I'm here, I like good beer, deal with it.

Beers in good standing: 
Spaten Optimator 
Newcastle 
Pabst (sometimes you only have $1.50 and you want a tall can, there's only one beer who'll give you a hand(ful)) 
Fat Tire 

Beers of ill-repute:
Any and all lite beers

I don't know how to put up the little symbols on the right hand side (yet).
{{userboxtop|Conservative}}
{{User Christian1}}
{{User straightforwardbiblereading}}
{{User Youngearth}}
{{User NoEvo}}
{{User American}}
{{User patriot}}
{{User free speech}}
{{User Bushfan}}
{{User progun}}
{{User straightforwardbiblereading}}
{{User CPLeader|Andrew Schlafly}}
{{userboxbottom}}

User:JakeW

2009-01-01T03:35:10Z

JakeW:

2009-01-01T01:53:57Z

JakeW: /* Intro error */

Talk:Scopes Trial

2009-01-01T01:52:38Z

JakeW: /* Intro error */

Talk:Scopes Trial

2009-01-01T01:39:59Z

JakeW:

Pentecostalism

2009-01-01T01:18:02Z

JakeW: Grammar, spelling, flow.

'''Pentecostalism''' is a spiritual [[Christian]] revivalist movement that began within [[Protestantism]] and was also accepted by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in the [[Second Vatican Council]]. Pentecostalism is generally not regarded as Protestant, however. The movement consists of a focus on the outpouring of the [[Holy Spirit]] on the [[Apostles]] as described in the [[Acts (of the Apostles)|Acts of the Apostles]] and Pentecostals strive to embrace that same spirituality on a weekly or daily basis these days. In sum, Pentecostalism consists of becoming a messenger for the [[Holy Spirit]] in modern times. Adherents seek gifts of [[prophecy]] and [[faith healing|healing]], and sometimes speak in different or unrecognized [[speaking in tongues|tongues]].

Supporters of the movement cite as an obstacle to participation a distrust or diffidence towards the [[Holy Spirit]]'s ability to achieve today what was accomplished in the first century A.D. Like [[Methodism|Methodists]], Pentecostals emphasize the necessity of a revival in the church. Their theology is strongly influenced by [[Arminianism]].

The main Pentecostal denomination is the [[Assemblies of God]]. Others include the Full Gospel church.

==History==
Almost all of the world's half billion Pentecostals and charismatics trace their roots to William Seymour (1870-1922), who held electrifying revivals in 1906 at the Azusa Street Mission in Los Angeles. This revival was marked by great emotional excitement, relatively brief interracial harmony, and an obsession with speaking in tongues and healing. It was touched off by the preaching of Seymour, an African American who had absorbed the teachings of Charles F. Parham in Texas.

However the origins go back further. Baer (2001) explores the significance of ideas of divine healing to the emergence of Pentecostalism from the radical holiness movement in the late 19th century. The careers and ministries of Maria B. Woodworth-Etter, John A. Dowie, and Charles F. Partham all demonstrate a commitment to notions of divine healing, where faith and belief in Christ and his atoning sacrifice on the cross could bring about a complete healing of the body and the soul.

Pentecostalists participated in a broader evangelical culture in which divine healing was a key element in a program that could include ecstatic religiosity and a belief in Christ's imminent return. Newspapers reported the purported healings of these three ministers in revival meetings during the 1880s-1900s.

[[Aimee Semple McPherson]] was an important factor in the spread of Pentecostalism in the first half of the 20th century. Although she always identified herself as Canadian, she built her temple in Los Angeles, from which she hoped to evangelize the world. Before settling down in 1923, however, she experienced unnerving success as a faith healer. Never comfortable with the role, not least of all because she was committed to saving souls, not bodies, McPherson attempted during her secluded final decade to devise a theory of faith healing. Although still celebrated by her followers as a prophet and a healer, she expressed discomfort with both these roles. Physically exhausted, she died in 1944 at the age of 54 from a drug overdose.<ref> Janice Dickin, "'Take Up Thy Bed And Walk': Aimee Semple Mcpherson and Faith-Healing." ''Canadian Bulletin of Medical History'' 2000 17(1-2): 137-153. 0823-2105 </ref>

