Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Globalism

2010-08-29T01:28:13Z

JoeFerguson:

'''Globalism''' is, according to the Oxford American Dictionary, the advocacy of "the interpretation or planning of economic and foreign policy in relation to events and developments throughout the world." In its most extreme forms it is sometimes expressed using terms such as "one world," support for a single world government, and/or terms such as "world citizen" or "global citizen." Some globalist groups such as the [[World Federalist Movement]], and some non-Christian religions such as [[Bahai]], actively campaign for world government. "Global" is a currently fashionable term in [[business]], where the term "international" would be more appropriate usage; the term "international" implies business operations between a few countries, while "global" implies worldwide business, making it an adequate term for some forms of business that do operate across the world. Many aspects of globalism fall under the umbrella of [[globalization]], which refers to how local phenomena can become global phenomena.

The term "global" looks at the world as a single cohesive unit while the term "international" better recognizes the world's different countries, different cultures, different languages, different ethnicities, and national borders. Thus the two terms are not the same thing and using them interchangeably is often incorrect; however, it should be noted that the two are not mutually exclusive.

Globalism also involves the theory of a "global economy" in which the economic achievements of most if not all nations are interdependent with those of other nations around the world because of international trade. This is possible because of recent technological inventions such as the internet. For example, a farmer in [[Ghana]] can now be insured that he is payed the standard market price for a particular crop because of the standards set in Chicago which he can check with a telephone or internet connection.

Bhagwati (2004) explains how globalization has delivered a better standard of living in less developed countries, and how experiments with protectionist "import substitution" policies have systematically failed. he demonstrates that anti-globalism comprises a discontented brew of anti-capitalism, anti-corporatism, and anti-Americanism. His case that globalization has benefited the poor uses a two-step argument: trade enhances economic growth, and growth reduces poverty. He contrasts the failure of protectionism to deliver prosperity in post-colonial India and other countries with the progress and development in East Asia and other more outward-oriented countries. The growth spurred by globalization has not only expanded the pie but has done so in a way that is "socially benign" and possesses "a human face," says Bhagwati. Bhagwati refutes the liberal argument — heard frequently in the Democratic primary debates — that the U.S. must impose labor and environmental standards on poor countries in any future trade agreements. On the contrary, he shows that U.S. multinationals do not seek out less developed countries with low standards; instead they locate most of their affiliates in other high-wage, high-standard countries, and when they do invest in poor countries, they invariably pay wages and maintain standards far above those prevailing in the local economy. The result is not a "race to the bottom," but a race to the top. An inescapable implication is that if the Democrats succeed in withholding U.S. trade and investment from poor countries because they are poor, it will mean slower growth in those countries: fewer girls studying in school, and more working in farms, factories, and brothels.<ref> See the [http://www.nationalreview.com/books/griswold200406010921.asp review by Daniel T. Griswold, "The Road to Wealth," ''National Review'' April 19, 2004]</ref>
==Quotations==
*There are four distinct dimensions of globalism: [[economic]], [[military]], [[environmental]] — and [[social]]. [http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=2392]
*Globalization implies neither equity — nor homogenization. In fact, it is equally likely to amplify differences — or at least make people more aware of them. [ibid]
*On the United Nations: Large majorities approve of strengthening the United Nations by giving it the power to have its own standing [[peacekeeping]] force, regulate the international arms trade and investigate [[human rights]] abuses. [http://www.infowars.net/articles/june2007/250607study.htm]
==Further reading==
* Jagdish Bhagwati, ''In Defense of Globalization'' (2004)

====references====
<references/>
[[category:political Terms]]
[[category:Economics]]

Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion

2010-08-23T03:24:11Z

JoeFerguson:

[[Ray Comfort]] is an American Christian evangelist. [[Thunderfoot]] is one of the more popular [[YouTube]] [[atheism|atheists]].

Below are the [[YouTube]] videos for the [[Ray Comfort]] - Thunderfoot discussion:

'''Playlist of all 10 videos:'''

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2FskTKrx40&feature=PlayList&p=762A731FA12BCB57&index=0&playnext=1 Thunderfoot - Ray Comfort discussion playlist]

'''Individual videos:'''

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2FskTKrx40 The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 1)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1wX0pHHidY The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 2)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLg7TPYbdBI The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 3)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tB8A-QIQ_w4 The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 4)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jauUjxWpcyc The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 5)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE1yLk75Aew The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 6)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKJUnZRptIM The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 7)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJU-AcC1kLA The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 8)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FC8fuTfVWTg The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 9)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAP719vrO7Y The Thunderf00t - Ray Comfort discussion (Part 9a)]

== See also ==
*[[Atheism and Debate]]
*[[Essay: This year's best atheist debaters|This year's best atheist debaters]] - [[Satire]]
[[Category: Atheism]]

Thunderf00t

2010-08-23T03:21:50Z

JoeFerguson:

[[Thunderfoot]] is one of the more popular [[YouTube]] [[atheism|atheists]]. Thunderfoot debated the American evangelist [[Ray Comfort]] and [[Thunderfoot - Ray Comfort discussion|the debate did not go well for him]]. In nearly all [[Atheism and Debate|Christianity vs. atheism debates]], atheists fare very poorly. Ray Comfort was very gracious in his commentary concerning the debate and took Thunderfoot out to lunch after the debate.<ref>http://raycomfortfood.blogspot.com/2009/07/debate-with-thunderfoot.html</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAP719vrO7Y</ref>

In addition, it is not uncommon for atheists to dodge debates. For example, [[Richard Dawkins]] has established [[Instances of Richard Dawkins ducking debates|a reputation for avoiding debates with his strongest opponents.]] Also, Richard Dawkins, [[PZ Myers]] and other prominent atheists refused to debate the [[creation science|creation scientists]] at [[Creation Ministries International]].<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/richard-dawkins-cowardly-clown</ref> Generally speaking, [[Creation scientists tend to win the creation vs. evolution debates|creation scientists tend to win the creation vs. evolution debates]] and that is why leading [[evolution|evolutionists]] no longer widely debate. In the YouTube arena, the popular YouTube evolutionist DonExodus2 pulled out of his debate with a YouTube creationist.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6z22kmGpq6A</ref> The YouTube Christian [[shockofgod]] quipped that DonExodus2 [[evolution|evolved]] into a chicken.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6z22kmGpq6A</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Thunderfoot - Ray Comfort discussion]]
*[[Atheism]]
*[[Atheism and Debate]]
*[[Press release concerning Michael Martin pulling out of Martin-Bahnsen debate]]
*[[Essay: This year's best atheist debaters|This year's best atheist debaters]] - [[Satire]]
[[Category: Atheism]]
*[[Shockofgod]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/Thunderf00t Thunderfoot] - [[YouTube]] channel

==References ==
{{reflist}}

Talk:Puritans

2010-08-16T19:29:11Z

JoeFerguson: /* Title of article */

==Title of article==

Shouldn't it be ''Puritan'', not ''Puritans''? [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 15:28, 16 August 2010 (EDT)

Talk:Puritans

2010-08-16T19:28:29Z

JoeFerguson: Created page with '==Title of article== Shouldn't it be ''Puritan", not ''Puritans''? ~~~~'

==Title of article==

Shouldn't it be ''Puritan", not ''Puritans''? [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 15:28, 16 August 2010 (EDT)

Puritans

2010-08-16T19:26:28Z

JoeFerguson: /* external links */

"Puritan" describes several [[Protestant]] denominations, especially the Congregationalists, who sought to "purify" the [[Anglican Church|Church of England]] of the influence of [[Catholic|Roman Catholicism]] in the 1600s. Puritan ethics were noted for their strictness, especially regarding sexual behavior and the theatre. Puritan literature is highlighted by poet [[John Milton]] and writer [[John Bunyan]]. Several Puritan groups eventually broke from the Church of England.

Persecuted in England, 100,000 Puritans resettled to the American colonies, particularly the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in 1630. They dominated New England and had a profound impact in shaping American history. During the [[English Civil War]], Puritan leader [[Oliver Cromwell]] deposed the monarchy under [[Charles I]]. The monarchy was restored in 1660 and Puritanism, although not persecuted, lost influence in Britain.

==Controversies==
When [[Harvard University|Harvard's]] first president Henry Dunster abandoned Puritanism in favor of the Baptist faith in 1653, he provoked a controversy that highlighted two distinct approaches to dealing with dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The colony's Puritan leaders, whose own religion was born of dissent from mainstream Church of England, generally worked for reconciliation with members who questioned matters of Puritan theology but responded much more harshly to outright rejection of Puritanism. Dunster's conflict with the colony's magistrates began when he failed to have his infant son baptized, believing, as a newly converted Baptist, that only adults should be baptized. Efforts to restore Dunster to Puritan orthodoxy failed, and his apostasy proved untenable to colony leaders who had entrusted him, in his job as Harvard's president, to uphold the colony's religious mission. Thus, he represented a threat to the stability of society. Dunster exiled himself in 1654 and moved to nearby Plymouth Colony, where he died in 1658.<ref> Timothy L. Wood, "'I Spake the Truth in the Feare of God': the Puritan Management of Dissent During the Henry Dunster Controversy," ''Historical Journal of Massachusetts'' 2005 33(1): 1-19, </ref>

==Congregationalists==
By 1700 the Puritan churches were called [[Congregational]] churches. The British also call them "dissenters" because they dissented from the official orthodoxy of the [[Church of England]]. Puritans and other Dissenters were restricted in the political rights until 1835 in Britain.

==Further reading==
* Bremer, Francis J. ''The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards'' (1995) [http://www.amazon.com/Puritan-Experiment-England-Society-Bradford/dp/0874517281/ref=pd_bbs_sr_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230597875&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Morgan, Edmund S. ''Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea'' (1965) [http://www.amazon.com/Visible-Saints-History-Puritan-Idea/dp/0801490413/ref=pd_bbs_8?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230597875&sr=8-8 excerpt and text search]
* Vaughan, Alden. ''The Puritan Tradition in America, 1620-1730'' (1997) [http://www.amazon.com/Puritan-Tradition-America-1620-1730-Library/dp/0874518520/ref=sr_1_18?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230600896&sr=8-18 excerpt and text search]
* Woolrych, Austin. ''Britain in Revolution: 1625-1660'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Britain-Revolution-1625-1660-Austin-Woolrych/dp/0198200811/ref=sr_1_13?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230600766&sr=8-13 excerpt and text search]

===Primary sources===
* Bennett, Arthur G., ed. ''Valley of Vision: A collection of Puritan Prayers & Devotions'' (1975) [http://www.amazon.com/Valley-Vision-collection-Puritan-Devotions/dp/0851512283/ref=pd_bbs_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230597875&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Heimart, Alan, and Andrew Delbanco, eds. ''The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Puritans-America-Narrative-Anthology/dp/0674740661/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1230600766&sr=8-6 excerpt and text search]
* Miller, Perry. ''The American Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry,'' 346 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/1330113?title=The%20American%20Puritans%3a%20Their%20Prose%20and%20Poetry online edition]
* Miller, Perry, and Thomas H. Johnson, eds. ''The Puritans: A Sourcebook of Their Writings'' (2001)

==external links==
* [http://www.questia.com/library/religion/christianity/history/16th-and-17th-centuries/puritans.jsp Online books on Puritans]
* [http://www.questia.com/library/puritan-literature.jsp Online books on Puritan literature]

====references====
<references/>
[[Category:Christian Denominations]]
[[Category:English Civil War]]
[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Colonial America]]
[[Category:Puritans]]
[[category:Religion and Politics]]

Counterexamples to the Bible

2010-08-11T03:02:26Z

JoeFerguson: Undo revision 803797 by Cutiejenny (Talk)

There are no '''Counterexamples to the Bible'''. This is in contrast with:

*[[Counterexamples to Evolution]] (60 and growing)
*[[Counterexamples to Relativity]] (24 and growing)
*[[Counterexamples to an Old Earth]] (25 and growing)

Opponents of the teachings of the [[Bible]] have tried mightily to prove statements in it to be false, but every attempt has failed. Here is a growing list of disproved counterexamples:

*that the wall of [[Jericho]] described in the Bible never existed and that people did not live there as described in the [[Old Testament]]; 19th century archaeologists could not find evidence of that civilization in the biblical time period.
::''Disproof'': archaeologist John Garstang discovered an intricate (collapsed) wall of Jericho during digging in 1930-36.
*that [[Pontius Pilate]], described in the Bible as a Judean Roman Prefect who ordered the [[Crucifixion]] of [[Jesus]], never held that powerful position.
::''Disproof'': archeologists excavating an ancient amphitheater in Palestine discovered in 1961 a massive limestone having the inscription, "Pontius Pilate, Prefect of Judea."<ref>http://www.bible-history.com/pontius_pilate/pilateArchaeology.htm</ref>
*that theories of modern physics proved there was no creation, and thus the [[Genesis]] account could not possibly be correct.
::''Disproof'': the Catholic priest [[Georges-Henri Lemaitre]] proved, against the resistance of anti-[[Bible]] scientists, that modern theories of physics themselves required the occurrence of a singular creation; this was first ridiculed with the term [[Big Bang]] but then later accepted by the [[atheists]].
*that the pool of Siloam described in John 9:7, where Jesus restored sight to a blind man and told him to wash the mud from his eyes, and the pool of Bethesda with five covered colonnades, also described in John, did not exist because no one had previously found them.
::''Disproof'': the pool of Bethesda was discovered in 1957-62, just as described in the Gospel of John with the five covered colonnades, and the pool of Siloam was also discovered, in 2004.<ref>http://www.publicchristianity.org/jesusevidence.html</ref>
*that a census could not have occurred around 6 B.C., shortly after Jesus's birth, as described in the [[Gospel of Luke]].
::''Disproof'': In 1912, W.M. Ramsey discovered a fragment proving that a new seat of government was established in Syria, which included Palestine, between 10 and 7 B.C., which would have necessitated one or more censuses shortly thereafter. There is additional evidence of a census in Palestine at this time in the writings of Tertullian.<ref>http://www.historian.net/NTHX.html</ref>

(add to list)

== See also ==

*[[Biblical scientific foreknowledge]]
== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Bible]]

George Clinton (musician)

2010-08-11T01:43:21Z

JoeFerguson: /* External Links */

'''George Clinton''' is a seminal figure of American Funk music. He has been making [[music]] since the 1970s with Parliament, Funkadelic, P-Funk, and George Clinton and the P-Funk All-Stars.

His popular songs include Atomic Dog, Up for the Down Stroke, We Want the Funk, and Knee Deep (In the Funk).

==External Links==
*http://www.georgeclinton.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clinton, George}}
[[category:musicians]]

Ron Carter

2010-08-11T01:41:46Z

JoeFerguson:

'''Ron Carter''' is a [[jazz]] [[bass]] player best known for his tenure in [[Miles Davis]]'s 1960's quintet. After leaving Davis's band, Carter has continued to perform in small-group settings as well as with his nonet.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carter, Ron}}
[[Category:Musicians]]

Yoko Ono

2010-08-11T01:36:31Z

JoeFerguson: /* Discography */

'''Yoko Ono''' is a [[Japanese]]-born [[artist]] and [[musician]] and the [[widow]] of [[John Lennon]].

==Discography==
*''Fly'' (1971)
*''Approximately Infinite Universe'' (1973)
*''Feeling the Space'' (1973)
*''Season of Glass'' (1981)
*''It's Alright (I See Rainbows)'' (1982)
*''Starpeace'' (1985)
*''Rising'' (1995)
*''A Story'' (1997)
*''Blueprint for a Sunrise'' (2001)
*''Between My Head and the Sky'' (2009)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ono, Yoko}}
[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:Musicians]]

Nadia Boulanger

2010-08-11T01:34:45Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */

'''Nadia Boulanger''' (1887-1979) was a [[France|French]] pianist, composer, and teacher who was one of the most influential figures for at least three generations of composers from all over the world, especially the [[USA]]. She taught a veritable who's who list of American musicians: [[Aaron Copland]], [[Leonard Bernstein]], Virgil Thompson, Walter Piston, [[Philip Glass]], Robert Russell Bennett, Burt Bacharach, and around 600 others. Ironically, she was credited with introducing American composers in the 1920's to [[jazz]], encouraging them to use it in their own compositions.<ref>Robert Morgan, ''Twentieth-Century Music,'' 1991.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boulanger, Nadia}}
[[Category:Musicians]]

Counterexamples to Relativity

2010-08-09T16:29:17Z

JoeFerguson:

The [[theory of relativity]] is a mathematical system that allows no exceptions. It is heavily promoted by liberals who like its encouragement of relativism and its tendency to mislead people in how they view the world.<ref>See, e.g., historian Paul Johnson's book about the 20th century, and the article written by liberal law professor Laurence Tribe as allegedly assisted by [[Barack Obama]]. Virtually no one who is taught and believes relativity continues to read the Bible, a book that outsells New York Times bestsellers by a hundred-fold.</ref> Here is a list of 24 counterexamples: any one of them shows that the theory is incorrect.

