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https://www.conservapedia.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=JamesMcNeil21 Conservapedia - User contributions [en] 2026-10-22T02:13:16Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.35.14 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Henry_Ford&diff=1157812 Henry Ford 2015-06-08T21:44:56Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: /* Sayings */ That needs a source, especially for a man who wrote several articles that combined into the book The International Jew, whatever its merit, an illiterate man could not have written it</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:HenryFord.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Henry Ford and his Model T ]]<br /> '''Henry Ford''' (July 30 1863 &ndash;April 7 1947) was the founder of the [[Ford Motor Company]] and of modern mass production and assembly line techniques. His introduction in 1908 of the [[Model T]] Ford automobile revolutionized transportation and, indeed, American industry. As sole owner of the Ford Company he became one of the three or four richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "[[Fordism]]," that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles, coupled with high wages for his workers&mdash;notably the $5.00 a day pay scale adopted in 1914. Fordism promoted the consumer culture based on high income workers who could afford to buy cars at a time when only the rich in Europe owned an automobile.<br /> <br /> Ford, though poorly educated, had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the [[Ford Foundation]], but arranged for his family to permanently control the company after his death.<br /> <br /> He was a hero to conservatives for his entrepreneurship and positive impact on society; he opposed the [[New Deal]] but was tarnished by his writing criticisms of Jews in the 1920s. <br /> <br /> ==Early years==<br /> <br /> Ford was born on a farm near Detroit, Michigan. His father William Ford (1826-1905) was a Protestant born in County Cork, Ireland. His mother Mary Litogot Ford (1839-1876) was born in Michigan, she was the youngest child of Belgian immigrants, her parents died when Mary was a child and she was adopted by neighbors. Henry was a poor student and never learned to read or write well; he early on showed a passion for mechanisms. At fifteen, he had a reputation as a watch repairman, having dismantled and reassembled timepieces of friends and neighbors dozens of times.<ref>Ford, ''My Life and Work'', 22-24; Nevins and Hill, ''Ford TMC'', 58.</ref><br /> <br /> When Henry was 13, his mother died, a harsh psychological blow. His father expected Henry to eventually take over the family farm, but Henry despised farm work. With his mother gone, little remained to keep him on the farm. In 1879, he went to nearby Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm and became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine; Westinghouse hired him to service their steam engines. <br /> <br /> Upon his marriage to Clara Ala Bryant in 1888, Ford supported himself by farming and running a sawmill. They had a single child: [[Edsel Ford]] (1893-1943).<br /> <br /> In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on gasoline engines. In 1896 he built a self-propelled vehicle named the Quadricycle, and continuously worked to improve it.<ref> See [http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/showroom/1896/quad.html] </ref> At this time Ford gained national fame as a racing car driver, leading to connections with investors who wanted to set him up in business.<br /> <br /> == Ford Motor Company ==<br /> In 1903 Ford, with 11 other investors and $28,000 in capital, incorporated the [[Ford Motor Company]]. In a newly-designed car, Ford drove an exhibition in which the racer covered the distance of a mile on the ice of Lake St. Clair in 39.4 seconds (91.3 MPH), which was a new land speed record. Race driver Barney Oldfield exhibited the car around the country, publicizing the the Ford brand. <br /> ===$5 dollar wage===<br /> Ford astonished the world in 1914 by offering a $5 a day wage that more than doubled the rate of most of his workers. The move proved extremely profitable. Instead of constant turnover of employees, the best mechanics in Detroit flocked to Ford, bringing in their human capital and expertise, raising productivity, and lowering training costs. Ford called it "wage motive." The company's use of [[vertical integration]] also proved successful, as Ford built a gigantic factory that shipped in raw materials and shipped out finished automobiles. <br /> <br /> === The Model T ===<br /> The [[Model T]] was introduced on October 1, 1908. It had many important innovations&mdash;such as the steering wheel on the left, which every other company soon copied. The entire engine and transmission were enclosed; the 4 cylinders were cast in a solid block; the suspension used two semi-elliptic springs. It had 20 horsepower and high wheels, so it could handle the muddy unpaved roads that typified the countryside. It could cruise at 45 miles per hour, getting about 10 miles per gallon of gasoline. There were two forward gears and one reverse gear. A hand crank was used to start it. The car was very simple to drive, and&mdash;more important&mdash;easy and cheap to repair. It was so cheap at $825 in 1908 (the price fell every year) that by the 1920s a majority of American drivers learned to drive on the Model T, leaving fond memories for millions. Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and ads about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. As independent dealers the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed&mdash;several years posted 100 gains on the previous year. Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lower costs, in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. Sales passed 250,000 in 1914. By 1916, as the price dropped to $360 for the basic touring car, sales reached 472,000.<ref>Lewis 1976, pp 41-59</ref> <br /> <br /> By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. As Ford wrote in his autobiography, "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black".<ref> See [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/hnfrd10.txt Ford, ''My Life and Work''], Chapter IV</ref> Model T's rolled off the assembly line until 1927; the total production run was 15,007,034 cars.<br /> <br /> In 1918 President [[Woodrow Wilson]] personally asked Ford to run for the Senate from Michigan as a Democrat. Although the nation was at war Ford ran as a peace candidate and a strong supporter of the proposed [[League of Nations]].<ref> Watts, pp 243-48</ref> In December 1918 Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son [[Edsel Ford]]. Henry, however, retained final decision authority and sometimes reversed Edsel. The two purchased all remaining stock from other investors, thus giving the family sole ownership of the company. <br /> <br /> By the mid-1920s, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. Other auto makers, especially General Motors, offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars; they offered a full range of vehicles from the cheapest to the most elaborate, instead of the one-size-fits-all Model T. Consumers eagerly paid more for more modern mechanical features and styling. Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan.<br /> <br /> === The "Model A" and Ford's Later Career===<br /> By 1926, flagging sales of the Model T and the roaring success of General Motors finally convinced Ford he needed to introduce a new model car. Edsel insisted on the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission. The result was the successful [[Ford Model A]], introduced in December, 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of over four million cars. The company then adopted an annual model change system similar to that in use by automakers today. Not until the 1930s did Ford overcome his objection to finance companies, and allowed the Ford-owned [[Universal Credit Company]] became a major car financing operation.<br /> <br /> ===Death of Edsel Ford===<br /> In May 1943, Edsel Ford died, leaving the presidency vacant. Ford put his long-time associate [[Harry Bennett]] in charge. Edsel's widow Eleanor, who had inherited Edsel's voting stock, wanted her son [[Henry Ford II]] to take over the position. The issue was settled for a period when Henry himself, at age 79, took over the presidency personally. Henry Ford II was released from the Navy and became an executive vice president, while Bennett had a seat on the board and was responsible for personnel, labor relations, and public relations.<br /> <br /> === Ford's labor philosophy ===<br /> <br /> Henry Ford was a pioneer of "[[welfare capitalism]]" designed to improve the lot of his workers and especially to reduce the heavy turnover that had many departments hiring 300 men a year to fill 100 slots. Efficiency meant hiring and keeping the best workers. On [[January 5]], [[1914]], Ford announced his five-dollar a day program. The revolutionary program called for a reduction in length of the workday from 9 to 8 hours, a 5 day work week, and a raise in minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers.<ref>Samuel Crowther [http://www.worklessparty.org/timework/ford.htm HENRY FORD: Why I Favor Five Days' Work With Six Days' Pay] World's Work, October 1926 pp. 613-616</ref><br /> <br /> Ford had been criticized by Wall Street for starting the 40 hour work week and a minimum wage. He proved, however, that paying people more would enable Ford workers to afford the cars they were producing, and therefore be good for the economy. Ford labeled the increased compensation as profit-sharing rather than wages. The wage was offered to men over age 22, who had worked at the company for 6 months or more, and, importantly, conducted their lives in a manner of which Ford's "Sociological Department" approved. They frowned on heavy drinking and gambling. The Sociological Department used 150 investigators and support staff to maintain employee standards; a large percentage of workers were able to qualify for the profit-sharing. <br /> <br /> Ford was adamantly against labor unions in his plants. To forestall union activity, he promoted Harry Bennett, a former Navy boxer, to be the head of the Service Department. Bennett employed various intimidation tactics to squash union organizing. The most famous incident, in 1937, was a bloody brawl between company security men and organizers that became known as "The Battle of the Overpass." <br /> <br /> Ford was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the [[United Auto Workers]] union (UAW). A sit-down strike by the UAW union in April 1941 closed the [[River Rouge Plant]]. Under pressure from Edsel, Henry Ford finally agreed to collective bargaining at Ford plants, and the first contract with the UAW was signed in June 1941.<br /> <br /> ==Ford Airplane Company==<br /> Ford, like other automobile companies, entered the aviation business during [[World War I]], building Liberty engines. After the war, it returned to auto manufacturing until 1925, when Henry Ford acquired the Stout Metal Airplane Company.<br /> <br /> Ford's most successful aircraft was the Ford 4AT Trimotor—called the “Tin Goose” because of its corrugated metal construction. It used a new alloy called Alclad that combined the corrosion resistance of aluminum with the strength of duralumin. The Trimotor first flew on June 11, 1926, and was the first successful U.S. passenger airliner, accommodating about 12 passengers in a rather uncomfortable fashion. Several variants were also used by the U.S. Army. About 200 Trimotors were built before it was discontinued in 1933, when the Ford Airplane Division shut down because of poor sales due to the Depression.<br /> <br /> ==Peace Ship==<br /> In 1915, Jewish pacifist [[Rosika Schwimmer]] worked with Ford, who funded a peace ship to Europe, where World War I was raging, for himself and about 170 other prominent peace leaders. He talked to President [[Woodrow Wilson]] about the trip but had no government support. His group went to neutral Sweden and the Netherlands to meet with peace activists there. Ford, the target of much ridicule, left the ship as soon as it reached Sweden.<br /> <br /> ==Dearborn Independent and Anti-Semitism== <br /> <br /> In 1918, Ford's closest aide and private secretary, Ernest G. Liebold, purchased an obscure weekly newspaper, ''The Dearborn Independent''. In 1920, from May 22 to October 2, it ran numerous antisemitic articles under Ford's name. Ford never wrote any of them, but he knew the contents.<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_International_Jew]</ref> The ''Independent'' ran for eight years, from 1920 until 1927, during which Liebold was editor. The newspaper published "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" which was discredited as a forgery during the ''Independent'''s publishing run by ''The Times'' of London.<ref> Baldwin (2000)</ref><br /> <br /> Denounced by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), the articles nevertheless explicitly condemned pogroms and violence against Jews (Volume 4, Chapter 80), preferring to blame incidents of mass violence on the Jews themselves. None of this work was actually written by Ford, who apparently could barely read beyond the fifth grade level.<ref> Asked at the trial to read an editorial Ford refused; he said he only read headlines. He demanded that all business reports be made to him orally at briefings; he never read the accompanying studies.</ref> Friends and business associates said they warned Ford about the contents of the ''Independent'', and that Ford probably never read them. <ref> Watts pp x, 376-387; Lewis (1976) pp 135-59.</ref> However, court testimony in a libel suit, brought by one of the targets of the newspaper, stated that Ford did indeed know about the contents of the ''Independent'' in advance of publication. <ref> Baldwin (2000)</ref> <br /> <br /> A libel lawsuit brought by Jewish farm cooperative organizer Aaron Sapiro in response to anti-Semitic remarks led to a highly publicized trial; Ford closed the ''Independent'' in December 1927 and apologized for attacking the Jewish people. At the trial, William Cameron, the editor of Ford's "Own Page", a regular feature of the magazine, testified that Ford never wrote or dictated the editorials, even though they were under his byline. Cameron testified that he never discussed the content of the pages or sent them to Ford for his approval.<ref>Lewis, (1976) pp. 140-156; Baldwin p 220-221.</ref> Everyone agreed, however, that Ford had a general knowledge of the anti-semitic thrust and funded their publication. <br /> <br /> The ADL mobilized prominent Jews and non-Jews to publicly oppose Ford's message. They formed a coalition of Jewish groups for the same purpose, and raised constant objections in the Detroit press. Before leaving his presidency early in 1921, [[Woodrow Wilson]] joined other leading Americans in a statement that rebuked Ford. A boycott against Ford products by Jews had an impact, and Ford shut down the magazine in 1927, recanting his views in a public letter to the ADL. <ref> Baldwin (2000)</ref><br /> <br /> Distribution of ''International Jew'' was halted by Ford.<br /> <br /> Ford's reputation was seriously damaged by his episode of anti-Semitism, even though he recanted in 1927 and never repeated it. He was indeed responsible for the publication, in the U.S. of the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' and several other pamphlets aimed against Jewish influence. He paid for the publication of an anti-Semitic book ''The International Jew'', a work endorsed by Hitler. Hitler loved automobiles and like many Europeans idealized Ford for bringing autos to the people, which Hitler tried (and failed) to emulate through the Volkswagen.<ref> Ford was honored by the Nazi government for his automobiles, as was General Motors.</ref><br /> <br /> == Ford's international business==<br /> Ford's philosophy was one of economic independence for the United States. His River Rouge Plant was the world's largest industrial complex, even able to produce its own steel. Ford's goal was to produce a vehicle from scratch without reliance on foreign trade, or New York bankers. He believed in the global expansion of his company. He believed that international trade and cooperation led to international peace, and used the assembly line process and production of the Model T to demonstrate it<ref>Watts 236-40</ref> He opened Ford assembly plants in Britain and Canada in 1911, and soon became the biggest automotive producer in those countries. In 1912, Ford cooperated with Agnelli of [[Fiat]] to launch the first Italian automotive assembly plants. The first plants in Germany were built in the 1920s with the encouragement of [[Herbert Hoover]] and the Commerce department, which agreed with Ford's theory that international trade was essential to world peace.