The Italian Canadian Pentecostal movement began in 1913 among a group of Presbyterian converts in Hamilton, Ontario. From here missionary work spread the movement to other Italian communities in Canada, including Toronto and Montreal. These Italian Pentecostals emphasized biblical fundamentalism, personal conversion, and an independent organizational structure but differed from other Pentecostals in their commitment to Italian identity and tradition. The emphasis on Italian language and community and missionary efforts directed toward other Italians combined with the sometimes unconscious incorporation of Old World traditions set the Italian Canadian Pentecostals apart from both other Italians and the Pentecostal movement in general.<ref> Cumbo, Enrico Carlson. "Your Old Men Will Dream Dreams": The Italian Pentecostal Experience in Canada, 1912-1945. Journal of American Ethnic History 2000 19(3): 35-81. 0278-5927 in JSTOR</ref>

Women played a major role in the Pentecostal revival movement from the 1900s to the 1940s, founding denominations, preaching, and occasionally acting as pastors. As Pentecostalism aligned itself with mainstream evangelicalism after World War II, women's leadership declined.
==Further reading==
* Baer, Jonathan R. "Redeemed Bodies: The Functions Of Divine Healing In Incipient Pentecostalism." ''Church History'' 2001 70(4): 735-771. in JSTOR
* Blumhofer, Edith L. ''Restoring the Faith: The Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American Culture.'' U. of Illinois Press, 1993. 281 pp. A major schiolarly study.
* Crowe, Terrence Robert. ''Pentecostal Unity: Recurring Frustration and Enduring Hopes.'' Chicago: Loyola U. Press, 1993. 282 pp.
* McGee, Gary B. '''This Gospel . . . Shall Be Preached': A History and Theology of Assemblies of God Foreign Missions since 1959.'' Springfield, Mo.: Gospel, 1990. 358 pp.
* Poloma, Margaret M. ''The Assemblies of God at the Crossroads: Charisma and Institutional Dilemmas.'' U. of Tennessee Pr., 1989. 309 pp. scholarly study
* Stephens, Randall J. "The Convergence of Populism, Religion, and the Holiness-Pentecostal Movements: A Review of the Historical Literature." ''Fides Et Historia'' 2000 32(1): 51-64.
====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Denominations]]
[[Category:Revivals]]

Talk:African Americans

2009-01-01T01:08:45Z

JakeW: /* Lock */

On the [[Main Page]] is says "You will much prefer using Conservapedia compared to Wikipedia if you want concise, clean answers free of "political correctness".

Surely "African American" is an example of "political correctness". Oughtn't this article be called Negroes?
[[User:JC|JC]] 08:54, 15 March 2007 (EDT)

:Sure if you want to use a loaded term. Negroes is a term many associate with racism and apartheid. Careful that the conservatism doesn't turn into outright bigotry.
:-Gasmonkey

::So some "political correctness" is OK then? Fair enough, after all, we should love all [[God]]'s children. Even those from the other side of town.
::[[User:JC|JC]] 09:01, 15 March 2007 (EDT)

heh wow. Just love that Christian brotherhood, snide remarks about the other side of town and all. Don't worry, Jesus still loves you.

:::The term ''African-American'' is described as an example of [[Political correctness]] in that very article.
:::"And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years;" (Genesis 15:13)
:::[[User:BillyBoy|BillyBoy]] 07:03, 20 March 2007 (EDT)

== some political correctnes is important ==

There has to be some political correctness.
Imagine if others would just start to tell about conservapedians "Idiots".
Or what do you think about calling creationistst "Ignorants"?
That would not be political correct, I think. But would it be wronger as you would be when calling african americans "Negroes"?
So better you think about, what you are saying before others call you racists, fundamentalists,.... --[[User:Itsjustme|Itsjustme]] 07:55, 20 March 2007 (EDT)

To many blacks, the term 'negro' is at best archaic and condescending, and at worst, a derivative of 'nigger'. We can argue semantics all day, but lets not insult people in an effort not to be politically correct. And 'the other side of town'? Not where I live. [[User:Czolgolz|Miguel_Cervantes]] 15:18, 21 March 2007 (EDT)

:The reference to [[political correctness]] on the [[Main Page]] seems to have been removed. Perhaps political correctness is acceptable here after all. Though it doesn't yet seem to extend as far as [[homosexuality]].
::"He will deliver his soul from going into the pit, and his life shall see the light." (Job 33:28)
:[[User:BillyBoy|BillyBoy]] 06:10, 24 March 2007 (EDT)

::It was removed [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Template:AboutC&diff=48204&oldid=48150 here] on 19th March 2007
:::"He shall not search whether it be good or bad, neither shall he change it: and if he change it at all, then both it and the change thereof shall be holy; it shall not be redeemed." (Leviticus 27:33)
::[[User:JC|JC]] 10:46, 24 March 2007 (EDT)

==Give me a break==

There's a difference between being politically incorrect and being uncouth. Calling them Negroes is just uncouth. [[User:MountainDew|MountainDew]] 15:20, 21 March 2007 (EDT)

==Proof==

My addition to this article ("Black people originated as descendants of Cain, along with Asians, Arabs, American Indians, Polynesians and other non-white races") has been proved by Creation Science. Creation Geneticists have found the gene EVL6 in all the races I listed, and EVL6 is traceable back to Cain.

