Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Japanese animation

2018-05-06T22:12:07Z

Heterosrule: Added more information about anime

The '''Japanese animation''' industry has attracted much interest in the West, with [[English]]-speaking fans avidly adopting Japanese terminology such as ''anime'' (short for "animation", but used almost exclusively to refer to animated features originating from [[Japan]]) and even ''otaku'' (a derogatory term meaning "obsessive fan",<ref>[http://www.beneaththetangles.com/the-christians-guide-to-anime-and-otaku-dom/ The Christian's Guide to Anime and Otaku-dom] at Beneath the Tangles</ref> the Western equivalents of which are likewise derogatorily called "fanboys" and "fangirls"). The term anime (アニメ) is the short form of the Japanese word ''animeeshon'' (アニメーション), which is itself derived from the English word ''animation''.<ref name="Anime">[http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Anime Anime] at TV Tropes</ref> Anime shares a similar visual style with its print couterpart ''manga'' and both are derived from the works of Japanese artists such as Osamu Tezuka.<ref name="Anime"/>

The best known ''anime'' director in Japan is [[Hayao Miyazaki]], founder of [[Studio Ghibli]] and famous for ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]'', ''[[Spirited Away]]'' and ''Princess Mononoke''.

As in the West, Japanese animation tends to follow Japanese comic book styles (called ''[[manga]]''). An author/illustrator of a manga is called a manga-ka. Many anime begin as manga in magazines such as ''Weekly Shounen Jump'', one of the most popular compilations in Japan. In the "Weekly Shounen Jump" is a manga called Owari no Seraph, which features two very blatantly homosexual protagonists! It's great. MikaYuu might be canon some day if we're all lucky. Anyways, they're really gay.

In recent years, the translation process of anime and manga has come under criticism for the process of "Americanization". This process is the editing of the original works so that they can be made more acceptable for the American public. Episodes are known to be shortened to add more time for commercials. Religious influences and [[homosexuality]] are removed so that anime can be shown and marketed to younger audiences. Some directors adopt a policy of "no cuts", where their works cannot be altered and are more literal translations. If this condition is not met, the director will not allow his work to be translated. Some groups of bilingual speakers have, thus, taken to providing "unofficial" translations for the general public, uploaded to the internet for free. This was one of the major controversies of the SOPA bill that was recently a major issue.

Some non-Japanese cartoons, particularly such shows as ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'', ''My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic'', ''Totally Spies!'', ''The Amazing Spiez'', ''Code Lyoko'', ''The Boondocks'' and ''Kappa Mikey'', have anime-influenced artwork and appearances (with ''Kappa Mikey'' and ''Totally Spies!'' and its spinoff ''The Amazing Spiez'' being the most anime-like in appearance and feel), showing a heavy influence by the anime style.

==Anime genres==
===Shonen (少年)===
Japanese for ''young boy'', Shounen is the most popular genre in Japan and the most well known outside the country. Aimed at young teen boys, Shounen are often action/adventure series featuring martial arts, Japanese and Chinese folklore, simplistic animation and conceptual fantasy and science fiction. Popular titles that have been translated to English include ''[[Astro Boy]]'', ''Gigantor'', ''The Amazing 3'', ''Jungle Taitei'' (adapted for American audiences as ''Kimba the White Lion''), ''[[Speed Racer]]'', ''Science Ninja Team Gatchaman'' (adapted for American audiences by Sandy Frank as ''Battle of the Planets'' and later by [[Ted Turner]] as ''G-Force: Guardians of Space''), ''Star Blazers'', ''Force Five'', ''Captain Harlock'', ''[[Robotech]]'', ''[[Naruto]]'', ''Bleach'', ''[[One Piece]]'', ''[[Dragonball]]''/''[[Dragon Ball Z|Z]]'', ''Gundam'', ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]'', ''Prince of Tennis'', and ''[[Sgt. Frog]]''. ''Pokémon'', the 1990s superfad, is also Shonen. 

===Shojo (少女)===
Japanese for ''young girl'', Shoujo is also popular outside of Japan, with such famous dubs as ''Sally the Witch'', ''Princess Knight'', ''Laura the Prairie Girl'' (an adaptation of [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]]'s ''Little House'' books), ''Candy Candy'', ''Sailor Moon'', ''Cardcaptor Sakura'' (''Cardcaptors'' in America), ''Tokyo Mew Mew'' and ''Fruits Basket''. Within Shoujo there is the subgenre of Magical Girl, where an otherwise average Japanese girl has magical powers with which she saves the world. More often than Shounen, Shoujo are romance tales or rely heavily on romance in the plot. The heroine is often saving the world by night and snagging the boy of her dreams by day. 