<ref>Wilkins and Hill (1964)</ref> In the 1920s Ford also opened plants in Australia, India, and France, and by 1929, he had successful dealerships on six continents. <br /> <br /> Ford experimented with a commercial rubber plantation in the Amazon jungle called "Fordlândia"; it was one of the few failures. In 1929, Ford accepted [[Stalin]]'s invitation to build a model plant (NNAZ, today GAZ) at Gorky, a city later renamed [[Nizhny Novgorod]], and he sent American engineers and technicians to help set it up, including [[Walter Reuther]], who later headed the auto workers union, the [[UAW]]. The Ford Motor Company was eager to conduct business in any nation where the United States had peaceful diplomatic relations:<br /> * Ford of Australia<br /> * Ford of Britain<br /> * Ford of Argentina<br /> * Ford of Brazil<br /> * Ford of Canada<br /> * Ford of Europe<br /> * [http://www.india.ford.com/ Ford India]<br /> * [http://www.ford.co.za/ Ford South Africa]<br /> * [http://www.ford.com.mx/ Ford Mexico]<br /> <br /> By 1932, Ford was manufacturing one third of all the world’s automobiles.<br /> ===Ford's image in Europe===<br /> Ford's image transfixed Europeans, especially the Germans, arousing the "fear of some, the infatuation of others, and the fascination among all".<ref>Nolan p 31</ref> Germans who discussed "[[Fordism]]" often believed that it represented something quintessentially American. They saw the size, tempo, standardization, and philosophy of production demonstrated at the Ford factory as a national service - an "American thing" that represented the culture of United States. Both supporters and critics insisted that Fordism epitomized American capitalist development, and that the auto industry was the key to understanding economic and social relations in the United States. As one German explained, "Automobiles have so completely changed the American's mode of life that today one can hardly imagine being without a car. It is difficult to remember what life was like before Mr. Ford began preaching his doctrine of salvation"<ref>Nolan, p 31</ref> For many Germans, Henry Ford himself embodied the essence of successful Americanism.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Ford suffered an initial heart attack in 1938, after which he turned over the running of his company to Edsel. Edsel's 1943 death brought Henry Ford out of retirement. In ill health and failing memory, he ceded the presidency to his grandson [[Henry Ford II]] in September 1945. He died in 1947 at the age of 83 and is buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Achievements==<br /> <br /> Henry Ford did not invent the [[automobile]]--that was done by German Karl Benz. Ford did not invent the assembly line; that was done by Ransom E. Olds, but Ford perfected it. Ford's team did invent the [[Model T]] automobile. This invention revolutionized the American economy. He mass produced his Model T using the [[assembly line]], making cars affordable to the common person for the first time ever. He also paid his workers very well, which, in the long run, paid off as he was creating his own [[consumers]]. That too was a new idea. Ford claimed 161 U.S. [[patent]]s to his credit.<br /> <br /> ==Sayings==<br /> Ford hired a team of ghostwriters who wrote endless stories, anecdotes and jokes that were distributed in magazines and pamphlets given away by Ford dealers. <br /> <br /> <blockquote><br /> “Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success,” said Ford. “If everyone is moving forward together, then success takes care of itself.”<br /> </blockquote><br /> :"Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you're right."<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> [[Image:fmclogo.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> ===Biographies===<br /> * Bak, Richard. ''Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Henry-Edsel-Creation-Ford-Empire/dp/0471234877/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975402&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Brinkley, Douglas G. ''Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Wheels-World-Company-Century-Progress/dp/B000BZ99PQ/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975451&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Halberstam, David. "Citizen Ford" ''American Heritage'' 1986 37(6): 49-64. interpretive essay<br /> * Jardim, Anne. ''The First Henry Ford: A Study in Personality and Business Leadership'' (1970). <br /> * Lacey, Robert. ''Ford: The Men and the Machine'' (1986). popular biography<br /> * Lewis, David I. ''The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company'' (1976), much broader than title suggests<br /> * Nevins, Allan and Frank Ernest Hill. ''Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company'' (vol 1, 1954); ''Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915-1933'' (1957); ''Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962'' (1962), the standard history of the company and biography of Ford; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 1]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 2]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book for vol 3] the major scholarly history<br /> * Nye, David E. ''Henry Ford: "Ignorant Idealist."'' 1979. <br /> * Watts, Steven. ''The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century'' (2005), major biography <br /> <br /> ===Specialized studies===<br /> * Batchelor, Ray. ''Henry Ford: Mass Production, Modernism and Design'' (1994). <br /> * Bonin, Huber et al. ''Ford, 1902-2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English; reviewed in Len Holden, "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in ''Business History '' Volume 47, #1 Jan 2005 pp 122-127 <br /> * Brinkley, Douglas. "Prime Mover". ''American Heritage'' 2003 54(3): 44-53. on Model T <br /> * Bryan, Ford R. ''Henry's Lieutenants'', 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2<br /> * Bryan, Ford R. ''Beyond the Model T: The Other Ventures of Henry Ford'' (1990). <br /> * Dempsey, Mary A. "Fordlandia," ''Michigan History'' 1994 78(4): 24-33. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil <br /> * Jacobson, D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 1912-26." ''Irish Economic and Social History'' 1977 4: 36-55. Ford and Irish politics<br /> * Kraft, Barbara S. ''The Peace Ship: Henry Ford's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War'' (1978)<br /> * Lewis, David L. "Ford and Kahn" ''Michigan History'' 1980 64(5): 17-28. Ford commissioned architect Albert Kahn to design factories<br /> * Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford and His Magic Beanstalk" . ''Michigan History'' 1995 79(3): 10-17. Ford's interest in soybeans and plastics <br /> * Lewis, David L. "Working Side by Side" ''Michigan History'' 1993 77(1): 24-30. Why Ford hired large numbers of black workers<br /> * McIntyre, Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913-1940: ''Technology and Culture'' 2000 41(2): 269-299. repair shops rejected flat rates<br /> * Meyer, Stephen. ''The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102499921 online edition from [[Questia]]]<br /> * Nolan, Mary. ''Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany'' (1994); [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58971942 online from [[Questia]]]' also [http://www.amazon.com/Visions-Modernity-American-Business-Modernization/dp/0195070216/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975895&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Raff, Daniel M. G. and Lawrence H. Summers. "Did Henry Ford Pay Efficiency Wages?" ''Journal of Labor Economics'' (October 1987) 5#4 pp S57-S86 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0734-306X(198710)5%3A4%3CS57%3ADHFPEW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR]<br /> * Pietrykowski, Bruce. "Fordism at Ford: Spatial Decentralization and Labor Segmentation at the Ford Motor Company, 1920-1950" ''Economic Geography'' 1995 71(4): 383-401. <br /> * Roediger, David, ed "Americanism and Fordism - American Style: Kate Richards O'hare's 'Has Henry Ford Made Good?'" ''Labor History'' 1988 29(2): 241-252. Socialist praise for Ford in 1916 <br /> * Segal, Howard P. "'Little Plants in the Country': Henry Ford's Village Industries and the Beginning of Decentralized Technology in Modern America" ''Prospects'' 1988 13: 181-223. Ford created 19 rural workplaces as pastoral retreats<br /> * Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" ''Business and Economic History'' 1988 17: 49-62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management. <br /> * Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" ''Explorations in Entrepreneurial History'' 1969 6(2): 139-157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry,<br /> * Valdés, Dennis Nodin. "Perspiring Capitalists: Latinos and the Henry Ford Service School, 1918-1928" ''Aztlán'' 1981 12(2): 227-239. Ford brought hundreds of Mexicans in for training as managers<br /> * Wilkins, Mira and Frank Ernest Hill, ''American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents'' (1964)<br /> * Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam and John Williams, "Ford versus `Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?" ''Work, Employment & Society'', Vol. 6, No. 4, 517-555 (1992), stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements<br /> <br /> ===Anti-Semitism ===<br /> * Baldwin, Neil; ''Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate''(2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/100722934?title=Henry%20Ford%20and%20the%20Jews%3a%20The%20Mass%20Production%20of%20Hate online edition]<br /> * Foust, James C. "Mass-produced Reform: Henry Ford's Dearborn Independent" ''American Journalism'' 1997 14(3-4): 411-424. <br /> * Kandel, Alan D. "Ford and Israel" ''Michigan Jewish History'' 1999 39: 13-17. covers business and philanthropy<br /> * Lee, Albert; ''Henry Ford and the Jews'' (1980)<br /> * Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford's Anti-semitism and its Repercussions" ''Michigan Jewish History'' 1984 24(1): 3-10. <br /> * Ribuffo, Leo P. "Henry Ford and the International Jew" ''American Jewish History'' 1980 69(4): 437-477. by conservative historian [http://www.enotes.com/twentieth-century-criticism/henry-ford/leo-p-ribuffo-essay-date-1980 full text online]<br /> * Sapiro, Aaron L. "A Retrospective View of the Aaron Sapiro-Henry Ford Case" ''Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly'' 1982 15(1): 79-84. <br /> * Woeste, Victoria Saker. "Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920-1929" ''Journal of American History'' 2004 91(3): 877-905. [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/91.3/woeste.html in History Cooperative]<br /> <br /> ===Primary sources===<br /> * Ford, Henry and Samuel Crowther. ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7213 My Life and Work]'', 1922<br /> * Ford, Henry and Crowther, Samuel; ''Today and Tomorrow'', 1926<br /> * Ford, Henry and Crowther, Samuel; ''Moving Forward'', 1930<br /> * Bennett, Harry, as told to Paul Marcus. ''Ford: We Never Called Him Henry'', 1951<br /> * Sorensen, Charles E., with Samuel T. Williamson. ''My Forty Years with Ford'', 1956; ISBN 0-915299-36-4<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://automotivehistoryonline.com/ford.htm Automobile History Online - Henry Ford History & Photos]<br /> * [http://www.quotationsbook.com/authors/2560/Henry_Ford Notable quotations and speech excerpts]<br /> * [http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_wa.php?c=3 Timeline][http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_ch.php?c=3 and Quotes by Henry Ford]<br /> * [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/2/1958_2_65.shtml Nevins and Hill tell story of Peace Ship in ''American Heritage'']<br /> * [http://www.hfha.org/ The Henry Ford Heritage Association]<br /> * [http://thoughtaudio.com/titlelist/ford/index.html Listen to “The Terror of the Machine” by Henry Ford] Free mp3 audio download from [http://thoughtaudio.com/ ThoughtAudio.com]<br /> * [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_Ford]<br /> ====notes====<br /> <references/><br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ford, Henry}}<br /> [[Category:Business People]]<br /> [[Category:Economic history]]<br /> [[Category:Business]]<br /> [[Category:Philanthropy]]<br /> [[category:Anti-Semitism]]<br /> [[category:Progressive Era]]<br /> [[category:1920s]]<br /> [[Category : People]]<br /> [[Category : Celebrities]]<br /> [[Category : Billionaires]]</div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Vatican_City&diff=1157717 Vatican City 2015-06-08T05:00:16Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name =''Status Civitatis Vaticanae<br/>Stato della Città del Vaticano''<br /> |map =Holysee map 2007-worldfactbook.jpg<br /> |map2 =Location of the Vatican.png<br /> |flag =Vatican City flag.png<br /> |arms =Arms of the Vatican.png<br /> |capital =<br /> |capital-raw =<br /> |government =Theocratic Monarchy<br /> |government-raw =<br /> |language =Latin<br /> |king =<br /> |queen =<br /> |monarch-raw =[[Pope Francis]]<br /> |governor general=<br /> |governor general-raw=<br /> |president =Giuseppe Bertello<br /> |president-raw =<br /> |chancellor =<br /> |chancellor-raw =<br /> |pm =<br /> |pm-raw =<br /> |chairman =<br /> |general secretary=<br /> |governor =<br /> |governor-raw =<br /> |premier =<br /> |premier-raw =<br /> |area =0.17 sq. mi.<br /> |pop =783<br /> |pop-basis =2007<br /> |gdp =<br /> |gdp-year =<br /> |gdp-pc =<br /> |currency =<br /> |idd =<br /> |tld =<br /> }}<br /> The '''State of the Vatican City''' (or simply '''Vatican City''' or '''Holy See''') is an independent state of which the monarch is the Bishop of Rome — the [[Pope]], and the highest state functionaries are all clergymen of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The Vatican City houses the [[Holy See|Government of the Roman Catholic Church]] and is surrounded by the city of [[Rome]]. Until 1871 the Pope held civil power over a considerable territory, called the [[Papal States]]. This land was made a part of [[Italy]] during the unification of 1871. By the Treaty of the Lateran in 1929, Italy restored the Pope's temporal, or civil, power within the confines of Vatican City, which totals 108.7 acres in area.<br /> <br /> ==People==<br /> Almost all of Vatican City's citizens live inside the Vatican's walls. The Vatican includes high-ranking dignitaries, priests, nuns, and guards, as well as about 3,000 lay workers who comprise the majority of the work force.<br /> <br /> ==Government and Institutions==<br /> The Pope exercises supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power over the Holy See and the State of the Vatican City. [[Pope Francis]], former [[Cardinal]] Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina, was elected and invested on March 13, 2013. <br /> <br /> The term "[[Holy See]]" refers to the composite of the authority, jurisdiction, and sovereignty vested in the Pope and his advisers to direct the worldwide Roman Catholic Church. As the "central government" of the Roman Catholic Church, the Holy See has a legal personality that allows it to enter into treaties as the juridical equal of a state and to send and receive diplomatic representatives. The Holy See has formal diplomatic relations with 175 nations, including the United States and many predominantly Muslim countries. The Holy See also maintains relations of a special nature with the Russian Federation and the Organization for the Liberation of [[Palestine]]. <br /> <br /> Created in 1929 to provide a territorial identity for the Holy See in Rome, the State of Vatican City is a recognized national territory under international law. The Holy See enters into international agreements and receives and sends diplomatic representatives. <br /> <br /> ===Administration of Vatican City State===<br /> The Pope delegates the internal administration of the Vatican City to the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City. Vatican City maintains the Swiss Guards, a voluntary military force, as well as a modern security corps. It has its own post office, commissary, bank, railway station, electrical generating plant, television center, and publishing house. The Vatican also issues its own coins, stamps and Internet domain (.va). Vatican Radio, the official radio station, is one of the most influential in Europe. ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' is the semi-official newspaper, published daily in Italian, and weekly in English, Spanish, Portuguese, German, and French (plus a monthly edition in Polish).<br /> <br /> ===Administration of the Holy See=== <br /> [[Image:Ghjhn.