking because their method of movement allows them to attack any other kind of piece without being under attack from that piece. Forks in which the enemy King is one of the pieces under attack are especially effective because they force the opponent to move the king, leaving no choice as to which piece to move. While the knight is the most adept at forking, all of the other pieces are capable of it.

One example of the fork is called '''"The Pickle"'''. A inexperienced player can be tricked into losing one of his rooks in the following manner. You move your king pawn forward 2 squares. Your opponent pushes his kings pawn up 2 squares as well. (the most common response) You move your queen out diagonally to the right all the way to the edge of the board. If the other player is ambitious, they will most likely advance the knight's pawn 1 square to attack your queen. At that point, you move to capture your opponent's king pawn with your queen. This will place the king in check, forcing him to block the check with a piece. Then, since he moved his knight's pawn, the path will be clear for you to capture the kings rook. this sets you up with one of his rooks out of the way, and you have control over the center of the board.

====The Pin====
When a player makes a move so that an opponent's piece is in between his attacking piece and another more valuable enemy piece, the move is called a '''"pin"'''. Pinning creates a situation in which the opponent cannot move the piece in question without losing the more valuable piece behind it, effectively "pinning" the piece. A pinned piece can be easily taken.

====The Skewer====
The Skewer is the opposite of the pin. When a player makes a move so that an opponent's valuable piece is directly between his attacking piece and another of the opponents less valuable pieces it is called a skewer. The Skewer forces the opponent to move his more valuable piece out of the way which allows the player to capture the less valuable piece behind it. This especially effective when the King is the skewered piece because the it leaves the opponent with no choice.

===Other Strategy===
====Doubling Rooks====
Placing both Rooks together in a rank or file with no pieces in between is a powerful method of attack, because each rook defends the other.

====Sacrificing====
When a player intentionally allows one of his own pieces to be taken in exchange for better position, this is called '''Sacrificing'''. Often, the piece is offered in an attempt to get the players opponent to weaken his own defenses by capturing with a piece that had been in a good defensive position.

==Chess Variants==
There are a number of games based on chess with rule variations, and these are referred to as ''chess variants''. One of the most popular of these is ''Bughouse'', a partner-based game in which a player who captures his opponent's piece can give it to a partner on another board to drop on a square of his choosing. Another is ''Kriegspiel'', a game in which a player can see his pieces but not that of his opponent. [http://www.chessvariants.com/incinf.dir/kriegspiel.html] A simpler variant is ''Antichess'', which is also called ''Suicide chess'', in which a player must make a capturing move if any legal captures exist on the board, and in which the goal is to run out of pieces first.

==External links==
:[http://www.fide.com/ FIDE] - World Chess Federation
:[http://www.uschess.org USCF] - United States Chess Federation
:[http://www.iccf.com/ ICCF] - International Correspondence Chess Federation
:[http://www.chess-players.org/eng/index.html ACP] - Association of Chess Professionals
[[Category:board games]]

Chess

2007-05-07T14:12:01Z

HermanH: remove reference to search popularity list, not indicative of general popularity of the game

[[Image:Staunton chess set.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A typical chess set and tournament clock.]]
'''Chess''' is a turn-based board game for two players, and is one of the most popular games in the world. The goal of the game is to place the opposing king into ''checkmate'', that is, a position in which the king is attacked and cannot escape from this situation.

Modern international chess has a powerful, sweeping [[queen]] who was not in the original game. The long reach of bishops today was also lacking at first. Maneuvers such as castling or capturing en passant have been developed within the past few hundred years.

Today, chess is one of the most popular board games in the world. International competition, including world championship events, is organized by an organization called FIDE and American competition organized by the USCF (United States Chess Federation). The only American world champion was [[Bobby Fischer]]. The current world champion is Russian Vladimir Kramnik.

==Origins==
Chess has its roots in [[India]], where locals played a game called Shaturanga. The earliest extant description of the game is contained in the [[Bhavishya Purana]], which dates from A.D. 300 to A.D. 600. Shaturanga used [[dice]], but [[Hinduism]] bans gambling. As a result, the game of chess developed free from any dice or chance. [[European]] travelers visited India in the 15th century, and brought back knowledge of the game, and modern chess was developed in southern Europe.