===Seinen (青年)===
Japanese for ''young man'', Seinen (or seijin) targets the 18 to 40 male audience, though it is not uncommon to find much older men reading manga on the train ride to work. Good examples of seinen anime and manga include: ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'', ''Gunslinger Girl'', ''Bartender'', ''Yokohama Kaidashi Kikou'', ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]'', ''Elfen Lied'', ''Aria'', ''Bokura no'', ''[[Hetalia: Axis Powers]]'', as well as the feature films of [[Satoshi Kon]] and [[Makoto Shinkai]]. Titles like ''Cowboy Bebop'' and ''Ghost in the Shell'' are considered classics, while ''Cowboy Bebop'' was the first anime aired on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block. Seinen shares many elements with shounen, but is often darker and more mature (or immature, depending on the sense of humor) than Shounen, with horror, mystery and suspense. Sometimes, seinen manga features graphic violence, for example in the film ''[[Akira]]''. Often it will also take a slice-of-life look at stories, and provide deeper character insights than shounen action-driven works. 

===Josei (女性)===
Japanese for ''young woman'', and targets women in the 18 to 40 age band. Can also be referred to as "redisu" and "redikomi", the latter being taken from the English "lady comic". It differs from shoujo in that the artistic styles of josei tend to be more realistic and restrained, and the stories tend to be more realistic and mature. Examples of josei manga and anime are ''Paradise Kiss'', ''Hataraki Man'' and ''Honey and Clover''. 

===Kodomo (子供向け)===
Japanese for ''child'', Kodomo are the cartoons most like American cartoons, as in for small children. They are often moral teachings with simple animation. ''Astro Boy'' is the first anime brought to America, having the notoriety that comes with being a child icon for 60 years. Modern titles include ''Hamtaro'' and ''[[Doraemon]]''. 

===Sports===
The best anime genre is sports anime because they're all aggressively homosexual within the social sphere that heterosexuals think they have dominated. Perhaps the best example of this is Yuri on Ice, the greatest anime of all time because it features two men getting engaged in a same-sex marriage. It's life changing, you all should watch it :) 

==Anime and Christianity==
[[Christianity]] is a minority religion in Japan, whose majority faith is [[Shinto]] (with [[Buddhism]] also prominent to a lesser extent); as a result, very few anime series are influenced by Christianity in that country. Of the few that are, notable ones include ''Haibane Renmei'', ''Bunny Drop'' and ''Clannad''.<ref>[http://www.beneaththetangles.com/the-christians-guide-to-anime-and-otaku-dom/christian-anime-recommendations/ Anime Recommendations for Christian Viewers] at Beneath the Tangles</ref> At least three anime adaptations for the Christian story ''A Dog of Flanders'' also exist (two being standard anime series, and one being a feature-length film based on one of the aforementioned series). The ''Pokémon'' anime series, at least the original series, also had some Christian influences, such as the character Brock making a reference to the [[Book of Genesis]] in one episode, the character Misty attempting to ward a Gastly off via a crucifix in another episode, and James's (fake) flashback to his childhood depicted him supposedly dying with his Growlithe near the steps of a church, referencing similar scenes from ''The Dog of Flanders'' and/or ''The Little Orphan'' (all of which were surprisingly retained in the Dub). In addition, a major subplot for the first movie had the character Mewtwo questioning its existence, including wondering whether it was in fact created by God, with it being explicitly mentioned that, besides humans, only God has the ability to create things (which, unlike the other examples, was cut from the 4Kids Dub for the movie.). In addition, ''Pocket Monsters: The Animation'', an adaptation for the anime in book form, implied that Pokémon themselves originated as an extra species created by God during the six days of creation, more specifically when he "doodled" them during the seventh day of rest.<ref>http://cindysuke.tumblr.com/post/34817930237/the-facts-about-pokemon-world-lol</ref>