#The [[Pioneer anomaly]].
#Anomalies in the locations of spacecraft that have flown by Earth ("flybys").<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23410705/</ref>
#Increasingly precise measurements of the advance of the perihelion of Mercury show a shift greater than predicted by relativity, well beyond the margin of error.<ref>In a complicated or contrived series of calculations that most physics majors cannot duplicate even after learning them, the theory of general relativity was conformed to match Mercury's then-observed precession of 5600.0 arc-seconds per century. Subsequently, however, more sophisticated technology has measured a different value of this precession (5599.7 arc-seconds per century, with a margin of error of only 0.01), and leading promoters of relativity (such as Professor Clifford Will) have omitted this in listing tests confirming relativity.</ref>
#The discontinuity in momentum as velocity approaches "c" for infinitesimal mass, compared to the momentum of light.
#The logical problem of a force which is applied at a right angle to the velocity of a relativistic mass - does this act on the rest mass or the relativistic mass?
#The observed lack of curvature in overall space.<ref>If space were curved, one would never expect the universe as a whole to be almost precisely flat. Yet it is.</ref>
#The universe shortly after its creation, when quantum effects dominated and contradicted Relativity.
#The [[action-at-a-distance]] of [[quantum entanglement]].<ref>Quantum entanglement has not yet communicated information faster than the speed of light, but has already exhibited action faster than the speed of light.</ref>
#The [[action-at-a-distance]] by Jesus, described in [[John 1-7 (Translated)|John 4:46-54]].
#The failure to discover [[gravitons]], despite wasting hundreds of millions in taxpayer money in searching.
#The inability of the theory to lead to other insights, contrary to every verified theory of physics.
#The change in mass over time of standard kilograms preserved under ideal conditions.<ref>[[Mystery:Why Is the Kilogram Losing Weight?]]</ref>
#The uniformity in temperature throughout the universe.<ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6092-speed-of-light-may-have-changed-recently.html ("A varying speed of light contradicts Einstein's theory of relativity, and would undermine much of traditional physics. But some physicists believe it would elegantly explain puzzling cosmological phenomena such as the nearly uniform temperature of the universe.")</ref>
#"The snag is that in quantum mechanics, time retains its Newtonian aloofness, providing the stage against which matter dances but never being affected by its presence. These two [QM and Relativity] conceptions of time don’t gel."<ref>http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=splitting-time-from-space</ref>
#The theory predicts [[wormholes]] just as it predicts [[black holes]], but wormholes violate causality and permit absurd time travel.<ref>http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v61/i13/p1446_1 . The popular science press promotes black holes to a far greater extent than wormholes.</ref>
#The theory predicts natural formation of highly ordered (and thus low entropy) black holes despite the increase in [[entropy]] required by the [[Second Law of Thermodynamics]].<ref>Contrived explanations have been suggested for this dilemma, such as Stephen Hawking proposing that the entropy of matter in a black hole is somehow stored in the surface area of its event horizon to be released back into its surroundings as the black hole decays by ... "Hawking radiation."</ref>
#Data from the [[PSR B1913 16|PSR B1913+16]] increasingly diverge from predictions of the [[General Theory of Relativity]] such that, despite a Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded for early work on this pulsar, no data at all have been released about it for over five years.
#The lack of a single useful device developed based on any insights provided by the theory; no lives have been saved or helped, and the theory has not led to other useful theories and may have interfered with scientific progress.<ref>Contrary to the claims of Relativists, the GPS system has never been based on Relativity. The Time Service Department, U.S. Navy, observed that "the Global Positioning System (GPS) does not include the rigorous transformations between coordinate systems that Einstein’s general theory of relativity would seem to require" in part because "the effects of relativity, where they are different from the effects predicted by classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory, are too small to matter – less than one centimeter, for users on or near the earth.”</ref> This stands in stark contrast with every verified theory of science.
#Relativity requires different values for the inertia of a moving object: in its direction of motion, and perpendicular to that direction. This contradicts the logical principle that the laws of physics are the same in all directions.
#Relativity requires that anything traveling at the speed of light must have mass zero, so it must have momentum zero. But the laws of electrodynamics require that light have nonzero momentum.
#Unlike most well-tested fundamental physical theories, the theory of relativity violates conditions of a conservative field. Path independence, for example, is lacking under the theory of relativity, as in the "twin paradox" whereby the age of each twin under the theory is dependent on the path he traveled.<ref>In defense of the theory, it is noted that it mandates conservation of the matter-stress-energy tensor (the only way to get ''real'' conservation, since matter and energy are interchangeable.) This follows from the "contracted Bianchi identity". [http://www.mth.uct.ac.za/omei/gr/chap6/node14.html] Also, the curl of the "gravitational field vector" is exactly zero in the absence of moving sources, due to symmetries of [[Riemann]]'s tensor. It follows, from [[Stokes' Theorem]], that the gravitational field is conservative and has a potential function. Energy is conserved.</ref>
#The Ehrenfest Paradox: Consider a spinning hoop, where the tangential velocity is near the speed of light. In this case, the circumference (<math>2 \pi R</math>) is length-contracted. However, since <math>R</math> is always perpendicular to the motion, it is not contracted. This leads to a paradox: does the radius of the accelerating hoop equal <math>R</math>, or is it less than <math>R</math>?
#The Twin Paradox: Consider twins who are separated with one traveling at a very high speed such that his "clock" (age) slows down, so that when he returns he has a younger age than the twin; this violates Relativity because ''both'' twins should expect the other to be younger, if motion is relative. Einstein himself admitted that this contradicts Relativity.<ref>Einstein attempted to explain the paradox based on the acceleration that one twin uniquely undergoes, but the length of travel can simply be extended such that any effect from acceleration would be ''de minimis''.</ref>
#Relativity predicted that clocks at the Earth's equator would be slower than clocks at the North Pole, due to different velocities; in fact, all clocks at sea level measure time at the same rate, and Relativists made new assumptions about the Earth's shape to justify this contradiction of the theory.

(add to list)

{{Relativity}}

== See also ==
* [http://www2.udec.cl/~rvera/Adilemma.pdf A dilemma]
* [[Counterexamples to Evolution]]
*[[Counterexamples to an Old Earth]]
*[[Counterexamples to the Bible]]

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:physics]]

User talk:RMallett

2010-08-08T23:32:43Z

JoeFerguson: Created page with '{{welcome}}'

Victoria Jackson

2010-08-08T22:27:14Z

JoeFerguson: /* External Links */

[[File:Headshot.jpg|right]]

'''Victoria Jackson''' (B. August 2,1959; - ) was born into a conservative [[Christian]] home in Miami, [[Florida]] and rose to fame as a comedic talent, performing stand up on the Johnny Carson Show. She starred in many movies and TV shows, most notably six seasons on [[Saturday Night Live]]. She is still active in film and stage performances. Also, Victoria is passionate about the [[Tea Party Movement]], writes for [[Andrew Breitbart]]'s Big Hollywood and has a number of performances on CD's, including [[Gospel]].

==Early Life==
Victoria's father was a gymanistics coach and she competed from ages 5-18. <ref>[http://www.victoriajackson.com/bio.html VictoriaJackson.com]</ref> She grew-up in a home without a TV. She became a cheerleader, homecoming queen, attended [[Florida Bible College]], received a gymnastic scholarship to Furman University and attended Auburn University one year. Before her 20 appearances with Johnny Carson, Victoria was a cigarette girl, a typist at the [[American Cancer Society]], and a waitress.

Per her website;

{{cquote| Well, I'd feel like we didn't really connect if I didn't tell you about what I really feel is important. I am a genuine true blue believer...not in Kaballah...not in Scientology...not in the New Age movement...not in Mormonism...not in Buddism...not in Hinduism...not in Catholicism...not in Protestantism...but in [[Jesus Christ]]. I've studied all those other religions...and as a cynic, and a free spirit...I personally decided to put my faith in Jesus. I've read the Bible all the way through....and I believe it is the Truth...the Word of God. Read John 3:l6, Ephesians 2:8,9, Romans 3:23, and Romans 6:23 and tell me what you think. What do you think? Jesus claimed to be "the Lord"...He was either the "Lord", a liar, or a lunatic. Tell me what you think and why. After all, none of us has died and come back to tell....so we all have our faith in something. What is your faith in? I'm eager to listen and discuss.

If you would like to know more...
read my interview with "The Door."}}

==Quotes==
"[[Obama | O]] thinks it's bad to drip water on a terrorist, but it's good to rip a baby out of it's mother's womb, crack it's skull, and suck it's brain out. Wow. Once I save the country from O and his Congress, I can concentrate on my career." <ref>Facebook</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWi182CMJY8 YouTube Video: Victoria Jackson: "There's A Communist Living in the White House"]
* [http://bighollywood.breitbart.com/vjackson/2010/04/30/obama-is-castro/#more-340010 Big Hollywood: Obama is Castro by Victoria Jackson]
* [http://www.victoriajackson.com/ Official Website]
* [http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1293008607&ref=name#!/victoriajacksonI?ref=ts Official Facebook page]

{{DEFAULTSORT: Jackson, Victoria}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Women]]
[[Category:Actresses]]

Tim Burns

2010-08-08T22:25:05Z

JoeFerguson: /* External Links */

[[File:TimBurns.jpg|right|200px]]

'''Tim Burns''' (b. April 14, 1968, - ) was the Republican candidate in the May 18th special election for U.S. House of Representatives in Pennsylvania's District 12, deceased [[John Murtha]]'s seat. That seat has been held by Murtha since 1974, when he won it in a special election. Tim was a small business owner prior to running for the House. He has the support of the national GOP as well as the conservatives [[Sarah Palin]] and Dick Armey, representing the [[Tea Party movement]]. He was defeated by Democrat Mark Critz in the special election, although will face him again in the November 2010 general election. Per his website {{cquote| ''Tim Burns’ commitment to conservative values, smaller government, lower taxes, an end to wasteful spending and restoring an ethical standard in public service, makes him the best choice.''}}

==History==
Tim Burn's was born in West Virginia. Early in life, the family relocated to Pennsylvania, Hornerstown section of Johnstown (Cambria County) . Tim would graduate from Johnstown High School in 1986. Four years later, Tim obtained his Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from Indiana University of Pennsylvania.

In 1992, Tim founded a pharmacy technology company. Before selling the company in 2003, he employed over 400 workers. Tim is a practicing [[Catholic]] and has two sons.

==Quotes==
'' "Support me and help stop wasteful government spending and bring fiscal responsibility and common sense back to government." ''

==See Also==
* [[2010 House Elections]]
* [[2010 Midterm Elections]]
* [[Charles Djou]]

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
* [http://www.timburnsforcongress.com Campaign Website]
* [http://www.twitter.com/TimothyBurns Twitter page]
* [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Tim-Burns/97230982087 Facebook page]

[[File:Logo flagweb.jpg|left]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burns, Tim}}
[[Category:Conservatives]] [[Category:Republican Party]] [[Category:Politics]]

Michael Williams

2010-08-08T22:22:28Z

JoeFerguson: /* External links */

[[Image:MichaelWilliams.jpg‎|right]]'''Michael L. Williams''' (born May 31, 1953) is the [[Republican]] Chairman of the Texas Railroad Commission, which regulates the [[oil]] and [[gas]] industry. He was appointed by Governor [[George W. Bush]] in 1999 and was elected in a special election in 2000 and reelected in 2002 and 2008 to six-year terms. After serving as an assistant district attorney he served as a prosecutor in the [[Reagan Administration]] (1984-1988). In 1988, he was awarded the Attorney General's "Special Achievement Award" for the conviction of six [[Ku Klux Klan]] members. Williams would go on to serve as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Law Enforcement under President [[George H.W. Bush]] and later Assistant Secretary of Education for Civil Rights. He is currently seeking a [[United States Senate]] seat being vacated by [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]]. He has received the endorsement of former [[Speaker of the House]] [[Newt Gingrich]]. <ref>http://www.redstate.com/moe_lane/2009/08/25/newt-gringrich-endorses-michael-williams-for-texas-senate/</ref>

Michael Williams is a [[conservative]] who is [[pro-life]], takes a hard stance against [[illegal immigration]] and is a life-long member of the [[National Rifle Association]]. <ref>http://news-political.com/2009/05/25/annuit-coeptis-endorses-michael-williams-for-texas-senate/</ref> Williams endorsed George W. Bush in 2004 and [[John McCain]] in 2008.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/ The Railroad Commission of Texas]
*[http://www.williamsfortexas.com/ Michael Williams for Senate]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Michael}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Texas]]
[[Category:2010 Midterm Elections]]

Lee Doren

2010-08-08T22:20:58Z

JoeFerguson:

'''Lee Doren''' is a conservative political commentator and blogger for Right-Wing News. He graduated from the [[University of Michigan]] with a B.A. in Communications, and he received his J.D. from Chicago-Kent College of Law.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doren, Lee}}
[[Category:Conservatives]]

Ken Buck

2010-08-08T22:19:15Z

JoeFerguson: /* External Links */

[[File:kenbuck.jpg|right]]
'''Ken Buck''' is the candidate backed by the [[Tea Party Movement]] for the [[Republican]] nomination for Senate in [[Colorado]] in 2012. he is currently the Weld County District Attorney. He earned his undergraduate degree from [[Princeton University]] in 1981 and his Juris Doctorate from the University of Wyoming School of Law in 1985.

In 1986, he was hired by then Congressman [[Dick Cheney]] to work on the [[Iran-Contra]] Investigation. After that he worked as a prosecutor with the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] in Washington D.C. In 1990, Buck joined the Colorado U.S. Attorney’s Office where he
became the Chief of the Criminal Division. Throughout his years in Colorado, he has served as an instructor at the University of Denver Law
School and for the National Institute of Trial Advocacy.

==Gaffes==
In July, Buck was caught on video using foul language to deny he wore "high heels". A week later, he was again recorded using foul language, including taking the Lord's name in vain, to refer to Tea Party adherents.<ref>http://www.9news.com/news/article.aspx?storyid=145249&catid=339</ref>

According to his primary opponent Jane Norton, Buck is "two steps short of a fraud" and "a self-proclaimed Tea Partier who trashes tea partiers when he thinks no one is looking."

==Endorsements==
* [[Jim DeMint]]

==External Links==
* [http://buckforcolorado.com/ Official Campaign Website]
* [http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1293008607&ref=name#!/buckforcolorado?ref=ts Facebook page]
* [http://twitter.com/buckforcolorado Twitter page]
* [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%22buck4colorado%22&search_type=&aq=f YouTube page]

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buck, Ken}}
[[category:politics]]
[[Category: Conservatives]]

Dean Murray

2010-08-08T22:16:26Z

JoeFerguson:

'''Dean Murray''' is a [[Republican]] member of the [[New York]] State Assembly, representing Suffolk County after winning the 2009 special election. Since 1997 he has owned a [[Long Island]]-based advertising agency, D & S Advertising Inc. His political involvement began as a [[Tea Party Movement]] organizer.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Dean}}
[[Category:Republican Party]]
[[Category: Conservatives]]
{{Conservatism}}

Doug Hoffman

2010-08-08T22:14:18Z

JoeFerguson: /* references */

[[Image:DougHoffman.jpg|right|Doug Hoffman|thumb]]'''Douglas L. Hoffman''' was the [[The Conservative Party of New York State|Conservative Party]] candidate for Congress in a special election in upstate New York Nov. 3, 2009.

[[File:NY23poll.jpg|thumb|250px|Siena Poll shows Scozzafava collapse as Hoffman comes from behind and ties Owens]]

The three way race attracted national attention. From around the country conservatives rushed to support Hoffman. Polls in late October showed support for liberal Republican candidate [[Dede Scozzafava]] collapse, as independents moved to the Conservative candidate Hoffman. She dropped out on Oct. 31 and endorsed Democrat [[Bill Owens]], who carried the traditional Democratic vote. Early results show Hoffman lost the election, receiving 45% of the vote; Owens totaled 49%.