:Uh huh, right. I'd love to see how they managed to trace it back to Cain, assuming you're not just making this all up yourself. Your source would be what?--[[User:Murray|Murray]] 13:08, 22 March 2007 (EDT)

::Yes, he's just making it up. And if he doesn't watch his step, he'll be blocked. [[User:Tsumetai|Tsumetai]] 13:14, 22 March 2007 (EDT)

Whom did Cain marry?[[User:Oldoligarch|Oldoligarch]] 18:00, 20 June 2007 (EDT)
:Awan. Probably. [[Image:User Fox.png]] [[User:Fox|Fox]] ([[User talk:Fox|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Fox|contribs]]) 18:09, 20 June 2007 (EDT)

== This Article Phails.... What to add first? ==

A far more extensive history...
List of awesome contributors...
Modern history, culture, issues...
Statistics...

Man... This article seriously phails. >_<
(Decides to add at random)

And by the way, saying that a contemporary ethnic name is PC is the most absurd thing I have ever heard. I say, what gives one the right to name another ethnicy anyway? (Negros, Orientals, Indians, Eskimos...) Perhaps it would be better (4 ONCE in history) to not push one's opinion on matters that don't concern one, hmm? Let ethnicies name themselves, thank you.
 
[[User:ProserpinaFC|ProserpinaFC]] 13:45, 1 February 2008 (EST)

==Picture==
I know pictures are nice to have in Encyclopedia articles (especially Wiki type) but does anyone really need a picture to know what an African American looks like? and why is that picture David Patterson by the way? [[User:JamalG|Jamal Greene]] 15:10, 20 August 2008 (EDT)

==Lock==
Why is this page locked? I have a reference I'd like to add. -[[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 15:29, 20 August 2008 (EDT)

I'd like to fix some of the writing, too. Who wrote "This people group"? In fact, the whole article needs rewriting. -[[User:JakeW|JakeW]]

Talk:African Americans

2009-01-01T01:07:02Z

JakeW: /* Lock */

2008-12-29T23:58:16Z

JakeW: New page: The '''Greek Orthodox Church''' is one of two branches of Christianity which originated as a result of the Great Schism. The triggering event for the break was the refusal of the Patri...

The '''Greek Orthodox Church''' is one of two branches of Christianity which originated as a result of the [[Great Schism]]. The triggering event for the break was the refusal of the Patriach of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, to recognize the Church of Rome as the head of the faith, as well as the refusal of a group of Roman Legates (sent by Pope Leo IX) to bestow the title of Ecumenical Patriarch on Cerularius. Following this, the Cerularius [[excommunicated]] the legates, while the head of the legates excommunicated Cerularius.

The schism was preceded by very apparent hostilities on both sides. Both the Western and Eastern branches of [[Christianity]] had attempted to suppress the language of the other. There had been longstanding doctrinal disputes dividing the branches, reaching back to the early (180 AD) days of the Church. Among other divisions were the mandated celibacy of Roman priests, the Roman Church's use of unleavened bread for [[sacrament]], and the Western Church's insertion of the phrase "and the son" into the section of the [[Nicene Creed]] which reads, "And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son."

Daniel Webster

2008-12-29T23:28:27Z

JakeW: minor grammar and flow edits

[[image: webster.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]

'''Daniel Webster''' (1782-1852) was an American statesman and conservative leader of the [[Whig Party]] in opposition to the liberalism of [[Jacksonian Democracy]] during the [[Second Party System]]. The greatest orator of his day, Webster was one of the most influential [[United States Senators]] in history. He also served as [[Secretary of State]] for Presidents [[William Henry Harrison]], [[John Tyler]] and [[Millard Fillmore]], and his statue stands in the U.S. Capitol's Statuary Hall.

A leading Boston attorney, Webster was an opponent of the [[slavery|slave trade]] and of [[secession]]. In response to [[South Carolina]]'s threats of nullification, he declared, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" Webster also negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty to fix the country's northeast boundary.