==Criticism of anime==
Anime has come under criticism over the years by animation purists due to most, if not all, anime shows (particularly the more recent shows from the 1980s onward) looking stylistically similar in their artwork and lacking a clear-cut distinction between styles,<ref>[http://www.escapistmagazine.com/forums/read/18.247476-Criticism-of-Anime-and-Manga Criticism of Anime and Manga]</ref> as well as being considered inferior in visual style to American animation.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/notes/i-hate-anime/our-reasons-for-not-liking-anime/556774851034596 Our reasons for not liking anime]</ref> The anime genre has also been criticized for the inclusion of such above-mentioned subject matter as homosexuality, pedophilia, pornography (which has its own anime subgenre, ''hentai''), horror and graphic violence, which tend to make such shows taboo for younger viewers. Another glaring criticism of anime is the poor adaptation of many such shows into English, with poor voice acting (in particular, making some characters sound childish), nonsensically-interpreted storylines and dialogue (especially when the dialogue and/or its tone do not match how a particular character feels in a scene), the changing of character names to ridiculous-sounding names,<ref>[http://www.cornponeflicks.org/harlock/ZIVharlock.html ''Captain Harlock'' vols. one and two by ZIV International] at the Captain Harlock Archives</ref> and the elimination of Japanese cultural references and their replacement with more recognizable pop culture for English-speaking audiences; while done with the intent of sanitizing the translated anime to make it more kid-friendly, such shows end up looking and sounding farcical and non-serious.<ref>[http://ca.ign.com/articles/2008/05/30/anime-adaptations Anime Adaptations]</ref><ref>[http://fanlore.org/wiki/Anime Anime] at Fanlore Wiki</ref> The most looked down-upon aspect of anime is its hardcore segment of fans (the above-mentioned ''otakus''), who often violently react in extreme, histrionic and illogical fashion to any criticism of the anime genre (including even making death threats to the critics and others who are not anime fans<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/notes/i-hate-anime/questions-asked-when-overprotective-anime-fans-come-to-this-page/815531001825645 Questions asked when overprotective anime fans come to this page]</ref>), giving such fans much in common with [[liberal]]s who react in similar fashion to any criticism of any of the liberal sacred cows like "global warming", the homosexual agenda, abortion, feminism, socialism and Islam.

==References==
<references/>

==Links==
*[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/ Anime News Network]
*[http://www.funimation.com/ FUNimation Entertainment]

{{Image request|A example of the style of art used in anime.}}
[[Category:Japan]]
[[Category:Anime]]
[[Category:Culture]]

Richard I

2018-05-06T21:52:08Z

Heterosrule: Fixed grammar errors

King '''Richard I''' of England lived September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199. He was King of [[England]] from 1189 to 1199. He is an important figure in many stories about the [[crusades]] such as Sir Walter Scott's "The Talisman" and participated in the Third Crusade where his forces performed admirably against [[Saladin]].

==Lineage==
He was from the Royal House of [[Plantagenet]], although this name was not adopted until later. At the time, he, his father (King [[Henry II]]) and brother ([[King John]]), were collectively known as the House of [[Anjou]] (or the [[Angevin]]s) as they descended from Count Geoffrey of Anjou, whose nickname was Plantagenet (from the sprig of 'planta genesta', a type of broom, that was worn as the family emblem.) Geoffrey married the Empress [[Matilda]] (aka Maud), daughter of the English King [[Henry I]], who fought her cousin King [[Stephen]] for the English throne. The treaty which ended this struggle saw her cede the throne to Stephen in return for her son (King [[Henry II]]) being made his heir.

==French Ties==
King Richard was known as Coeur de Lion (the Lionheart). At this time, the English court was almost entirely French in character and language, being directly descended from [[William the Conqueror|King William the Duke of Normandy]] and including the lands of [[Anjou]] and [[Aquitaine]] in modern-day France. Indeed, the largest land holder in France, was King Richard. He spoke no English - his native tongue was the regional dialect French of [[Poitou]]. His body was buried in Poitou, and his heart in Rouen Cathedral in his ancestral [[Normandy]].

==Family and early years==
He was the second oldest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine . He was not expected to ascend the throne, his elder brother Henry would become King of England. But he was always his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine’s favor. From an early age, he had already being known for his extraordinary military ability and great courage on the battlefield. He also had a great reputation of chivalry and energy in protecting pilgrims whom passing though his own territory.