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City]]<br /> The Pope exercises his authority through the Roman Curia and the Papal Civil Service. The Roman Curia consists of the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, 11 Pontifical Councils, and a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level. The Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia. On September 15, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone as Secretary of State (a role equivalent to that of prime minister) and appointed Archbishop Dominique Mamberti as Secretary for Relations with States (equivalent to foreign minister). <br /> <br /> Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which oversees church doctrine; the Congregation for Bishops, which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, which oversees all missionary activities; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, which deals with international peace and social issues. <br /> <br /> Three tribunals are responsible for judicial power. The Apostolic Penitentiary deals with matters of conscience; the Roman Rota is responsible for appeals, including annulments of marriage; and the Apostolic Signatura is the final court of appeal. <br /> <br /> The Prefecture for Economic Affairs coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See, an investment fund dating back to the Lateran Pacts. A committee of 15 cardinals, chaired by the Secretary of State, has final oversight authority over all financial matters of the Holy See, including those of the Institute for Works of Religion, the Vatican bank.<br /> <br /> ===Principal Government Officials=== <br /> *Head of State--Pope Francis<br /> *Secretary of State (Prime Minister)--Pietro Parolin<br /> *Deputy Secretary of State--Archbishop Leonardo Sandri<br /> *Secretary for Relations with States (Foreign Minister)--Archbishop Dominique Mamberti <br /> *Apostolic Nuncio (equivalent to Ambassador) to the United States--Archbishop Pietro Sambi <br /> [[Image:Swiss guard.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Swiss Guards]]<br /> The Vatican has its own [[Euro]] coins, [[postage stamp]]s, and postal service. Security is provided by the Pontifical Swiss Guard.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign Relations===<br /> The Holy See conducts an active diplomacy. As noted, it maintains formal diplomatic relations with 175 nations; 78 of these maintain permanent resident diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See in Rome. The rest have missions located outside Italy with dual accreditation. The Holy See maintains 106 permanent diplomatic missions to nation-states. Furthermore, the Holy See has two separate permanent diplomatic missions: one to the European Union, another to the Russian Federation. <br /> <br /> The Holy See is especially active in international organizations. The Holy See has diplomatic relations with the European Union (EU) in Brussels, it is a permanent observer of the United Nations Organization (UN), Organization of American States (OAS) in Washington, African Union (AU), World Tourist Organization (WToO), World Trade Organization (WTO), World Health Organization (WHO), World Food Program (WFP), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP), United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS), Latin Union (LU), International Organization for Migration (IOM), International Labor Organization (ILO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).<br /> <br /> The Holy See is also an observer on an informal basis of the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva (WMO), United Nations Committee of Peaceful Use of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS), International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), International Maritime Organization (IMO), African Asian Legal Consultative Committee (AALCC) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).<br /> <br /> The Holy See is a member of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), International Telecommunication Satellite Organization (ITSO), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Universal Postal Union (UPU), International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), International Grains Council (IGC), International Committee for Military Medicine (ICMM), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). <br /> <br /> In 1971, the Holy See announced the decision to adhere to the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in order to "give its moral support to the principles that form the base of the treaty itself." The Holy See is also a participating state in the OSCE and a guest of honor to the Parliamentary Assembly of the OSCE.<br /> <br /> Furthermore, the Holy See has a delegate to the Arab League (AL) in Cairo.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> [[Image:Altar St Peter the Vatican.jpg|right|200px|Altar, St. Peter Basilica.]]<br /> The Holy See's diplomatic history began in the fourth century, but the boundaries of the papacy's temporal power have shifted over the centuries. From the 8th century through the middle of the 19th century, the Popes held sway over the Papal States, which included a broad band of territory across central Italy. In 1860, after prolonged civil and regional unrest, Victor Emmanuel's army seized the Papal States, leaving only Rome and surrounding coastal regions under papal control. <br /> <br /> In 1870, Victor Emmanuel captured Rome itself and declared it the new capital of Italy, ending papal claims to temporal power. Pope Pius IX and his successors disputed the legitimacy of these acts and proclaimed themselves to be "prisoners" in the Vatican. Finally, in 1929, the Italian Government and the Holy See signed three agreements resolving the dispute: <br /> *A treaty recognizing the independence and sovereignty of the Holy See and creating the State of the Vatican City; <br /> *A concordat defining the relations between the government and the church within Italy; and <br /> *A financial convention providing the Holy See with compensation for its losses in 1870. <br /> *A revised concordat, altering the terms of church-state relations, was signed in 1984.<br /> <br /> ====The Vatican Cemetery====<br /> The first popes were buried near the body of St. Peter, in Vatican City. The Cemetery of Priscilla is the oldest general cemetery of Early Christian Rome and in several respects the most important. In this [[catacomb]] were buried Sts. Felix and Philip... In the latter half of the fourth century Pope St. Damasus (366-84) did much to beautify the ancient Roman cemeteries and to decorate the tombs of the most illustrious martyrs... After the middle of the ninth century the historic crypts had been emptied, and the bodies brought to Roman churches. Naturally, the written references to the catacombs ceased with the visitors, and a stray chapter in the "Mirabilia Urbis Romae" or an odd indication in the "Libri Indulgentiarum" kept alive the memory of those holy places which once attracted a world of pilgrims.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03510a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]</ref><br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> [[File:Entrance to the Vatican Museum.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the Vatican [[Museum]].]]<br /> *[[Catholicism]]<br /> *[[Our Lady of Guadalupe]]<br /> *[[Holy See]]<br /> *[[Roman Curia]]<br /> *[[Sistine Chapel]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> *[http://uk.geocities.com/hashanayobel/uvw/vatican.htm Vatican City]<br /> *[http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/MV_Visite.html Vatican City] Virtual Tours.<br /> *[http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/06/19/vatican.road.rage.ap/ Vatican issues 10 Commandments for drivers] CNN. June 19, 2007.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <references/><br /> <br /> {| style="width: 100%; background:transparent; border: 2px solid #000099;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"<br /> !colspan=2 style="width: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: #000088; color: white; "|'''Copyright Details'''<br /> |-<br /> !style="background-color: #000088; color:white;"|License:<br /> |style=" background-color: none;"| <small>This work is in the [[Public Domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the U.S. Code</small><br /> |-<br /> !style=" background-color: #000088; color:white;"|Source:<br /> |style="background-color: none;border-top: 2px solid black"| <small>File available from the {{{1|[[United States Federal Government]] [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3819.htm]</small>}}}. <br /> |} <br /> <br /> Source = [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3819.htm]<br /> <br /> [[Category:European Countries]]<br /> [[Category:Micronations]]<br /> [[Category:Catholic Church]]<br /> [[Category:Landlocked Countries]]<br /> [[Category:Christian-Majority Countries]]</div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Police&diff=1157716 Police 2015-06-08T04:45:51Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Police''' are the enforcers of [[law]] in a society. Their job entails investigating crimes and arresting criminals to be brought to trial. The police work with prosecuting attorneys. The job of the police is to investigate and arrest criminals and show the prosecuting attorneys evidence against the criminals, while the prosecuting attorneys job is to prosecute the criminal on behalf of the government and persuade the judge and/or jury to convict the criminal. The police also act as witnesses to crimes and are often called upon to give evidence against a criminal.<br /> Police are required in every civilized society, as they are necessary to enforce the Rule of Law. Police are also known as [[constable]]s, [[inspectors]], [[sheriff]]s, and [[trooper]]s. Each has a specific function as deemed by their respective governing agency.<br /> Police have rights that give them the ability to perform their duties. They vary between different countries and states. Usually they have the right to detain people, arrest people, search property, and search houses. When a police officer is in the place he has the right to use his power, he is in his jurisdiction, if he wants to arrest a person outside his jurisdictions, the other jurisdiction's police must do it for him. Police usually have weapons such as guns, batons, and pepper spray. The job of the police is to stop crimes from happening and protect the public from criminals. They also direct traffic and usually assist other emergency services in non-criminal emergencies such as fires also. Police are usually divided into detectives and uniformed officers. Uniformed officers patrol on foot and in marked police cars in order to deter people from committing crime, make the community safer, and direct traffic. Uniformed detectives drive in unmarked cars to investigate crimes undetected. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The history of the police as a job function dates back beyond the Roman and Greek eras. Prior to this, the function of law and order was left to the particular nobles to protect their own lands. During the Roman Empire, law and order was more organized, as the military performed this function. In ancient [[Rome]], the [[Praetorian Guard]] acted as the police force.<ref>[http://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574058/Police.html]</ref><br /> <br /> The first modern police force was founded in Paris, <ref>Clark, David Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives page 1122</ref>France during the reign of King Louis XIV. He created this body in 1666. Nicholas Gabriel de La Reynie was the first Paris police administrator. In London Patrick In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames to found a police force to prevent theft that was damaging his company and others. <ref>[Dick Paterson, Origins of the Thames Police, ''Thames Police Museum''. Retrieved 4 February 2007.http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html]</ref> This force was called the Thames River Police and was the first modern police force in Great Britain. It inspired similar police in Dublin, Sydney, and New York City.<ref>[http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html]</ref> When London's population exploded during the Industrial Revolution, Sir Robert Peel began organizing changes in law enforcement. [[Royal Assent]] to the [[Metropolitan Police Act 1829|Metropolitan Police Act]] was given,<ref name="ndad">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/1/detail.html |title=The National Archives &#124; NDAD &#124; Metropolitan Police |publisher=Ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref> and the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] was established on September 29, 1829 in [[London]] as the first modern and professional police force in the world. In 1836 the British Parliament passed the Dublin Police Act, which created the Dublin Metropolitan Police Department. <ref>[http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/slr_city_of_dublin.pdf]</ref> The South Australia Police was created in 1838 and headed by Henry Inman.<br /> <references/><br /> <references/><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <references/><br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Sheriff]]<br /> * [[Essay:Systems_of_support#Law_Enforcement_System]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> <br /> ==<References/>==<br /> <references/><br /> {{reflist| <references/>}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Crime]]<br /> [[Category:List of Law Enforcement Agencies]]<br /> [[Category:Law Enforcement]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> [[Category:Law]]<br /> <references/></div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Police&diff=1157715 Police 2015-06-08T04:37:53Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Police''' are the enforcers of [[law]] in a society. Their job entails investigating crimes and arresting criminals to be brought to trial. The police work with prosecuting attorneys. The job of the police is to investigate and arrest criminals and show the prosecuting attorneys evidence against the criminals, while the prosecuting attorneys job is to prosecute the criminal on behalf of the government and persuade the judge and/or jury to convict the criminal. The police also act as witnesses to crimes and are often called upon to give evidence against a criminal.<br /> Police are required in every civilized society, as they are necessary to enforce the Rule of Law. Police are also known as [[constable]]s, [[inspectors]], [[sheriff]]s, and [[trooper]]s. Each has a specific function as deemed by their respective governing agency.<br /> Police have rights that give them the ability to perform their duties. They vary between different countries and states. Usually they have the right to detain people, arrest people, search property, and search houses. When a police officer is in the place he has the right to use his power, he is in his jurisdiction, if he wants to arrest a person outside his jurisdictions, the other jurisdiction's police must do it for him. Police usually have weapons such as guns, batons, and pepper spray. The job of the police is to stop crimes from happening and protect the public from criminals. They also direct traffic and usually assist other emergency services in non-criminal emergencies such as fires also. Police are usually divided into detectives and uniformed officers. Uniformed officers patrol on foot and in marked police cars in order to deter people from committing crime, make the community safer, and direct traffic. Uniformed detectives drive in unmarked cars to investigate crimes undetected. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The history of the police as a job function dates back beyond the Roman and Greek eras. Prior to this, the function of law and order was left to the particular nobles to protect their own lands. During the Roman Empire, law and order was more organized, as the military performed this function. In ancient [[Rome]], the [[Praetorian Guard]] acted as the police force.<ref>[http://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574058/Police.html]</ref><br /> <br /> The first modern police force was founded in Paris, <ref>Clark, David Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives page 1122</ref>France during the reign of King Louis XIV. He created this body in 1666. Nicholas Gabriel de La Reynie was the first Paris police administrator. In London Patrick In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames to found a police force to prevent theft that was damaging his company and others. <ref>[Dick Paterson, Origins of the Thames Police, ''Thames Police Museum''. Retrieved 4 February 2007.http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html]</ref> This force was called the Thames River Police and was the first modern police force in Great Britain. It inspired similar police in Dublin, Sydney, and New York City.<ref>[http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html]</ref> When London's population exploded during the Industrial Revolution, Sir Robert Peel began organizing changes in law enforcement. [[Royal Assent]] to the [[Metropolitan Police Act 1829|Metropolitan Police Act]] was given,<ref name="ndad">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/1/detail.html |title=The National Archives &#124; NDAD &#124; Metropolitan Police |publisher=Ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref> and the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] was established on September 29, 1829 in [[London]] as the first modern and professional police force in the world. In 1836 the British Parliament passed the Dublin Police Act, which created the Dublin Metropolitan Police Department. <ref>[http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/slr_city_of_dublin.pdf]</ref><br /> <references/><br /> <references/><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <references/><br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Sheriff]]<br /> * [[Essay:Systems_of_support#Law_Enforcement_System]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> <br /> ==<References/>==<br /> <references/><br /> {{reflist| <references/>}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Crime]]<br /> [[Category:List of Law Enforcement Agencies]]<br /> [[Category:Law Enforcement]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> [[Category:Law]]<br /> <references/></div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&diff=1157353 Ford Foundation 2015-06-07T06:31:42Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: Ford was not an extreme conservative.