Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Gun control

2012-04-10T20:10:12Z

JennyMo:

'''Gun control''' laws restrict the purchase or ownership of guns, even though guns are typically acquired for defensive and/or sporting purposes. Studies show that more gun ownership results in less crime, but [[liberals]] push gun control because it increases the dependency of voters on government for protection. The political effect of gun control is to shift voters leftward. Accordingly, the primary supporters of gun control are the [[liberal media]] and [[leftist]] politicians.<ref>[http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/wew/quotes/repeal.html Quotes of Leftists Demanding Gun Control]</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], which already has the strictest gun control in Europe, [[leftists]] demand control over 120,000 ''deactivated'' guns, even though their activation and use constitute only 0.04% of all gun offenses there; fewer guns means greater dependency on government.<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3168607.ece</ref>

Conservatives seem to really like guns. They seem to think that if someone tries to mug them shooting would be a good idea. They also think that shooting to wound, as supposed to shooting without any control over whether you will kill or maim, is possible for a non-expert marksman with a handgun. Surely a much better defensive weapon than a handgun would be a can of pepper spray, or a few martial arts lessons.

Gun control is a denial or limitation by [[government]]s of the right to armed [[self-defense]],<ref name="Washington University Law Quarterly"> "In contrast to most other weaponry, firearms are preeminently defensive in effect." [http://www.constitution.org/2ll/2ndschol/76holo.htm Washington University Law Quarterly]</ref> as promised by the [[Second Amendment]] of the Constitution of the [[United States of America]]. Genocide has occurred only after gun control first disarmed the citizenry.<ref name="Washington University Law Quarterly"/>

Proponents use the discredited - but superficially appealing - claim that fewer lawfully-owned guns somehow leads to less crime, even though guns are primarily defensive weapons.<ref>People who support gun control claim or pretend that gun control laws significantly reduce violent crime. [http://home.sprynet.com/~owl1/irrationality.htm Why People Are Irrational about Politics]</ref><ref>Gun control primarily restricts the lawful acquisition and use of guns. Over 99% of the guns restricted by most gun control regulation are used in a lawful manner.</ref>

In the United States the three primary [[federal]] gun control laws are:
* [[National Firearms Act]] (1934)
* [[Gun Control Act]] (1968)
* [[Brady Bill]] (1993)

These laws have further been amended by other laws such as the Firearms Owners Protection Act (1986) and the Omnibus Crime Bill (1994).

Fed up with federal gun control, in 2009 States began considering (Utah) or passing (Montana) laws "making guns that are made and kept within state boundaries exempt from federal regulations" including "background checks, licensing and registration."<ref>http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=6367553</ref>

== The Fallacy and Motivation for Gun Control ==
[[Image:No Weapons Allowed.gif|right]]
Gun control potentially causes an increase in crime by restricting its main deterrent: [[self-defense]]. A study by Professor Gary Kleck, a liberal critic of gun control changed his mind on gun control when the studies showed that crime was ''prevented'' when people could carry guns in the book Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America. <ref>http://www.largo.org/effects.html</ref> In the United States, law-abiding uses of guns outnumber criminal uses by about a factor of 1000 to 1,<ref>http://www.americanselfdefense.com/gunfacts3.0.pdf (p. 60)</ref> and the removal of guns from everyone eliminates the lawful use of self-defense and its deterrent effect. "[[Americans]] use firearms to defend themselves from criminals at least 764,000 times a year."<ref name="Gallup_LAT">"This figure is the lowest among a group of 9 nationwide surveys done by organizations including Gallup and the Los Angeles Times." (Just Facts - [http://www.justfacts.com/guncontrol.asp Gun Control])</ref> Specific examples of guns being used successfully in [[self-defense]] are easy to find.<ref>Two 70-ish store owners stopped armed robberies of their stores by shooting at the bandits. "The person came in and pointed the gun at him and my father shot him. I'm proud of him." [http://www.buffalonews.com/cityregion/buffaloerie/story/253849.html Buffalo News]</ref> "In 1982, a survey of imprisoned criminals found that 34% of them had been "scared off, shot at, wounded or captured by an armed victim."<ref name="Gallup_LAT"/> When [[Florida]] began allowing its citizens to carry a concealed weapon, [[Florida]]'s firearm homicide rate fell by 37% while the national average ''increased'' by 15%.<ref name="Gallup_LAT"/> As explained below, the political effect of gun control is to cause voters to become more dependent emotionally on government and more supportive of bigger government.

Studies by [[John Lott]] and others indicate that gun control causes higher crime rates.<ref>[http://www.johnrlott.com/ John Lott's Website]</ref> [[Washington, D.C.]] has one of the highest crime rates in [[America]] even though it completely bans private handguns.<ref>[http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/dccrime.htm District of Columbia Crime Rates 1960 - 2006]</ref> "Switzerland, Israel, Denmark and Finland, all of whom have a higher gun ownership rate than America, all have lower crime rates than America, in fact, their crime rates are among the lowest in the Western World."<ref>Slashdoc - [http://www.slashdoc.com/documents/71244 gun control]</ref> Lott demonstrates that in [[Britain]], [[Australia]] and [[Canada]], increased gun control in the late 1990s led to increased crime, the exact opposite of what the proponents of the gun control promised.<ref>John R. Lott Jr. and Eli Lehrer - [http://johnrlott.tripod.com/op-eds/IBDGunConFailure.html Add Gun Control To Litany Of Misbegotten Gov't Plans]</ref> States in the [[U.S.]] that have enacted concealed-carry laws enjoy lower crime rates.<ref>[http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4706 Cato report]</ref>

[[image:Robbery victims per 100K.png|300px|thumb|<small>Source data: Australian Bureau of Statistics</small>]]
[[image:Robbery victims.png|300px|thumb|<small>Source data: Australian Bureau of Statistics</small>]]