According to Henry II ‘s plan, his eldest son Henry would become King of England and have control of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy, while Richard would inherit Aquitaine from his mother and become Count of Poitiers, and his younger brother Geoffrey would get Brittany through marriage alliance with Constance, the heiress to the region. Richard was betrothed to Alys, fourth daughter of Louis VII of France.

In 1171 Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of his mother Eleanor. Together they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's Monastery in Limoges.

In 1173, Henry the young King made a rebellion against Henry II, it is believe Eleanor manipulated her sons. He went to Louis VII for support, Richard and Geoffrey made an alliance with their brother. The 5 –year- old John remained with Henry at that time. The war lasts for a year. Louis made a peace treaty with Henry II alone after he raised the siege of Rouen in France, Richard was specifically excluded in the treaty. Being abandoned by Louis, Richard had to face the whole army of his father. He went to Henry’s court then weeping, and asked for forgiveness. Henry gave him the kiss of peace. His brothers joined him and reconciliated with their father later.

Henry the young King became increasingly jealous on him and demanded him pay homage but Richard refused. In 1183, Henry the young King and Geoffrey invaded Aquitaine, Bertrand de Born, Count of Hautefort, who was Richard's rival in minstrelsy also joined them. But Richard successfully hold them back. In June 11, 1183, the young King died.

King Henry demanded Richard give up Aquitaine to his youngest son John, Richard refused. Henry soon gave John permission to invade Aquitaine. In 1188, the war broke up; Richard paid homage to Philip Augustus, King of France in addition with Normandy and Anjou in exchange of an alliance. They defeated Henry’s army at Ballans. Henry died in 6 July 1189. According to report, Richard was unhorsed by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke during the war which give William the reputation of the only man ever to unhorse Richard, he then insulted the future King with words that “no one could ever bear”, but later, Richard welcomed and included him in the council of regency in his absence for Crusade as his chivalrous character. Richard was crowned as King of England at Westminster on Sept 3.

==Crusade==

Towards the end of 1187, when the news of fall of the Jerusalem reached him, Richard took the Cross. Philip Augustus and Henry II had subsequently followed his example. After the coronation, Richard swore an oath to renounce his past sin in order to show his worthy to take the Cross. He sold sheriffdoms, justiceships, church lands, and set all kinds of positions for biding and spent most of his father’s treasure in raising and equipping crusaders. He even made bidding for the position of chancellor, William Longchamp, his own chancellor kept his position with £3,000. It is reported he said "I would have sold London if I could find a buyer." He raised around 8000 men and 100 ships.

In 1189, Richard crossed Calais and met Philip Augustus whom also started Crusade. He reached Marseilles and arrived in Messina then waited for the spring. Because his betrothed Alys, who is Philip’s sister had affair with his father, Richard refused to marry her, as a Christian, such a marriage is intolerable. Richard then betrothed to Berengaria of Navarre. This is the start of the lifelong hostile between him and Philip.

In June 10, 1190, their main partner in the crusade, Holy Roman emperor Frederick I, famous known as Barbarossa drowned when he across the Saleph River which is now part of Turkey .Germans then left the Crusade. Since Fredrick has the largest army among them, almost 10 times larger than the English and French combined, this significantly weakened the third Crusade.
In1191, the ships carrying Richard’s fiancée Berengaria and his sister Joan which are on their way to catch up with him was anchored around coast of Cyprus. They were threatened and were put into prison by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. Richard came to their rescue, he ordered Isaac release the prisoner, but he refused. Richard then captured the island, and overthrew Komnenos. He married Berengaria in the Chapel of St George on Cyprus in May 12. 1191.

Richard arrived at Acre at June 8, 1191, but he was seriously sick. Even when he was being carried on a stretcher, he took out guards on the wall with his crossbow. He liberated Acre in July 12, 1191. However, Philip Augustus left the Crusade at that point. The French’s left furthermore weaken the Crusade, the rest of the armies are not large enough to liberate Jerusalem.
Although in the hard situation, Richard then defeated Saladin at Arsuf on 7 September 1191, and then liberated Jaffa. These victories secured the way access to Jerusalem. In the first time, Christians in the Holy Land were relieved from the threat of Saladin. The armies then advanced into the Holy City, but the size of the armies made Richard decide to retreated back to the coast.
He made another attempt marching into Jerusalem but again, he decided to retreat. In the spring of 1192, news reached to Richard that his brother John started a revolt against him back in England with the support of Philip Augustus whom had already came back to France. Without too many options, Richard had to go home. But He has to try everything he can to guarantee Christian’s security in Holy Land after his left.