</p> <hr /> <div>Headquartered in [[New York City]], the '''Ford Foundation''' is a tax-exempt 501(C)(3) organization and one of the largest foundations in the world with over $10 billion in assets.<ref>[http://www2.guidestar.org/organizations/13-1684331/ford-foundation.aspx# Ford Foundation's donations retrieved from the database of IRS filings]</ref> The foundation was founded by the conservative automobile tycoon [[Henry Ford]] in 1936. Today it donates to thousands of organizations worldwide but has donated largely to leftist groups. They are truly a money hub for far-left, radical liberal groups. <br /> <br /> The Ford family has not been involved with the foundation since 1976 when Henry Ford II left the board of trustees in disgust in 1977. He wrote in his resignation letter: “the foundation is a creature of capitalism, a statement that, I’m sure, would be shocking to many professional staff people in the field of philanthropy. It is hard to discern recognition of this fact in anything the foundation does. It is even more difficult to find an understanding of this in many of the institutions, particularly the universities, that are the beneficiaries of the foundation’s grant programs.” <br /> <ref>[http://www.city-journal.org/html/6_4_a1.html The Billions of Dollars That Made Things Worse]</ref><br /> <br /> The shift to the far-left continues today. In 2010 alone, it allocated large contributions to [[George Soros]]-backed organizations such as [[Center for American Progress]] ($1,000,000) and [[Media Matters for America]] ($500,000), who recently "declared war" on [[Fox News]]. Other notable far-left groups it donated to include [[New Israeli Fund]] ($5,000,000), [[Astraea Foundation]] ($2,300,000), [[Global Rights]] ($2,000,000) and [[Amnesty International]] ($1,000,000).<ref>[http://www2.guidestar.org/organizations/13-1684331/ford-foundation.aspx#]</ref><br /> <br /> The foundation's leadership:<ref>[http://www.fordfoundation.org/about-us/leadership Ford Foundation's Board of Trustees]</ref><br /> <br /> *[[Irene Hirano Inouye]], Chairman<br /> *[[Luis A. Ubiñas]], President<br /> *[[Kofi Appenteng]], Partner, West Africa Fund<br /> *[[Tim Berners-Lee]], Professor at MIT and founder of the World Wide Web<br /> *[[Afsaneh M. Beschloss]], President and Chief Executive Officer at The Rock Creek Group<br /> *[[Martin Eakes]], CEO at Center for Responsible Lending<br /> *[[Juliet V. García]], President, University of Texas at Brownsville Brownsville, Tex.<br /> *[[J. Clifford Hudson]], Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer at Sonic Corporation<br /> *[[Yolanda Kakabadse]], Senior Adviser, Fundación Futuro Latinoamericano<br /> *[[Robert S. Kaplan]], Professor, Harvard Business School and Senior Director at Goldman Sachs<br /> *[[Thurgood Marshall Jr.]], Partner, Bingham McCutchen and son of famous liberal US Justice Thurgood Marshall<br /> *[[N.R. Narayana Murthy]], Chairman Emeritus at Infosys Limited<br /> *[[Peter A. Nadosy]], Managing Partner at East End Advisors, LLC<br /> *[[Cecile Richards]], President, Planned Parenthood<br /> <br /> == External Links ==<br /> *[http://foundationbios.com/the-ford-foundation/ Ford Foundation bio]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <references/><br /> <br /> [[Category:United States Political Organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Liberal Organizations]]<br /> [[Category:Liberals]]<br /> [[Category:Foundations]]</div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Police&diff=1157352 Police 2015-06-07T06:25:51Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: /* History */ Abbreviating link</p> <hr /> <div>'''Police''' are the enforcers of [[law]] in a society. Their job entails investigating crimes and arresting suspected criminals to be brought to trial. They also act as witnesses to crimes and are often called upon to give evidence against an accused.<br /> Police are required in every civilized society, as they are necessary to enforce the Rule of Law. Police are also known as [[constable]]s, [[inspectors]], [[sheriff]]s, and [[trooper]]s. Each has a specific function as deemed by their respective governing agency.<br /> Police have rights that give them the ability to perform their duties. They vary between different countries and states. Usually they have the right to detain people, arrest people, search property, and search houses. When a police officer is in the place he has the right to use his power, he is in his jurisdiction, if he wants to arrest a person outside his jurisdictions, the other jurisdiction's police must do it for him. Police usually have weapons such as guns, batons, and pepper spray. The job of the police is to stop crimes from happening and protect the public from criminals. They also direct traffic and usually assist other emergency services in non-criminal emergencies such as fires also. Police are usually divided into detectives and uniformed officers. Uniformed officers patrol on foot and in marked police cars in order to deter people from committing crime, make the community safer, and direct traffic. Uniformed detectives drive in unmarked cars to investigate crimes undetected. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The history of the police as a job function dates back beyond the Roman and Greek eras. Prior to this, the function of law and order was left to the particular nobles to protect their own lands. During the Roman Empire, law and order was more organized, as the military performed this function. In ancient [[Rome]], the [[Praetorian Guard]] acted as the police force.<ref>[http://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574058/Police.html]</ref><br /> <br /> The first modern police force was founded in Paris, <ref>Clark, David Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives page 1122</ref>France during the reign of King Louis XIV. He created this body in 1666. Nicholas Gabriel de La Reynie was the first Paris police administrator. In London Patrick In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames to found a police force to prevent theft that was damaging his company and others. <ref>[Dick Paterson, Origins of the Thames Police, ''Thames Police Museum''. Retrieved 4 February 2007.http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html]</ref> This force was called the Thames River Police and was the first modern police force in Great Britain. It inspired similar police in Dublin, Sydney, and New York City.<ref>[http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html]</ref> When London's population exploded during the Industrial Revolution, Sir Robert Peel began organizing changes in law enforcement. [[Royal Assent]] to the [[Metropolitan Police Act 1829|Metropolitan Police Act]] was given,<ref name="ndad">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/1/detail.html |title=The National Archives &#124; NDAD &#124; Metropolitan Police |publisher=Ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref> and the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] was established on September 29, 1829 in [[London]] as the first modern and professional police force in the world. In 1836 the British Parliament passed the Dublin Police Act, which created the Dublin Metropolitan Police Department. <ref>[http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/slr_city_of_dublin.pdf]</ref><br /> <references/><br /> <references/><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <references/><br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Sheriff]]<br /> * [[Essay:Systems_of_support#Law_Enforcement_System]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> <br /> ==<References/>==<br /> <references/><br /> {{reflist| <references/>}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Crime]]<br /> [[Category:List of Law Enforcement Agencies]]<br /> [[Category:Law Enforcement]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> [[Category:Law]]<br /> <references/></div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Police&diff=1157351 Police 2015-06-07T06:24:24Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: Abbreviating link</p> <hr /> <div>'''Police''' are the enforcers of [[law]] in a society. Their job entails investigating crimes and arresting suspected criminals to be brought to trial. They also act as witnesses to crimes and are often called upon to give evidence against an accused.<br /> Police are required in every civilized society, as they are necessary to enforce the Rule of Law. Police are also known as [[constable]]s, [[inspectors]], [[sheriff]]s, and [[trooper]]s. Each has a specific function as deemed by their respective governing agency.<br /> Police have rights that give them the ability to perform their duties. They vary between different countries and states. Usually they have the right to detain people, arrest people, search property, and search houses. When a police officer is in the place he has the right to use his power, he is in his jurisdiction, if he wants to arrest a person outside his jurisdictions, the other jurisdiction's police must do it for him. Police usually have weapons such as guns, batons, and pepper spray. The job of the police is to stop crimes from happening and protect the public from criminals. They also direct traffic and usually assist other emergency services in non-criminal emergencies such as fires also. Police are usually divided into detectives and uniformed officers. Uniformed officers patrol on foot and in marked police cars in order to deter people from committing crime, make the community safer, and direct traffic. Uniformed detectives drive in unmarked cars to investigate crimes undetected. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The history of the police as a job function dates back beyond the Roman and Greek eras. Prior to this, the function of law and order was left to the particular nobles to protect their own lands. During the Roman Empire, law and order was more organized, as the military performed this function. In ancient [[Rome]], the [[Praetorian Guard]] acted as the police force.<ref>[http://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574058/Police.html]</ref><br /> <br /> The first modern police force was founded in Paris, <ref>Clark, David Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives page 1122</ref>France during the reign of King Louis XIV. He created this body in 1666. Nicholas Gabriel de La Reynie was the first Paris police administrator. In London Patrick In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames to found a police force to prevent theft that was damaging his company and others. <ref>[Dick Paterson, Origins of the Thames Police, ''Thames Police Museum''. Retrieved 4 February 2007.http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html]</ref> This force was called the Thames River Police and was the first modern police force in Great Britain. It inspired similar police in Dublin, Sydney, and New York City.<ref>http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html</ref> When London's population exploded during the Industrial Revolution, Sir Robert Peel began organizing changes in law enforcement. [[Royal Assent]] to the [[Metropolitan Police Act 1829|Metropolitan Police Act]] was given,<ref name="ndad">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/1/detail.html |title=The National Archives &#124; NDAD &#124; Metropolitan Police |publisher=Ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref> and the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] was established on September 29, 1829 in [[London]] as the first modern and professional police force in the world. In 1836 the British Parliament passed the Dublin Police Act, which created the Dublin Metropolitan Police Department. <ref>[http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/slr_city_of_dublin.pdf]</ref><br /> <references/><br /> <references/><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <references/><br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Sheriff]]<br /> * [[Essay:Systems_of_support#Law_Enforcement_System]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> <br /> ==<References/>==<br /> <references/><br /> {{reflist| <references/>}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Crime]]<br /> [[Category:List of Law Enforcement Agencies]]<br /> [[Category:Law Enforcement]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> [[Category:Law]]<br /> <references/></div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Police&diff=1157350 Police 2015-06-07T06:23:50Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: Abbreviating link.</p> <hr /> <div>'''Police''' are the enforcers of [[law]] in a society. Their job entails investigating crimes and arresting suspected criminals to be brought to trial. They also act as witnesses to crimes and are often called upon to give evidence against an accused.<br /> Police are required in every civilized society, as they are necessary to enforce the Rule of Law. Police are also known as [[constable]]s, [[inspectors]], [[sheriff]]s, and [[trooper]]s. Each has a specific function as deemed by their respective governing agency.<br /> Police have rights that give them the ability to perform their duties. They vary between different countries and states. Usually they have the right to detain people, arrest people, search property, and search houses. When a police officer is in the place he has the right to use his power, he is in his jurisdiction, if he wants to arrest a person outside his jurisdictions, the other jurisdiction's police must do it for him. Police usually have weapons such as guns, batons, and pepper spray. The job of the police is to stop crimes from happening and protect the public from criminals. They also direct traffic and usually assist other emergency services in non-criminal emergencies such as fires also. Police are usually divided into detectives and uniformed officers. Uniformed officers patrol on foot and in marked police cars in order to deter people from committing crime, make the community safer, and direct traffic. Uniformed detectives drive in unmarked cars to investigate crimes undetected. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The history of the police as a job function dates back beyond the Roman and Greek eras. Prior to this, the function of law and order was left to the particular nobles to protect their own lands. During the Roman Empire, law and order was more organized, as the military performed this function. In ancient [[Rome]], the [[Praetorian Guard]] acted as the police force.<ref>[http://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574058/Police.html]</ref><br /> <br /> The first modern police force was founded in Paris, <ref>Clark, David Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives page 1122</ref>France during the reign of King Louis XIV. He created this body in 1666. Nicholas Gabriel de La Reynie was the first Paris police administrator. In London Patrick In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames to found a police force to prevent theft that was damaging his company and others. <ref>Dick Paterson, Origins of the Thames Police, ''Thames Police Museum''. Retrieved 4 February 2007.http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html</ref> This force was called the Thames River Police and was the first modern police force in Great Britain. It inspired similar police in Dublin, Sydney, and New York City.<ref>http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html</ref> When London's population exploded during the Industrial Revolution, Sir Robert Peel began organizing changes in law enforcement. [[Royal Assent]] to the [[Metropolitan Police Act 1829|Metropolitan Police Act]] was given,<ref name="ndad">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/1/detail.html |title=The National Archives &#124; NDAD &#124; Metropolitan Police |publisher=Ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref> and the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] was established on September 29, 1829 in [[London]] as the first modern and professional police force in the world. In 1836 the British Parliament passed the Dublin Police Act, which created the Dublin Metropolitan Police Department. <ref>[http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/slr_city_of_dublin.pdf]</ref><br /> <references/><br /> <references/><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <references/><br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Sheriff]]<br /> * [[Essay:Systems_of_support#Law_Enforcement_System]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> <br /> ==<References/>==<br /> <references/><br /> {{reflist| <references/>}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Crime]]<br /> [[Category:List of Law Enforcement Agencies]]<br /> [[Category:Law Enforcement]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> [[Category:Law]]<br /> <references/></div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Police&diff=1157349 Police 2015-06-07T06:07:22Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Police''' are the enforcers of [[law]] in a society. Their job entails investigating crimes and arresting suspected criminals to be brought to trial. They also act as witnesses to crimes and are often called upon to give evidence against an accused.