On November 12, a recanvassing in the 11-county district show that Owens lead has narrowed to 3,026 votes over Hoffman, 66,698 to 63,672, according to the latest unofficial results from the state Board of Elections. Syracuse local news reported that the new vote totals mean the race will be decided by [[absentee ballots]], of which about 10,200 were distributed, said John Conklin, communications director for the state Board of Elections.<ref>Mark Weiner. [http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/11/its_not_over_recanvassing_shows_ny23_race.html Recanvassing shows NY-23 race tightens even as Rep. Bill Owens is sworn into House seat], Syracuse.com, November 12, 2009.</ref> On November 23, the remaining ballots were counted in the 23rd Congressional District special election. The results re-affirm the fact that Bill Owens won. Despite concerns centered on the veracity of the new voting machines used, Doug Hoffman will not be contesting the NY-23 election results.<ref>[http://www.gouverneurtimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8367:hoffman-will-not-challenge-election&catid=60:st-lawrence-news&Itemid=175 Hoffman Will Not Challenge Election], ''The Gouverneur Times'', November 24, 2009.</ref>

[[File:NY23.jpg]]

==Career==
Hoffman is a businessman and accountant for Dragon Benware Crowley & Co., P.C. accounting firm. While attending college Hoffman had enlisted in the Army serving as a member of the New York State National Guard from 1970 through 1973 and the U.S. Army Reserves from 1973 through 1976. Hoffman received a Master of Business Administration degree in finance and accounting from the [[University of Connecticut]]. In 1977, Hoffman became an Assistant Controller for the Lake Placid 1980 Olympic Organizing Committee, and oversaw a budget of $150 million, 2,500 employees and 6000 volunteers. He has since been heavily involved in his local community, and many of his clients are involved in Washington politics.
==2009 Election==
After losing the Republican Party's nomination, Doug Hoffman was the [[Conservative Party of New York]]'s nominee for a special election to [[Congress]] from the 23rd district, running against liberal Republican [[Dede Scozzafava]] and Democrat [[Bill Owens]]. A September 2009 poll showed the three candidates in a statistical tie, with Scozzafava at 20%, Owens at 17%, and Hoffman at 17%. <ref>http://www.clubforgrowth.org/media/uploads/09-09-24-poll-summary.pdf</ref> The Hill newspaper editorialized that "Conservative Party nominee Doug Hoffman is beginning to look like he might be a force in the upcoming New York special election." <ref>http://912candidates.org/ny/2009/09/05/912-candidate-doug-hoffmann-u-s-congress-ny-23rd-district/</ref>

An October 1st, 2009 poll showed Dede Scozzafava had a seven point lead over Owens, 35-28, with Hoffman in third place at 16. However, on October 15, a [[Siena Poll]] released showed [[Democrat]] Bill Owens led Republican (RINO) Dede Scozzafava by 4 and [[Conservative]] Doug Hoffman by 10.<ref>[http://www.tcotreport.com/poll.html In the 23rd Congressional District Special Election, Support for RINO Plummets]</ref>

===Notable Endorsements===

*[[Club for Growth]] PAC
*The [[American Conservative Union]]
*The Police Benevolent Association of the New York State Troopers, Inc. <ref>http://www.gouverneurtimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6580:hoffman-endorsed-by-pba-for-23rd&catid=60:st-lawrence-news&Itemid=175</ref>
*New York State [[Right to life movement | Right to Life]] Political Action Committee <ref>http://www.gouverneurtimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6776:right-to-life-endorses-hoffman&catid=57:commentary&Itemid=193</ref>
*[[Minnesota]] Governor [[Tim Pawlenty]] <ref>http://www.redstate.com/erick/2009/10/26/redstate-exclusive-tim-pawlenty-endorses-doug-hoffman/</ref>
*Minnesota Congresswoman [[Michele Bachmann]] <ref name="TPMDC">[http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/michele-bachmann/ Michele Bachmann Talkingpointsmemodc, October 22, 2009]</ref>
*[[South Carolina]] Senator [[Jim DeMint]] <ref name="TPMDC"/>
*Former New York Governor [[George Pataki]] <ref>http://www.redstate.com/blog/2009/10/29/breaking-pataki-endorses-hoffman/</ref>
*Former [[Alaska]] Governor and Vice-Presidential nominee [[Sarah Palin]]. <ref>http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=157794838434</ref>
*Former House Majority Leader [[Dick Armey]]. <ref>http://washingtonindependent.com/64383/ny-23-dick-armey-campaigns-for-doug-hoffman</ref>
*Former U.S. Senator [[Fred Thompson]]. <ref>http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000003212009&topic=election_2010</ref>
*Former U.S. Senator [[Rick Santorum]]<ref>http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20091023/BLOGS09/910239991/BLOGS09</ref>
*Economist [[Steve Forbes]]
*Columnist [[Michelle Malkin]] <ref>http://vdare.com/malkin/091015_scozzafava.htm</ref>
*Columnist [[Bill Kristol]]<ref>http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2009/10/shouldnt_the_republican_establ_1.asp</ref>
*Radio Talk Show Host [[Mark Levin]]<ref>http://www.marklevinshow.com/Article.asp?id=1552958&spid=32364</ref>
*Radio Talk Show Host [[Rush Limbaugh]]<ref>http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_102109/content/01125110.guest.html</ref>
*The [[New York Post]]<ref>http://www.nypost.com/p/news/opinion/editorials/doug_hoffman_for_congress_21sqalnJNLjOEpD7JEOHaJ</ref>
*The [[Wall Street Journal]] <ref name="NYT">[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/nyregion/27upstate.html?_r=3&ref=politics Right Battles G.O.P. in a Pivotal Race in New York] New York Times, October 26, 2009</ref>
*The [[National Review]]
*The [[Susan B. Anthony]] List <ref name="NYT"/>
*The [[National Organization for Marriage]] <ref name="NYT"/>
*[[Our Country Deserves Better]] PAC <ref>[http://www.ourcountrydeservesbetter.com Our Country Deserves Better]</ref>

==External links==
*[http://doughoffmanforcongress.com/ Campaign Website]

==references==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoffman, Doug}}
[[category:2010 Midterm Elections]]
[[category:Conservatives]]
[[category:New York]]

Talk:Essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?

2010-08-08T21:59:45Z

JoeFerguson: /* Dawkins gif */

Should we not attack his view point than attack the person? This essay does not appear to be in a very good taste. --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 22:28, 22 May 2010 (EDT)
::::Are you saying that an essay cannot comment on a person's behavior or use satire? If so, please justify. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 01:51, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
:::::No I am not saying that. But I do not have any special knowledge about Richard Dawkin's manhood or machismo. I don't think any information is publicly available about his manhood related behaviour as well, So how do you comment on that? Satire is great if used well. For example Catch 22 is a great satire, but unfortunately your essay is not. It would be rude if I really express what I think about it. --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 15:41, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::Perhaps, you should read the essay and the linked resources a few times more and see if you can spot a pattern of cowardice by Richard Dawkins. Anyways, I wrote the essay when I was rather tired and I am made some revisions to it. By the way, the Google algorithm loves the essay. It ranks #1 for Richard Dawkins and Machismo and ranks #1 for Dawkins and machismo. However, I am guessing given Dawkins' behavior that many people don't associate the Richard Dawkins with machismo so there is probably not too many searches for this term. There are a 11,900 Google search results for Richard Dawkins and cowardice, just in case you are looking for further evidence concerning the subject of Richard Dawkins and cowardice. By the way, could you define "special knowledge". Also, do all Conservapedia essays need to pass a "special knowledge" litmus test? [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 20:12, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::::I wouldn't use the number of google results to prove a point, it's not a very accurate indicator.[[User:RaymondP|RaymondP]] 21:22, 28 May 2010 (EDT)

so.. are you writing this for google algorithm. Sorry to burst your bubble, but no one is going to search for Dawkins and Machismo. May be you should clear your cache and search it, because when I do that, your page is not even in the top 10. I don't understand what you aim to say by 11900 results for Dawkins and cowardice. conservative and cowardice brings up 287000 results. does that mean anything? I am not sure why you are so much obsessed about Richard Dawkins' manhood. Shouldn't you be trying to refute his arguments in that precious time? --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 20:24, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::I guess you need to take some reading comprehension classes. I did indicate that I didn't believe there were going to be many searches for the term Dawkins and machismo. I also noticed you also didn't answer my questions. I will return the favor and not answer yours. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 20:57, 23 May 2010 (EDT)

I was given a link to this essay on youtube, and I can say that it certainly hits the target! Dawkins is well know for being a coward with regards to avoid all debate with those who don't agree with his worldview, so this kind of hard-hitting satire suits him perfectly! Keep up the good work Mr Conservative, sadly it's no surprise that the the liberal 'Dawkins Defenders' do nothing but criticize anything that exposes their evolutionist leaders for the frauds that they are. - Andrew.
::::Thanks for the positive review. Here is something I just put at the bottom of the essay: '''QUICK NOTE:''' The above essay was produced as part of the [[Conservapedia:Richard Dawkins Project]]. If you like this essay, please feel free to give it three "oles!" by creating a [[YouTube ]] video on it. Also, feel free to mention it on your blog or [[Facebook]] page. There are also some tips [[Conservapedia:Richard Dawkins Project - Spreading the News|HERE]] on spreading the word about this essay. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCZYpGzu7rA&feature=related Ole!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAYSQXSMnss&feature=related Ole!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQwWvw3uTJM&feature=related Ole!] [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:31, 24 May 2010 (EDT)

== Unconservapedia? ==

What's the point of all those essays about Richard Dawkinds? Is this the embryo of an ''unconservapedia'', parody of ''uncyclopedia'', the ''official'' parody of ''wikipedia''? That would be fun, a parody of a parody. Might as well be called ''liberopedia'', and have articles with the Khaddaffi Peace Prize or the Stalin Human Rights awards. [[User:Sunda62|Sunda62]] 10:01, 27 May 2010 (EDT)
::::All those essays? Two essays have been written. Did Richard Dawkins teach you how to count? :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:57, 7 June 2010 (EDT)
:: Yes! There are three kinds of people: those that can count, and those that can't! [[User:Sunda62|Sunda62]] 16:49, 18 June 2010 (EDT)
:::::The collection of articles has expanded since my June 7, 2010 post. I thought liberals like the concept of "[[Evolution|change over time]]" - especially when they engage in equivocation. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:07, 18 June 2010 (EDT)

== Messed up ==

Purposefully creating provocative pages and then limiting the editing for such pages is ridiculous. I can't even fix the spelling errors.
: First prove yourself by fixing up or writing other articles. We're not here just to talk, talk, talk. --[[User:ReligiousRight|ReligiousRight]] 22:39, 6 June 2010 (EDT)
::Obviously this user needs to open his mind. He probably doesn't support school prayer and I'm 96% certain he also believes in gun control. [[User:KevinO|KevinO]] 22:46, 6 June 2010 (EDT)
::::If there are typos and/or spelling errors, please list them on the talk page. Unless, of course, you lack the machismo to do so! :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:53, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

== Grammar/Spelling problems: ==

Senor ---> Señor

Ole ---> Olé

Polling in 2006 indicates that less than half of the US and British populace accept the evolutionary paradigm as the best description for the development of life.

In addition.

polling indicates that the evolutionary paradigm is losing public support in the United States.[8]

So the key question stirring around the much discussed U.S Religious Landscape Survey released in late February by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life is what tale does it state about the state of the union.

But atheist make up only 1.6% of respondents to this survey....

Within the evolutionaryscience community and the creation science community, Richard Dawkins has faced charges of engaging in pseudoscience and has also faced charges of committing elementary errors.[10]

Of course, if Senor Dawkins published fine works in the field of Christian apologetics, Senor Dawkins would have great confidence his work could withstand scrutiny and he wouldn't have to spend so much time in his "intellectual bunnyhole" hiding from strong debaters of the opposition.

And there's more. This article needs many, many corrections. {{Unsigned|AnnaO}}

:And you're unable to work on other articles, why? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 10:10, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

::This article is in the forefront right now. There are many errors on it. Keeping this article in the condition its in paints the entire Conservapedia in a bad light. The deflection "work on something else" is weak and garners no enthusiasm for effort elsewhere. {{Unsigned|AnnaO}}
:::Then why are you so desperate to fix the "errors" in just this article? Is there something about you you're not telling us? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 10:30, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

*AnaO, you should be aware this is not an encyclopedic article, but a personal essay by the editor. As such changes are at the whim of the editor. --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 14:41, 7 June 2010 (EDT)
:::::Something just occurred that I thought was entirely impossible, but is absolutely and unequivocally true. With the adding of the words Señor and Olé, this essay now superpasses all essays at Conservapedia in terms of its unadulterated machismo and it now has entered the realm of über-machismo! :) So unfortunately for Señor Dawkins, the hispanic ladies might become even more troublesome given his extreme reluctance to debate strong debate opponents (see: [[Instances of Richard Dawkins ducking debates]] ). [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 02:50, 8 June 2010 (EDT)

== Spanish ==

I think it's supposed to be mucho machismo, not mu machismo (in one of the captions.) [[User:RaymondP|RaymondP]] 17:34, 30 June 2010 (EDT)
:::Gracias,Señor. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 03:10, 6 July 2010 (EDT)

== Over 5,000 views for the essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo? Olé! Olé! Olé! ==

Over 5,000 views for the essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo? [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCZYpGzu7rA&feature=related Olé!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAYSQXSMnss&feature=related Olé!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQwWvw3uTJM&feature=related Olé!] Will efforts be made to get this essay much more web traffic? Please stay tuned for further developments! [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:06, 7 July 2010 (EDT)

==You are having an effect==

During the time before his lecture at the UAF Davis concert hall yesterday I heard a group of students in a [[three syllable chant]] of "much-is-Mo! much-is-Mo! much-is-Mo!" and I didn't know what it was about (I thought they were saying "much is more") until I saw this essay. Keep it up Conservative! Maybe you can shame him into growing a backbone and becoming a man finally in his late 60's. I regret that I couldn't ask a question of my own but there were some real zingers asked, and he cut a few people short before the could hit him hard, I suspect it wont be too long before his untenable positions catch up with him and he is forced to silence everyone in an attempt to silence his critics! --[[User:AbbieM|AbbieM]] 20:35, 16 July 2010 (EDT)
:::Were the students Spanish ladies? Seriously, the article has not been distributed widely (yet). :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 22:48, 16 July 2010 (EDT)
::::AbbieM, are you a commuter student? The reason I ask is that you appear to be editing from Alaska. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:24, 17 July 2010 (EDT)
:::::Not anymore, Conservative. I decided it was best that she conserve fuel. ;-) --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 00:29, 17 July 2010 (EDT)
:::::::It does appear as if the UAF Davis concert hall is in Alaska. At the same time, being a Christian and [http://www.conservapedia.com/Atheism#Reasonable_Explanations_for_Atheism not a gullible atheist], I do need good evidence before believing historical claims. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 08:45, 19 July 2010 (EDT)

== Clarification ==

So...is Dawkins supposed to be the bull or the matador?
Also, Dawkins fans are...bunny rabbits? I'm not trying to be facetious here; I just don't get it. [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 09:48, 17 July 2010 (EDT)
::::I added some footnotes for the bunny rabbits for you so you could more clearly see that birds of a feather do flock together. :) In addition, despite the fact that Dawkins spreads plenty of unpleasant verbal and written bull manure in the public square, Dawkins was never represented as a bull in the satirical essay ''Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?''. On the other hand, Dawkins' courage is shown as a dead bull. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 13:36, 18 July 2010 (EDT)
:::::Welll that makes sense. Thanks for clearing that up; I feel like a big dummy now for not getting it in the first place. :) [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 23:02, 19 July 2010 (EDT)

== Bad Debate ==

In the spirit of Christianity and good debate, shouldn't Dawkins be treated with more respect? I do understand that this is satire, but shouldn't we generally be concise, factual and exclude gossip? There are plenty of Dawkins' views to attack without hurling insults about his masculinity.

Also, sweeping generalizations about Hispanic and Asian women (not to mention the line "more yang than yin") can be offensive. [[User:Emba|Emba]] 10:08, 31 July 2010 (EDT)

==This is strange to me==

¿Is good to have machismo? If Mr Dawkins no is machist then is good. You say he respects women.--[[User:RobertoCuestion|RobertoCuestion]] 07:18, 4 August 2010 (EDT)
:::I wrote: "One of the definitions of machismo is an 'exhilarating sense of power or strength'.[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/machismo] Concerning Richard Dawkins' work, it would be very difficult for Señor Dawkins to have and exhilarating sense of power or strength....([[Essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?|I then explain why]])." Plus I wrote: "Also, given all the courageous Christian women martyrs in history, Christian women debate opponents could serve as a role model for Señor Dawkins so he could be less of [http://www.conservapedia.com/File:Senor_Richard_Dawkins.jpg a chicken]. Through continual debating of worthy opponents perhaps some day Señor Dawkins could earn the right to debate one of the most manly Bible believers in all of Chistendom - Señor [[Chuck Norris]]." [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 12:20, 8 August 2010 (EDT)

== Dawkins gif ==

I found a very amusing .gif image [http://images.cheezburger.com/completestore/2010/8/2/ffc98835-4623-433e-b553-f1a7d686533b.gif here] that would perhaps be suitable for this essay if you want to use it. :) [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 17:49, 8 August 2010 (EDT)
:::I saw something very similar, but I am not willing to cross that line. :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:53, 8 August 2010 (EDT)
::::Oh well, it's still pretty funny tho. I thought of you when I saw it. ;) [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 17:58, 8 August 2010 (EDT)

Talk:Essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?