==Battle of Jaffa==
After Richard’s withdraw, Saladin seized the opportunity and reinvaded Jaffa which served as headquarter for Crusaders at Jerusalem campaign. Facing massive enemies, although fought bravely but Christians were quickly outnumbered, the survivors retreated into the citadel. News reached to Richard, he immediately came to rescue. He divided his army into two. The main army under Templars marched into Jaffa though land which he expected they would be blocked on their way and it happened indeed. Meanwhile, he led a small army approach Jaffa by sea. At first, they thought there are no survivors, but when he saw a Christian flag weaving from the citadel in the city, Richard leaped into the sea and waded through the waves to reach the wall . The king led 54 knights, a few hundred infantrymen, and about 2,000 crossbowmen charge into the city. Christian prisoners in the city seized their arms and resumed fight. Being stunned by Richard’s assaulting, Muslims were quickly collapsed and fled.

But this was just beginning, after being driven out of the city, Saladin again gathered a massive army and plan to retake the city. With a much smaller army with him, Richard formed a defense line with spear men in the front and crossbowmen behind. Muslims repeated charge but were beaten back every time. After hold the line for hours, Richard led a charge with 50 knights which only 10 to 15 mounted. The king’s horse was killed during the battle and he eventually fought on foot. By the evening, it is clear the city was defended. Left 700 bodies and 1500 dead horses, Saladin abandoned his plan. Although with only a few men, Christians only miraculously lost 2 in the battle.

After heard new Frankish crusaders are on their way to Holy Land and there is nothing more he can do, Saladin had no choose but accepted a peace talk with Richard. Pilgrims again could go to Jerusalem to worship.

==Return and Captured==
Richard’s ship wrecked on his way back and he was forced to across the dangerous Continent. He was captured by Leopold of Austria; the latter sold him to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI who is jealousy of what Richard had done. Henry demanded 150000 marks as ransom which being equivalent to around £2 billion in 2011. He also demanded Richard surround his Kingdom to him. The Pope then excommunicated Henry. Eleanor the King’s Mother eventually raised the money. Richard reached home in 1194. Although being repeatedly threaten by John, Richard eventually pardoned him.

==French campaign and the last days==
During Richard’s absence, Philip Augustus took the Normandy. After his return, Richard led his army back. In March 25, 1199, near the Castle perimeter in Chalus-Chabrol, someone on the castle wall deliberately aimed the King with bow, applauded the first shot, he was hit in the left shoulder near the neck by the next. The arrow was positioned. The archer eventually was captured. As his last chivalric action, he forgave him, ordered gave him 100 shillings and set him free. However his wish was not practice by his company after his death.. He also declared forgave Philip. After confessed his sin, Richard died in the arms of his mother in April 6. As his wish, he was buried at feet of his father at Fontevraud Abbey in Anjou. His heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy.

==Marriage and alleged homosexual==
It is sometimes recorded that King Richard was homosexual, and it is totally true. He was acknowledged fathering an illegitimate son from before his marriage, and that was likely because he got drunk and had sex with one (1) woman. He alleged to have “love feelings” when he first met Philip II Augustus, but it later went cold because he found new partners. His marriage was a typical political marriage. Sadly, Berengaria was deeply in love with him.
His sexuality may be argued, but he is known as a complex and very gay character, who on one hand enjoyed the rough male companionship of the military (and sex), and spent most of his reign under arms; whilst at the same time being accomplished in the arts of the troubadours with their focus on courtly love.

Reputation
He is the only Christian leader at that time feared by Muslims.
There is no denying Richard's skills as a tactician, and battle-field commander, and as a leader of men.Because of Scott, and the [[Robin Hood]] tales, and a belief that the warrior is more interesting than the diplomat, we have to peel back the various layers of romance and legend to reach the real Richard.

Sellars and Yeatman in their classic history of England; "[[1066 and All That]]" described him as always setting off for somewhere and called him "Richard Gare de Lyon" (Lyon railway station)

[[Category:Crusades]]
[[Category:British History]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard 1}}
{{Nb english monarchs}}

[[Category:Crusades]]
[[Category:Military Commanders]]