Webster was famous for his oratory, his legal and diplomatic skills, and his efforts to avoid the Civil War in the name of American nationalism. In an era that appreciated long complex speeches, Webster was acclaimed the greatest of all orators. He was one of the nation's most prominent conservatives, as an opponent of [[Andrew Jackson]] and the [[Democratic party]], a spokesman for modernization and the industrial interests of New England, and a leader of the [[Whig Party]]. Webster spent 40 years in national politics; he served in the House of Representatives for ten years (representing New Hampshire), the Senate for nineteen years (representing Massachusetts), and served as Secretary of State for three presidents. He aspired to the White House but was an elitist, not a "man of the people," and the people knew it.

==Early Career==
He was born on January 18, 1782, in Salisbury, New Hampshire, the ninth of the ten children of Ebenezer Webster, a prominent local politician. Webster attended Phillips Exeter Academy and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1801. After teaching school briefly in Maine, he studied law with the noted politician Christopher Gore in Boston, where he was admitted to the bar in 1805. Webster practiced law in Boscawen, N.H., and then (1807-1816) in Portsmouth, N.H. He became a spokesman for the merchants and shipowners who objected to the embargo and other commercial restrictions imposed by the federal government under presidents [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]]. They opposed the [[Embargo of 1807]] and the [[Nonintercourse Acts]]. At this time an advocate of states rights, Webster suggested that New Hampshire might "interpose" to protect its citizens from unconstitutional measures of the federal government. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from New Hampshire as a [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] in 1812 and again in 1814. In the House of Representatives he criticized the war with England and opposed conscription and other measures for carrying it on, but he did not support the [[Hartford Convention]] of 1814 as did some of the more extreme Federalists.

==Senator==
Webster moved to Boston in 1816 and, as attorney for the rising corporations located there, soon rose to be one of the best known and most highly paid lawyers of his time. Appearing frequently before the U.S. Supreme Court, he now abandoned his former states-rights views. In the '''Dartmouth College Case''' (Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 122 (1819), he strengthened the constitutional protection of corporate privileges by successfully arguing that a corporation charter was a contract which no state could infringe. In McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316 (1819), he successfully maintained that states could not constitutionally tax a federal agency, for, as he said, the power to tax involved a "power to destroy." As a delegate to the Massachusetts constitutional convention of 1820 and in an address at Plymouth celebrating the bicentennial of the landing of the Pilgrims, he expounded a conservative philosophy centering on the proposition that, in the absence of military force, political power must be distributed among the people more or less in proportion to the ownership of property.

Again elected (from Massachusetts this time) he served in the House (1823-1827) and in the U.S. Senate (1827-1841) as a [[Whig Party|Whig]]. Webster wanted the national government to speed up modernization through a high ("protective") tariff, a national bank, and transportation improvements. Earlier, he had opposed the tariff of 1816, but with the rise of the textile industry in New England he gradually changed his position, and in 1828 he supported the "tariff of abominations," as it was called by antiprotectionists, especially in the South. In the Webster-Hayne debate of January 1830 Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina expounded the nullification doctrine, which [[John C. Calhoun]] had adopted as a way of safeguarding the interests of the planter class. Webster upheld the powers of the federal government, concluding with the words: "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!" He sided with President [[Andrew Jackson]], a Democrat, and favored the use of presidential force when (1832-1833) South Carolina attempted to nullify the tariff laws.

Webster opposed Jackson on the central issue of the day, the Second Bank of the United States. Webster tried and failed to prolong the federal charter for the bank, which expired in 1836. It was known and accepted at the time that he received a retainer from the bank for his political services to it. Along with his perennial Whig rival, [[Henry Clay]], he became a leader of the new [[Whig Party]] and in 1836 was one of its regional candidates for the presidency; he carried only his own state of Massachusetts.

==Diplomat==
Webster believed in a peace policy, and strongly opposed both the [[War of 1812]] and the [[Mexican American War]], which were deeply unpopular in New England. As a Federalist, and a disciple of [[George Washington]], Webster opposed the implicit alliance with Napoleonic France and the invasion of Canada in 1812. Although he never advocated rebellion, and did not support the [[Hartford Convention]] of 1814, Webster's strong opposition to the war enabled his opponents to question his loyalty for many years, and undercut his presidential prospects.

===Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842===
The period from 1840 to 1844 was one of the stormiest passages
in Webster's career. That he not only survived it, but also accomplished something of enduring value to his country is a tribute to his courage, his ability, and his guile. He was secretary of state under presidents [[William Henry Harrison]] (who only lasted thirty days) and [[John Tyler]] (1841-1843), who broke with the Whig party and was disowned by it. Webster remained in Tyler's cabinet until May 1843 at the cost of his own standing in the Whig party in order to advance the larger national interest as well the cause of peace. Always an admirer of Britain, and lionized on his visit there (1839), he considered good Anglo-American relations as desirable for economic as well as sentimental reasons, for Britain was the chief trading partner. The British negotiator Lord Ashburton was a banker with many financial and personal ties to America. The two of them overcame petty localisms--such as the lumberjacks and farmers in the border region of Maine and New Brunswick who threatened violence if they did not get their border line. Webster did not ignore them but overcame them by flooding Maine with propaganda to the effect the new treaty was a great bargain. The two diplomats focused on the need to secure amicable relations between the two great powers in the North Atlantic, and they succeeded. They settled all the border issues that had festered for a half century by drawing compromise lines that proved final; they could not find a compromise on the Oregon question and dropped that issue. Likewise they settled the nasty legal disputes that had arisen when Canadian rebels used American merchant ships to bring in military supplies to the rebels inside Canada.<ref> Troubles had arisen in 1837 when Canadian militia burned a U.S. steamship, the "Caroline", in U.S. waters because it was used by rebels. Also involved was the 1840 arrest in New York State of a Canadian, Alexander McLeod, accused by New York officials of involvement in the Caroline affair. See Howard Jones and Donald A. Rakestraw, ''Prologue to Manifest Destiny: Anglo-American Relations in the 1840s'' (1997). Jones (1977) disproves old unfounded rumors that Webster took bribes from the British.</ref>

The slave trade issue was solved by agreement that the U.S. Navy would cooperate with the Royal Navy to halt the African slave trade, which was illegal in both nations.<ref>Informally Webster and Ashburton also solved two other high profile issues. The "Creole" was an American ship carrying slaves from one American port to another (which was legal). The slaves revolted and landed in Bermuda, where Britain set them free. Britain agreed to pay damages (which came to $110,330); Britain also agreed to end the impressment of American sailors which had been a casus bellum of the [[War of 1812]]. </ref> The [[Webster-Ashburton Treaty]] achieved peaceful relations that lasted until the Civil War in 1862 opened very serious new dangers.

Webster rejected the pleas by the independent [[Republic of Texas]] that it join the United States, and helped prepare the Cushing mission to China, which concluded the [[Treaty of Wanghia]] (1844), opening several Chinese ports to American trade.

In the Senate again (1845-1850), Webster opposed the [[Mexican American War]] (1846-1848) and the subsequent annexation of New Mexico and California. He feared that, because of the controversy regarding slavery in the territories, annexation might lead to a disunion threat, as in fact it did.

After the succession of [[Millard Fillmore]] to the presidency in 1850 Webster served a second time as secretary of state. He now devoted himself to the enforcement of the fugitive-slave law and to the enunciation of an assertive nationalism. Expressing sympathy with Louis Kossuth and the Hungarian rebels of 1848-1849, he boasted of American power in the so-called "Hülsemann Note" to the Austrian government.

==Slavery==
Webster opposed the expansion of slavery primarily because it threatened national unity. In his Seventh of March speech (1850) he spoke powerfully in favor of Clay's [[Compromise of 1850|compromise proposals]], though the strong fugitive-slave law was deeply unpopular in New England. He was bitterly, and perhaps unfairly, denounced by abolitionists.

==Oratory==
Webster made many famous speeches, including the presentation to the Supreme Court in the Dartmouth College case, the Plymouth Speech (1820, where he interpreted the sweep of American history), the Second Reply to Hayne (1830, where Webster emphasized the indissoluble nature of the government), and the Seventh of March speech during the debates on the [[Compromise of 1850]], where he cried out for compromise and reconciliation to preserve the Union. In every case the theme was the links between past, present and future, especially the roles of [[Republicanism, U.S.|republicanism]] and civic virtue with nationalism a sacred cause that should override all other concerns.<ref> See David F. Ericson, "The Nullification Crisis, American Republicanism, and the Force Bill Debate." ''Journal of Southern History'' 1995 61(2): 249-270. Issn: 0022-4642 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642%28199505%2961%3A2%3C249%3ATNCARA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E in Jstor]]</ref>

Webster, in his speech at the "Mass Meeting at Saratoga," makes a similarly consensual plea for the establishment of a common currency throughout the U.S., and uses the analogy of the circulation of currency through the nation and the circulation of blood through the body in order to represent the interdependency between the idea of Union and its material, particular manifestations.[7]