In [[Australia]], where gun ownership was less widespread and the gun control measures were less strict, there was an immediate increase in robbery and armed robbery after the gun control went into effect in 1996 (see chart at right).<ref>

Gun control passed in Australia because "public was immediately whipped into a gun control frenzy by the press" after the "Port Arthur massacre" in Tasmania on April 28, 1996, in which 32 were shot dead and 19 injured. "Although polls done prior to the massacre indicated that the public was satisfied with the amount of 'gun control' they already had, a major newspaper did a poll just a few days after the massacre (while all minds were "clear") and, not surprisingly, found high levels of support for extreme gun control measures. This poll would be used forever by the commonwealth government and other gun controllers to claim that Australians supported the new gun laws to come." - [http://www.gunsandcrime.org/aussiegc.html Gun Control in Australia] (by gunsandcrime.org)</ref>

There is no clear evidence supporting a decrease in crime from gun control.<ref name="Results">[http://www.gunsandcrime.org/auresult.html Results of the Australian Gun "Buyback" & New Gun Laws], October 2001</ref><ref>[http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/azl084v1 Study showing lack of promised benefits from gun control]</ref> Although from 1979 to 1996, 11,110 Australians died by gunshot representing an annual average of 617. In the seven years after new gun laws were announced (1997 to 2003), the yearly average almost halved, to 331. In the decade up to and including Port Arthur There have been 11 mass shootings where 100 people were shot dead and another 52 wounded, while in In the 10 years since 1996 and the new gun laws, not one mass shooting (more than five victims) has occurred in Australia (although in 2002 a gunman killed two and wounded four at Monash University) <ref>http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/a-safer-place-after-howards-gun-buyback/2006/04/27/1145861484114.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1</ref>

Subsequent to gun control in England:<ref>http://www.reason.com/news/show/28582.html</ref>

:"from 1997 to 2001, the rate of violent crime more than doubled. Your chances of being mugged in London are now [as of 2002] six times greater than in New York. England's rates of assault, robbery, and burglary are far higher than America's, and 53 percent of English burglaries occur while occupants are at home, compared with 13 percent in the U.S., where burglars admit to fearing armed homeowners more than the police. In a United Nations study of crime in 18 developed nations published in July, England and Wales led the Western world's crime league, with nearly 55 crimes per 100 people."<ref>However this increase in recorded violent crime between 1997 and 2001 is explained by the Home Office as a result of changes in the definition of violent crime and new counting rules introduced in 1998. [http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/rdsolr1804.pdf Violent Crime in England and Wales] According to the British Crime Survey, which is considered a more reliable guide to trends in crime[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/crime-statistics-independent-review-06.pdf], violent crime fell 24% between 1997 and 2001/02, and burglary fell 40% over the same period.[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/hosb1105tab201.xls Trends in BCS incidents of crime]</ref>

Gun control in [[Britain]] and [[Australia]] has been followed by a predictable shift to the left politically by voters as they lost their instrument of self-defense and became more emotionally dependent on government. Contrast that with the [[United States]], where an effort to push gun control after the [[Columbine massacre]] failed in 2000 and the government has remained as [[conservative]] -- if not more so -- ever since.

The emasculation of the citizenry by gun control also arguably reduces the resistance of a society to intimidation, and exacerbates fear of consequences from causing offense. Subsequent to the passage of strict gun control in [[England]] some teachers have avoided teaching controversial subjects such as the [[Holocaust]], the Arab-Israeli conflict and the [[Crusades]] during history classes.<ref>http://www.dfes.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RW100.pdf</ref>
Teaching Emotive and Controversial History 3-19] (p.15) The anti-self-defense attitude of British authorities has also turned criminals into "victims" and victims who fight back into "criminals." One particularly egregious case involved a farmer being sentenced to life imprisonment for defending himself in his home after the home was repeatedly burglarized <ref>http://www.theinternetparty.org/commentary/c_s.php?td=200107200000&section_type=com</ref>

== Trends ==
After decades of increasing gun control laws, the current trend in the [[United States]] is in the direction of more gun rights. The 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill included a ban on certain new rifles labeled assault rifles solely because of features of their appearance, and on new high-capacity magazines. This law recently expired and was not renewed by [[Congress]]. Also, Washington D.C.'s gun ban was struck down as unconstitutional by the U.S. Court of Appeals on March 9, 2007.<ref>The New York Times - [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/washington/09cnd-gun.html?hp Appeals Court Says Gun Ban Violates 2nd Amendment]</ref><ref>The Washington Post - [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/09/AR2007030902416.html D.C.'s Ban On Handguns In Homes Is Thrown Out]</ref>

By removing the deterrent effect of guns, gun control causes dramatic increases in crimes committed with other weapons:<ref name="bbc">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2656875.stm</ref>

:You are now six times more likely to be mugged in [[London]] than [[New York]]. Why? Because as common law appreciated, not only does an armed individual have the ability to protect himself or herself but criminals are less likely to attack them. They help keep the peace. A study found American burglars fear armed home-owners more than the police. As a result burglaries are much rarer and only 13% occur when people are at home, in contrast to 53% in England.

Supporters of gun control argue that homicide with guns is much less in [[England]] than in the [[United States]],<ref>In 2005/06, the total number of victims of homicide by shooting (including crossbows) in England and Wales was 50 and there were 212 victims of homicide by sharp instruments. [Home Office Statistical Bulletin - [http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/hosb0207.pdf Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2005/2006][http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/hosb0104.pdf] The data for gun deaths in the United States include guns used in self-defense, as in fending off an assault, robbery or rape, and there were a total of 11,350 gun deaths (including deaths of criminals) in 2005.[US Department of Justice, FBI - [http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/data/table_01.html Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1986 - 2005]</ref> but that was true even before gun control and is likely due to cultural reasons. "A study comparing New York and London over 200 years found the New York homicide rate consistently five times the London rate, although for most of that period residents of both cities had unrestricted access to firearms. When guns were available in England they were seldom used in crime. A government study for 1890-1892 found an average of one handgun homicide a year in a population of 30 million."<ref name="bbc" />

Gun control laws are often seen to conflict with the [[Second Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]], which recognizes the right to bear arms. The Second Amendment reads: "A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."