2010-08-08T21:58:55Z

JoeFerguson: /* Dawkins gif */

Should we not attack his view point than attack the person? This essay does not appear to be in a very good taste. --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 22:28, 22 May 2010 (EDT)
::::Are you saying that an essay cannot comment on a person's behavior or use satire? If so, please justify. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 01:51, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
:::::No I am not saying that. But I do not have any special knowledge about Richard Dawkin's manhood or machismo. I don't think any information is publicly available about his manhood related behaviour as well, So how do you comment on that? Satire is great if used well. For example Catch 22 is a great satire, but unfortunately your essay is not. It would be rude if I really express what I think about it. --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 15:41, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::Perhaps, you should read the essay and the linked resources a few times more and see if you can spot a pattern of cowardice by Richard Dawkins. Anyways, I wrote the essay when I was rather tired and I am made some revisions to it. By the way, the Google algorithm loves the essay. It ranks #1 for Richard Dawkins and Machismo and ranks #1 for Dawkins and machismo. However, I am guessing given Dawkins' behavior that many people don't associate the Richard Dawkins with machismo so there is probably not too many searches for this term. There are a 11,900 Google search results for Richard Dawkins and cowardice, just in case you are looking for further evidence concerning the subject of Richard Dawkins and cowardice. By the way, could you define "special knowledge". Also, do all Conservapedia essays need to pass a "special knowledge" litmus test? [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 20:12, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::::I wouldn't use the number of google results to prove a point, it's not a very accurate indicator.[[User:RaymondP|RaymondP]] 21:22, 28 May 2010 (EDT)

so.. are you writing this for google algorithm. Sorry to burst your bubble, but no one is going to search for Dawkins and Machismo. May be you should clear your cache and search it, because when I do that, your page is not even in the top 10. I don't understand what you aim to say by 11900 results for Dawkins and cowardice. conservative and cowardice brings up 287000 results. does that mean anything? I am not sure why you are so much obsessed about Richard Dawkins' manhood. Shouldn't you be trying to refute his arguments in that precious time? --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 20:24, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::I guess you need to take some reading comprehension classes. I did indicate that I didn't believe there were going to be many searches for the term Dawkins and machismo. I also noticed you also didn't answer my questions. I will return the favor and not answer yours. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 20:57, 23 May 2010 (EDT)

I was given a link to this essay on youtube, and I can say that it certainly hits the target! Dawkins is well know for being a coward with regards to avoid all debate with those who don't agree with his worldview, so this kind of hard-hitting satire suits him perfectly! Keep up the good work Mr Conservative, sadly it's no surprise that the the liberal 'Dawkins Defenders' do nothing but criticize anything that exposes their evolutionist leaders for the frauds that they are. - Andrew.
::::Thanks for the positive review. Here is something I just put at the bottom of the essay: '''QUICK NOTE:''' The above essay was produced as part of the [[Conservapedia:Richard Dawkins Project]]. If you like this essay, please feel free to give it three "oles!" by creating a [[YouTube ]] video on it. Also, feel free to mention it on your blog or [[Facebook]] page. There are also some tips [[Conservapedia:Richard Dawkins Project - Spreading the News|HERE]] on spreading the word about this essay. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCZYpGzu7rA&feature=related Ole!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAYSQXSMnss&feature=related Ole!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQwWvw3uTJM&feature=related Ole!] [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:31, 24 May 2010 (EDT)

== Unconservapedia? ==

What's the point of all those essays about Richard Dawkinds? Is this the embryo of an ''unconservapedia'', parody of ''uncyclopedia'', the ''official'' parody of ''wikipedia''? That would be fun, a parody of a parody. Might as well be called ''liberopedia'', and have articles with the Khaddaffi Peace Prize or the Stalin Human Rights awards. [[User:Sunda62|Sunda62]] 10:01, 27 May 2010 (EDT)
::::All those essays? Two essays have been written. Did Richard Dawkins teach you how to count? :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:57, 7 June 2010 (EDT)
:: Yes! There are three kinds of people: those that can count, and those that can't! [[User:Sunda62|Sunda62]] 16:49, 18 June 2010 (EDT)
:::::The collection of articles has expanded since my June 7, 2010 post. I thought liberals like the concept of "[[Evolution|change over time]]" - especially when they engage in equivocation. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:07, 18 June 2010 (EDT)

== Messed up ==

Purposefully creating provocative pages and then limiting the editing for such pages is ridiculous. I can't even fix the spelling errors.
: First prove yourself by fixing up or writing other articles. We're not here just to talk, talk, talk. --[[User:ReligiousRight|ReligiousRight]] 22:39, 6 June 2010 (EDT)
::Obviously this user needs to open his mind. He probably doesn't support school prayer and I'm 96% certain he also believes in gun control. [[User:KevinO|KevinO]] 22:46, 6 June 2010 (EDT)
::::If there are typos and/or spelling errors, please list them on the talk page. Unless, of course, you lack the machismo to do so! :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:53, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

== Grammar/Spelling problems: ==

Senor ---> Señor

Ole ---> Olé

Polling in 2006 indicates that less than half of the US and British populace accept the evolutionary paradigm as the best description for the development of life.

In addition.

polling indicates that the evolutionary paradigm is losing public support in the United States.[8]

So the key question stirring around the much discussed U.S Religious Landscape Survey released in late February by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life is what tale does it state about the state of the union.

But atheist make up only 1.6% of respondents to this survey....

Within the evolutionaryscience community and the creation science community, Richard Dawkins has faced charges of engaging in pseudoscience and has also faced charges of committing elementary errors.[10]

Of course, if Senor Dawkins published fine works in the field of Christian apologetics, Senor Dawkins would have great confidence his work could withstand scrutiny and he wouldn't have to spend so much time in his "intellectual bunnyhole" hiding from strong debaters of the opposition.

And there's more. This article needs many, many corrections. {{Unsigned|AnnaO}}

:And you're unable to work on other articles, why? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 10:10, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

::This article is in the forefront right now. There are many errors on it. Keeping this article in the condition its in paints the entire Conservapedia in a bad light. The deflection "work on something else" is weak and garners no enthusiasm for effort elsewhere. {{Unsigned|AnnaO}}
:::Then why are you so desperate to fix the "errors" in just this article? Is there something about you you're not telling us? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 10:30, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

*AnaO, you should be aware this is not an encyclopedic article, but a personal essay by the editor. As such changes are at the whim of the editor. --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 14:41, 7 June 2010 (EDT)
:::::Something just occurred that I thought was entirely impossible, but is absolutely and unequivocally true. With the adding of the words Señor and Olé, this essay now superpasses all essays at Conservapedia in terms of its unadulterated machismo and it now has entered the realm of über-machismo! :) So unfortunately for Señor Dawkins, the hispanic ladies might become even more troublesome given his extreme reluctance to debate strong debate opponents (see: [[Instances of Richard Dawkins ducking debates]] ). [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 02:50, 8 June 2010 (EDT)

== Spanish ==

I think it's supposed to be mucho machismo, not mu machismo (in one of the captions.) [[User:RaymondP|RaymondP]] 17:34, 30 June 2010 (EDT)
:::Gracias,Señor. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 03:10, 6 July 2010 (EDT)

== Over 5,000 views for the essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo? Olé! Olé! Olé! ==

Over 5,000 views for the essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo? [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCZYpGzu7rA&feature=related Olé!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAYSQXSMnss&feature=related Olé!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQwWvw3uTJM&feature=related Olé!] Will efforts be made to get this essay much more web traffic? Please stay tuned for further developments! [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:06, 7 July 2010 (EDT)

==You are having an effect==

During the time before his lecture at the UAF Davis concert hall yesterday I heard a group of students in a [[three syllable chant]] of "much-is-Mo! much-is-Mo! much-is-Mo!" and I didn't know what it was about (I thought they were saying "much is more") until I saw this essay. Keep it up Conservative! Maybe you can shame him into growing a backbone and becoming a man finally in his late 60's. I regret that I couldn't ask a question of my own but there were some real zingers asked, and he cut a few people short before the could hit him hard, I suspect it wont be too long before his untenable positions catch up with him and he is forced to silence everyone in an attempt to silence his critics! --[[User:AbbieM|AbbieM]] 20:35, 16 July 2010 (EDT)
:::Were the students Spanish ladies? Seriously, the article has not been distributed widely (yet). :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 22:48, 16 July 2010 (EDT)
::::AbbieM, are you a commuter student? The reason I ask is that you appear to be editing from Alaska. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:24, 17 July 2010 (EDT)
:::::Not anymore, Conservative. I decided it was best that she conserve fuel. ;-) --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 00:29, 17 July 2010 (EDT)
:::::::It does appear as if the UAF Davis concert hall is in Alaska. At the same time, being a Christian and [http://www.conservapedia.com/Atheism#Reasonable_Explanations_for_Atheism not a gullible atheist], I do need good evidence before believing historical claims. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 08:45, 19 July 2010 (EDT)

== Clarification ==

So...is Dawkins supposed to be the bull or the matador?
Also, Dawkins fans are...bunny rabbits? I'm not trying to be facetious here; I just don't get it. [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 09:48, 17 July 2010 (EDT)
::::I added some footnotes for the bunny rabbits for you so you could more clearly see that birds of a feather do flock together. :) In addition, despite the fact that Dawkins spreads plenty of unpleasant verbal and written bull manure in the public square, Dawkins was never represented as a bull in the satirical essay ''Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?''. On the other hand, Dawkins' courage is shown as a dead bull. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 13:36, 18 July 2010 (EDT)
:::::Welll that makes sense. Thanks for clearing that up; I feel like a big dummy now for not getting it in the first place. :) [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 23:02, 19 July 2010 (EDT)

== Bad Debate ==

In the spirit of Christianity and good debate, shouldn't Dawkins be treated with more respect? I do understand that this is satire, but shouldn't we generally be concise, factual and exclude gossip? There are plenty of Dawkins' views to attack without hurling insults about his masculinity.

Also, sweeping generalizations about Hispanic and Asian women (not to mention the line "more yang than yin") can be offensive. [[User:Emba|Emba]] 10:08, 31 July 2010 (EDT)

==This is strange to me==

¿Is good to have machismo? If Mr Dawkins no is machist then is good. You say he respects women.--[[User:RobertoCuestion|RobertoCuestion]] 07:18, 4 August 2010 (EDT)
:::I wrote: "One of the definitions of machismo is an 'exhilarating sense of power or strength'.[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/machismo] Concerning Richard Dawkins' work, it would be very difficult for Señor Dawkins to have and exhilarating sense of power or strength....([[Essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?|I then explain why]])." Plus I wrote: "Also, given all the courageous Christian women martyrs in history, Christian women debate opponents could serve as a role model for Señor Dawkins so he could be less of [http://www.conservapedia.com/File:Senor_Richard_Dawkins.jpg a chicken]. Through continual debating of worthy opponents perhaps some day Señor Dawkins could earn the right to debate one of the most manly Bible believers in all of Chistendom - Señor [[Chuck Norris]]." [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 12:20, 8 August 2010 (EDT)

== Dawkins gif ==

I found a very amusing .gif image [http://images.cheezburger.com/completestore/2010/8/2/ffc98835-4623-433e-b553-f1a7d686533b.gif here] that would perhaps be suitable for this essay if you want to use it. :) [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 17:49, 8 August 2010 (EDT)
:::I saw something very similar, but I am not willing to cross that line. :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:53, 8 August 2010 (EDT)
::::Oh, well it's still pretty funny tho. I thought of you when I saw it. ;) [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 17:58, 8 August 2010 (EDT)

Christian apologetics

2010-08-08T21:53:08Z

JoeFerguson: /* Philosophical apologetics */

'''Christian apologetics''' is the defense of the [[Christianity|Christian]] faith through logical arguments. The term comes from the [[Greek]] word ''apologia'', which means "defense". The expression "Christian apologist" therefore does not mean that someone is apologising for or on behalf of [[Christianity]] as is sometimes thought, but that he or she is defending and justifying it. There are a
number of subfields within apologetics. Some apologists specialize in internal biblical consistency (such as JP Holding, owner of tektonics.org), others in scientific defenses of the Bible, and still others in historical or philosophical defenses of Christianity (such as [[Gary Habermas]] or [[Lee Strobel]]). Christian apologist [[JP Holding]] has recommended that prospective apologists choose one area of focus rather than trying to be a "jack of all trades". <ref>http://www.tektonics.org/qt/sowant.html</ref> Some feel that faith alone should need no justification, however, many feel that Christians should be prepared to defend and spread their faith by intellectual means, especially as many people will not accept Christianity without a "rational" reason to do so.
{{Christianity}}
==History of Christian Apologetics==
Christian apologetics has existed as long as Christianity itself. [[Jesus]] himself spent time in the temples and synagogues, debating and explaining the meaning of the scriptures. The [[Saint Peter|Apostle Peter]] exhorted early Christians to apologetics, writing,
:"Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect, keeping a clear conscience, so that those who speak maliciously against your good behavior in Christ may be ashamed of their slander." 1 Peter 3:15-16.

The Apostle Paul also spent time in [[Athens]], debating [[Stoicism|Stoic]] and [[Epicurianism|Epicurian]] philosophers. Acts 17:16.

Great theologians such as [[Origen]], [[Athanasius]], [[Irenaeus]], [[Martyr]], [[Augustine]], and [[Acquinas]] continued the tradition of apologetics on a dramatic scale. At the same time, apologetics was practiced by countless individual Christians, explaining and defending their beliefs.

===Purposes===
Apologetics has generally been used for two purposes: Efforts to ''persuade'' others of the truth of Christianity, and efforts to ''defend'' the reasonableness of one's own beliefs, while not seeking to convince others of their truth.

==Types of Christian Apologetics==

===Evidentialist apologetics===

Evidential apologetics seeks to defend Christian belief through [[evidence]]. This can take the form of:
* Arguments based on the historical accounts of the Bible;
* Defense of the historical accuracy of the Bible;
* [[Christian Legal Apologetics]]
* [[Bible prophecy]]
* [[Biblical Archaeology]], seeking to show that the Bible is consistent with the physical evidence;
* [[Creation science]] and [[Creationism]], seeking to show that the creation accounts of the Bible are the most reasonable explanation for life as we know it and that the [[evolution|evolutionary paradigm]] is untenable.

===Philosophical apologetics===
Philosophical apologetics seeks to defend Christian belief through philosophical argument: primarily [[arguments for the existence of God]]. This can take the form of:
* [[Teleological argument]]: When you find a watch in the sand, you infer that it is designed, even if you do not see the designer, because it is complex, has a definite purpose, and could not have come to be through any known non-intelligent causes. Therefore, when we observe a complex, purposeful universe which could not have come to be through any known non-intelligent cause, it is reasonable to infer the existence of a designer, aka God.

:This is related to the [[anthropic principle]], which is sometimes misused by [[atheist]]s such as [[Richard Dawkins]]. The fact that so many details had to be just so, including physical constants, to allow us to be here, argues for an intelligent designer.
* [[Cosmological argument]]: Every event in the universe is caused by something. It is impossible that everything should have a cause, going back to eternity. Therefore, there must be a [[first cause]], which itself is not caused, and that first cause must be capable of causing the universe, aka God.
In the 20th century, this argument has been strongly supported by [[science]], with the discovery that the universe had a beginning. Prior to the 1920s, it had been widely believed that the universe's existence had been eternal. <ref>http://www.harvardhouse.com/Science-Religion.htm</ref> This verifies the very first three words of the [[Bible]]: "In the beginning."
* [[Ontological argument]]: God is the being than which no greater can be conceived. It is greater to exist than to not exist. Therefore if you conceive God as not existing, you are not conceiving the being than which no greater can be conceived, and are therefore not conceiving God. Therefore it is impossible to conceive of God as not existing. Therefore God exists.
* [[Argument from morality]]: All humans are born with a natural, moral code. A moral code implies a moral code giver, aka God.

===Presuppositional apologetics===
[[Presuppositional Apologetics]] seek to defend Christian belief by showing that belief in Christian precepts is necessary to make sense of the human experience as a whole.

== Christian Apologetics and the Resurrection of Jesus Christ ==

see also: [[Christian Apologetics and the Resurrection of Jesus Christ]]

The [[Resurrection of Jesus Christ|resurrection of Jesus Christ]] is critical to the Christian faith. The Apostle Paul wrote, "if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is vain, your faith also is vain" (I Cor:15:14). Traditionally, Christianity has believed in a physical resurrection of Jesus Christ. <ref>http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/crj0056a.txt</ref>

In recent history, Dr. [[Gary Habermas]] is considered the foremost Christian apologist for defending the resurrection of Jesus.<ref>http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/dialog_rexperience/dialog_rexperiences.htm</ref><ref>http://www.tektonics.org/books/lichabrvw.html</ref><ref>http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/NTeSources/NTArticles/CTR-NT/Habermas-Resurrection2-CTR.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/crj_explainingaway/crj_explainingaway.htm</ref><ref>http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/historical_apologetics/habermas-nt.html</ref> Dr. Habermas had a debate against the philosopher Antony Flew regarding the resurrection which was chronicled in the work ''Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? The Resurrection Debate'' and the debate had a panel of debate judges. J. Hampton Keathley, III , Th.M. in his essay ''Evidences for the Resurrection'' wrote: "The decision of the judges were as follows. The panel of philosophers judging content cast four votes for Habermas who argued for the fact of the resurrection, none for Flew, and one draw. The panel of professional debate judges voted three to two, also in favor of Habermas, this time regarding the method of argumentation technique." <ref>http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=639</ref>

In recent history some notable defenders of the resurrection include: [[William Lane Craig]], Ben Witherington, [[Lee Strobel]], [[Josh McDowell]], Edwin M. Yamauchi, [[N.T. Wright]] and Michael Horner. <ref>http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/menus/historical.html</ref><ref>http://www.leaderu.com/everystudent/easter/articles/josh2.html</ref><ref>http://www.leaderu.com/everystudent/easter/articles/yama.html</ref><ref>http://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_Early_Traditions.htm</ref><ref>http://www.michaelhorner.com/articles/resurrection/index.html</ref>

Legal scholars, legal authorities, and eminent lawyers such as [[Simon Greenleaf]], John Warwick Montgomery, Lord Darling, John Singleton Copley, [[Hugo Grotius]], Lord Caldecote, J. N. D. Anderson, [[Lionel Luckhoo]], and many others have asserted that western legal standards argue for the resurrection of Christ. <ref>http://www.bibleteacher.org/sgtestimony.htm</ref><ref>http://www.mtio.com/articles/bissart1.htm</ref><ref>http://www.ankerberg.com/Articles/apologetics/AP0302W3.htm</ref><ref>http://lawreligionculturereview.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_lawreligionculturereview_archive.html</ref><ref>http://www.trinitysem.edu/journal/philjohnsonpap.html</ref>

== Christian Apologetic Ministries ==
There are a number of [[internet]] based Christian apologetic Ministries or Christian apologetics ministries which have a internet presence. Some of the more notable Christian apologetic ministries are: Fixed Point Foundation<ref>http://www.fixed-point.org</ref>, [[Tekton Apologetics Ministries]], [[LeadershipU]], [[Probe Ministries]], [[Christian Answers Network]], [[Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry]], and [[A Christian Thinktank]].