In 1840 Webster spoke at Saratoga, New York, to rebut [[Andrew Jackson]]'s attack on the National Bank as a danger to the nation. Webster insists there must be some form of abstract assurance for the nation's economic continuity. His argument was not so much a specialist economic analysis but rather a depiction of the national currency as intrinsic and fundamental to the larger question of national unity and sovereignty. The logic of his presentation thus persuades the audience of its details by first getting it to embrace his grand vision of the American Union:
:"When that fluid in the human system indispensable to life becomes disordered, corrupted, or obstructed in its circulation, not the head or the heart alone suffers; but the whole body--head, heart, and hand, all the members, and all the extremities--is affected with debility, paralysis, numbness, and death. The analogy between the human system and the social and political system is complete; and what the lifeblood is to the former, circulation, money, currency, is to the latter; and if that be disordered or corrupted, paralysis must fall on the system. The original, leading, main cause, then, of all our difficulties and disasters, is the disordered state of the circulation. This is, perhaps, not a perfectly obvious truth; and yet it is one susceptible of easy demonstration. In order to explain this the more readily, I wish to bring your minds to the consideration of the internal condition, and the vast domestic trade, of the United States. Our country is not a small province or canton, but an empire, extending over a large and diversified surface, with a population of various conditions and pursuits. It is in this variety that consists its prosperity; for the different parts become useful one to the other, not by identity, but by difference, of production, and thus each by interchange contributes to the interest of the other. Hence, our internal trade, that which carries on this exchange of the products and industry of the different portions of the United States, is one of our most important interests, I had almost said the most important. Its operations are easy and silent, not always perceptible, but diffusing health and life throughout the system by the intercourse thus promoted, from neighborhood to neighborhood, and from State to State. This circuit of trade, in a country of such great extent as ours, demands, more than in any country under heaven, a uniform currency for the whole people; that what is money in Carolina shall be so elsewhere; that what the Kentucky drover receives, what the planter of Alabama sells for, what the laborer in New York gets in pay for his work, and carries home to support his family, shall be of ascertained and uniform value."<ref> ''Select Speeches of Daniel Webster 1817-1845'' (1903)</ref>

==Lawyer==
Webster was undoubtedly the best constitutional scholar of his generation and probably had more influence on the powerful [[John Marshall|Marshall Court]] than any other advocate. Of the 223 cases he argued before the Supreme Court, he won about half of them. But, even more, Webster played a crucial role in eight of the most celebrated constitutional cases decided by the Court between 1801 and 1824. In many of these--particularly in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)--the Supreme Court handed down decisions based largely on Webster's arguments. Marshall patterned some of his Court decisions after Webster's briefs, and Webster played a crucial role in helping many of the justices interpret matters of constitutional law. As a result many people began calling him the Great Expounder of the Constitution.<ref> Remini (1999) pp 162, 208</ref>

=="Godlike Dan" and "Black Dan" ==
Whether people hated Webster or admired him--there was little middle ground-- everyone agreed on the majesty of his oratory, the immensity of his intellectual powers, and the primacy of his constitutional knowledge. He was the heroic champion of nationalism and modernization.

Although Webster's diplomatic record was good, his 29 years in Congress produced not one significant piece of legislation. [[Henry Clay]] and [[Stephen Douglas]] were the leaders in legislation, and he never tried to rival them. There is also evidence that Webster took bribes while in public office and sold diplomatic appointments for private gain, both taboos even by 19th standards of probity.

Webster indulged his extravagant tastes (he spent enormous sums on wine, boats, and improvements to his Marshfield estate). A poor money manager, he relied on wealthy friends for indefinite "loans" to sustain his spendthrift lifestyle, a phenomenon that led his enemies to call him "Black Dan." Historians have not found any positions that he adjusted to curry favor with his rich friends, who saw it their duty to see what they considered the greatest man of the era be able to stay in office--they called him "Godlike Dan." "Black Dan" had several mistresses, and drank excessively, but did not dramatically differ from other Senators in these regards.
==Rhetoric==
Webster's "Reply to Hayne" in 1830 was generally regarded as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress," and was a stock exercise for oratory students for 75 years.<ref> Allan Nevins, ''Ordeal of the Union" (1947) 1:288</ref>

In a speech to the New York Historical Society shortly before he died, Webster stated:
<blockquote>
"If we and our posterity ... live always in the fear of [[God]] and shall respect His Commandments ... we may have the highest hopes of the future fortunes of our country .... But if we ... neglect religious instruction and authority; violate the rules of eternal justice, trifle with the injunctions of morality, and recklessly destroy the constitution which holds us together, no man can tell how sudden a catastrophe may overwhelm us and bury all our glory in profound obscurity."
</blockquote>