The "right to keep and bear arms" is a right guaranteed to the American citizen by the Bill of Rights through the virtue of a selective reading of said Bill. The phrase "a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state" precedes the statement, and most federal Courts of Appeals have held that this phrase requires that the "right to bear arms" relates to the collective rights of state militias, as opposed to the individual's rights to have any weapon desired. Just recently, the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit went against nine other circuits in holding that the Second Amendment constitutes an individual right.<ref>The New York Times - [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/10/washington/10gun.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Court Rejects Strict Gun Law as Unconstitutional]</ref><ref>FOX News - [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,258067,00.html Appeals Court Strikes Down Washington, D.C. Handgun Ban]</ref> However, according to the judge writing for the majority in this case, its decision does still allow for "reasonable restrictions" on gun ownership and use, such as carrying of guns by intoxicated individuals, or in churches.

Only six cities in the [[United States]] ban handguns: [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Chicago]], and four of its suburbs.<ref>David Kopel, "The Democrats and Gun Control," Wall St.J., Page A19, April 17, 2008 [http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB120839466717921537-lMyQjAxMDI4MDE4NzMxOTc0Wj.html]</ref>

==Overview==
"Gun control" can include:

* Restricting which persons can own firearms.
* Restrictions on the number of firearms a person may own, or purchase during a given time period
* Requirements that privately owned firearms be registered with the government.
* Bans on certain types of firearms; for example, "handguns" or assault rifles
* Restrictions on where firearms may be carried, for example into restaurants or post offices
* Requiring a "background check" and/or a "waiting period" to purchase a firearm
* Restricting when and where firearms may be bought and sold, for example banning their sale through the mail
* Requiring licenses or some other form of permission from the government to buy and/or sell a firearm
* Requiring some form of permission from the government to carry a firearm in public, either concealed or openly
* Laws granting special gun rights for some people, for example retired law enforcement officers, which are denied the rest of the public, which was used in several southern states.
* Outright bans on carrying firearms in public
* Outright bans on private possession of firearms, though this has never occurred in the United States

==Constitutional Debate==
The [[Second Amendment]] reads:

"A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."

Most constitutional scholars agree that since the amendment refers to "the right of the People" instead of the right of the militia, it protects an individual right to own guns. The reason for this was the fact that the supplying of guns for the military and militas was already provided for in Article I Section 8 as a power of Congress. The extent of that right was something hotly debated for decades, until the Supreme Court ruling of 26 June, 2008, Heller v District of Columbia.

The majority opinion, written by Justice [[Antonin Scalia]], held for the first time that the Constitution provides an individual right to bear arms, such as for self-defense, rather than a right that applies only to a state militia.

The decision upheld an appellate court ruling striking down Washington, D.C.'s 1976 handgun ban. The case marked the first time in more than 70 years that the Supreme Court had addressed the Second Amendment ''and the first time it spoke directly about the implication of an individual right''. The court struck down two of the District of Columbia's gun control laws: its handgun ban and its requirement that other firearms kept at home have a trigger lock or be disassembled.

Relying on the broader historical record, Justice Scalia wrote:
{{cquote|'''putting all of these textual elements together, we find that they guarantee the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation.'''}}

Scalia noted that the ruling should not be interpreted to "cast doubt on long-standing prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons or the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings." <ref>[http://www.scotusblog.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/07-2901.pdf Supreme Court Opinion, District of Columbia v Heller]</ref>

==Racism of gun control==
In the [[United States of America]], gun control has a strong racist origin and reasoning. Before the Civil War ended, State "Slave Codes" prohibited slaves from owning guns. After President [[Abraham Lincoln]] issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and after the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolishing slavery was adopted and the Civil War ended in 1865, States persisted in prohibiting blacks, now freemen, from owning guns under laws renamed "Black Codes." They did so on the basis that blacks were not citizens, and thus did not have the same rights, including the right to keep and bear arms protected in the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, as whites. This view was specifically articulated by the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in its infamous 1857 decision in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' to uphold slavery.

The United States Congress overrode most portions of the Black Codes by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The legislative histories of both the Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth Amendment, as well as The Special Report of the Anti-Slavery Conference of 1867, are replete with denunciations of those particular statutes that denied blacks equal access to firearms. [Kates, "Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment," 82 Mich. L. Rev. 204, 256 (1983)] However, facially neutral disarming through economic means laws remain in effect.

After the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1878, most States turned to "facially neutral" business or transaction taxes on handgun purchases. However, the intention of these laws was not neutral. An article in Virginia's official university law review called for a "prohibitive tax...on the privilege" of selling handguns as a way of disarming "the son of Ham," whose "cowardly practice of 'toting' guns has been one of the most fruitful sources of crime.... Let a negro board a railroad train with a quart of mean whiskey and a pistol in his grip and the chances are that there will be a murder, or at least a row, before he alights."<ref>Comment, Carrying Concealed Weapons, 15 Va L. Reg. 391, 391-92 (1909); George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal (GMU CR LJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, "Gun Control and Racism," Stefan Tahmassebi, 1991, p. 75.</ref> Thus, many Southern States imposed high taxes or banned inexpensive guns so as to price blacks and poor whites out of the gun market.