<br /> Police are required in every civilized society, as they are necessary to enforce the Rule of Law. Police are also known as [[constable]]s, [[inspectors]], [[sheriff]]s, and [[trooper]]s. Each has a specific function as deemed by their respective governing agency.<br /> Police have rights that give them the ability to perform their duties. They vary between different countries and states. Usually they have the right to detain people, arrest people, search property, and search houses. When a police officer is in the place he has the right to use his power, he is in his jurisdiction, if he wants to arrest a person outside his jurisdictions, the other jurisdiction's police must do it for him. Police usually have weapons such as guns, batons, and pepper spray. The job of the police is to stop crimes from happening and protect the public from criminals. They also direct traffic and usually assist other emergency services in non-criminal emergencies such as fires also. Police are usually divided into detectives and uniformed officers. Uniformed officers patrol on foot and in marked police cars in order to deter people from committing crime, make the community safer, and direct traffic. Uniformed detectives drive in unmarked cars to investigate crimes undetected. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The history of the police as a job function dates back beyond the Roman and Greek eras. Prior to this, the function of law and order was left to the particular nobles to protect their own lands. During the Roman Empire, law and order was more organized, as the military performed this function. In ancient [[Rome]], the [[Praetorian Guard]] acted as the police force.<ref>http://www.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574058/Police.html</ref><br /> <br /> The first modern police force was founded in Paris, <ref>Clark, David Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives page 1122</ref>France during the reign of King Louis XIV. He created this body in 1666. Nicholas Gabriel de La Reynie was the first Paris police administrator. In London Patrick In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames to found a police force to prevent theft that was damaging his company and others. <ref>Dick Paterson, Origins of the Thames Police, ''Thames Police Museum''. Retrieved 4 February 2007.http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html</ref> This force was called the Thames River Police and was the first modern police force in Great Britain. It inspired similar police in Dublin, Sydney, and New York City.<ref>http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_police_1.html</ref> When London's population exploded during the Industrial Revolution, Sir Robert Peel began organizing changes in law enforcement. [[Royal Assent]] to the [[Metropolitan Police Act 1829|Metropolitan Police Act]] was given,<ref name="ndad">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/1/detail.html |title=The National Archives &#124; NDAD &#124; Metropolitan Police |publisher=Ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref> and the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] was established on September 29, 1829 in [[London]] as the first modern and professional police force in the world. In 1836 the British Parliament passed the Dublin Police Act, which created the Dublin Metropolitan Police Department. <ref>[http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/slr_city_of_dublin.pdf]</ref><br /> <references/><br /> <references/><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <references/><br /> ==See Also==<br /> * [[Sheriff]]<br /> * [[Essay:Systems_of_support#Law_Enforcement_System]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> <br /> ==<References/>==<br /> <references/><br /> {{reflist| <references/>}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Crime]]<br /> [[Category:List of Law Enforcement Agencies]]<br /> [[Category:Law Enforcement]]<br /> [[Category:Systems of Support]]<br /> [[Category:Law]]<br /> <references/></div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Pedophilia&diff=1157142 Talk:Pedophilia 2015-06-06T03:36:06Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: /* Changes to Article */ Abbreviating link.</p> <hr /> <div>Another horribly fascinating topic is [[homosexual priests]] in the Catholic Church. [[Archbishop Milingo]] shocked the world with his revelations (or accusations) of homosexuality and even devil worship in the Vatican. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] <sup>[[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]]</sup> 22:45, 30 August 2008 (EDT)<br /> :Only a minority of paedophiles are homosexual, and very, very few homosexuals are paedophiles. The two subjects are hardly interrelated. [[User:NormanS|NormanS]] 08:56, 2 September 2008 (EDT)<br /> <br /> ::I expected that if you had any information to back up this claim, you would have presented it here. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] <sup>[[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]]</sup> 18:13, 22 November 2008 (EST)<br /> <br /> On the whole "Pedophilia is encouraged and praised in many parts of the Islamic world" thing? One, the link to the so called support for this doesn't work. Two, if it did, it brings one to an apparent article on Hamas, so a possible small percentage of a terrorist group that makes up a small percentage of Muslims speaks for the whole religion? Three, really? [[User:Bonaparte]]<br /> <br /> : Thanks for your objection. The statement has been removed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 00:10, 18 July 2011 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == Changes to Article ==<br /> I removed a statement I wrote in the past that Hans Eysenck defined pedophilia as those over 16 having sex with those under. He lives in Great Britain, where the legal age for sex is 16, and where its culturally more acceptable for teenagers to date adults. But in the USA, the most common definition of pedophilia is having sex with those under 18. An example is Mark Foley's case, even though his victims were all 16 or older, the legal age in his jurisdiction for sex, nobody cared because they were still under the age of majority. The majority of the public mistakenly includes sexual attraction to 16-17 year olds in their definition of pedophilia because of the fact that 16-17 year olds are still under the age of majority which makes them legally children. The other part I changed was in reference to advocacy adult/teenage relationships. That's not true pedophilia, but what the public mistakenly thinks is pedophilia. If this article is about the medical definition of pedophilia, then that should be taken out.--[[User:Burke39|Burke39]] 00:05, 9 March 2015 (EDT)<br /> ::::On wikipedia a user wrote when the Eysenck material was put in, "In my view, the way that one scholar defines pedophilia or what one scholar says is the popular definition of pedophilia should not be in the lead. For one, I'm quite sure that the most popular definition is sexual attraction to/a sexual act performed against a minor under 18". She also said, " That is the most popular definition because age 18 is the age of majority in most places, and the general public therefore includes the legal definition of child in their definition of pedophilia. " So the reference to Eysenck should not stay in the article. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Pedophilia/Archive_17#Hans_Eysenck] However the article should focus on the medical definition of pedophilia, not the popular definition, so relations with teenagers should be excluded from the article. [[User:Burke39|Burke39]] 00:27, 9 March 2015 (EDT)<br /> <br /> :Burke39, what are you doing? Your additions are not even grammatically correct. [[User:VargasMilan|VargasMilan]] 01:19, 11 March 2015 (EDT)<br /> <br /> == This article should be moved to pedophilia ==<br /> This article should be moved to pedophilia, because the article should be about the sexual perversion/mental disorder, not about the people who suffer from it. We have articles about schizophrenia, not schizophrenics, on encyclopedias generally, for example. --[[User:Burke39|Burke39]] 20:51, 11 May 2015 (EDT)</div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Henry_Ford&diff=1157036 Henry Ford 2015-06-05T05:37:44Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:HenryFord.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Henry Ford and his Model T ]]<br /> '''Henry Ford''' (July 30 1863 &ndash;April 7 1947) was the founder of the [[Ford Motor Company]] and of modern mass production and assembly line techniques. His introduction in 1908 of the [[Model T]] Ford automobile revolutionized transportation and, indeed, American industry. As sole owner of the Ford Company he became one of the three or four richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "[[Fordism]]," that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles, coupled with high wages for his workers&mdash;notably the $5.00 a day pay scale adopted in 1914. Fordism promoted the consumer culture based on high income workers who could afford to buy cars at a time when only the rich in Europe owned an automobile.<br /> <br /> Ford, though poorly educated, had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the [[Ford Foundation]], but arranged for his family to permanently control the company after his death.<br /> <br /> He was a hero to conservatives for his entrepreneurship and positive impact on society; he opposed the [[New Deal]] but was tarnished by his writing criticisms of Jews in the 1920s. <br /> <br /> ==Early years==<br /> <br /> Ford was born on a farm near Detroit, Michigan. His father William Ford (1826-1905) was a Protestant born in County Cork, Ireland. His mother Mary Litogot Ford (1839-1876) was born in Michigan, she was the youngest child of Belgian immigrants, her parents died when Mary was a child and she was adopted by neighbors. Henry was a poor student and never learned to read or write well; he early on showed a passion for mechanisms. At fifteen, he had a reputation as a watch repairman, having dismantled and reassembled timepieces of friends and neighbors dozens of times.<ref>Ford, ''My Life and Work'', 22-24; Nevins and Hill, ''Ford TMC'', 58.</ref><br /> <br /> When Henry was 13, his mother died, a harsh psychological blow. His father expected Henry to eventually take over the family farm, but Henry despised farm work. With his mother gone, little remained to keep him on the farm. In 1879, he went to nearby Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm and became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine; Westinghouse hired him to service their steam engines. <br /> <br /> Upon his marriage to Clara Ala Bryant in 1888, Ford supported himself by farming and running a sawmill. They had a single child: [[Edsel Ford]] (1893-1943).<br /> <br /> In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on gasoline engines. In 1896 he built a self-propelled vehicle named the Quadricycle, and continuously worked to improve it.<ref> See [http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/showroom/1896/quad.html] </ref> At this time Ford gained national fame as a racing car driver, leading to connections with investors who wanted to set him up in business.<br /> <br /> == Ford Motor Company ==<br /> In 1903 Ford, with 11 other investors and $28,000 in capital, incorporated the [[Ford Motor Company]]. In a newly-designed car, Ford drove an exhibition in which the racer covered the distance of a mile on the ice of Lake St. Clair in 39.4 seconds (91.3 MPH), which was a new land speed record. Race driver Barney Oldfield exhibited the car around the country, publicizing the the Ford brand. <br /> ===$5 dollar wage===<br /> Ford astonished the world in 1914 by offering a $5 a day wage that more than doubled the rate of most of his workers. The move proved extremely profitable. Instead of constant turnover of employees, the best mechanics in Detroit flocked to Ford, bringing in their human capital and expertise, raising productivity, and lowering training costs. Ford called it "wage motive." The company's use of [[vertical integration]] also proved successful, as Ford built a gigantic factory that shipped in raw materials and shipped out finished automobiles. <br /> <br /> === The Model T ===<br /> The [[Model T]] was introduced on October 1, 1908. It had many important innovations&mdash;such as the steering wheel on the left, which every other company soon copied. The entire engine and transmission were enclosed; the 4 cylinders were cast in a solid block; the suspension used two semi-elliptic springs. It had 20 horsepower and high wheels, so it could handle the muddy unpaved roads that typified the countryside. It could cruise at 45 miles per hour, getting about 10 miles per gallon of gasoline. There were two forward gears and one reverse gear. A hand crank was used to start it. The car was very simple to drive, and&mdash;more important&mdash;easy and cheap to repair. It was so cheap at $825 in 1908 (the price fell every year) that by the 1920s a majority of American drivers learned to drive on the Model T, leaving fond memories for millions. Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and ads about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. As independent dealers the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed&mdash;several years posted 100 gains on the previous year. Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lower costs, in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. Sales passed 250,000 in 1914. By 1916, as the price dropped to $360 for the basic touring car, sales reached 472,000.<ref>Lewis 1976, pp 41-59</ref> <br /> <br /> By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. As Ford wrote in his autobiography, "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black".<ref> See [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/hnfrd10.txt Ford, ''My Life and Work''], Chapter IV</ref> Model T's rolled off the assembly line until 1927; the total production run was 15,007,034 cars.<br /> <br /> In 1918 President [[Woodrow Wilson]] personally asked Ford to run for the Senate from Michigan as a Democrat. Although the nation was at war Ford ran as a peace candidate and a strong supporter of the proposed [[League of Nations]].<ref> Watts, pp 243-48</ref> In December 1918 Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son [[Edsel Ford]]. Henry, however, retained final decision authority and sometimes reversed Edsel. The two purchased all remaining stock from other investors, thus giving the family sole ownership of the company. <br /> <br /> By the mid-1920s, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. Other auto makers, especially General Motors, offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars; they offered a full range of vehicles from the cheapest to the most elaborate, instead of the one-size-fits-all Model T. Consumers eagerly paid more for more modern mechanical features and styling. Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan.<br /> <br /> === The "Model A" and Ford's Later Career===<br /> By 1926, flagging sales of the Model T and the roaring success of General Motors finally convinced Ford he needed to introduce a new model car. Edsel insisted on the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission. The result was the successful [[Ford Model A]], introduced in December, 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of over four million cars. The company then adopted an annual model change system similar to that in use by automakers today. Not until the 1930s did Ford overcome his objection to finance companies, and allowed the Ford-owned [[Universal Credit Company]] became a major car financing operation.<br /> <br /> ===Death of Edsel Ford===<br /> In May 1943, Edsel Ford died, leaving the presidency vacant. Ford put his long-time associate [[Harry Bennett]] in charge. Edsel's widow Eleanor, who had inherited Edsel's voting stock, wanted her son [[Henry Ford II]] to take over the position. The issue was settled for a period when Henry himself, at age 79, took over the presidency personally. Henry Ford II was released from the Navy and became an executive vice president, while Bennett had a seat on the board and was responsible for personnel, labor relations, and public relations.