==See Also==

*[http://www.conservapedia.com/Atheism#Criticism_of_Atheism Criticism of atheism]
*[[Israel Tourism]] for some biblical archaeological sites available to tourists
*[[Atheism]]
*[[Inspiration of Holy Scripture: An Eastern Christian and Jewish Perspective]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External Links ==

=== General Christian apologetics websites ===

* [http://www.fixed-point.org Fixed Point Foundation] — Committed to publicly defending Christianity by empowering Christians and challenging skeptics.
* [http://www.allaboutgod.com All About GOD] — Answers to many questions regarding Christianity
* [http://www.carm.org/apologetics.htm Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry]
* [http://www.apologetics.com Apologetics.com]
* [http://www.apologeticsinfo.org/resource.html Apologetics Information Ministry]
* [http://www.tektonics.org Tekton Apologetics Ministries]
* [http://www.tektonics.org/classics/classics.html Classic Works of Apologetics] (Tektonics)
* [http://hisdefense.org/Links/Authors/tabid/297/Default.aspx Academy of Christian Apologetics]
* [http://www.lifeway.com/apologetics LifeWay Apologetics]
* [http://www.windmillministries.org Windmill Ministries]
* [http://www.probe.org/ Probe Ministries -Christian Apologetics]
* [http://www.ses.edu/Resources/ApologeticsJournal/tabid/104/Default.aspx Christian Apologetics Journal]
* [http://www.arcapologetics.org/ Apologetics Resource Center]
* [http://www.ApologeticsWiki.com/ Christian Apologetics Wiki] — [[Wiki]]-based Christian apologetics
* [http://www.actministry.org Academy for Christian Thought]
* [http://www.rbc.org/rtb/ 10 Reasons to Believe]

=== Christian worldview/Christian philosophy ===
* [http://www.rzim.org/ Ravi Zacharias, modern apologist]
* [http://www.str.org/ Stand to Reason]
* [http://www.leaderu.com/menus/theology.html Leadership U]
* [http://www.worldview.org Worldview Academy]

=== Creation science ministries ===
* [http://creation.com/ Creation Ministries International]
* [http://www.answersingenesis.org Answers in Genesis]
* [http://www.icr.org Institute for Creation Science]

=== Bible prophecy articles and websites ===

'''Analysis of Bible prophecy from Christian scholars/apologists'''

*[http://sciencespeaks.dstoner.net/Prophetic_Accuracy.html#c8 Science speaks - Prophetic accuracy] by Dr. Peter Stoner
*[http://www.drjbloom.com/public%20files/PubTheoData.pdf Public Theology and Prophecy Data - Factual Evidence that Counts for a Worldview] by Dr. John Bloom, Robert C. Newman, and Hugh G. Gouch, Jr.
*[http://www.ankerberg.com/Articles/ATRJ/proof/ATRJ1103PDF/ATRJ1103-16.pdf The Case for Jesus the Messiah — Incredible Prophecies that Prove God Exist] by Dr. John Ankerberg, Dr. John Weldon and Dr. Walter Kaiser Jr.
*[http://www.johnankerberg.com/Articles/_PDFArchives/apologetics/AP1W1299.pdf The Case for Jesus the Messiah — Incredible Prophecies that Prove God Exist - Part Two] by Dr. John Ankerberg, Dr. John Weldon and Dr. Walter Kaiser Jr.
*[http://www.aboutbibleprophecy.com/ AboutBibleprophecy]
*[http://www.allaboutthejourney.org/prophecy-about-jesus.htm Prophecy about Jesus]

'''Rebuttal to atheist Steven Carr concerning Bible prophecy:'''

*[http://www.tektonics.org/af/carrs01.html Steven Carr's The Jury Is In Chapter 11: Rebuttal]

=== Bible archaeology ===
*[http://www.christiananswers.net/archaeology/ Bible archaeology]
*[http://www.ucgstp.org/lit/gn/gn030/acts.html Book of Acts and archaeology]

=== Biblical inerrancy resources ===
* [http://www.tektonics.org Tekton Apologetics Ministries]
* [http://www.christian-thinktank.com Christian Thinktank]
*[http://www.inerrancy.org/ Inerrancy.org]

[[Category: Christian Apologetics]]

Talk:Essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?

2010-08-08T21:49:59Z

JoeFerguson: /* Dawkins gif */ new section

John Harlan II

2010-08-06T01:01:33Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */

[[Image:JohnMarshallHarlanII.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]
'''John Harlan II''' (1899–1971) was an Associate Justice of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] from 1955 to 1971, and the grandson of another Supreme Court Justice, John Harlan, who served from 1877 to 1911.

John Harlan II<ref>The "II" is rarely used because there is no confusion between this John Harlan and his grandfather, who participated on the court over 40 years earlier.</ref> was a very intelligent jurist who expressed [[conservative]] dissents on some issues during the [[Warren Court]]. Most notably, Justice Harlan dissented from the numerous [[Warren Court]] opinions in favor of pornography. He also dissented from the expansion of the [[incorporation doctrine]], particularly on issues of criminal procedure.

Justice Harlan sided with the [[liberal]] wing of the court in its growing hostility to [[religion]]. For example, Justice Harlan joined the decision banning [[school prayer]] in ''[[Engel v. Vitale]]''.

Justice Harlan also joined the [[liberal]] decision in ''[[Griswold v. Connecticut]]'', but felt it should be based on an expansive view of the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] rather than a penumbra in the [[Bill of Rights]].

Justice Harlan generally opposed the judicial activism that characterized the [[Warren Court]] on which he served:<ref>Reynolds v. Sims (1964) (Harlan, J., dissenting)</ref>

:"The [[Constitution]] is not a panacea for every blot upon the public welfare nor should this court, ordained as a judicial body, be thought of as a general haven of reform movements."

Justice Harlan's tenure on the Court was almost identical to that of his opposite, Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]], shifted by about two years. Justice Harlan died a few months after he retired.

== References ==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harlan II, John}}
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]

Harlan Fiske Stone

2010-08-06T00:51:48Z

JoeFerguson:

[[Image:HarlanStone.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bust of Chief Justice Harlan Stone]]
'''Harlan Fiske Stone''' (1872–1946) was the [[Chief Justice]] of the [[United States]] from 1941 to 1946, when he died on the bench, and an Associate Justice of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] from 1925 to 1941.

He had been a classmate at [[Amherst College]] of future President [[Calvin Coolidge]], and was Coolidge's only appointment to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]. Rather than serving as a [[conservative]] jurist one might expect from President Coolidge, Justice Stone became a loyal supporter of President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]]. He was rewarded when President Roosevelt elevated him to be [[Chief Justice]] when that vacancy occurred.

Justice Stone's most influential opinion for the Court was ''[[United States v. Carolene Products Co.]]'', 304 U.S. 144 (1938), in which he penned a "footnote 4" that became increasingly popular to justify judicial activism with respect to social issues.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stone, Harlan Fiske}}
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]
[[Category:United States Chief Justices]]

Fred Vinson

2010-08-06T00:50:48Z

JoeFerguson: /* Chief Justice */

[[Image:FredVinson.jpg|thumb|right|The Honorable Chief Justice Fred Vinson]]
The Honorable ''Frederick Moore Vinson'''(1890-1953) was the [[Chief Justice of the United States]] from 1946 to 1953. Prior to being elevated to the Supreme Court, he served as [[Secretary of the Treasury]] (1945-1946), a Judge of the [[D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals]](1937-1943), and was a Congressman for [[Kentucky]] in the [[House of Representatives]] (1925-1929,1931-1937).

==Career==
Fred Vinson was born in Louisa, Kentucky. He attended Centre College. After receiving his [[LL.B]], he became the City Attorney of Louisa. He was elected District Attorney in 1921, a post he held for three years.

In 1924, he was elected to the [[House of Representatives]] as a [[Democrat]]. He was reelected in 1926, but lost his seat to a Republican challenger in 1928. However, he was able to reclaim the seat in 1930. Vinson was reelected easily after that. He won choice assignments to the House Appropriations Committee as well as the Ways and Means Committee, where he was able to provide support for the [[New Deal]] program of President [[Franklin Roosevelt]].

Roosevelt appointed him to the [[D.C. Court of Appeals]] in 1937, leading to his resignation from Congress. In 1943, he resigned his Appellate seat to work for the [[Roosevelt Administration]] in several jobs. he was a close personal friend of [[Harry Truman]], who appointed Vinson [[Secretary of the Treasury]] in 1945, a post he held for several months.

==Chief Justice==
''Main Article:[[Vinson Court]]''

After the death of Chief Justice [[Harlan Fiske Stone]] President [[Harold Truman]] chose Vinson as his replacement. His Court was noted for hearing a relatively small number of cases per term and initiating the tradition of having clerks write opinions. On September 8, 1953, after seven years as Chief Justice, he passed away and was replaced by [[Earl Warren]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinson, Fred}}
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]
[[Category:Former United States Representatives]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of the Treasury]]
[[Category:New Deal]]

Elena Kagan

2010-08-06T00:49:46Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */ defaultsort

[[File:Elena Kagan Harvard.jpg|right|200px]]
'''Elena Kagan''',<ref>[http://patriotpost.us/alexander/2010/05/13/komrade-kagan/ Komrade Kagan,] By Mark Alexander · Thursday, 13 May 2010. Retrieved from the Patriot Post 15 May 2010.</ref> is currently an Associate Justice on the [[United States Supreme Court]], having been nominated by President [[Obama]] on May 10, 2010 to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. Previously she served as [[Solicitor General]] of the United States, confirmed in 2009 by a vote of 61-31.<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00107 On the Nomination (Confirmation Elena Kagan, of Massachusetts, to be Solicitor General)], United States Senate</ref> She was born April 28, 1960, to a lawyer father and school teacher mother, and has never married.

==Education==
* 1981 – Earned her Bachelor’s Degree from [[Princeton University]], summa cum laude.
* 1983 – Earned her Master of [[Philosophy]] degree from Worcester College at Oxford University
* 1986 – Received her Juris Doctor at [[Harvard]] Law School

==Professional Achievements==
* 1987 – Served as judicial clerk for Abner Mikva, U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] in the D.C. circuit.
* 1988 – Served as judicial clear for Justice [[Thurgood Marshall]] of the [[Supreme Court]].
* 1991 – Became assistant professor at the University of [[Chicago Law School]]. Met Barack Obama.
* 1995-99 – Employed as Associate [[White House]] Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy under President [[Bill Clinton]].
* 1999 – Nominated to the U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] for the District of Columbia Circuit.
* 1999-2001 – Harvard Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Appointed as first female dean at Harvard Law School, after nomination by then Harvard University president [[Lawrence Summers]].
* 2005-2009 – Began service as a member of the Research Advisory Council of the Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute.
* 2009 – Became the first woman to hold the position of [[Solicitor General]] of the U.S. <ref>[http://faithfulinprayer.wordpress.com ''Who is Elena Kagan''], May 12, 2010</ref><ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

==Affection for Barack Obama==
In a rare video record of her speaking, in 2005, Kagan expressed her affection for Barack Obama, stating,
<blockquote>
And its that passion for service, ya know, that commitment, to be of use, to give back, to make a real difference in the world, that's what makes Barack Obama - Barack Obama. And thats what makes Barack Obama for me and for so many others, a hero." “But the night that Barack Obama spoke - not then even Senator Obama - [pause] he opened his mouth, he said a few words, and the place was mesmerized. You could hear a pin drop. In part, that is because of all these, well of, you know, rock star qualities he has: the eloquence, the magnetism, the great looks, the brilliance. But just as much, its because when Barack Obama speaks, when he opens up his mouth, you, you know you’re getting the real deal..." And I think everybody in that room, and in that great hall, felt privileged, felt privileged to be at the coming out party of someone who will be, someone who deserves to be, and someone who the rest of us needs to be; one of the truly great political figures, one of the truly great public servants, of our time.<ref>http://marklevinshow.com/goout.asp?u=http://www.verumserum.com/?p=14638</ref></blockquote>

==Nomination to the Supreme Court==
On May 10, 2010, President Obama nominated Kagan to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. The 50 year old (in 2010) Kagan has years of experience in the legal field but has never served on the judicial bench. Kagan is the third woman currently seated on the court, and her confirmation marks the the first time in [[American history]] that the Supreme Court has no [[Protestant]] members, as the Jewish Kagan would replace the sole [[Protestant]], Stevens. <ref>ABC news, ''The Conversation: Elena Kagan Nominated to Supreme Court'', May 10, 2010</ref> Due to her young age, Kagan could potentially serve decades on the Court.

Documents from Kagan's service in the Clinton White House have served to reinforce the conception that Kagan is "a politically savvy, sometimes hard-edged strategist whose views of the Constitution are at odds with those of conservatives", and that she is possessed with "a sharp intellect and somewhat territorial; highly opinionated but eager to facilitate consensus."

Working with former President Bill Clinton, the Obama White House has sought to ensure that no revelation from the documents harms Kagan's chances.<ref>Associated Press, ''Kagan unscathed after revelations from past'', June 19. 2010</ref> While many liberals fear that Kagan is not liberal enough.<ref>Glenn Greenwald, ''The case against Elena Kagan'', Salon.com, April 13, 2010</ref> Republicans have expressed concern that records will not be fully produced in time for the committee to conduct a proper review before her confirmation hearings, which are scheduled to begin June 28.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', Associated Press, June 13, 2010</ref> Alabama Sen. Jeff Sessions, the top Republican on the Judiciary Committee, stated that there appeared to be 1,600 withheld documents which were not released, apparently due to confidentiality concerns.<ref>[http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=5CF71115-18FE-70B2-A8AEC01EF27C77B2 ''GOP may boycott Kagan hearings''] June 21, 2010</ref>

===Preparation by Bill Clinton===
As a result of a request by senators who will vote on her nomination, 90,000 pages of records from the Clinton White House were released which reveal that Kagan played a role in crafting former [[President Bill Clinton]]’s policies on abortion, assisted suicide, religious freedom, gun control, welfare reform and tobacco. In addition, they also show that Kagan was part of Clinton's small army of lawyers which unsuccessfully sought to postpone Paula Jones’ sexual harassment lawsuit against him. As a result of her work, Clinton sought to gain her a seat on the federal appeals court in Washington, often a steppingstone to the Supreme Court, an appointment which the [[Republican]]-controlled Senate opposed. In response to Kagan's note of thanks, the former President stated, "I was honored to nominate you - you will be a wonderful judge if we can get you through - and young enough to have a profound impact."<ref>[http://dailycaller.com/2010/06/12/documents-show-kagan-a-political-pragmatist/print/ ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', [[Associated Press]] June 12, 2010</ref>

==Activity and ideology==
In 1987, Kagan was a law clerk for Judge Abner Mikva, a far-left judge on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, and in 1988 she served justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. The latter is considered by some to be the most [[liberal]] Supreme Court justice in American history, and that Kagan called him her legal hero is troubling to conservatives.<ref>''Why Ultra-Liberal Obama Needs Kagan On the Court'', Fox News, May 10, 2010</ref>

At Princeton, Kagan was see as a reserved and and discreet person, politically "progressive and thoughtful but well within the mainstream of the ... sort of liberal, democratic, progressive tradition, and everything with lower case.” Kagan, future N.Y. Governor Elliot Spitzer and certain other campus leaders were members of the ''Coordinating Council of the Campaign for a Democratic University'', which saw the administration as taking too much authority upon themselves, and signed a manifesto opposing it which appeared in the university paper, the ‘Prince.’ The group sought to “effect a fundamental restructuring of University governance,” and charged that “the administration rules this campus by decree. <ref>http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26081/print ''Reserved passion: Kagan ’81'', The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

On November 10, 1980, a week after Ronald Reagan’s presidential victory, Kagan submitted to ''The Daily Princetonian'' a personal essay titled, “Fear and Loathing in Brooklyn,” in which she explains that having worked some 14 hours a day, six days a week for the election of liberal candidate Liz Holtzman, she wept when the candidate lost.” She expressed that due to her background, "I absorbed such liberal principles early; more to the point, I have retained them fairly intact to this day." Reflecting on Reagan's win and the liberal loss, she stated,
<blockquote>
Looking back on last Tuesday [election day], I can see that our gut response -- our emotion-packed conclusion that the world had gone mad, that liberalism was dead and that there was no longer any place for the ideals we held or the beliefs we espoused -- was a false one. In my more rational moments, I can now argue that the next few years will be marked by American disillusionment with conservative programs and solutions, and that a new, revitalized, perhaps more leftist left will once again come to the fore...But somehow, one week after the election, these comforting thoughts do not last long. Self-pity still sneaks up, and I wonder how all this could possibly have happened and where on earth I’ll be able to get a job next year.