Today, "gun control" laws continue to be enacted so as to have a racist effect if not intent:

* Police-issued license and permit laws, unless drafted to require issuance to those not prohibited by law from owning guns, are routinely used to prevent lawful gun ownership among "unpopular" populations.
* Public housing residents, approximately 3 million Americans, are singled out for gun bans.
* "Gun sweeps" by police in "high crime neighborhoods" whereby vehicles and "pedestrians who meet a specific profile that might indicate they are carrying a weapon" are searched are becoming popular, and are being studied by the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] as "Operation Ceasefire."
* Some U.S. cities with high minority populations, such as Washington, D.C., are singled out for gun bans.
* "Project Exile" began in the U.S. city of Richmond, Virginia and mandated that people arrested for technical firearms violations (note: not for violent crimes committed with a firearm, but for technical violations of the law) be tried in federal court where they would be subject to lengthy mandatory minimum sentences rather than in state court under the more lenient Virginia laws. As with many other restrictions this was aimed primarily at the city's Black residents. It has since been copied in many other cities.

== Sexism of gun control ==

Firearms, especially lower recoiling ones such as many handguns, allow any person to wield enough power to stop another person from attacking them.<ref name="genderDiscrimination1">http://www.learnaboutguns.com/2008/03/19/firearms-rights-are-a-gender-equality-issue-too/ </ref> Many women (quite reasonably) fear the threat of attack by a physically stronger man, and a firearm could prevent many of these attacks, but gun bans leave these women vulnerable. Take the case of the “North Side Rapist” in Chicago, a city where hand guns are banned, as an example: The rapist broke in to the womens homes, and at least one of the women heard him break in and then climb the stairs. Had this woman had a handgun, she almost certainly could have stopped the rapist before it was too late. This would have prevented her from enduring such a horrific crime, as well as preventing the rapist’s future victims from experiencing the same thing. Instead, Chicago law prevented her from being able to defend herself, and gave the advantage to the rapist/home-invader. This is not an isolated incident, and similar events happen every day across the county.

== Elitism of gun control ==

Many of the most ardent American anti-gun politicians, such as Chicago’s Mayor Daley, are protected by taxpayer-sponsored armed body guards, but deny law abiding citizens the right to defend themselves with a gun. <ref name="classDiscrimination1">http://www.learnaboutguns.com/2008/04/16/a-double-standard-anti-gun-politicians-and-their-gun-toting-bodyguards/ </ref> These politicians seemingly believe themselves to be part of an elite group who deserve to be protected against violent criminals, while ordinary law-abiding citizens are left with less-effective means to defend themselves, and must instead rely on the police arriving in time.

== Gun control outside the United States ==

Gun control advocates cite foreign countries to argue that gun control can reduce crime, but such comparison can be difficult due to the presence of other factors. For example, they cite [[Singapore]] as having gun control and a lower crime rate than the [[United States]], but Singapore has less than 5 million persons and one of the highest literacy and average wealth in the world. It lacks many of the freedoms found in the [[United States]] and strictly imposes harsh physical punishment, such as caning and the [[death penalty]], for crimes that are not punished so harshly in the [[United States]]. The real issue of the security in Singapore is its tight criminal control, not the gun control itself.

Gun control supporters also cite [[Gun Control in Japan|Japan's gun control laws]], which severely restrict gun ownership and crime rates are relatively low. But [[Japan]] also lacks many freedoms and diversity which exist in the [[United States]], and [[Japan]] has strong cultural deterrents to crime. Ironically, [[Japan]] is home to [[Tokyo Marui]], the world's largest [[airsoft]] gun manufacturer, which designs airsoft guns that are made to the same scale and with the same materials as the real counterpart and which have been mistaken by police for real guns.

In the [[European Union]], gun control is more strict than in the United States, but gun ownership differs widely between member states, from 36 per 100 people in [[Cyprus]] to one per 100 in [[Poland]]." In [[Switzerland]], on the other hand, gun ownership is quite widespread, which no doubt contributes to its reputation as a peaceful and neutral country.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/09/27/switzerland.shooting Gun control in Switzerland]</ref> In November 2007, the [[European Parliament]] passed legislation to tighten and harmonize gun control across the EU, and oblige each member state to set up a computerized database of firearms, as it "hoped to prevent Europe from becoming a gun-friendly culture like the United States". Parliament wanted to limit cross-border trade from states with less control to those with tougher laws, such as from [[Lithuania]], where replica guns can cost as little as [[Euro|€]]100 (US$150), to the [[United Kingdom]], where most replicas are outlawed.

In Australia, gun violence has always been significantly lower than other types of violence.<ref>http://www.gunsandcrime.org/aussiegc.html</ref>. Australia has not experienced considerable violence problems with legally purchased guns. It has always had a much lower homicide rate than the more violent culture in the [[United States]].<ref>In Australia the gun related homicide rate is 0.44 per 100,000 of population. In the US it is about 8 times as high at 3.72 per 100,000 of population.</ref> From 1979 to 1996, 11,110 Australians died by gunshot representing an annual average of 617. In the seven years after new gun laws were announced (1997 to 2003), the yearly average almost halved, to 331. In the decade up to and including Port Arthur There have been 11 mass shootings where 100 people were shot dead and another 52 wounded, while in In the 10 years since 1996 and the new gun laws, not one mass shooting (more than five victims) has occurred in Australia (although in 2002 a gunman killed two and wounded four at Monash University).<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/a-safer-place-after-howards-gun-buyback/2006/04/27/1145861484114.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1</ref>

Gun control began in Australia in response to fears that guns would be used by home-grown Communist Revolutionaries.<ref>http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1083528 This study discusses the parallel policies of early-mid 20th century Britain and Australia.</ref> The most restrictive reforms were made in 1996 and 2002, following highly publicized shootings.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/a-safer-place-after-howards-gun-buyback/2006/04/27/1145861484114.html</ref>

Both sets of reforms (1996 and 2002) were lead by Prime Minister [[John Howard]] of the Coalition(Australia’s conservative government). Howard was well known as an anti-gun advocate.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/anger-lingers-among-those-who-lost-their-firearms/2006/04/27/1145861489398.html</ref> The move offended gun supporters, many of whom had traditionally supported the Coalition.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/anger-lingers-among-those-who-lost-their-firearms/2006/04/27/1145861489398.html</ref> Despite the loss of this voting group, Howard won elections following both reforms (in 1998 and 2004).