<br /> <br /> === Ford's labor philosophy ===<br /> <br /> Henry Ford was a pioneer of "[[welfare capitalism]]" designed to improve the lot of his workers and especially to reduce the heavy turnover that had many departments hiring 300 men a year to fill 100 slots. Efficiency meant hiring and keeping the best workers. On [[January 5]], [[1914]], Ford announced his five-dollar a day program. The revolutionary program called for a reduction in length of the workday from 9 to 8 hours, a 5 day work week, and a raise in minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers.<ref>Samuel Crowther [http://www.worklessparty.org/timework/ford.htm HENRY FORD: Why I Favor Five Days' Work With Six Days' Pay] World's Work, October 1926 pp. 613-616</ref><br /> <br /> Ford had been criticized by Wall Street for starting the 40 hour work week and a minimum wage. He proved, however, that paying people more would enable Ford workers to afford the cars they were producing, and therefore be good for the economy. Ford labeled the increased compensation as profit-sharing rather than wages. The wage was offered to men over age 22, who had worked at the company for 6 months or more, and, importantly, conducted their lives in a manner of which Ford's "Sociological Department" approved. They frowned on heavy drinking and gambling. The Sociological Department used 150 investigators and support staff to maintain employee standards; a large percentage of workers were able to qualify for the profit-sharing. <br /> <br /> Ford was adamantly against labor unions in his plants. To forestall union activity, he promoted Harry Bennett, a former Navy boxer, to be the head of the Service Department. Bennett employed various intimidation tactics to squash union organizing. The most famous incident, in 1937, was a bloody brawl between company security men and organizers that became known as "The Battle of the Overpass." <br /> <br /> Ford was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the [[United Auto Workers]] union (UAW). A sit-down strike by the UAW union in April 1941 closed the [[River Rouge Plant]]. Under pressure from Edsel, Henry Ford finally agreed to collective bargaining at Ford plants, and the first contract with the UAW was signed in June 1941.<br /> <br /> ==Ford Airplane Company==<br /> Ford, like other automobile companies, entered the aviation business during [[World War I]], building Liberty engines. After the war, it returned to auto manufacturing until 1925, when Henry Ford acquired the Stout Metal Airplane Company.<br /> <br /> Ford's most successful aircraft was the Ford 4AT Trimotor—called the “Tin Goose” because of its corrugated metal construction. It used a new alloy called Alclad that combined the corrosion resistance of aluminum with the strength of duralumin. The Trimotor first flew on June 11, 1926, and was the first successful U.S. passenger airliner, accommodating about 12 passengers in a rather uncomfortable fashion. Several variants were also used by the U.S. Army. About 200 Trimotors were built before it was discontinued in 1933, when the Ford Airplane Division shut down because of poor sales due to the Depression.<br /> <br /> ==Peace Ship==<br /> In 1915, Jewish pacifist [[Rosika Schwimmer]] worked with Ford, who funded a peace ship to Europe, where World War I was raging, for himself and about 170 other prominent peace leaders. He talked to President [[Woodrow Wilson]] about the trip but had no government support. His group went to neutral Sweden and the Netherlands to meet with peace activists there. Ford, the target of much ridicule, left the ship as soon as it reached Sweden.<br /> <br /> ==Dearborn Independent and Anti-Semitism== <br /> <br /> In 1918, Ford's closest aide and private secretary, Ernest G. Liebold, purchased an obscure weekly newspaper, ''The Dearborn Independent''. In 1920, from May 22 to October 2, it ran numerous antisemitic articles under Ford's name. Ford never wrote any of them, but he knew the contents.<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_International_Jew]</ref> The ''Independent'' ran for eight years, from 1920 until 1927, during which Liebold was editor. The newspaper published "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" which was discredited as a forgery during the ''Independent'''s publishing run by ''The Times'' of London.<ref> Baldwin (2000)</ref><br /> <br /> Denounced by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), the articles nevertheless explicitly condemned pogroms and violence against Jews (Volume 4, Chapter 80), preferring to blame incidents of mass violence on the Jews themselves. None of this work was actually written by Ford, who apparently could barely read beyond the fifth grade level.<ref> Asked at the trial to read an editorial Ford refused; he said he only read headlines. He demanded that all business reports be made to him orally at briefings; he never read the accompanying studies.</ref> Friends and business associates said they warned Ford about the contents of the ''Independent'', and that Ford probably never read them. <ref> Watts pp x, 376-387; Lewis (1976) pp 135-59.</ref> However, court testimony in a libel suit, brought by one of the targets of the newspaper, stated that Ford did indeed know about the contents of the ''Independent'' in advance of publication. <ref> Baldwin (2000)</ref> <br /> <br /> A libel lawsuit brought by Jewish farm cooperative organizer Aaron Sapiro in response to anti-Semitic remarks led to a highly publicized trial; Ford closed the ''Independent'' in December 1927 and apologized for attacking the Jewish people. At the trial, William Cameron, the editor of Ford's "Own Page", a regular feature of the magazine, testified that Ford never wrote or dictated the editorials, even though they were under his byline. Cameron testified that he never discussed the content of the pages or sent them to Ford for his approval.<ref>Lewis, (1976) pp. 140-156; Baldwin p 220-221.</ref> Everyone agreed, however, that Ford had a general knowledge of the anti-semitic thrust and funded their publication. <br /> <br /> The ADL mobilized prominent Jews and non-Jews to publicly oppose Ford's message. They formed a coalition of Jewish groups for the same purpose, and raised constant objections in the Detroit press. Before leaving his presidency early in 1921, [[Woodrow Wilson]] joined other leading Americans in a statement that rebuked Ford. A boycott against Ford products by Jews had an impact, and Ford shut down the magazine in 1927, recanting his views in a public letter to the ADL. <ref> Baldwin (2000)</ref><br /> <br /> Distribution of ''International Jew'' was halted by Ford.<br /> <br /> Ford's reputation was seriously damaged by his episode of anti-Semitism, even though he recanted in 1927 and never repeated it. He was indeed responsible for the publication, in the U.S. of the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' and several other pamphlets aimed against Jewish influence. He paid for the publication of an anti-Semitic book ''The International Jew'', a work endorsed by Hitler. Hitler loved automobiles and like many Europeans idealized Ford for bringing autos to the people, which Hitler tried (and failed) to emulate through the Volkswagen.<ref> Ford was honored by the Nazi government for his automobiles, as was General Motors.</ref><br /> <br /> == Ford's international business==<br /> Ford's philosophy was one of economic independence for the United States. His River Rouge Plant was the world's largest industrial complex, even able to produce its own steel. Ford's goal was to produce a vehicle from scratch without reliance on foreign trade, or New York bankers. He believed in the global expansion of his company. He believed that international trade and cooperation led to international peace, and used the assembly line process and production of the Model T to demonstrate it<ref>Watts 236-40</ref> He opened Ford assembly plants in Britain and Canada in 1911, and soon became the biggest automotive producer in those countries. In 1912, Ford cooperated with Agnelli of [[Fiat]] to launch the first Italian automotive assembly plants. The first plants in Germany were built in the 1920s with the encouragement of [[Herbert Hoover]] and the Commerce department, which agreed with Ford's theory that international trade was essential to world peace.<ref>Wilkins and Hill (1964)</ref> In the 1920s Ford also opened plants in Australia, India, and France, and by 1929, he had successful dealerships on six continents. <br /> <br /> Ford experimented with a commercial rubber plantation in the Amazon jungle called "Fordlândia"; it was one of the few failures. In 1929, Ford accepted [[Stalin]]'s invitation to build a model plant (NNAZ, today GAZ) at Gorky, a city later renamed [[Nizhny Novgorod]], and he sent American engineers and technicians to help set it up, including [[Walter Reuther]], who later headed the auto workers union, the [[UAW]]. The Ford Motor Company was eager to conduct business in any nation where the United States had peaceful diplomatic relations:<br /> * Ford of Australia<br /> * Ford of Britain<br /> * Ford of Argentina<br /> * Ford of Brazil<br /> * Ford of Canada<br /> * Ford of Europe<br /> * [http://www.india.ford.com/ Ford India]<br /> * [http://www.ford.co.za/ Ford South Africa]<br /> * [http://www.ford.com.mx/ Ford Mexico]<br /> <br /> By 1932, Ford was manufacturing one third of all the world’s automobiles.<br /> ===Ford's image in Europe===<br /> Ford's image transfixed Europeans, especially the Germans, arousing the "fear of some, the infatuation of others, and the fascination among all".<ref>Nolan p 31</ref> Germans who discussed "[[Fordism]]" often believed that it represented something quintessentially American. They saw the size, tempo, standardization, and philosophy of production demonstrated at the Ford factory as a national service - an "American thing" that represented the culture of United States. Both supporters and critics insisted that Fordism epitomized American capitalist development, and that the auto industry was the key to understanding economic and social relations in the United States. As one German explained, "Automobiles have so completely changed the American's mode of life that today one can hardly imagine being without a car. It is difficult to remember what life was like before Mr. Ford began preaching his doctrine of salvation"<ref>Nolan, p 31</ref> For many Germans, Henry Ford himself embodied the essence of successful Americanism.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Ford suffered an initial heart attack in 1938, after which he turned over the running of his company to Edsel. Edsel's 1943 death brought Henry Ford out of retirement. In ill health and failing memory, he ceded the presidency to his grandson [[Henry Ford II]] in September 1945. He died in 1947 at the age of 83 and is buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Achievements==<br /> <br /> Henry Ford did not invent the [[automobile]]--that was done by German Karl Benz. Ford did not invent the assembly line; that was done by Ransom E. Olds, but Ford perfected it. Ford's team did invent the [[Model T]] automobile. This invention revolutionized the American economy. He mass produced his Model T using the [[assembly line]], making cars affordable to the common person for the first time ever. He also paid his workers very well, which, in the long run, paid off as he was creating his own [[consumers]]. That too was a new idea. Ford claimed 161 U.S. [[patent]]s to his credit.<br /> <br /> ==Sayings==<br /> Ford hired a team of ghostwriters who wrote endless stories, anecdotes and jokes that were distributed in magazines and pamphlets given away by Ford dealers. Ford himself could barely read or write at the fourth grade level.<br /> <br /> <blockquote><br /> “Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success,” said Ford. “If everyone is moving forward together, then success takes care of itself.”<br /> </blockquote><br /> :"Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you're right."<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> [[Image:fmclogo.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> ===Biographies===<br /> * Bak, Richard. ''Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Henry-Edsel-Creation-Ford-Empire/dp/0471234877/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975402&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Brinkley, Douglas G. ''Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Wheels-World-Company-Century-Progress/dp/B000BZ99PQ/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975451&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Halberstam, David. "Citizen Ford" ''American Heritage'' 1986 37(6): 49-64. interpretive essay<br /> * Jardim, Anne. ''The First Henry Ford: A Study in Personality and Business Leadership'' (1970). <br /> * Lacey, Robert. ''Ford: The Men and the Machine'' (1986). popular biography<br /> * Lewis, David I. ''The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company'' (1976), much broader than title suggests<br /> * Nevins, Allan and Frank Ernest Hill. ''Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company'' (vol 1, 1954); ''Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915-1933'' (1957); ''Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962'' (1962), the standard history of the company and biography of Ford; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 1]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 2]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book for vol 3] the major scholarly history<br /> * Nye, David E. ''Henry Ford: "Ignorant Idealist."'' 1979. <br /> * Watts, Steven. ''The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century'' (2005), major biography <br /> <br /> ===Specialized studies===<br /> * Batchelor, Ray. ''Henry Ford: Mass Production, Modernism and Design'' (1994). <br /> * Bonin, Huber et al. ''Ford, 1902-2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English; reviewed in Len Holden, "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in ''Business History '' Volume 47, #1 Jan 2005 pp 122-127 <br /> * Brinkley, Douglas. "Prime Mover". ''American Heritage'' 2003 54(3): 44-53. on Model T <br /> * Bryan, Ford R. ''Henry's Lieutenants'', 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2<br /> * Bryan, Ford R. ''Beyond the Model T: The Other Ventures of Henry Ford'' (1990). <br /> * Dempsey, Mary A. "Fordlandia," ''Michigan History'' 1994 78(4): 24-33. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil <br /> * Jacobson, D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 1912-26." ''Irish Economic and Social History'' 1977 4: 36-55. Ford and Irish politics<br /> * Kraft, Barbara S. ''The Peace Ship: Henry Ford's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War'' (1978)<br /> * Lewis, David L. "Ford and Kahn" ''Michigan History'' 1980 64(5): 17-28. Ford commissioned architect Albert Kahn to design factories<br /> * Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford and His Magic Beanstalk" . ''Michigan History'' 1995 79(3): 10-17. Ford's interest in soybeans and plastics <br /> * Lewis, David L. "Working Side by Side" ''Michigan History'' 1993 77(1): 24-30. Why Ford hired large numbers of black workers<br /> * McIntyre, Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913-1940: ''Technology and Culture'' 2000 41(2): 269-299. repair shops rejected flat rates<br /> * Meyer, Stephen. ''The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102499921 online edition from [[Questia]]]<br /> * Nolan, Mary. ''Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany'' (1994); [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58971942 online from [[Questia]]]' also [http://www.amazon.com/Visions-Modernity-American-Business-Modernization/dp/0195070216/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975895&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Raff, Daniel M. G. and Lawrence H. Summers. "Did Henry Ford Pay Efficiency Wages?" ''Journal of Labor Economics'' (October 1987) 5#4 pp S57-S86 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0734-306X(198710)5%3A4%3CS57%3ADHFPEW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR]<br /> * Pietrykowski, Bruce. "Fordism at Ford: Spatial Decentralization and Labor Segmentation at the Ford Motor Company, 1920-1950" ''Economic Geography'' 1995 71(4): 383-401. <br /> * Roediger, David, ed "Americanism and Fordism - American Style: Kate Richards O'hare's 'Has Henry Ford Made Good?'" ''Labor History'' 1988 29(2): 241-252. Socialist praise for Ford in 1916 <br /> * Segal, Howard P. "'Little Plants in the Country': Henry Ford's Village Industries and the Beginning of Decentralized Technology in Modern America" ''Prospects'' 1988 13: 181-223. Ford created 19 rural workplaces as pastoral retreats<br /> * Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" ''Business and Economic History'' 1988 17: 49-62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management. <br /> * Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" ''Explorations in Entrepreneurial History'' 1969 6(2): 139-157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry,<br /> * Valdés, Dennis Nodin. "Perspiring Capitalists: Latinos and the Henry Ford Service School, 1918-1928" ''Aztlán'' 1981 12(2): 227-239. Ford brought hundreds of Mexicans in for training as managers<br /> * Wilkins, Mira and Frank Ernest Hill, ''American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents'' (1964)<br /> * Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam and John Williams, "Ford versus `Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?" ''Work, Employment & Society'', Vol. 6, No. 4, 517-555 (1992), stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements<br /> <br /> ===Anti-Semitism ===<br /> * Baldwin, Neil; ''Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate''(2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/100722934?title=Henry%20Ford%20and%20the%20Jews%3a%20The%20Mass%20Production%20of%20Hate online edition]<br /> * Foust, James C. "Mass-produced Reform: Henry Ford's Dearborn Independent" ''American Journalism'' 1997 14(3-4): 411-424. <br /> * Kandel, Alan D. "Ford and Israel" ''Michigan Jewish History'' 1999 39: 13-17. covers business and philanthropy<br /> * Lee, Albert; ''Henry Ford and the Jews'' (1980)<br /> * Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford's Anti-semitism and its Repercussions" ''Michigan Jewish History'' 1984 24(1): 3-10. <br /> * Ribuffo, Leo P. "Henry Ford and the International Jew" ''American Jewish History'' 1980 69(4): 437-477. by conservative historian [http://www.enotes.com/twentieth-century-criticism/henry-ford/leo-p-ribuffo-essay-date-1980 full text online]<br /> * Sapiro, Aaron L. "A Retrospective View of the Aaron Sapiro-Henry Ford Case" ''Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly'' 1982 15(1): 79-84. <br /> * Woeste, Victoria Saker. "Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920-1929" ''Journal of American History'' 2004 91(3): 877-905. [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/91.3/woeste.html in History Cooperative]<br /> <br /> ===Primary sources===<br /> * Ford, Henry and Samuel Crowther. ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7213 My Life and Work]'', 1922<br /> * Ford, Henry and Crowther, Samuel; ''Today and Tomorrow'', 1926<br /> * Ford, Henry and Crowther, Samuel; ''Moving Forward'', 1930<br /> * Bennett, Harry, as told to Paul Marcus. ''Ford: We Never Called Him Henry'', 1951<br /> * Sorensen, Charles E., with Samuel T. Williamson. ''My Forty Years with Ford'', 1956; ISBN 0-915299-36-4<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://automotivehistoryonline.com/ford.htm Automobile History Online - Henry Ford History & Photos]<br /> * [http://www.quotationsbook.com/authors/2560/Henry_Ford Notable quotations and speech excerpts]<br /> * [http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_wa.php?c=3 Timeline][http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_ch.php?c=3 and Quotes by Henry Ford]<br /> * [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/2/1958_2_65.shtml Nevins and Hill tell story of Peace Ship in ''American Heritage'']<br /> * [http://www.hfha.org/ The Henry Ford Heritage Association]<br /> * [http://thoughtaudio.com/titlelist/ford/index.html Listen to “The Terror of the Machine” by Henry Ford] Free mp3 audio download from [http://thoughtaudio.com/ ThoughtAudio.com]<br /> * [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_Ford]<br /> ====notes====<br /> <references/><br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ford, Henry}}<br /> [[Category:Business People]]<br /> [[Category:Economic history]]<br /> [[Category:Business]]<br /> [[Category:Philanthropy]]<br /> [[category:Anti-Semitism]]<br /> [[category:Progressive Era]]<br /> [[category:1920s]]<br /> [[Category : People]]<br /> [[Category : Celebrities]]<br /> [[Category : Billionaires]]</div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Henry_Ford&diff=1156881 Henry Ford 2015-06-04T14:12:33Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: abbreviating pipelink</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:HenryFord.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Henry Ford and his Model T ]]<br /> '''Henry Ford''' (1863 &ndash; 1947) was the founder of the [[Ford Motor Company]] and of modern mass production and assembly line techniques. His introduction in 1908 of the [[Model T]] Ford automobile revolutionized transportation and, indeed, American industry. As sole owner of the Ford Company he became one of the three or four richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "[[Fordism]]," that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles, coupled with high wages for his workers&mdash;notably the $5.00 a day pay scale adopted in 1914. Fordism promoted the consumer culture based on high income workers who could afford to buy cars at a time when only the rich in Europe owned an automobile.<br /> <br /> Ford, though poorly educated, had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the [[Ford Foundation]], but arranged for his family to permanently control the company after his death.<br /> <br /> He was a hero to conservatives for his entrepreneurship and positive impact on society; he opposed the [[New Deal]] but was tarnished by his writing criticisms of Jews in the 1920s. <br /> <br /> ==Early years==<br /> <br /> Ford was born on a farm near Detroit, Michigan. His father William Ford (1826-1905) was a Protestant born in County Cork, Ireland. His mother Mary Litogot Ford (1839-1876) was born in Michigan, she was the youngest child of Belgian immigrants, her parents died when Mary was a child and she was adopted by neighbors. Henry was a poor student and never learned to read or write well; he early on showed a passion for mechanisms. At fifteen, he had a reputation as a watch repairman, having dismantled and reassembled timepieces of friends and neighbors dozens of times.<ref>Ford, ''My Life and Work'', 22-24; Nevins and Hill, ''Ford TMC'', 58.</ref><br /> <br /> When Henry was 13, his mother died, a harsh psychological blow. His father expected Henry to eventually take over the family farm, but Henry despised farm work. With his mother gone, little remained to keep him on the farm. In 1879, he went to nearby Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm and became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine; Westinghouse hired him to service their steam engines. <br /> <br /> Upon his marriage to Clara Ala Bryant in 1888, Ford supported himself by farming and running a sawmill. They had a single child: [[Edsel Ford]] (1893-1943).<br /> <br /> In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on gasoline engines. In 1896 he built a self-propelled vehicle named the Quadricycle, and continuously worked to improve it.<ref> See [http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/showroom/1896/quad.html] </ref> At this time Ford gained national fame as a racing car driver, leading to connections with investors who wanted to set him up in business.<br /> <br /> == Ford Motor Company ==<br /> In 1903 Ford, with 11 other investors and $28,000 in capital, incorporated the [[Ford Motor Company]]. In a newly-designed car, Ford drove an exhibition in which the racer covered the distance of a mile on the ice of Lake St. Clair in 39.4 seconds (91.3 MPH), which was a new land speed record. Race driver Barney Oldfield exhibited the car around the country, publicizing the the Ford brand. <br /> ===$5 dollar wage===<br /> Ford astonished the world in 1914 by offering a $5 a day wage that more than doubled the rate of most of his workers. The move proved extremely profitable. Instead of constant turnover of employees, the best mechanics in Detroit flocked to Ford, bringing in their human capital and expertise, raising productivity, and lowering training costs. Ford called it "wage motive." The company's use of [[vertical integration]] also proved successful, as Ford built a gigantic factory that shipped in raw materials and shipped out finished automobiles. <br /> <br /> === The Model T ===<br /> The [[Model T]] was introduced on October 1, 1908. It had many important innovations&mdash;such as the steering wheel on the left, which every other company soon copied. The entire engine and transmission were enclosed; the 4 cylinders were cast in a solid block; the suspension used two semi-elliptic springs. It had 20 horsepower and high wheels, so it could handle the muddy unpaved roads that typified the countryside. It could cruise at 45 miles per hour, getting about 10 miles per gallon of gasoline. There were two forward gears and one reverse gear. A hand crank was used to start it. The car was very simple to drive, and&mdash;more important&mdash;easy and cheap to repair. It was so cheap at $825 in 1908 (the price fell every year) that by the 1920s a majority of American drivers learned to drive on the Model T, leaving fond memories for millions. Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and ads about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. As independent dealers the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to explore the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed&mdash;several years posted 100 gains on the previous year. Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lower costs, in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. Sales passed 250,000 in 1914. By 1916, as the price dropped to $360 for the basic touring car, sales reached 472,000.<ref>Lewis 1976, pp 41-59</ref> <br /> <br /> By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. As Ford wrote in his autobiography, "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black".<ref> See [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/hnfrd10.txt Ford, ''My Life and Work''], Chapter IV</ref> Model T's rolled off the assembly line until 1927; the total production run was 15,007,034 cars.<br /> <br /> In 1918 President [[Woodrow Wilson]] personally asked Ford to run for the Senate from Michigan as a Democrat. Although the nation was at war Ford ran as a peace candidate and a strong supporter of the proposed [[League of Nations]].<ref> Watts, pp 243-48</ref> In December 1918 Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son [[Edsel Ford]]. Henry, however, retained final decision authority and sometimes reversed Edsel. The two purchased all remaining stock from other investors, thus giving the family sole ownership of the company. <br /> <br /> By the mid-1920s, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. Other auto makers, especially General Motors, offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars; they offered a full range of vehicles from the cheapest to the most elaborate, instead of the one-size-fits-all Model T. Consumers eagerly paid more for more modern mechanical features and styling. Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan.<br /> <br /> === The "Model A" and Ford's Later Career===<br /> By 1926, flagging sales of the Model T and the roaring success of General Motors finally convinced Ford he needed to introduce a new model car. Edsel insisted on the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission. The result was the successful [[Ford Model A]], introduced in December, 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of over four million cars. The company then adopted an annual model change system similar to that in use by automakers today. Not until the 1930s did Ford overcome his objection to finance companies, and allowed the Ford-owned [[Universal Credit Company]] became a major car financing operation.<br /> <br /> ===Death of Edsel Ford===<br /> In May 1943, Edsel Ford died, leaving the presidency vacant. Ford put his long-time associate [[Harry Bennett]] in charge. Edsel's widow Eleanor, who had inherited Edsel's voting stock, wanted her son [[Henry Ford II]] to take over the position. The issue was settled for a period when Henry himself, at age 79, took over the presidency personally. Henry Ford II was released from the Navy and became an executive vice president, while Bennett had a seat on the board and was responsible for personnel, labor relations, and public relations.<br /> <br /> === Ford's labor philosophy ===<br /> <br /> Henry Ford was a pioneer of "[[welfare capitalism]]" designed to improve the lot of his workers and especially to reduce the heavy turnover that had many departments hiring 300 men a year to fill 100 slots. Efficiency meant hiring and keeping the best workers. On [[January 5]], [[1914]], Ford announced his five-dollar a day program. The revolutionary program called for a reduction in length of the workday from 9 to 8 hours, a 5 day work week, and a raise in minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers.<ref>Samuel Crowther [http://www.worklessparty.org/timework/ford.htm HENRY FORD: Why I Favor Five Days' Work With Six Days' Pay] World's Work, October 1926 pp. 613-616</ref><br /> <br /> Ford had been criticized by Wall Street for starting the 40 hour work week and a minimum wage. He proved, however, that paying people more would enable Ford workers to afford the cars they were producing, and therefore be good for the economy. Ford labeled the increased compensation as profit-sharing rather than wages. The wage was offered to men over age 22, who had worked at the company for 6 months or more, and, importantly, conducted their lives in a manner of which Ford's "Sociological Department" approved. They frowned on heavy drinking and gambling. The Sociological Department used 150 investigators and support staff to maintain employee standards; a large percentage of workers were able to qualify for the profit-sharing. <br /> <br /> Ford was adamantly against labor unions in his plants. To forestall union activity, he promoted Harry Bennett, a former Navy boxer, to be the head of the Service Department. Bennett employed various intimidation tactics to squash union organizing. The most famous incident, in 1937, was a bloody brawl between company security men and organizers that became known as "The Battle of the Overpass." <br /> <br /> Ford was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the [[United Auto Workers]] union (UAW). A sit-down strike by the UAW union in April 1941 closed the [[River Rouge Plant]]. Under pressure from Edsel, Henry Ford finally agreed to collective bargaining at Ford plants, and the first contract with the UAW was signed in June 1941.<br /> <br /> ==Ford Airplane Company==<br /> Ford, like other automobile companies, entered the aviation business during [[World War I]], building Liberty engines. After the war, it returned to auto manufacturing until 1925, when Henry Ford acquired the Stout Metal Airplane Company.<br /> <br /> Ford's most successful aircraft was the Ford 4AT Trimotor—called the “Tin Goose” because of its corrugated metal construction. It used a new alloy called Alclad that combined the corrosion resistance of aluminum with the strength of duralumin. The Trimotor first flew on June 11, 1926, and was the first successful U.S. passenger airliner, accommodating about 12 passengers in a rather uncomfortable fashion. Several variants were also used by the U.S. Army. About 200 Trimotors were built before it was discontinued in 1933, when the Ford Airplane Division shut down because of poor sales due to the Depression.<br /> <br /> ==Peace Ship==<br /> In 1915, Jewish pacifist [[Rosika Schwimmer]] worked with Ford, who funded a peace ship to Europe, where World War I was raging, for himself and about 170 other prominent peace leaders. He talked to President [[Woodrow Wilson]] about the trip but had no government support. His group went to neutral Sweden and the Netherlands to meet with peace activists there. Ford, the target of much ridicule, left the ship as soon as it reached Sweden.<br /> <br /> ==Dearborn Independent and Anti-Semitism== <br /> <br /> In 1918, Ford's closest aide and private secretary, Ernest G. Liebold, purchased an obscure weekly newspaper, ''The Dearborn Independent''. In 1920, from May 22 to October 2, it ran numerous antisemitic articles under Ford's name. Ford never wrote any of them, but he knew the contents.<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_International_Jew]</ref> The ''Independent'' ran for eight years, from 1920 until 1927, during which Liebold was editor. The newspaper published "Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" which was discredited as a forgery during the ''Independent'''s publishing run by ''The Times'' of London.<ref> Baldwin (2000)</ref><br /> <br /> Denounced by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), the articles nevertheless explicitly condemned pogroms and violence against Jews (Volume 4, Chapter 80), preferring to blame incidents of mass violence on the Jews themselves. None of this work was actually written by Ford, who apparently could barely read beyond the fifth grade level.<ref> Asked at the trial to read an editorial Ford refused; he said he only read headlines. He demanded that all business reports be made to him orally at briefings; he never read the accompanying studies.</ref> Friends and business associates said they warned Ford about the contents of the ''Independent'', and that Ford probably never read them. <ref> Watts pp x, 376-387; Lewis (1976) pp 135-59.