Even after the returns came in, I found it hard to conceive of the victories of these anonymous but Moral Majority-backed opponents of Senators Church, McGovern, Bayh and Culver, these avengers of 'innocent life' and the B-1 Bomber, these beneficiaries of a general turn to the right and a profound disorganization on the left.<ref> [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26082/print/ “To the Final Conflict: Socialism in New York City,] 1900-1933,</ref>
</blockquote>

For her senior college thesis at Princeton, she analyzed the failure of socialism in New York in the early 20th century, a movement which her father and older brother sympathized with. Although the 153-page paper, ''To the Final Conflict: [[Socialism]] in New York City, 1900-1933,'' was written while Kagan was only 22, and was more of a dispassionate examination of the internal divisions in the movement that led to its decline, <ref>''For Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan, a history of pragmatism over partisanship'', Washington Post, May 11, 2010</ref> some perceive it as lamenting "the non-existence of a viable socialist movement in the U.S."<ref>http://www.examiner.com/x-2581-St-Louis-Gun-Rights-Examiner~y2010m4d10-How-Justice-Stevens-retirement-might-benefit-gun-rights</ref>Statements that some see as showing sympathy with socialism include:
<blockquote>
Through its own internal feuding, then, the SP [Socialist Party] exhausted itself forever and further reduced labor radicalism in New York to the position of marginality and insignificance from which it has never recovered. The story is sad but also a chastening one for those who, more than a half century after socialism’s decline, still wish to change America.<ref>The thesis has been removed from the Princeton University site, and electronic dissemination prohibited, while a fee of $54.60 is charged for purchase: http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/news/kagan.pdf</ref>
</blockquote>

However, history professor Sean Wilentz, who advised Kagan on her senior thesis, believes Kagan was adept at removing her personal beliefs from her academic research on labor and radical history, and is far from being a socialist.<ref>The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

An associate White House counsel beginning from 1995-99, Kagan recommended that the federal government support a case in favor of [[religious freedom]]. The California Supreme Court had ruled that a landlord violated a state law prohibiting housing discrimination by refusing to rent an apartment to an unwed couple because she considered sex outside marriage to be a sin. Kagan rejected the California justices’ rationalization used in ruling against the landlord, that the landlord’s religious freedom was not burdened because she could get another job.<ref>'Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

In an abortion case pertaining to a prisoner who sought the state to pay for her murder of the preborn infant, Kagan sought to persuade then president Clinton to choose a version of the bill that would pass, while protecting a woman's right to abortion.<ref>''Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

Marjorie Dannenfelser, the leader of the Susan B. Anthony List, explained that:<ref>http://www.lifenews.com/nat4932.html</ref>
{{cquote|In the past Kagan has been a strong supporter of the pro-abortion agenda. She has vigorously opposed the de-funding of taxpayer-funded clinics which promote abortions, despite the fact that a majority of Americans do not want their tax dollars to fund abortion providers.}}

Anne-Marie Slaughter, who became friendly with Kagan when both were Sachs Scholars at Oxford, and later taught with her at Chicago and Harvard law schools. opined that Kagan “knows how to pick her battles and stand up for what she needs to stand up for without alienating people unnecessarily. That’s a very valuable skill set, particularly at a place as political as Harvard Law School.” Early in her tenure Kagan pleased students by renovating both the student center and the out-of-date gymnasium, and by ensuring that free coffee and hot chocolate were available in the main classroom building and in the library.

Also while at Harvard, Kagan supported a censorship and banning of participation by the United States Armed Forces in recruitment that is made available to hundreds of other employers. She signed onto a law brief in 2004 urging the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] to overturn the [[Solomon Amendment]], a law that denies federal funding to any university that “has a policy or practice … that either prohibits, or in effect prevents” military personnel “from gaining access to campuses, or access to students … on campuses [including Harvard Law Schoo], for purposes of military recruiting that they not discriminate against recruitment by the U.S. Armed Forces.''<ref>Rumsfeld v. FAIR, Docket No. 04-1152, 2004 U.S. Briefs 1152</ref>. A federal appeals court judged the law to be unconstitutional, but the U.S. Supreme Court rejected her argument by a vote of 8-0. But Harvard University continues to ban [[ROTC]] to this day.<ref>http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/service-academy-parents/724749-interesting-article-about-rotc.html</ref>

Kagan opposed military recruiters from being at Harvard because of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy which attempted to prevent homosexual relations in the military. She characterized it as “a profound wrong—a moral injustice of the first order … a wrong that tears at the fabric of our own community, because some of our members cannot, while others can, devote their professional careers to their country.”<ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

Some have charged Kagan with duplicity in this issue, for not opposing a $20 million from a prince in Saudi Arabia in 2005, a country in which homosexual acts are punishable by death or flogging." The funds were used to create the ''Center for Islamic Studies'' in honor of Saudi Arabian Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/16/senate-republican-accuses-kagan-staying-silent-saudi-gift-harvard/print ''Senate Republican Accuses Kagan of Staying Silent on Saudi Gift to Harvard']', Fox News, June 16, 2010</ref>

Regarding [[Capital Punishment]], In her Solicitor general confirmation hearing, 2009, Kagan also stated, “I am fully prepared to argue, consistent with Supreme Court precedents, that the death penalty is constitutional.”<ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p303</ref>

Kagan also apparently supports greater Presidential power. In a June, 2001 Harvard Law Review article,<ref>http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/04/12/kagan/Kagan-_Presidential_Administration.pdf</ref> Kagan defended the Clinton administration's assertion of the right to direct federal regulatory agencies without congressional or court involvement. In review of this, William F. West, a professor who specializes in federal administration at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M, stated, "She is certainly a fan of presidential power."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2009/01/06/obama_taps_harvard_law_school_dean_as_solicitor_general?mode=PF Boston Globe], January 6, 2009</ref> Neal Katyal, who has succeeded Kagan as Solicitor General, also was critical of her support of expanded executive power. <ref>http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/115-9/Katyal.pdf</ref> However, in an 2001 article in the Harvard Law, Kagan wrote that while she largely welcomed Clinton's expanded presidential control, she cautioned, “President Clinton’s assertion of directive authority over administration, more than President Reagan’s assertion of a general supervisory authority, raises serious constitutional questions.”<ref>New York Times, Politics, ''Kagan's Notable Statements and Writings'', May 9, 2010</ref>

In 2003, Elena Kagan presented an oral argument before the U.S. Supreme Court, defending the government' federal campaign finance law in ''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'', in which the FEC had outlawed corporations, including non-profits, from spending funds from their general treasuries to pay for campaign ads. The specific cause was government opposition to a 90-minute documentary by the non-profit organization, [[Citizens United]], opposing [[Hillary Clinton]], then candidate for president. The Court rejected the government's argument and invalidated the law as unconstitutional, <ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/08-205%5bReargued%5d.pdf Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]</ref> with Chief Justice [[John Roberts]] commenting, "we don't put our First Amendment rights in the hands of FEC bureaucrats."<ref>David N. Bossie, ''Elena Kagan: Hostile to free speech?'', The Washington Post, Friday, May 21, 2010; A17 </ref>

Kagan has extensive ties to Goldman-Sachs, a financial institution under federal investigation.<ref>http://www.mainjustice.com/2010/04/27/kagan-sat-on-goldman-sachs-board/</ref>

Concerning [[Constitutional Theory]], the interpretive basis used for deciding what the [[Constitution]] means, at her Solicitor General hearing Elena Kagan testified in favor of the use of foreign law to interpret the [[U.S. Constitution]].<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20283.html</ref> She also wrote, “I think a judge should try to the greatest extent possible to separate constitutional interpretation from his or her own values and beliefs. In order to accomplish this result, the judge should look to constitutional text, history, structure and precedent." And that "The Constitution generally imposes limitations on government rather than establishes affirmative rights and thus has what might be thought of as a libertarian slant. I fully accept this traditional understanding, and if I am confirmed as solicitor general, I would expect to make arguments consistent with it."<ref>[http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p306 Written answers to Senate questions during her confirmation for solicitor general (2009)]</ref>

Relating to judicial activism, Kagan stated in her Oxford thesis, “Judges will often try to mold and steer the law in order to promote certain ethical values and achieve certain social ends. “Such activity is not necessarily wrong or invalid.” However, at her 2009 confirmation hearing for Solicitor General, she stated, “I think it is a great deal better for the elected branches to take the lead in creating a more just society than for courts to do so.” <ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p305</ref>

Due to her involvement in a number of cases involving key issues, it is expected that Kagan may have to recuse herself from 11 of the 24 cases which the court has consented to hear beginning in October. Additionally, it is speculated that Kagan might eventually have to step aside from two to three dozen cases over the next few years.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan confirmation would affect major tobacco case'', Associated Press, June 14, 2010</ref>

As of mid-January 2007, Kagan was considered a strong candidate to become the next president of Harvard University.

==Publications==
* “The Development and Erosion of the American Exclusionary Rule: A Study in Judicial Method.” 1983
* ''The Changing Faces of First Amendment Neutrality: R.A.V. v St. Paul, Rust v Sullivan, and the Problem of Content-Based Underinclusion'', * * 1992 Supreme Court Review 29 (1992)
* ''Regulation of Hate Speech and Pornography After R.A.V'', 60 University of Chicago Law Review 873 (1993)
* ''A Libel Story: Sullivan Then and Now'', 18 Law and Social Inquiry 197 (1993) (book review)
* ''For Justice Marshall'', 71 Texas Law Review 1125 (1993)
* ''Confirmation Messes, Old and New'', 62 University of Chicago Law Review 919 (1995) (book review).
* ''When A Speech Code Is A Speech Code: The Stanford Policy and the Theory of Incidental Restraints'', 29 University of California at Davis Law Review 957 (1996)
* ''Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine'', 63 University of Chicago Law Review 413 (1996) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112 Harvard law School]</ref>
* ''Presidential Administration'',114 Harvard Law Review 2245 (2001)
* ''Chevron's Nondelegation Doctrine'', with David Barron, 2001 Supreme Court Review 201 (2001) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112&show=bibliography Harvard University]</ref>

==Further reading==
* [http://www.americanthinker.com/printpage/?url=http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/06/now_he_tells_us.html Lawrence J. Siskind, ''Now He Tells Us!''], American Thinker June 20, 2010

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kagan, Elena}}
[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Obama Administration]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]

Elena Kagan

2010-08-06T00:47:30Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */

[[File:Elena Kagan Harvard.jpg|right|200px]]
'''Elena Kagan''',<ref>[http://patriotpost.us/alexander/2010/05/13/komrade-kagan/ Komrade Kagan,] By Mark Alexander · Thursday, 13 May 2010. Retrieved from the Patriot Post 15 May 2010.</ref> is currently an Associate Justice on the [[United States Supreme Court]], having been nominated by President [[Obama]] on May 10, 2010 to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. Previously she served as [[Solicitor General]] of the United States, confirmed in 2009 by a vote of 61-31.<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00107 On the Nomination (Confirmation Elena Kagan, of Massachusetts, to be Solicitor General)], United States Senate</ref> She was born April 28, 1960, to a lawyer father and school teacher mother, and has never married.

==Education==
* 1981 – Earned her Bachelor’s Degree from [[Princeton University]], summa cum laude.
* 1983 – Earned her Master of [[Philosophy]] degree from Worcester College at Oxford University
* 1986 – Received her Juris Doctor at [[Harvard]] Law School

==Professional Achievements==
* 1987 – Served as judicial clerk for Abner Mikva, U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] in the D.C. circuit.
* 1988 – Served as judicial clear for Justice [[Thurgood Marshall]] of the [[Supreme Court]].
* 1991 – Became assistant professor at the University of [[Chicago Law School]]. Met Barack Obama.
* 1995-99 – Employed as Associate [[White House]] Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy under President [[Bill Clinton]].
* 1999 – Nominated to the U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] for the District of Columbia Circuit.
* 1999-2001 – Harvard Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Appointed as first female dean at Harvard Law School, after nomination by then Harvard University president [[Lawrence Summers]].
* 2005-2009 – Began service as a member of the Research Advisory Council of the Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute.
* 2009 – Became the first woman to hold the position of [[Solicitor General]] of the U.S. <ref>[http://faithfulinprayer.wordpress.com ''Who is Elena Kagan''], May 12, 2010</ref><ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

==Affection for Barack Obama==
In a rare video record of her speaking, in 2005, Kagan expressed her affection for Barack Obama, stating,
<blockquote>
And its that passion for service, ya know, that commitment, to be of use, to give back, to make a real difference in the world, that's what makes Barack Obama - Barack Obama. And thats what makes Barack Obama for me and for so many others, a hero." “But the night that Barack Obama spoke - not then even Senator Obama - [pause] he opened his mouth, he said a few words, and the place was mesmerized. You could hear a pin drop. In part, that is because of all these, well of, you know, rock star qualities he has: the eloquence, the magnetism, the great looks, the brilliance. But just as much, its because when Barack Obama speaks, when he opens up his mouth, you, you know you’re getting the real deal..." And I think everybody in that room, and in that great hall, felt privileged, felt privileged to be at the coming out party of someone who will be, someone who deserves to be, and someone who the rest of us needs to be; one of the truly great political figures, one of the truly great public servants, of our time.<ref>http://marklevinshow.com/goout.asp?u=http://www.verumserum.com/?p=14638</ref></blockquote>

==Nomination to the Supreme Court==
On May 10, 2010, President Obama nominated Kagan to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. The 50 year old (in 2010) Kagan has years of experience in the legal field but has never served on the judicial bench. Kagan is the third woman currently seated on the court, and her confirmation marks the the first time in [[American history]] that the Supreme Court has no [[Protestant]] members, as the Jewish Kagan would replace the sole [[Protestant]], Stevens. <ref>ABC news, ''The Conversation: Elena Kagan Nominated to Supreme Court'', May 10, 2010</ref> Due to her young age, Kagan could potentially serve decades on the Court.

Documents from Kagan's service in the Clinton White House have served to reinforce the conception that Kagan is "a politically savvy, sometimes hard-edged strategist whose views of the Constitution are at odds with those of conservatives", and that she is possessed with "a sharp intellect and somewhat territorial; highly opinionated but eager to facilitate consensus."

Working with former President Bill Clinton, the Obama White House has sought to ensure that no revelation from the documents harms Kagan's chances.<ref>Associated Press, ''Kagan unscathed after revelations from past'', June 19. 2010</ref> While many liberals fear that Kagan is not liberal enough.<ref>Glenn Greenwald, ''The case against Elena Kagan'', Salon.com, April 13, 2010</ref> Republicans have expressed concern that records will not be fully produced in time for the committee to conduct a proper review before her confirmation hearings, which are scheduled to begin June 28.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', Associated Press, June 13, 2010</ref> Alabama Sen. Jeff Sessions, the top Republican on the Judiciary Committee, stated that there appeared to be 1,600 withheld documents which were not released, apparently due to confidentiality concerns.<ref>[http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=5CF71115-18FE-70B2-A8AEC01EF27C77B2 ''GOP may boycott Kagan hearings''] June 21, 2010</ref>

===Preparation by Bill Clinton===
As a result of a request by senators who will vote on her nomination, 90,000 pages of records from the Clinton White House were released which reveal that Kagan played a role in crafting former [[President Bill Clinton]]’s policies on abortion, assisted suicide, religious freedom, gun control, welfare reform and tobacco. In addition, they also show that Kagan was part of Clinton's small army of lawyers which unsuccessfully sought to postpone Paula Jones’ sexual harassment lawsuit against him. As a result of her work, Clinton sought to gain her a seat on the federal appeals court in Washington, often a steppingstone to the Supreme Court, an appointment which the [[Republican]]-controlled Senate opposed. In response to Kagan's note of thanks, the former President stated, "I was honored to nominate you - you will be a wonderful judge if we can get you through - and young enough to have a profound impact."<ref>[http://dailycaller.com/2010/06/12/documents-show-kagan-a-political-pragmatist/print/ ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', [[Associated Press]] June 12, 2010</ref>

==Activity and ideology==
In 1987, Kagan was a law clerk for Judge Abner Mikva, a far-left judge on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, and in 1988 she served justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. The latter is considered by some to be the most [[liberal]] Supreme Court justice in American history, and that Kagan called him her legal hero is troubling to conservatives.<ref>''Why Ultra-Liberal Obama Needs Kagan On the Court'', Fox News, May 10, 2010</ref>

At Princeton, Kagan was see as a reserved and and discreet person, politically "progressive and thoughtful but well within the mainstream of the ... sort of liberal, democratic, progressive tradition, and everything with lower case.” Kagan, future N.Y. Governor Elliot Spitzer and certain other campus leaders were members of the ''Coordinating Council of the Campaign for a Democratic University'', which saw the administration as taking too much authority upon themselves, and signed a manifesto opposing it which appeared in the university paper, the ‘Prince.’ The group sought to “effect a fundamental restructuring of University governance,” and charged that “the administration rules this campus by decree. <ref>http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26081/print ''Reserved passion: Kagan ’81'', The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

On November 10, 1980, a week after Ronald Reagan’s presidential victory, Kagan submitted to ''The Daily Princetonian'' a personal essay titled, “Fear and Loathing in Brooklyn,” in which she explains that having worked some 14 hours a day, six days a week for the election of liberal candidate Liz Holtzman, she wept when the candidate lost.” She expressed that due to her background, "I absorbed such liberal principles early; more to the point, I have retained them fairly intact to this day." Reflecting on Reagan's win and the liberal loss, she stated,
<blockquote>
Looking back on last Tuesday [election day], I can see that our gut response -- our emotion-packed conclusion that the world had gone mad, that liberalism was dead and that there was no longer any place for the ideals we held or the beliefs we espoused -- was a false one. In my more rational moments, I can now argue that the next few years will be marked by American disillusionment with conservative programs and solutions, and that a new, revitalized, perhaps more leftist left will once again come to the fore...But somehow, one week after the election, these comforting thoughts do not last long. Self-pity still sneaks up, and I wonder how all this could possibly have happened and where on earth I’ll be able to get a job next year.