There is controversy over the success of Australia’s gun restrictions. Studies suggest overall gun violence has decreased since the 1996 and 2002 bans.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/a-safer-place-after-howards-gun-buyback/2006/04/27/1145861484114.html</ref> However, Australia’s bike and drug gangs, the main perpetrators of gun violence, still easily access illegal firearms.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/a-disarming-cause/2006/04/27/1145861489519.html</ref> Further, the overall homicide rate remains constant.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/a-safer-place-after-howards-gun-buyback/2006/04
/27/1145861484114.html?page=2</ref>

== Gun Control and Genocide ==

Gun control "contributes to the probability of its government engaging" in [[genocide]], including the three worst instances in the 20th century:<ref>"[A] society's weapons policy might be one of the institutional arrangements that contributes to the probability of its government engaging in some of the more extreme varieties of outrage. ... [I]t is [] an arresting reality that not one of the principal genocides of the twentieth century, and there have been dozens, has been inflicted on a population that was armed." [http://ls.wustl.edu/WULQ/75-3/753-4.html Washington University Law Quarterly]</ref>

*In 1911, [[Turkey]] imposed gun control and then, from 1915 to 1917, 1.5 million defenseless Armenians were killed.

*In 1929, the [[Soviet Union]] imposed gun control and over the next 24 years about 20 million defenseless dissidents were killed.

*In 1938, [[Germany]] imposed gun control and then over the next seven years 13 million defenseless Jews and other victims were exterminated. <ref>[http://www.thegunzone.com/rkba/rkba-12.html The True Face of Gun Control], Dean Speir, The Gun Zone RKBA, Accessed December 26, 2007</ref>

"The Nazis made only two important changes to the Weapons Law that was in place when they came to power. First, they forbade Jews from owning guns or any other weapon. Second, they exempted members of the Sturmabteilung (SA) and many Nazi party officials from the law's strictures."<ref name="Washington University Law Quarterly"/> The German Firearms Act of 1937 stated "No civilian is to have a firearm without a permit and permits shall not be issued to persons suspected of acting against the state. ''For Jews, this permission will not be granted.'' Those people who do not require permission to carry weapons include the whole of the SS, and the SA - including the Deaths Head group, and the officers of the Hitler youth." <ref name="Volokh">[http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a38d04d5c7c40.htm The Journalist's Guide to Gun Policy Scholars and Second Amendment Scholars], Professor Eugene Volokh, FreeRepublic.com, March 15, 2000</ref>

Adolf Hitler said, "The most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to permit the conquered eastern peoples to have arms. History teaches that all conquerors who have allowed their subject races to carry arms have prepared their own downfall by doing so." <ref name="Volokh" />

[[Josef Stalin]], former dictator of the [[USSR]] and murderer of over 20 million people, infamously supported Gun control in the fear that his evil regime might be torn down and so only soldiers could have firearms.

So it's really important we don't have gun control, as Barack Osama is highly likely to go crazy and institute an evil Facist regime. If this happened, a civil war between private citizens and the government would be the best way to sort things out (as supposed to the intervention of, say, the UN or NATO).

== Gun Control and young mass murderers ==

''Main article: [[Young mass murderers]]''

Strict gun control failed and still fails to prevent mass murderers from starting killing sprees while the victims are unable to defend themselves.

Compare the cases of Pekka-Eric Auvinen ([[Finland]]) and Robert Steinhäuser ([[Germany]]) with the case of Matthew Murray. The latter was stopped by an armed citizen before he could harm more victims; Auvinen killed 8 people and Steinhäuser killed 16. Both Finland and Germany have gun control laws.

==Other terms==
Other terms sometimes used by those who are opposed to gun control include:
* Rights restriction
* Victim disarmament

==See Also==
* [[Gun control quotes]]
*[[Essay:US Armed Citizens and Crime Control]]
*[[John Lott]]
*[[Second Amendment]]
*[[Gun Control in Nazi Germany]]

==External Links==

=== Opposed to gun control ===
*[http://www.2asisters.org/ Second Amendment Sisters]
*[http://www.nra.org/ The National Rifle Association]
*[http://www.nrapublications.org/AC/index.asp Armed citizens defending themselves.]
*[http://www.a-human-right.com/ A Human Right] Discussion of the human right to self defense with a firearm.
*[http://www.learnaboutguns.com/ Learn About Guns] Firearm information and politics.
*[http://www.gunowners.org/ Gun Owners of America] A no-compromise pro-gun lobby in Washington, D.C.
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/gun-control/ What Liberals Say - Category: Gun Control]
*[http://www.guncite.com/ GunCite: Gun Control and Second Amendment Issues]
=== In favor of gun control ===
*[http://www.guninformation.org/ Gun Control and the Second Amendment]
*[http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-switzerland.htm Myth: Switzerland proves that high gun-ownership doesn't increase murder]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[category:Second Amendment]]
[[Category:Oppression]]
[[Category:gun control]]
{{liberalism}}

Elisha

2012-04-10T19:57:55Z

JennyMo:

[[Elisha]] ([[Hebrew]] '''אֱלִישַׁע''', [[Greece|Greek]] '''Ελισά''', '''Ελισαιέ''', or '''Ελισσαῖος''', or [[Arabic]] ''Al-Yasah'', my [[God]] is salvation) (fl. 906-839BC according to [[James Ussher|Ussher]], or 861-796BC according to [[Edwin R. Thiele|Thiele]]) is the second of two great [[prophet]]s of [[God]] who prophesied to the kings of the [[Northern Kingdom]] of [[Israel]]. Elisha is known for killin' children with the help of a couple of pissed off she-bears. He began as a student of the great [[Elijah]] but had a much longer career than his master had had, a career that spanned the reigns of three of its kings (including the great [[Jehu]]) and the brief viceregal period of a fourth.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=293&letter=E&search=elisha Elisha] in the Jewish Encyclopedia</ref>