==Bibliography==
* Remini, Robert V. ''Daniel Webster'' (1997), 796pp; the standard scholarly biography and the most important place to start [http://www.amazon.com/Daniel-Webster-Man-His-Time/dp/0393045528/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1192442304&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Arntson, Paul, and Craig R. Smith. "The Seventh of March Address: A Mediating Influence." ''Southern Speech Communication Journal'' 40 (Spring 1975): 288-301.
* Bartlett, Irving H. "Daniel Webster as a Symbolic Hero." ''New England Quarterly'' 45 (December 1972): 484-507. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866(197212)45%3A4%3C484%3ADWAASH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 in JSTOR]
* Bartlett, Irving H. ''Daniel Webster'' (1978) [http://www.questia.com/read/62762183 online edition]
* Baxter, Maurice G. "Webster, Daniel"; ''American National Biography Online'' Feb. 2000. (online edition at academic libraries)
* Baxter, Maurice G. ''Daniel Webster and the Supreme Court'' (1966)
* Baxter, Maurice G. ''One and Inseparable: Daniel Webster and the Union.'' 1984.
* Birkner, Michael. "Daniel Webster and the Crisis of Union, 1850.'' ''Historical New Hampshire'' 37 (Summer/Fall 1982): 151-73.
* Brauer, Kinley J. "The Webster-Lawrence Feud: A Study in Politics and Ambitions." ''Historian'' 29 (November 1966): 34-59.
* Brown, Thomas. "Daniel Webster: Conservative Whig.'' In Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party, (1985) pp. 49-92. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=35907993 online]
* Carey, Robert Lincoln. ''Daniel Webster as an Economist.'' (1929). [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=643615 online edition]
* Current, Richard Nelson. ''Daniel Webster and the Rise of National Conservatism'' (1955), short biography
* Curtis, George Ticknor. ''Life of Daniel Webster'' (1870) [http://www.questia.com/read/96721029 online edition vol 1]; [http://www.questia.com/read/16203820 online edition vol 2]
* Dalzell, Robert F., Jr. ''Daniel Webster and the Trial of American Nationalism, 1843-1852.'' 1973.
* Dubofsky, Melvyn. "Daniel Webster and the Whig Theory of Economic Growth: 1828-1848.'' ''New England Quarterly'' 42 (December 1969): 551-72. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866(196912)42%3A4%3C551%3ADWATWT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 in JSTOR]
* Eisenstadt, Arthur A. "Daniel Webster and the Seventh of March.'' ''Southern Speech Journal'' 20 (Winter 1954): 136-47.
* Fields, Wayne. "The Reply to Hayne: Daniel Webster and the Rhetoric of Stewardship." ''Political Theory'' 11 (February 1983): 5-28. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0090-5917(198302)11%3A1%3C5%3ATRTHDW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X in JSTOR]
* Foster, Herbert D. "Webster's Seventh of March Speech and the Secession Movement, 1850." ''American Historical Review'' 27 (January 1922): 245-70. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762(192201)27%3A2%3C245%3AWSOMSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 in JSTOR]
* Fuess, Claude M. ''Daniel Webster.'' 2 vols. 1930. older scholarly biography
* Formisano, Ronald P. ''The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s'' (1983)
* Hammond, Bray. ''Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War'' (1960), Pulitzer prize; the standard history. Pro-Bank
* Holt, Michael F. ''The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War'' (1999), 1000pp comprehensive scholarly history [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99173945 online edition]
* Howe, Daniel Walker. ''What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848'' (2007). 928pp; survey of the political history
* Jones, Howard. ''To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783-1843.'' 1977. 251 pp.
* Lodge, Henry Cabot. ''Daniel Webster.'' 1883. too old to be useful
* Nathans, Sydney. ''Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy.'' 1973.
* Nathans, Sydney. "Daniel Webster, Massachusetts Man.' ''New England Quarterly'' 39 (June 1966): 161-81. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/363276 in JSTOR]
* Nevins, Allan. ''Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852" (1947), highly detailed narrative of national politics.
* Ogg, Frederic Austin. ''Daniel Webster'' (1914)
* Parish, Peter J. "Daniel Webster, New England, and the West.'' ''Journal of American History'' 54 (December 1967): 524-49. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723(196712)54%3A3%3C524%3ADWNEAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L in JSTOR]
* Peterson, Merrill D. ''The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun'' (1983)
* Prince, Carl E., and Seth Taylor. "Daniel Webster, the Boston Associates, and the U.S. Government's Role in the Industrializing Process, 1815-1830." ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 2 (Fall 1982): 283-99. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3122975 in JSTOR]
* Shade, William G. "The Second Party System" in Paul Kleppner ed., "Evolution of American Electoral Systems'' (1983)
* Sheidley, Harlow W. "The Webster-Hayne Debate: Recasting New England's Sectionalism." ''New England Quarterly'' 1994 67(1): 5-29. Issn: 0028-4866 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866%28199403%2967%3A1%3C5%3ATWDRNE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U in Jstor]
* Sheidley, Harlow W. "`Congress only can declare war' and `the President is Commander in Chief': Daniel Webster and the War Power." ''Diplomatic History'' 12 (Fall 1988): 383-409.
* Shewmaker, Kenneth E. "Forging the `Great Chain': Daniel Webster and the Origins of American Foreign Policy toward East Asia and the Pacific, 1841-1852.'' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 129 (September 1985): 225-59.
* Shewmaker, Kenneth E. ed. ''Daniel Webster: "The Completest Man.'' 1990.
* Simpson, Brooks D. "Daniel Webster and the Cult of the Constitution.'' Journal of American Culture 15 (Spring 1992): 15-23. online in [[Blackwell Synergy]]
* Smith, Craig R. "Daniel Webster's Epideictic Speaking: A Study in Emerging Whig Virtues" [http://www.csulb.edu/~crsmith/webepid.html online edition]
* Smith, Craig R. ''Daniel Webster and the Oratory of Civil Religion.'' (2005) 300pp
* Smith, Craig R. "Daniel Webster's July 17th Address: A Mediating Influence in the 1850 Compromise.'' Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (August 1985): 349-61.
* Smith, Craig R. ''Defender of the Union: The Oratory of Daniel Webster.'' 1989.
* Szasz, Ferenc M. "Daniel Webster--Architect of America's `Civil Religion'.'' Historical New Hampshire 34 (Fall/Winter 1979): 223-43.
* Wilson, Major L. "Of Time and the Union: Webster and His Critics in the Crisis of 1850.'' ''Civil War History'' 14 (December 1968): 293-306. ch 1 of Wilson, ''Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815-1861'' (1974) [http://www.questia.com/read/14321778# online edition]