Even after the returns came in, I found it hard to conceive of the victories of these anonymous but Moral Majority-backed opponents of Senators Church, McGovern, Bayh and Culver, these avengers of 'innocent life' and the B-1 Bomber, these beneficiaries of a general turn to the right and a profound disorganization on the left.<ref> [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26082/print/ “To the Final Conflict: Socialism in New York City,] 1900-1933,</ref>
</blockquote>

For her senior college thesis at Princeton, she analyzed the failure of socialism in New York in the early 20th century, a movement which her father and older brother sympathized with. Although the 153-page paper, ''To the Final Conflict: [[Socialism]] in New York City, 1900-1933,'' was written while Kagan was only 22, and was more of a dispassionate examination of the internal divisions in the movement that led to its decline, <ref>''For Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan, a history of pragmatism over partisanship'', Washington Post, May 11, 2010</ref> some perceive it as lamenting "the non-existence of a viable socialist movement in the U.S."<ref>http://www.examiner.com/x-2581-St-Louis-Gun-Rights-Examiner~y2010m4d10-How-Justice-Stevens-retirement-might-benefit-gun-rights</ref>Statements that some see as showing sympathy with socialism include:
<blockquote>
Through its own internal feuding, then, the SP [Socialist Party] exhausted itself forever and further reduced labor radicalism in New York to the position of marginality and insignificance from which it has never recovered. The story is sad but also a chastening one for those who, more than a half century after socialism’s decline, still wish to change America.<ref>The thesis has been removed from the Princeton University site, and electronic dissemination prohibited, while a fee of $54.60 is charged for purchase: http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/news/kagan.pdf</ref>
</blockquote>

However, history professor Sean Wilentz, who advised Kagan on her senior thesis, believes Kagan was adept at removing her personal beliefs from her academic research on labor and radical history, and is far from being a socialist.<ref>The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

An associate White House counsel beginning from 1995-99, Kagan recommended that the federal government support a case in favor of [[religious freedom]]. The California Supreme Court had ruled that a landlord violated a state law prohibiting housing discrimination by refusing to rent an apartment to an unwed couple because she considered sex outside marriage to be a sin. Kagan rejected the California justices’ rationalization used in ruling against the landlord, that the landlord’s religious freedom was not burdened because she could get another job.<ref>'Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

In an abortion case pertaining to a prisoner who sought the state to pay for her murder of the preborn infant, Kagan sought to persuade then president Clinton to choose a version of the bill that would pass, while protecting a woman's right to abortion.<ref>''Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

Marjorie Dannenfelser, the leader of the Susan B. Anthony List, explained that:<ref>http://www.lifenews.com/nat4932.html</ref>
{{cquote|In the past Kagan has been a strong supporter of the pro-abortion agenda. She has vigorously opposed the de-funding of taxpayer-funded clinics which promote abortions, despite the fact that a majority of Americans do not want their tax dollars to fund abortion providers.}}

Anne-Marie Slaughter, who became friendly with Kagan when both were Sachs Scholars at Oxford, and later taught with her at Chicago and Harvard law schools. opined that Kagan “knows how to pick her battles and stand up for what she needs to stand up for without alienating people unnecessarily. That’s a very valuable skill set, particularly at a place as political as Harvard Law School.” Early in her tenure Kagan pleased students by renovating both the student center and the out-of-date gymnasium, and by ensuring that free coffee and hot chocolate were available in the main classroom building and in the library.

Also while at Harvard, Kagan supported a censorship and banning of participation by the United States Armed Forces in recruitment that is made available to hundreds of other employers. She signed onto a law brief in 2004 urging the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] to overturn the [[Solomon Amendment]], a law that denies federal funding to any university that “has a policy or practice … that either prohibits, or in effect prevents” military personnel “from gaining access to campuses, or access to students … on campuses [including Harvard Law Schoo], for purposes of military recruiting that they not discriminate against recruitment by the U.S. Armed Forces.''<ref>Rumsfeld v. FAIR, Docket No. 04-1152, 2004 U.S. Briefs 1152</ref>. A federal appeals court judged the law to be unconstitutional, but the U.S. Supreme Court rejected her argument by a vote of 8-0. But Harvard University continues to ban [[ROTC]] to this day.<ref>http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/service-academy-parents/724749-interesting-article-about-rotc.html</ref>

Kagan opposed military recruiters from being at Harvard because of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy which attempted to prevent homosexual relations in the military. She characterized it as “a profound wrong—a moral injustice of the first order … a wrong that tears at the fabric of our own community, because some of our members cannot, while others can, devote their professional careers to their country.”<ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

Some have charged Kagan with duplicity in this issue, for not opposing a $20 million from a prince in Saudi Arabia in 2005, a country in which homosexual acts are punishable by death or flogging." The funds were used to create the ''Center for Islamic Studies'' in honor of Saudi Arabian Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/16/senate-republican-accuses-kagan-staying-silent-saudi-gift-harvard/print ''Senate Republican Accuses Kagan of Staying Silent on Saudi Gift to Harvard']', Fox News, June 16, 2010</ref>

Regarding [[Capital Punishment]], In her Solicitor general confirmation hearing, 2009, Kagan also stated, “I am fully prepared to argue, consistent with Supreme Court precedents, that the death penalty is constitutional.”<ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p303</ref>

Kagan also apparently supports greater Presidential power. In a June, 2001 Harvard Law Review article,<ref>http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/04/12/kagan/Kagan-_Presidential_Administration.pdf</ref> Kagan defended the Clinton administration's assertion of the right to direct federal regulatory agencies without congressional or court involvement. In review of this, William F. West, a professor who specializes in federal administration at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M, stated, "She is certainly a fan of presidential power."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2009/01/06/obama_taps_harvard_law_school_dean_as_solicitor_general?mode=PF Boston Globe], January 6, 2009</ref> Neal Katyal, who has succeeded Kagan as Solicitor General, also was critical of her support of expanded executive power. <ref>http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/115-9/Katyal.pdf</ref> However, in an 2001 article in the Harvard Law, Kagan wrote that while she largely welcomed Clinton's expanded presidential control, she cautioned, “President Clinton’s assertion of directive authority over administration, more than President Reagan’s assertion of a general supervisory authority, raises serious constitutional questions.”<ref>New York Times, Politics, ''Kagan's Notable Statements and Writings'', May 9, 2010</ref>

In 2003, Elena Kagan presented an oral argument before the U.S. Supreme Court, defending the government' federal campaign finance law in ''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'', in which the FEC had outlawed corporations, including non-profits, from spending funds from their general treasuries to pay for campaign ads. The specific cause was government opposition to a 90-minute documentary by the non-profit organization, [[Citizens United]], opposing [[Hillary Clinton]], then candidate for president. The Court rejected the government's argument and invalidated the law as unconstitutional, <ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/08-205%5bReargued%5d.pdf Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]</ref> with Chief Justice [[John Roberts]] commenting, "we don't put our First Amendment rights in the hands of FEC bureaucrats."<ref>David N. Bossie, ''Elena Kagan: Hostile to free speech?'', The Washington Post, Friday, May 21, 2010; A17 </ref>

Kagan has extensive ties to Goldman-Sachs, a financial institution under federal investigation.<ref>http://www.mainjustice.com/2010/04/27/kagan-sat-on-goldman-sachs-board/</ref>

Concerning [[Constitutional Theory]], the interpretive basis used for deciding what the [[Constitution]] means, at her Solicitor General hearing Elena Kagan testified in favor of the use of foreign law to interpret the [[U.S. Constitution]].<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20283.html</ref> She also wrote, “I think a judge should try to the greatest extent possible to separate constitutional interpretation from his or her own values and beliefs. In order to accomplish this result, the judge should look to constitutional text, history, structure and precedent." And that "The Constitution generally imposes limitations on government rather than establishes affirmative rights and thus has what might be thought of as a libertarian slant. I fully accept this traditional understanding, and if I am confirmed as solicitor general, I would expect to make arguments consistent with it."<ref>[http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p306 Written answers to Senate questions during her confirmation for solicitor general (2009)]</ref>

Relating to judicial activism, Kagan stated in her Oxford thesis, “Judges will often try to mold and steer the law in order to promote certain ethical values and achieve certain social ends. “Such activity is not necessarily wrong or invalid.” However, at her 2009 confirmation hearing for Solicitor General, she stated, “I think it is a great deal better for the elected branches to take the lead in creating a more just society than for courts to do so.” <ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p305</ref>

Due to her involvement in a number of cases involving key issues, it is expected that Kagan may have to recuse herself from 11 of the 24 cases which the court has consented to hear beginning in October. Additionally, it is speculated that Kagan might eventually have to step aside from two to three dozen cases over the next few years.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan confirmation would affect major tobacco case'', Associated Press, June 14, 2010</ref>

As of mid-January 2007, Kagan was considered a strong candidate to become the next president of Harvard University.

==Publications==
* “The Development and Erosion of the American Exclusionary Rule: A Study in Judicial Method.” 1983
* ''The Changing Faces of First Amendment Neutrality: R.A.V. v St. Paul, Rust v Sullivan, and the Problem of Content-Based Underinclusion'', * * 1992 Supreme Court Review 29 (1992)
* ''Regulation of Hate Speech and Pornography After R.A.V'', 60 University of Chicago Law Review 873 (1993)
* ''A Libel Story: Sullivan Then and Now'', 18 Law and Social Inquiry 197 (1993) (book review)
* ''For Justice Marshall'', 71 Texas Law Review 1125 (1993)
* ''Confirmation Messes, Old and New'', 62 University of Chicago Law Review 919 (1995) (book review).
* ''When A Speech Code Is A Speech Code: The Stanford Policy and the Theory of Incidental Restraints'', 29 University of California at Davis Law Review 957 (1996)
* ''Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine'', 63 University of Chicago Law Review 413 (1996) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112 Harvard law School]</ref>
* ''Presidential Administration'',114 Harvard Law Review 2245 (2001)
* ''Chevron's Nondelegation Doctrine'', with David Barron, 2001 Supreme Court Review 201 (2001) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112&show=bibliography Harvard University]</ref>

==Further reading==
* [http://www.americanthinker.com/printpage/?url=http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/06/now_he_tells_us.html Lawrence J. Siskind, ''Now He Tells Us!''], American Thinker June 20, 2010

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Obama Administration]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court Justices]]

Elena Kagan

2010-08-06T00:46:12Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */ add cat

[[File:Elena Kagan Harvard.jpg|right|200px]]
'''Elena Kagan''',<ref>[http://patriotpost.us/alexander/2010/05/13/komrade-kagan/ Komrade Kagan,] By Mark Alexander · Thursday, 13 May 2010. Retrieved from the Patriot Post 15 May 2010.</ref> is currently an Associate Justice on the [[United States Supreme Court]], having been nominated by President [[Obama]] on May 10, 2010 to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. Previously she served as [[Solicitor General]] of the United States, confirmed in 2009 by a vote of 61-31.<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00107 On the Nomination (Confirmation Elena Kagan, of Massachusetts, to be Solicitor General)], United States Senate</ref> She was born April 28, 1960, to a lawyer father and school teacher mother, and has never married.

==Education==
* 1981 – Earned her Bachelor’s Degree from [[Princeton University]], summa cum laude.
* 1983 – Earned her Master of [[Philosophy]] degree from Worcester College at Oxford University
* 1986 – Received her Juris Doctor at [[Harvard]] Law School

==Professional Achievements==
* 1987 – Served as judicial clerk for Abner Mikva, U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] in the D.C. circuit.
* 1988 – Served as judicial clear for Justice [[Thurgood Marshall]] of the [[Supreme Court]].
* 1991 – Became assistant professor at the University of [[Chicago Law School]]. Met Barack Obama.
* 1995-99 – Employed as Associate [[White House]] Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy under President [[Bill Clinton]].
* 1999 – Nominated to the U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] for the District of Columbia Circuit.
* 1999-2001 – Harvard Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Appointed as first female dean at Harvard Law School, after nomination by then Harvard University president [[Lawrence Summers]].
* 2005-2009 – Began service as a member of the Research Advisory Council of the Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute.
* 2009 – Became the first woman to hold the position of [[Solicitor General]] of the U.S. <ref>[http://faithfulinprayer.wordpress.com ''Who is Elena Kagan''], May 12, 2010</ref><ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

==Affection for Barack Obama==
In a rare video record of her speaking, in 2005, Kagan expressed her affection for Barack Obama, stating,
<blockquote>
And its that passion for service, ya know, that commitment, to be of use, to give back, to make a real difference in the world, that's what makes Barack Obama - Barack Obama. And thats what makes Barack Obama for me and for so many others, a hero." “But the night that Barack Obama spoke - not then even Senator Obama - [pause] he opened his mouth, he said a few words, and the place was mesmerized. You could hear a pin drop. In part, that is because of all these, well of, you know, rock star qualities he has: the eloquence, the magnetism, the great looks, the brilliance. But just as much, its because when Barack Obama speaks, when he opens up his mouth, you, you know you’re getting the real deal..." And I think everybody in that room, and in that great hall, felt privileged, felt privileged to be at the coming out party of someone who will be, someone who deserves to be, and someone who the rest of us needs to be; one of the truly great political figures, one of the truly great public servants, of our time.<ref>http://marklevinshow.com/goout.asp?u=http://www.verumserum.com/?p=14638</ref></blockquote>

==Nomination to the Supreme Court==
On May 10, 2010, President Obama nominated Kagan to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. The 50 year old (in 2010) Kagan has years of experience in the legal field but has never served on the judicial bench. Kagan is the third woman currently seated on the court, and her confirmation marks the the first time in [[American history]] that the Supreme Court has no [[Protestant]] members, as the Jewish Kagan would replace the sole [[Protestant]], Stevens. <ref>ABC news, ''The Conversation: Elena Kagan Nominated to Supreme Court'', May 10, 2010</ref> Due to her young age, Kagan could potentially serve decades on the Court.

Documents from Kagan's service in the Clinton White House have served to reinforce the conception that Kagan is "a politically savvy, sometimes hard-edged strategist whose views of the Constitution are at odds with those of conservatives", and that she is possessed with "a sharp intellect and somewhat territorial; highly opinionated but eager to facilitate consensus."

Working with former President Bill Clinton, the Obama White House has sought to ensure that no revelation from the documents harms Kagan's chances.<ref>Associated Press, ''Kagan unscathed after revelations from past'', June 19. 2010</ref> While many liberals fear that Kagan is not liberal enough.<ref>Glenn Greenwald, ''The case against Elena Kagan'', Salon.com, April 13, 2010</ref> Republicans have expressed concern that records will not be fully produced in time for the committee to conduct a proper review before her confirmation hearings, which are scheduled to begin June 28.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', Associated Press, June 13, 2010</ref> Alabama Sen. Jeff Sessions, the top Republican on the Judiciary Committee, stated that there appeared to be 1,600 withheld documents which were not released, apparently due to confidentiality concerns.<ref>[http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=5CF71115-18FE-70B2-A8AEC01EF27C77B2 ''GOP may boycott Kagan hearings''] June 21, 2010</ref>

===Preparation by Bill Clinton===
As a result of a request by senators who will vote on her nomination, 90,000 pages of records from the Clinton White House were released which reveal that Kagan played a role in crafting former [[President Bill Clinton]]’s policies on abortion, assisted suicide, religious freedom, gun control, welfare reform and tobacco. In addition, they also show that Kagan was part of Clinton's small army of lawyers which unsuccessfully sought to postpone Paula Jones’ sexual harassment lawsuit against him. As a result of her work, Clinton sought to gain her a seat on the federal appeals court in Washington, often a steppingstone to the Supreme Court, an appointment which the [[Republican]]-controlled Senate opposed. In response to Kagan's note of thanks, the former President stated, "I was honored to nominate you - you will be a wonderful judge if we can get you through - and young enough to have a profound impact."<ref>[http://dailycaller.com/2010/06/12/documents-show-kagan-a-political-pragmatist/print/ ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', [[Associated Press]] June 12, 2010</ref>

==Activity and ideology==
In 1987, Kagan was a law clerk for Judge Abner Mikva, a far-left judge on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, and in 1988 she served justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. The latter is considered by some to be the most [[liberal]] Supreme Court justice in American history, and that Kagan called him her legal hero is troubling to conservatives.<ref>''Why Ultra-Liberal Obama Needs Kagan On the Court'', Fox News, May 10, 2010</ref>

At Princeton, Kagan was see as a reserved and and discreet person, politically "progressive and thoughtful but well within the mainstream of the ... sort of liberal, democratic, progressive tradition, and everything with lower case.” Kagan, future N.Y. Governor Elliot Spitzer and certain other campus leaders were members of the ''Coordinating Council of the Campaign for a Democratic University'', which saw the administration as taking too much authority upon themselves, and signed a manifesto opposing it which appeared in the university paper, the ‘Prince.’ The group sought to “effect a fundamental restructuring of University governance,” and charged that “the administration rules this campus by decree. <ref>http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26081/print ''Reserved passion: Kagan ’81'', The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

On November 10, 1980, a week after Ronald Reagan’s presidential victory, Kagan submitted to ''The Daily Princetonian'' a personal essay titled, “Fear and Loathing in Brooklyn,” in which she explains that having worked some 14 hours a day, six days a week for the election of liberal candidate Liz Holtzman, she wept when the candidate lost.” She expressed that due to her background, "I absorbed such liberal principles early; more to the point, I have retained them fairly intact to this day." Reflecting on Reagan's win and the liberal loss, she stated,
<blockquote>
Looking back on last Tuesday [election day], I can see that our gut response -- our emotion-packed conclusion that the world had gone mad, that liberalism was dead and that there was no longer any place for the ideals we held or the beliefs we espoused -- was a false one. In my more rational moments, I can now argue that the next few years will be marked by American disillusionment with conservative programs and solutions, and that a new, revitalized, perhaps more leftist left will once again come to the fore...But somehow, one week after the election, these comforting thoughts do not last long. Self-pity still sneaks up, and I wonder how all this could possibly have happened and where on earth I’ll be able to get a job next year.