== Early life ==
The [[Bible]] says little of the origins of Elisha, other than his father's name, Shaphat. One fine day, he was plowing a field with twelve teams of [[ox|oxen]], when a strange man came up to him and threw his mantle on him. Elisha recognized this man at once as [[Elijah]]. He then asked Elijah for permission to say good-bye to his father and his mother. Elijah granted him leave, and Elisha took one of the teams of oxen, killed them, boiled them together with their equipment, and served their flesh to his family for a last meal together. From then on Elisha became Elijah's student and acolyte. This meeting took place in the twelfth year of the reign of King [[Ahab]] and Queen [[Jezebel]].<ref>{{Bible ref|book=I_Kings|chap=19|verses=19-21|version=NASB}}</ref><ref name=Keyway>[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/roadsign.htm Wayne Blank], "[http://www.keyway.ca/htm2002/elisha.htm Elisha]," ''Church of God Daily Bible Study'', retrieved April 16, 2007''</ref>

== Investiture ==
Ten years later, Ahab was dead, and [[Ahaziah of Israel|Ahaziah]], Ahab's son, had died miserably. At this time Elijah asked his student to follow him to [[Bethel]], and then to [[Jericho]], and then to the bank of the [[Jordan River]].

Fifty witnesses watched from a distance as Elijah took his mantle, wrapped it, and struck the waters of the Jordan. The waters parted, and master and student walked across on a dry riverbed. Once on the other side, Elisha asked his master for one last favor: that he should have a "double portion" of the spirit of Elijah. Elijah offered no guarantee, but said that if Elisha would see him as he was being carried off to heaven, his favor would be granted.<ref name=Keyway/>

Elijah did go up in a chariot of fire drawn by horses of fire. Elisha saw it and cried out, "My father, my father, the chariot of Israel, and its horsemen!" Elijah was taken into [[heaven]], but Elisha did see his face one last time. Elisha also caught Elijah's mantle, which he dropped as he went.

Elisha tore his clothes into two pieces. But he took the mantle, and just as his master had done, he struck the waters of the Jordan and was able to re-cross on a dry bed.

The witnesses awaited him on the other side and asked his permission to send a fifty-man search party in the mountains to look for Elijah. Twice Elisha refused, but at last he gave up and let them search. The search party, of course, found no trace of Elijah, whereupon Elisha reminded them that he had told them that such a search would be futile.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=2|verses=1-18|version=NASB}}</ref>

=== The Miracle at Jericho and the Curse of Bethel ===
The city fathers of [[Jericho]] then complained to Elisha that the water had dried up. Elisha asked for a new vessel full of salt. This he poured into the city spring, and then pronounced that God had healed the waters. Jericho's water would not fail again for centuries.<ref name=Keyway/>

Elisha's reception at [[Bethel]] was less kind: several young toughs hazed him because of his bald head and suggested that he ought to go up to heaven just as Elijah had done. Elisha rounded on them and pronounced a curse--whereupon two female [[bear]]s came out of the wood and mauled forty-two of them.<ref name=Keyway/>

After that, Elisha traveled to Mount Carmel and then returned to the city of [[Samaria]].<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=2|verses=19-25|version=NASB}}</ref>

== The Anti-Moabite Coalition ==
Early in his reign, King [[Jehoram of Israel]] assembled a coalition consisting of himself, King [[Jehoshaphat]] of the [[Southern Kingdom]], and the king of [[Edom]] (still a vassal state of the Southern Kingdom at the time), to attack the kingdom of [[Moab]], which had rebelled against the Northern Kingdom upon the death of Ahab. The coalition army marched for seven days through the Idumaean desert--and then ran out of water. How this happened, the Bible does not explain.

Elisha became involved when the three kings came to see him. At first Elisha did not want to deal with them, because Jehoram was one of them. But Jehoram begged Elisha to reconsider, because it seemed that God had brought the three kings together for Moab to deal them a crushing defeat. Elisha would not have been convinced, had not Jehoshaphat been part of that coalition, because Jehoshaphat had developed a sterling reputation that presumably dated back to the ten years that Elisha had studied under Elijah. In fact, Elisha specifically told Jehoram that only for Jehoshaphat's sake was he intervening.

Elisha first asked for someone to play him some [[music]]. This was done, and Elisha received a vision of what to do. He passed on a command from God to dig ditches throughout the valley, and that those ditches would soon fill with water, enough for their armies, their livestock, and their beasts of burden. He then gave them very specific commands: that they should destroy Moab's cities, fill up their wells, cut down trees, and scatter stones on every piece of arable land. The next morning, the coalition made its meat sacrifice--and found the ditches filled with water, as Elisha had said.<ref name=Keyway/>

When the Moabites realized that they were coming under attack, they raised as large an army as they could. On the next morning, they looked out on a desert valley under a sun that made the water shine as if it were blood-red. This convinced the Moabites that the coalition soldiers were all dead. They then came down to try to despoliate the Israelites. When they had come close enough, the coalition troops rose up and counterattacked, with deadly effect. The Moabites fled in an all-out rout, and the coalition troops, in hot pursuit, destroyed everything in their path.

At last they came to the city of [[Kirharaseth]]. There [[Masha]], the king of all Moab, tried to sortie with a seven-hundred-man force to break through the line to the Edomite contingent. This failed, but Masha captured the heir to the Edomite throne. Him he offered as a whole burnt sacrifice on the city wall. The coalition took the city anyway, and then returned home, probably still shuddering from what they had seen.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=3|verses=1-27|version=NASB}}</ref>

== Elisha's Miracles ==
Elisha performed a great number of miracles, beginning with Jehoram's reign. The dates on these miracles are not entirely certain. In at least one case, Elisha must have intervened in someone's life on two separate occasions several years apart; Elisha's first intervention might even have occurred while he was still studying under Elijah.