===Primary sources===
* ''Select Speeches of Daniel Webster 1817-1845'' edited by A. J. George, (1903) [http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/etext05/7sweb10.htm online at Project Gutenberg]<ref> Contains: Defence of the Kennistons; The Dartmouth College Case; First Settlement of New England; The Bunker Hill Monument; The Reply to Hayne; The Murder of Captain Joseph White; The Constitution Not a Compact Between Sovereign States; Speech at Saratoga; and Eulogy on Mr. Justice Story</ref>
* ''The works of Daniel Webster'' edited in 6 vol. by Edward Everett, Boston: Little, Brown and company, 1853. [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=92c15815cc33e5443a38fa6ad21dca7b&c=moa&idno=ABK0760.0001.001&view=toc online edition]
* Howe, Daniel Walker, ed. ''The American Whigs: An Anthology'' (1973) [http://www.questia.com/read/11195349 online edition]
* Wiltse, Charles M., Harold D. Moser, and Kenneth E. Shewmaker (Diplomatic papers), eds., ''The Papers of Daniel Webster'', (1974–1989). Published for Dartmouth College by the University Press of New England. ser. 1. Correspondence: v. 1. 1798–1824. v. 2. 1825–1829. v. 3. 1830–1834. v. 4. 1835–1839. v. 5. 1840–1843. v. 6. 1844–1849. v. 7. 1850–1852 -- ser. 2. Legal papers: v. 1. The New Hampshire practice. v. 2. The Boston practice. v. 3. The federal practice (2 v.) -- ser. 3. Diplomatic papers: v. 1. 1841–1843. v. 2. 1850–1852 -- ser. 4. Speeches and formal writings: v. 1. 1800–1833. v. 2. 1834–1852.
* Van Tyne, Claude H., ed. The Letters of Daniel Webster, from Documents Owned Principally by the New Hampshire Historical Society. 1902. Reprint. 1970.
* Webster, Fletcher, ed. ''The Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster.'' 2 vols. 1857. [http://www.questia.com/read/58675408 online edition vol 1]
* Wiltse, Charles M., ed. Microfilm Edition of the Papers of Daniel Webster. University Microfilms, 1971. 41 reels and guide.
* McIntyre, J.W., ed. ''The Writings and Speeches of Daniel Webster''. 18 vols. 1903.

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==See also==
* [[Second Party System]]
* [[Whig Party]]
* [[Henry Clay]]
==External Links==
*[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/dwe/14323.htm State Department analysis of Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britain/br-1842.htm text of The Webster-Ashburton Treaty. August 9, 1842]/
====notes====
<references/>
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{{DEFAULTSORT: Webster, Daniel}}
[[Category: Former United States Senators]]
[[Category: Attorneys]]
[[Category: Conservatives]]