</ref> However, court testimony in a libel suit, brought by one of the targets of the newspaper, stated that Ford did indeed know about the contents of the ''Independent'' in advance of publication. <ref> Baldwin (2000)</ref> <br /> <br /> A libel lawsuit brought by Jewish farm cooperative organizer Aaron Sapiro in response to anti-Semitic remarks led to a highly publicized trial; Ford closed the ''Independent'' in December 1927 and apologized for attacking the Jewish people. At the trial, William Cameron, the editor of Ford's "Own Page", a regular feature of the magazine, testified that Ford never wrote or dictated the editorials, even though they were under his byline. Cameron testified that he never discussed the content of the pages or sent them to Ford for his approval.<ref>Lewis, (1976) pp. 140-156; Baldwin p 220-221.</ref> Everyone agreed, however, that Ford had a general knowledge of the anti-semitic thrust and funded their publication. <br /> <br /> The ADL mobilized prominent Jews and non-Jews to publicly oppose Ford's message. They formed a coalition of Jewish groups for the same purpose, and raised constant objections in the Detroit press. Before leaving his presidency early in 1921, [[Woodrow Wilson]] joined other leading Americans in a statement that rebuked Ford. A boycott against Ford products by Jews had an impact, and Ford shut down the magazine in 1927, recanting his views in a public letter to the ADL. <ref> Baldwin (2000)</ref><br /> <br /> Distribution of ''International Jew'' was halted by Ford.<br /> <br /> Ford's reputation was seriously damaged by his episode of anti-Semitism, even though he recanted in 1927 and never repeated it. He was indeed responsible for the publication, in the U.S. of the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' and several other pamphlets aimed against Jewish influence. He paid for the publication of an anti-Semitic book ''The International Jew'', a work endorsed by Hitler. Hitler loved automobiles and like many Europeans idealized Ford for bringing autos to the people, which Hitler tried (and failed) to emulate through the Volkswagen.<ref> Ford was honored by the Nazi government for his automobiles, as was General Motors.</ref><br /> <br /> == Ford's international business==<br /> Ford's philosophy was one of economic independence for the United States. His River Rouge Plant was the world's largest industrial complex, even able to produce its own steel. Ford's goal was to produce a vehicle from scratch without reliance on foreign trade, or New York bankers. He believed in the global expansion of his company. He believed that international trade and cooperation led to international peace, and used the assembly line process and production of the Model T to demonstrate it<ref>Watts 236-40</ref> He opened Ford assembly plants in Britain and Canada in 1911, and soon became the biggest automotive producer in those countries. In 1912, Ford cooperated with Agnelli of [[Fiat]] to launch the first Italian automotive assembly plants. The first plants in Germany were built in the 1920s with the encouragement of [[Herbert Hoover]] and the Commerce department, which agreed with Ford's theory that international trade was essential to world peace.<ref>Wilkins and Hill (1964)</ref> In the 1920s Ford also opened plants in Australia, India, and France, and by 1929, he had successful dealerships on six continents. <br /> <br /> Ford experimented with a commercial rubber plantation in the Amazon jungle called "Fordlândia"; it was one of the few failures. In 1929, Ford accepted [[Stalin]]'s invitation to build a model plant (NNAZ, today GAZ) at Gorky, a city later renamed [[Nizhny Novgorod]], and he sent American engineers and technicians to help set it up, including [[Walter Reuther]], who later headed the auto workers union, the [[UAW]]. The Ford Motor Company was eager to conduct business in any nation where the United States had peaceful diplomatic relations:<br /> * Ford of Australia<br /> * Ford of Britain<br /> * Ford of Argentina<br /> * Ford of Brazil<br /> * Ford of Canada<br /> * Ford of Europe<br /> * [http://www.india.ford.com/ Ford India]<br /> * [http://www.ford.co.za/ Ford South Africa]<br /> * [http://www.ford.com.mx/ Ford Mexico]<br /> <br /> By 1932, Ford was manufacturing one third of all the world’s automobiles.<br /> ===Ford's image in Europe===<br /> Ford's image transfixed Europeans, especially the Germans, arousing the "fear of some, the infatuation of others, and the fascination among all".<ref>Nolan p 31</ref> Germans who discussed "[[Fordism]]" often believed that it represented something quintessentially American. They saw the size, tempo, standardization, and philosophy of production demonstrated at the Ford factory as a national service - an "American thing" that represented the culture of United States. Both supporters and critics insisted that Fordism epitomized American capitalist development, and that the auto industry was the key to understanding economic and social relations in the United States. As one German explained, "Automobiles have so completely changed the American's mode of life that today one can hardly imagine being without a car. It is difficult to remember what life was like before Mr. Ford began preaching his doctrine of salvation"<ref>Nolan, p 31</ref> For many Germans, Henry Ford himself embodied the essence of successful Americanism.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Ford suffered an initial heart attack in 1938, after which he turned over the running of his company to Edsel. Edsel's 1943 death brought Henry Ford out of retirement. In ill health and failing memory, he ceded the presidency to his grandson [[Henry Ford II]] in September 1945. He died in 1947 at the age of 83 and is buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Achievements==<br /> <br /> Henry Ford did not invent the [[automobile]]--that was done by German Karl Benz. Ford did not invent the assembly line; that was done by Ransom E. Olds, but Ford perfected it. Ford's team did invent the [[Model T]] automobile. This invention revolutionized the American economy. He mass produced his Model T using the [[assembly line]], making cars affordable to the common person for the first time ever. He also paid his workers very well, which, in the long run, paid off as he was creating his own [[consumers]]. That too was a new idea. Ford claimed 161 U.S. [[patent]]s to his credit.<br /> <br /> ==Sayings==<br /> Ford hired a team of ghostwriters who wrote endless stories, anecdotes and jokes that were distributed in magazines and pamphlets given away by Ford dealers. Ford himself could barely read or write at the fourth grade level.<br /> <br /> <blockquote><br /> “Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success,” said Ford. “If everyone is moving forward together, then success takes care of itself.”<br /> </blockquote><br /> :"Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you're right."<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> [[Image:fmclogo.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> ===Biographies===<br /> * Bak, Richard. ''Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Henry-Edsel-Creation-Ford-Empire/dp/0471234877/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975402&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Brinkley, Douglas G. ''Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Wheels-World-Company-Century-Progress/dp/B000BZ99PQ/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975451&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Halberstam, David. "Citizen Ford" ''American Heritage'' 1986 37(6): 49-64. interpretive essay<br /> * Jardim, Anne. ''The First Henry Ford: A Study in Personality and Business Leadership'' (1970). <br /> * Lacey, Robert. ''Ford: The Men and the Machine'' (1986). popular biography<br /> * Lewis, David I. ''The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company'' (1976), much broader than title suggests<br /> * Nevins, Allan and Frank Ernest Hill. ''Ford: The Times, The Man, The Company'' (vol 1, 1954); ''Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915-1933'' (1957); ''Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933-1962'' (1962), the standard history of the company and biography of Ford; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 1]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book vol 2]; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.94045 ACLS E-book for vol 3] the major scholarly history<br /> * Nye, David E. ''Henry Ford: "Ignorant Idealist."'' 1979. <br /> * Watts, Steven. ''The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century'' (2005), major biography <br /> <br /> ===Specialized studies===<br /> * Batchelor, Ray. ''Henry Ford: Mass Production, Modernism and Design'' (1994). <br /> * Bonin, Huber et al. ''Ford, 1902-2003: The European History'' 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English; reviewed in Len Holden, "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in ''Business History '' Volume 47, #1 Jan 2005 pp 122-127 <br /> * Brinkley, Douglas. "Prime Mover". ''American Heritage'' 2003 54(3): 44-53. on Model T <br /> * Bryan, Ford R. ''Henry's Lieutenants'', 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2<br /> * Bryan, Ford R. ''Beyond the Model T: The Other Ventures of Henry Ford'' (1990). <br /> * Dempsey, Mary A. "Fordlandia," ''Michigan History'' 1994 78(4): 24-33. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil <br /> * Jacobson, D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 1912-26." ''Irish Economic and Social History'' 1977 4: 36-55. Ford and Irish politics<br /> * Kraft, Barbara S. ''The Peace Ship: Henry Ford's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War'' (1978)<br /> * Lewis, David L. "Ford and Kahn" ''Michigan History'' 1980 64(5): 17-28. Ford commissioned architect Albert Kahn to design factories<br /> * Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford and His Magic Beanstalk" . ''Michigan History'' 1995 79(3): 10-17. Ford's interest in soybeans and plastics <br /> * Lewis, David L. "Working Side by Side" ''Michigan History'' 1993 77(1): 24-30. Why Ford hired large numbers of black workers<br /> * McIntyre, Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913-1940: ''Technology and Culture'' 2000 41(2): 269-299. repair shops rejected flat rates<br /> * Meyer, Stephen. ''The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102499921 online edition from [[Questia]]]<br /> * Nolan, Mary. ''Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany'' (1994); [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58971942 online from [[Questia]]]' also [http://www.amazon.com/Visions-Modernity-American-Business-Modernization/dp/0195070216/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198975895&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]<br /> * Raff, Daniel M. G. and Lawrence H. Summers. "Did Henry Ford Pay Efficiency Wages?" ''Journal of Labor Economics'' (October 1987) 5#4 pp S57-S86 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0734-306X(198710)5%3A4%3CS57%3ADHFPEW%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR]<br /> * Pietrykowski, Bruce. "Fordism at Ford: Spatial Decentralization and Labor Segmentation at the Ford Motor Company, 1920-1950" ''Economic Geography'' 1995 71(4): 383-401. <br /> * Roediger, David, ed "Americanism and Fordism - American Style: Kate Richards O'hare's 'Has Henry Ford Made Good?'" ''Labor History'' 1988 29(2): 241-252. Socialist praise for Ford in 1916 <br /> * Segal, Howard P. "'Little Plants in the Country': Henry Ford's Village Industries and the Beginning of Decentralized Technology in Modern America" ''Prospects'' 1988 13: 181-223. Ford created 19 rural workplaces as pastoral retreats<br /> * Tedlow, Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" ''Business and Economic History'' 1988 17: 49-62. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing, marketing, and management. <br /> * Thomas, Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" ''Explorations in Entrepreneurial History'' 1969 6(2): 139-157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry,<br /> * Valdés, Dennis Nodin. "Perspiring Capitalists: Latinos and the Henry Ford Service School, 1918-1928" ''Aztlán'' 1981 12(2): 227-239. Ford brought hundreds of Mexicans in for training as managers<br /> * Wilkins, Mira and Frank Ernest Hill, ''American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents'' (1964)<br /> * Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam and John Williams, "Ford versus `Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production?" ''Work, Employment & Society'', Vol. 6, No. 4, 517-555 (1992), stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements<br /> <br /> ===Anti-Semitism ===<br /> * Baldwin, Neil; ''Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate''(2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/100722934?title=Henry%20Ford%20and%20the%20Jews%3a%20The%20Mass%20Production%20of%20Hate online edition]<br /> * Foust, James C. "Mass-produced Reform: Henry Ford's Dearborn Independent" ''American Journalism'' 1997 14(3-4): 411-424. <br /> * Kandel, Alan D. "Ford and Israel" ''Michigan Jewish History'' 1999 39: 13-17. covers business and philanthropy<br /> * Lee, Albert; ''Henry Ford and the Jews'' (1980)<br /> * Lewis, David L. "Henry Ford's Anti-semitism and its Repercussions" ''Michigan Jewish History'' 1984 24(1): 3-10. <br /> * Ribuffo, Leo P. "Henry Ford and the International Jew" ''American Jewish History'' 1980 69(4): 437-477. by conservative historian [http://www.enotes.com/twentieth-century-criticism/henry-ford/leo-p-ribuffo-essay-date-1980 full text online]<br /> * Sapiro, Aaron L. "A Retrospective View of the Aaron Sapiro-Henry Ford Case" ''Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly'' 1982 15(1): 79-84. <br /> * Woeste, Victoria Saker. "Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920-1929" ''Journal of American History'' 2004 91(3): 877-905. [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/91.3/woeste.html in History Cooperative]<br /> <br /> ===Primary sources===<br /> * Ford, Henry and Samuel Crowther. ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7213 My Life and Work]'', 1922<br /> * Ford, Henry and Crowther, Samuel; ''Today and Tomorrow'', 1926<br /> * Ford, Henry and Crowther, Samuel; ''Moving Forward'', 1930<br /> * Bennett, Harry, as told to Paul Marcus. ''Ford: We Never Called Him Henry'', 1951<br /> * Sorensen, Charles E., with Samuel T. Williamson. ''My Forty Years with Ford'', 1956; ISBN 0-915299-36-4<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://automotivehistoryonline.com/ford.htm Automobile History Online - Henry Ford History & Photos]<br /> * [http://www.quotationsbook.com/authors/2560/Henry_Ford Notable quotations and speech excerpts]<br /> * [http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_wa.php?c=3 Timeline][http://www.myviplife.com/lifestories/vipbusiness/Henry_Ford_ch.php?c=3 and Quotes by Henry Ford]<br /> * [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1958/2/1958_2_65.shtml Nevins and Hill tell story of Peace Ship in ''American Heritage'']<br /> * [http://www.hfha.org/ The Henry Ford Heritage Association]<br /> * [http://thoughtaudio.com/titlelist/ford/index.html Listen to “The Terror of the Machine” by Henry Ford] Free mp3 audio download from [http://thoughtaudio.com/ ThoughtAudio.com]<br /> * [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_Ford]<br /> ====notes====<br /> <references/><br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ford, Henry}}<br /> [[Category:Business People]]<br /> [[Category:Economic history]]<br /> [[Category:Business]]<br /> [[Category:Philanthropy]]<br /> [[category:Anti-Semitism]]<br /> [[category:Progressive Era]]<br /> [[category:1920s]]<br /> [[Category : People]]<br /> [[Category : Celebrities]]<br /> [[Category : Billionaires]]</div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Rosika_Schwimmer&diff=1156873 Rosika Schwimmer 2015-06-04T14:03:23Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Rosika Schwimmer''' (1877–1948) was a Hungarian-born feminist and pacifist. Rosika Schwimmer was an [[atheism|atheist]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Hungarian-Atheists-George-Koestler-Schwimmer/dp/1155532643]</ref><br /> ==references==<br /> <references/><br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Schwimmer, Rosika}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Feminists]]<br /> [[Category:European Jews]]<br /> [[Category:Jewish People]]<br /> [[Category:Liberals]]</div>

JamesMcNeil21 https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Rosika_Schwimmer&diff=1156871 Rosika Schwimmer 2015-06-04T14:02:58Z

<p>JamesMcNeil21: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Rosika Schwimmer''' (1877–1948) was a Hungarian-born feminist and pacifist. Rosika Schwimmer was an [[atheism|atheist]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Hungarian-Atheists-George-Koestler-Schwimmer/dp/1155532643]</ref><br /> <references/><br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Schwimmer, Rosika}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Feminists]]<br /> [[Category:European Jews]]<br /> [[Category:Jewish People]]<br /> [[Category:Liberals]]</div>

JamesMcNeil21