These events appear, not so much in chronological order as in logical order--that is, by type and by the sort of testimony they provide. However, the most reasonable assumption is that all these events were finished by the third or fourth year of the reign of [[Jehoram of Israel]], in which year began the Second Syrian-Israeli War. This is so primarily because at least one of these events played a later key role in Elisha's career and Jehoram's history as king.

=== The Poor Widow ===
A certain widow begged Elisha's help because the estate she inherited was very poor, and a creditor was pressing her sorely. Elisha learned from her that she had only a pot of oil. Elisha advised her to gather and borrow every vessel she could, and draw oil into them. She did--and the pot of oil never ran dry. When she had no more vessels to fill, Elisha advised her to sell the oil, repay the debts on her husband's estate, and live on what remained.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=4|verses=1-7|version=NASB}}</ref><ref name=Keyway/>

=== The Wealthy Shunamitess ===
A certain wealthy woman set aside a special place for Elisha to visit. One day he learned that she was desperately unhappy because she had never had a son. Elisha promised her that she would have one, and she did.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=4|verses=8-17|version=NASB}}</ref>

Many years later, the lad suffered a great pain in his head and fell dead. Elisha returned to her house and raised the lad from the dead, in a manner quite similar to that by which Elijah had raised a young man under similar circumstances.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=4|verses=18-37|version=NASB}}</ref><ref name=Keyway/>

In the fourth or fifth year of King Jehoram, Elisha returned to tell this same woman to remove to [[Philistia]] for seven years, to wait out a famine. When she returned, seven years later, she sued for the return of her land. Jehoram called [[Gehazi]], Elisha's servant, as a witness to confirm the woman's account of Elisha restoring her son to life. Gehazi corroborated her account and identified the woman and her son. On that basis, the king restored her property to her.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=8|verses=1-6|version=NASB}}</ref>

=== Poisonous Food Made Wholesome ===
The company of prophets of which Elisha was the acknowledged leader made a pot of pottage, only to discover that the pottage was a deadly poison. Elisha added some more meal to the pot by his own hand, and the pottage was made wholesome.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=4|verses=38-41|version=NASB}}</ref>

=== A Feeding of a Multitude ===
A man from [[Baalshalisha]] brought Elisha twenty loaves of barley and several full ears of corn, from the firstfruits of his harvest. Elisha encouraged his servant to use this food to feed a large number of people. The man was understandably skeptical, thinking that the food would barely provide a portion to a hundred men. But when Elisha repeated himself, he did as he was told. The food did indeed prove sufficient to feed all the people who came to eat.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=4|verses=42-44|version=NASB}}</ref><ref name=Keyway/>

=== Naaman the Syrian ===
The story of [[Naaman]] the [[Syria|Syrian]] is especially famous, because [[Jesus Christ]] would mention it in His famous synagogue lesson in [[Nazareth]]. Naaman was chief-of-staff to King [[Benhadad II]] of Syria, and had an excellent reputation with the king, for the victories he had won. He was also stricken with [[leprosy]]. In his household was an Israelite woman, one of many hostages he had taken, who was his wife's lady's-maid.

One day, the maid suggested to Naaman's wife that Naaman ought to seek help from "the prophet in Samaria," who could cure him. Another servant overheard this and passed it on to Naaman--but when Naaman passed this on to the king, the king somehow thought that ''the king of the [[Northern Kingdom]]'' could effect this cure. So Benhadad wrote a letter to Jehoram, along with ten [[talent]]s of [[silver]], six thousand pieces of [[gold]], and ten suits of clothing, saying that he was sending Naaman to him for a cure.

Elisha heard about this after Jehoram tore his clothes and asked whether Benhadad was trying to provoke open warfare with the Northern Kingdom. Elisha told the king, in effect, to calm down and send Naaman to him, and he, Elisha, would handle the matter.

Elisha told Naaman to wash seven times in the Jordan River. Naaman indignantly refused, saying that the [[Damascus|Damascene]] rivers ought to do just as well. But his valets prevailed upon him to do this simple thing that Elisha suggested, so he did--and it worked.

Naaman was so pleased that he wanted to bestow a gratuity on Elisha. Elisha would take nothing from Naaman except his pledge to worship no God but the God of Israel.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=5|verses=1-19|version=NASB}}</ref><ref name=Keyway/>

==== Elisha's Servant Commits Fraud ====
Elisha's faithful retainer, [[Gehazi]], then did a foolish thing. He ran after Naaman and his retinue and told them the lie that Elisha had sent him to ask Naaman for a donative of a talent of silver and two suits of clothes. Naaman gave him two talents, and thus became possibly the first named victim of charity fraud. But when Elisha heard about it, he rebuked Gehazi, and then laid upon him a terrible curse: that ''he'' and his descendants would ''all'' be lepers. The Bible ends this sorry story with Gehazi being so stricken, and quite severely.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=5|verses=20-27|version=NASB}}</ref>

=== The Floating Ax Head ===
One day, Elisha and his prophets' company were on the banks of the Jordan, cutting down trees to make beams to build another dormitory for themselves. One of the men broke his ax handle, and watched in horror as the head sank to the bottom. He cried out to Elisha and said that he could not afford to lose the ax head, because the ax was borrowed.

Elisha asked where the ax head had fallen. The man told him, and Elisha threw a stick into the water. The ax head, though it was made of [[iron]], actually floated to the surface so that Elisha and his man could retrieve it.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=6|verses=1-7|version=NASB}}</ref><ref name=Keyway/>

== The Second Syrian-Israeli War ==
=== The Blinding Incident ===
Not long after the ax-head incident--and in perhaps the third or fourth year of Jehoram's reign--Benhadad II launched yet another war against the Northern Kingdom. Benhadad established his camp in two different places, hoping to capture Jehoram--and each time Elisha sent a message to the king to stay away from that spot, and the king took his advice.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=6|verses=8-11|version=NASB}}</ref>

Benhadad was furious at these two successive intelligence failures. His staff said that Elisha could hear what was being whispered in the king's bedroom--a not entirely accurate thing, of course. Benhadad ordered that Elisha be tracked down and captured, no matter what city he was staying in. His spies found out that Elisha was in [[Dothan]], and Benhadad sent a large force to surround the city.