==The Board==
The chess board is a square, divided into 64 smaller squares aranged in eight rows of eight. The squares are alternating light and dark, with a light square in the bottom right hand corner. A chess board is the same as a [[Checkers|checkerboard]].

The horizontal rows of squares are refered to as "ranks" and the vertical rows are refered to as "files".

==Pieces==
[[Image:StauntonPieces.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Staunton Style chess pieces. From left to right: King, Queen, Bishop, Knight, Rook, and Pawn.]]
Each player has a total of 16 pieces; 8 pawns, 2 knights, 2 bishops, 2 rooks, 1 queen, 1 king. 

===Relative Value of Pieces===
There are several different ideas about the relative value of the pieces. It is important to note that the "points" used to assign a value to each piece are hypothetical and do not constitute a score.

The method most often used is:
*Pawn--1
*Knight--3 (some say 2.5)
*Bishop--3
*Rook--5
*Queen--9
*King--Priceless (although in an endgame, the King has an attacking power of about 3)

===Style===
The most popular style of pieces are known as Staunton style pieces, the tournament standard for chess pieces, although other types exist. Often, popular themed chess sets will appear with characters from popular culture or fiction taking the places of the more common Staunton style pieces. These novelty pieces are not tournament sanctioned however, and can sometimes cause confusion during gameplay as to which piece is which.

Although chess pieces can come in a variety of materials, marble and glass tend to be very popular, but for most chess tournaments, simple plastic pieces are usually favored. Also, while many home chess sets use heavy boards made out of wood or stone or some polymer material, tournament boards are actually roll-able mats with the board printed on it.

==Gameplay ==

The object of the game is to checkmate the other player's '''King''' before he checkmates your king. When a pawn reaches the far side of the board, it may be promoted to any other piece (except a King).

*The players alternate moving until the game has ended.
*The player with the White pieces always moves first.

===Movement===
The pieces move as follows.
*The '''pawn''' moves one square forward, except when moving from it's opening position, when it can optionally move two. The pawn is the only piece that captures in a way different from the way it moves. It captures opposing pieces by capturing one square diagonally forward. When another piece is on the square directly in front of a pawn it cannot move unless it is making a capture. 
*The '''knight''', which is the only piece that can jump over other pieces, moves one square in one straight direction and two in the other. 
*The '''bishop''' can move as many squares as desired diagonally. 
*The '''rook''' can move as many squares as desired in a straight direction. 
*The '''queen''' is the most powerful piece in the board. It can move as many squares as desired (without jumping over another piece), either straight or diagonally. 
*The '''king''', which is the most important piece on the board, moves one square, either straight or diagonally.

====Capturing====

All pieces except for the pawn capture along their lines of motion. A capture is made by moving a piece to a square occupied by one of the opponent's pieces, and removing the opponent's piece from the board. If a piece can move to occupy the location of an opponent's piece, it can capture that piece. The '''pawn''', can only capture by moving diagonally forward one square. A piece is said to be undefended if it has no piece "supporting" its position - i.e., preventing an opponent from capturing it by threat of losing his attacking piece.

====Special Moves====
*'''Castling'''- When a player has no pieces between a rook and his king, and he has not moved either piece, he can move the king two squares in the direction of the rook, and then place the rook on the square that the king passed over. A player cannot castle if the King is currently in check, would be in check after castling, or would move through a square which is under attack.
*'''en passant'''- French for "In passing." In chess, if a player pushes his pawn far down to the end of the board, and his opponent pushes a starting pawn 2 spaces ahead, to put the pawn on the same row to avoid confrontation, the player may choose to invoke the "en passant" move, which treats the enemy pawn as though it had only moved one space. The player may capture diagonally on the square '''behind''' the enemy pawn, and remove the enemy pawn. The principle is that the two space rule for a pawn's first move cannot be used to avoid confrontation between two pawns. However, the player may only invoke "en passant" on the first turn after the opponent pushes his pawn. He cannot make it after than turn.

===The end of the game===
The game ends either with one player winning by checkmating his opponent's king, or in a draw with niether player winning.