Elisha's own servants were aghast at the sight, but Elisha encouraged them not to fear. He then prayed to God that the Syrian besiegers be struck blind--and they were. Elisha then led them straight into the center of Samaria and had their eyes reopened.

Jehoram, on Elisha's advice, took them captive, but only long enough to set a great feast before them and then to release them. They returned, and Benhadad did not invade for several months to come.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=6|verses=12-23|version=NASB}}</ref>

=== The Siege of Samaria ===
Benhadad later marched his entire army to Samaria and laid siege to it--and so tight was that siege that famine and scarcity were the order of the day. Prices of food and fertilizer were, by the standards of the time, astronomical. Eventually King Jehoram heard a particularly disgusting and sickening lawsuit, in which the plaintiff complained that, after surrendering her son for consumption by herself and a neighbor, now the neighbor was unwiling to return the grisly favor.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=6|verses=24-29|version=NASB}}</ref>

Jehoram tore his royal robes and wore sackcloth. But quite unreasonably he blamed Elisha for the famine and swore to [[God]] that he would have Elisha summarily beheaded. Elisha shut himself up in his house and prepared to refuse to see the king's messenger. Happily, the messenger arrived with a contrite acknowledgement that the evil that now befell the city was the Lord's doing.{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=6|verses=30-33|version=NASB}} Elisha then assured the messenger that, on the next day, prices would fall to normal. When a nobleman and senior adviser to the king questioned that, Elisha said that he would see it happen, but would not partake of it.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=7|verses=1-2|version=NASB}}</ref>

The next morning, four lepers brought an incredible report to the king: that the Syrian army had fled ''en masse'' and left their camp behind, together with all their provisions and beasts of burden. The king, highly skeptical, sent out a search party to investigate, and they confirmed the report. The people then streamed out of the city and despoiled the Syrian camp. But in their rush, they trampled to death a nobleman whom the king had detailed to guard the city gate--and this man was the same adviser who had doubted Elisha's confident prediction of the raising of the siege.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=7|verses=3-20|version=NASB}}</ref><ref name=Keyway/>

== The Anointing of Hazael of Syria ==
Toward the end of Jehoram of the Northern Kingdom (either 885 BC or 841 BC), Elisha traveled to [[Damascus]], capital of [[Syria]]. There Benhadad II lay ill, and sent his adviser [[Hazael]] to inquire of Elisha whether he would recover from his illness. Hazael did come to Elisha, and Elisha told Hazael that he should ''tell'' Benhadad that he would recover, but in ''fact'' Benhadad was going to die. Then Elisha tearfully confessed to Hazael that the word of [[God]] called for Hazael to lead the Syrians in war against the Northern Kingdom and to afflict it grievously. Hazael asked Elisha what sort of man he thought Hazael was, and Elisha then told him straight-out that Hazael would be Syria's next king.

Hazael returned to Benhadad's bedside to deliver Elisha's message. The next morning he smothered Benhadad with a water-soaked cloth, and took over the kingdom.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=8|verses=7-15|version=NASB}}</ref><ref name=Keyway/>

== The Anointing of Jehu ==
For a second time a Northern-Southern coalition laid siege to [[Ramoth-gilead]], in 884 BC (or 841 BC). This time, King Jehoram was seriously wounded--and King [[Ahaziah]] of Judah stayed by his bedside.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=8|verses=28-29|version=NASB}}</ref>

Now Elisha gave orders to one of his followers to go to Ramoth-gilead and seek out one [[Jehu]], son of [[Jehoshaphat (disambiguation)|Jehoshaphat]] son of [[Nimshi]]. The follower was to pour oil over Jehu's head, tell him that God meant him to be king of the Northern Kingdom, and then run away fast. The follower did exactly as Elisha had told him. Thus began a great conspiracy that ended in the deaths of the kings of both the Northern and the Southern Kingdoms in the same year, the destruction of the [[House of Omri]], and the establishment of the [[House of Jehu]].<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=9|verses=1-10|version=NASB}}</ref><ref name=Keyway/>

== Death and a Miracle ==
Elisha died in the first year of the reign of [[Joash of Israel]] (841 BC or 798 BC). The new King Joash came to see Elisha and said, "My father, my father, the chariot of Israel, and its horsemen!"--the exact same words that Elisha had uttered to the departing Elijah on the day of his investiture. Elisha had one more prophecy to deliver, and he did now. He asked Joash to pick up a bow and arrows, notch an arrow into the bow, and shoot, and told Joash that he would win in war against the Syrians. Then Elisha asked Joash to strike the floor with the arrows--and Joash struck the floor only three times. Elisha told him that because he had stopped striking the floor, he would have only three victories against Syria in war.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=13|verses=14-19|version=NASB}}</ref>

Then Elisha died, and was placed into a [[sepulchre]].<ref name=Keyway/> But he worked one more miracle, even in death: a retreating Northern Kingdom army hastily laid a killed-in-action soldier in Elisha's sepulchre, and when the body touched the bones of Elisha, the soldier revived.<ref>{{Bible ref|book=II_Kings|chap=13|verses=20-21|version=NASB}}</ref>

== Relics of Elisha? ==
The [[Coptic]] Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great claims to have relics originally belonging to Elisha and to [[John the Baptist]].<ref>Authors not available, [http://www.stmacariusmonastery.org/eabout.htm Official Site of the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great], retrieved April 16, 2007</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== See Also ==
* [[Elijah]]
* [[Jehoram of Israel]]
* [[Jehu]]
* [[Jehoahaz]]
* [[Joash of Israel]]
* [[Northern Kingdom]]

[[Category:Biblical Persons]]
[[Category:Jewish People]]