====Checkmate====
Checkmate is achieved when the following conditions are met.
* The King is directly attacked by an opponent's piece. (Check)
* Every square that the King can move to is also attacked by an opponent's piece.
* The Piece that is attacking the King cannot be captured.
* Another Piece cannot be moved in between to cut off the attack on the King.
When the King is checkmated, The game is over, and the player who checkmated the other player's king is the winner.

====Draw====
There are several ways that the game can end in a draw. One of these is stalemate, which is described below. Additionally, the players can mutually agree to a draw, or a draw can be claimed if each player has made fifty consecutive moves without a pawn move or a capture, or if the same position has appeared on the board three times.

=====Stalemate=====
A player is stalemated when he cannot make a legal move, and is not in check.

==Notation==
Chess notation is used to record the moves of a chess game. This has several uses. Notation can be used to record games for review at a later time. There are two major methods of chess notation, Algebraic and Descriptive.

===Algebraic===
Algebraic is the more commonly used method of notation.

===Descriptive===

== Strategy==
===Moves which win material===
There are several basic types of moves that win material.
====The Fork====
When a player makes a move which attacks 2 of his opponent's pieces simultaneously with one piece of his own, it is called a '''fork'''. This forces his opponent to essentially, choose which piece he will lose. Knights are especially adept at Forking because their method of movement allows them to attack any other kind of piece without being under attack from that piece. Forks in which the enemy King is one of the pieces under attack are especially effective because they force the opponent to move the king, leaving no choice as to which piece to move. While the knight is the most adept at forking, all of the other pieces are capable of it.

One example of the fork is called '''"The Pickle"'''. A inexperienced player can be tricked into losing one of his rooks in the following manner. You move your king pawn forward 2 squares. Your opponent pushes his kings pawn up 2 squares as well. (the most common response) You move your queen out diagonally to the right all the way to the edge of the board. If the other player is ambitious, they will most likely advance the knight's pawn 1 square to attack your queen. At that point, you move to capture your opponent's king pawn with your queen. This will place the king in check, forcing him to block the check with a piece. Then, since he moved his knight's pawn, the path will be clear for you to capture the kings rook. this sets you up with one of his rooks out of the way, and you have control over the center of the board.

====The Pin====
When a player makes a move so that an opponent's piece is in between his attacking piece and another more valuable enemy piece, the move is called a '''"pin"'''. Pinning creates a situation in which the opponent cannot move the piece in question without losing the more valuable piece behind it, effectively "pinning" the piece. A pinned piece can be easily taken.

====The Skewer====
The Skewer is the opposite of the pin. When a player makes a move so that an opponent's valuable piece is directly between his attacking piece and another of the opponents less valuable pieces it is called a skewer. The Skewer forces the opponent to move his more valuable piece out of the way which allows the player to capture the less valuable piece behind it. This especially effective when the King is the skewered piece because the it leaves the opponent with no choice.

===Other Strategy===
====Doubling Rooks====
Placing both Rooks together in a rank or file with no pieces in between is a powerful method of attack, because each rook defends the other.

====Sacrificing====
When a player intentionally allows one of his own pieces to be taken in exchange for better position, this is called '''Sacrificing'''. Often, the piece is offered in an attempt to get the players opponent to weaken his own defenses by capturing with a piece that had been in a good defensive position.

==Chess Variants==
There are a number of games based on chess with rule variations, and these are referred to as ''chess variants''. One of the most popular of these is ''Bughouse'', a partner-based game in which a player who captures his opponent's piece can give it to a partner on another board to drop on a square of his choosing. Another is ''Kriegspiel'', a game in which a player can see his pieces but not that of his opponent. [http://www.chessvariants.com/incinf.dir/kriegspiel.html] A simpler variant is ''Antichess'', which is also called ''Suicide chess'', in which a player must make a capturing move if any legal captures exist on the board, and in which the goal is to run out of pieces first.

==External links==
:[http://www.fide.com/ FIDE] - World Chess Federation
:[http://www.uschess.org USCF] - United States Chess Federation
:[http://www.iccf.com/ ICCF] - International Correspondence Chess Federation
:[http://www.chess-players.org/eng/index.html ACP] - Association of Chess Professionals
[[Category:board games]]