Even after the returns came in, I found it hard to conceive of the victories of these anonymous but Moral Majority-backed opponents of Senators Church, McGovern, Bayh and Culver, these avengers of 'innocent life' and the B-1 Bomber, these beneficiaries of a general turn to the right and a profound disorganization on the left.<ref> [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26082/print/ “To the Final Conflict: Socialism in New York City,] 1900-1933,</ref>
</blockquote>

For her senior college thesis at Princeton, she analyzed the failure of socialism in New York in the early 20th century, a movement which her father and older brother sympathized with. Although the 153-page paper, ''To the Final Conflict: [[Socialism]] in New York City, 1900-1933,'' was written while Kagan was only 22, and was more of a dispassionate examination of the internal divisions in the movement that led to its decline, <ref>''For Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan, a history of pragmatism over partisanship'', Washington Post, May 11, 2010</ref> some perceive it as lamenting "the non-existence of a viable socialist movement in the U.S."<ref>http://www.examiner.com/x-2581-St-Louis-Gun-Rights-Examiner~y2010m4d10-How-Justice-Stevens-retirement-might-benefit-gun-rights</ref>Statements that some see as showing sympathy with socialism include:
<blockquote>
Through its own internal feuding, then, the SP [Socialist Party] exhausted itself forever and further reduced labor radicalism in New York to the position of marginality and insignificance from which it has never recovered. The story is sad but also a chastening one for those who, more than a half century after socialism’s decline, still wish to change America.<ref>The thesis has been removed from the Princeton University site, and electronic dissemination prohibited, while a fee of $54.60 is charged for purchase: http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/news/kagan.pdf</ref>
</blockquote>

However, history professor Sean Wilentz, who advised Kagan on her senior thesis, believes Kagan was adept at removing her personal beliefs from her academic research on labor and radical history, and is far from being a socialist.<ref>The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

An associate White House counsel beginning from 1995-99, Kagan recommended that the federal government support a case in favor of [[religious freedom]]. The California Supreme Court had ruled that a landlord violated a state law prohibiting housing discrimination by refusing to rent an apartment to an unwed couple because she considered sex outside marriage to be a sin. Kagan rejected the California justices’ rationalization used in ruling against the landlord, that the landlord’s religious freedom was not burdened because she could get another job.<ref>'Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

In an abortion case pertaining to a prisoner who sought the state to pay for her murder of the preborn infant, Kagan sought to persuade then president Clinton to choose a version of the bill that would pass, while protecting a woman's right to abortion.<ref>''Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

Marjorie Dannenfelser, the leader of the Susan B. Anthony List, explained that:<ref>http://www.lifenews.com/nat4932.html</ref>
{{cquote|In the past Kagan has been a strong supporter of the pro-abortion agenda. She has vigorously opposed the de-funding of taxpayer-funded clinics which promote abortions, despite the fact that a majority of Americans do not want their tax dollars to fund abortion providers.}}

Anne-Marie Slaughter, who became friendly with Kagan when both were Sachs Scholars at Oxford, and later taught with her at Chicago and Harvard law schools. opined that Kagan “knows how to pick her battles and stand up for what she needs to stand up for without alienating people unnecessarily. That’s a very valuable skill set, particularly at a place as political as Harvard Law School.” Early in her tenure Kagan pleased students by renovating both the student center and the out-of-date gymnasium, and by ensuring that free coffee and hot chocolate were available in the main classroom building and in the library.

Also while at Harvard, Kagan supported a censorship and banning of participation by the United States Armed Forces in recruitment that is made available to hundreds of other employers. She signed onto a law brief in 2004 urging the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] to overturn the [[Solomon Amendment]], a law that denies federal funding to any university that “has a policy or practice … that either prohibits, or in effect prevents” military personnel “from gaining access to campuses, or access to students … on campuses [including Harvard Law Schoo], for purposes of military recruiting that they not discriminate against recruitment by the U.S. Armed Forces.''<ref>Rumsfeld v. FAIR, Docket No. 04-1152, 2004 U.S. Briefs 1152</ref>. A federal appeals court judged the law to be unconstitutional, but the U.S. Supreme Court rejected her argument by a vote of 8-0. But Harvard University continues to ban [[ROTC]] to this day.<ref>http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/service-academy-parents/724749-interesting-article-about-rotc.html</ref>

Kagan opposed military recruiters from being at Harvard because of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy which attempted to prevent homosexual relations in the military. She characterized it as “a profound wrong—a moral injustice of the first order … a wrong that tears at the fabric of our own community, because some of our members cannot, while others can, devote their professional careers to their country.”<ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

Some have charged Kagan with duplicity in this issue, for not opposing a $20 million from a prince in Saudi Arabia in 2005, a country in which homosexual acts are punishable by death or flogging." The funds were used to create the ''Center for Islamic Studies'' in honor of Saudi Arabian Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/16/senate-republican-accuses-kagan-staying-silent-saudi-gift-harvard/print ''Senate Republican Accuses Kagan of Staying Silent on Saudi Gift to Harvard']', Fox News, June 16, 2010</ref>

Regarding [[Capital Punishment]], In her Solicitor general confirmation hearing, 2009, Kagan also stated, “I am fully prepared to argue, consistent with Supreme Court precedents, that the death penalty is constitutional.”<ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p303</ref>

Kagan also apparently supports greater Presidential power. In a June, 2001 Harvard Law Review article,<ref>http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/04/12/kagan/Kagan-_Presidential_Administration.pdf</ref> Kagan defended the Clinton administration's assertion of the right to direct federal regulatory agencies without congressional or court involvement. In review of this, William F. West, a professor who specializes in federal administration at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M, stated, "She is certainly a fan of presidential power."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2009/01/06/obama_taps_harvard_law_school_dean_as_solicitor_general?mode=PF Boston Globe], January 6, 2009</ref> Neal Katyal, who has succeeded Kagan as Solicitor General, also was critical of her support of expanded executive power. <ref>http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/115-9/Katyal.pdf</ref> However, in an 2001 article in the Harvard Law, Kagan wrote that while she largely welcomed Clinton's expanded presidential control, she cautioned, “President Clinton’s assertion of directive authority over administration, more than President Reagan’s assertion of a general supervisory authority, raises serious constitutional questions.”<ref>New York Times, Politics, ''Kagan's Notable Statements and Writings'', May 9, 2010</ref>

In 2003, Elena Kagan presented an oral argument before the U.S. Supreme Court, defending the government' federal campaign finance law in ''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'', in which the FEC had outlawed corporations, including non-profits, from spending funds from their general treasuries to pay for campaign ads. The specific cause was government opposition to a 90-minute documentary by the non-profit organization, [[Citizens United]], opposing [[Hillary Clinton]], then candidate for president. The Court rejected the government's argument and invalidated the law as unconstitutional, <ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/08-205%5bReargued%5d.pdf Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]</ref> with Chief Justice [[John Roberts]] commenting, "we don't put our First Amendment rights in the hands of FEC bureaucrats."<ref>David N. Bossie, ''Elena Kagan: Hostile to free speech?'', The Washington Post, Friday, May 21, 2010; A17 </ref>

Kagan has extensive ties to Goldman-Sachs, a financial institution under federal investigation.<ref>http://www.mainjustice.com/2010/04/27/kagan-sat-on-goldman-sachs-board/</ref>

Concerning [[Constitutional Theory]], the interpretive basis used for deciding what the [[Constitution]] means, at her Solicitor General hearing Elena Kagan testified in favor of the use of foreign law to interpret the [[U.S. Constitution]].<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20283.html</ref> She also wrote, “I think a judge should try to the greatest extent possible to separate constitutional interpretation from his or her own values and beliefs. In order to accomplish this result, the judge should look to constitutional text, history, structure and precedent." And that "The Constitution generally imposes limitations on government rather than establishes affirmative rights and thus has what might be thought of as a libertarian slant. I fully accept this traditional understanding, and if I am confirmed as solicitor general, I would expect to make arguments consistent with it."<ref>[http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p306 Written answers to Senate questions during her confirmation for solicitor general (2009)]</ref>

Relating to judicial activism, Kagan stated in her Oxford thesis, “Judges will often try to mold and steer the law in order to promote certain ethical values and achieve certain social ends. “Such activity is not necessarily wrong or invalid.” However, at her 2009 confirmation hearing for Solicitor General, she stated, “I think it is a great deal better for the elected branches to take the lead in creating a more just society than for courts to do so.” <ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p305</ref>

Due to her involvement in a number of cases involving key issues, it is expected that Kagan may have to recuse herself from 11 of the 24 cases which the court has consented to hear beginning in October. Additionally, it is speculated that Kagan might eventually have to step aside from two to three dozen cases over the next few years.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan confirmation would affect major tobacco case'', Associated Press, June 14, 2010</ref>

As of mid-January 2007, Kagan was considered a strong candidate to become the next president of Harvard University.

==Publications==
* “The Development and Erosion of the American Exclusionary Rule: A Study in Judicial Method.” 1983
* ''The Changing Faces of First Amendment Neutrality: R.A.V. v St. Paul, Rust v Sullivan, and the Problem of Content-Based Underinclusion'', * * 1992 Supreme Court Review 29 (1992)
* ''Regulation of Hate Speech and Pornography After R.A.V'', 60 University of Chicago Law Review 873 (1993)
* ''A Libel Story: Sullivan Then and Now'', 18 Law and Social Inquiry 197 (1993) (book review)
* ''For Justice Marshall'', 71 Texas Law Review 1125 (1993)
* ''Confirmation Messes, Old and New'', 62 University of Chicago Law Review 919 (1995) (book review).
* ''When A Speech Code Is A Speech Code: The Stanford Policy and the Theory of Incidental Restraints'', 29 University of California at Davis Law Review 957 (1996)
* ''Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine'', 63 University of Chicago Law Review 413 (1996) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112 Harvard law School]</ref>
* ''Presidential Administration'',114 Harvard Law Review 2245 (2001)
* ''Chevron's Nondelegation Doctrine'', with David Barron, 2001 Supreme Court Review 201 (2001) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112&show=bibliography Harvard University]</ref>

==Further reading==
* [http://www.americanthinker.com/printpage/?url=http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/06/now_he_tells_us.html Lawrence J. Siskind, ''Now He Tells Us!''], American Thinker June 20, 2010

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Obama Administration]]
[[Category:Supreme Court Justices]]

Elena Kagan

2010-08-06T00:45:03Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */ add cat

[[File:Elena Kagan Harvard.jpg|right|200px]]
'''Elena Kagan''',<ref>[http://patriotpost.us/alexander/2010/05/13/komrade-kagan/ Komrade Kagan,] By Mark Alexander · Thursday, 13 May 2010. Retrieved from the Patriot Post 15 May 2010.</ref> is currently an Associate Justice on the [[United States Supreme Court]], having been nominated by President [[Obama]] on May 10, 2010 to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. Previously she served as [[Solicitor General]] of the United States, confirmed in 2009 by a vote of 61-31.<ref>[http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00107 On the Nomination (Confirmation Elena Kagan, of Massachusetts, to be Solicitor General)], United States Senate</ref> She was born April 28, 1960, to a lawyer father and school teacher mother, and has never married.

==Education==
* 1981 – Earned her Bachelor’s Degree from [[Princeton University]], summa cum laude.
* 1983 – Earned her Master of [[Philosophy]] degree from Worcester College at Oxford University
* 1986 – Received her Juris Doctor at [[Harvard]] Law School

==Professional Achievements==
* 1987 – Served as judicial clerk for Abner Mikva, U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] in the D.C. circuit.
* 1988 – Served as judicial clear for Justice [[Thurgood Marshall]] of the [[Supreme Court]].
* 1991 – Became assistant professor at the University of [[Chicago Law School]]. Met Barack Obama.
* 1995-99 – Employed as Associate [[White House]] Counsel and Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy under President [[Bill Clinton]].
* 1999 – Nominated to the U.S. [[Court of Appeals]] for the District of Columbia Circuit.
* 1999-2001 – Harvard Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law.
* 2003 – Appointed as first female dean at Harvard Law School, after nomination by then Harvard University president [[Lawrence Summers]].
* 2005-2009 – Began service as a member of the Research Advisory Council of the Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute.
* 2009 – Became the first woman to hold the position of [[Solicitor General]] of the U.S. <ref>[http://faithfulinprayer.wordpress.com ''Who is Elena Kagan''], May 12, 2010</ref><ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

==Affection for Barack Obama==
In a rare video record of her speaking, in 2005, Kagan expressed her affection for Barack Obama, stating,
<blockquote>
And its that passion for service, ya know, that commitment, to be of use, to give back, to make a real difference in the world, that's what makes Barack Obama - Barack Obama. And thats what makes Barack Obama for me and for so many others, a hero." “But the night that Barack Obama spoke - not then even Senator Obama - [pause] he opened his mouth, he said a few words, and the place was mesmerized. You could hear a pin drop. In part, that is because of all these, well of, you know, rock star qualities he has: the eloquence, the magnetism, the great looks, the brilliance. But just as much, its because when Barack Obama speaks, when he opens up his mouth, you, you know you’re getting the real deal..." And I think everybody in that room, and in that great hall, felt privileged, felt privileged to be at the coming out party of someone who will be, someone who deserves to be, and someone who the rest of us needs to be; one of the truly great political figures, one of the truly great public servants, of our time.<ref>http://marklevinshow.com/goout.asp?u=http://www.verumserum.com/?p=14638</ref></blockquote>

==Nomination to the Supreme Court==
On May 10, 2010, President Obama nominated Kagan to fill the seat of retiring Supreme Court justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. The 50 year old (in 2010) Kagan has years of experience in the legal field but has never served on the judicial bench. Kagan is the third woman currently seated on the court, and her confirmation marks the the first time in [[American history]] that the Supreme Court has no [[Protestant]] members, as the Jewish Kagan would replace the sole [[Protestant]], Stevens. <ref>ABC news, ''The Conversation: Elena Kagan Nominated to Supreme Court'', May 10, 2010</ref> Due to her young age, Kagan could potentially serve decades on the Court.

Documents from Kagan's service in the Clinton White House have served to reinforce the conception that Kagan is "a politically savvy, sometimes hard-edged strategist whose views of the Constitution are at odds with those of conservatives", and that she is possessed with "a sharp intellect and somewhat territorial; highly opinionated but eager to facilitate consensus."

Working with former President Bill Clinton, the Obama White House has sought to ensure that no revelation from the documents harms Kagan's chances.<ref>Associated Press, ''Kagan unscathed after revelations from past'', June 19. 2010</ref> While many liberals fear that Kagan is not liberal enough.<ref>Glenn Greenwald, ''The case against Elena Kagan'', Salon.com, April 13, 2010</ref> Republicans have expressed concern that records will not be fully produced in time for the committee to conduct a proper review before her confirmation hearings, which are scheduled to begin June 28.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', Associated Press, June 13, 2010</ref> Alabama Sen. Jeff Sessions, the top Republican on the Judiciary Committee, stated that there appeared to be 1,600 withheld documents which were not released, apparently due to confidentiality concerns.<ref>[http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=5CF71115-18FE-70B2-A8AEC01EF27C77B2 ''GOP may boycott Kagan hearings''] June 21, 2010</ref>

===Preparation by Bill Clinton===
As a result of a request by senators who will vote on her nomination, 90,000 pages of records from the Clinton White House were released which reveal that Kagan played a role in crafting former [[President Bill Clinton]]’s policies on abortion, assisted suicide, religious freedom, gun control, welfare reform and tobacco. In addition, they also show that Kagan was part of Clinton's small army of lawyers which unsuccessfully sought to postpone Paula Jones’ sexual harassment lawsuit against him. As a result of her work, Clinton sought to gain her a seat on the federal appeals court in Washington, often a steppingstone to the Supreme Court, an appointment which the [[Republican]]-controlled Senate opposed. In response to Kagan's note of thanks, the former President stated, "I was honored to nominate you - you will be a wonderful judge if we can get you through - and young enough to have a profound impact."<ref>[http://dailycaller.com/2010/06/12/documents-show-kagan-a-political-pragmatist/print/ ''Kagan had role in Clinton White House’s big fights'', [[Associated Press]] June 12, 2010</ref>

==Activity and ideology==
In 1987, Kagan was a law clerk for Judge Abner Mikva, a far-left judge on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, and in 1988 she served justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. The latter is considered by some to be the most [[liberal]] Supreme Court justice in American history, and that Kagan called him her legal hero is troubling to conservatives.<ref>''Why Ultra-Liberal Obama Needs Kagan On the Court'', Fox News, May 10, 2010</ref>

At Princeton, Kagan was see as a reserved and and discreet person, politically "progressive and thoughtful but well within the mainstream of the ... sort of liberal, democratic, progressive tradition, and everything with lower case.” Kagan, future N.Y. Governor Elliot Spitzer and certain other campus leaders were members of the ''Coordinating Council of the Campaign for a Democratic University'', which saw the administration as taking too much authority upon themselves, and signed a manifesto opposing it which appeared in the university paper, the ‘Prince.’ The group sought to “effect a fundamental restructuring of University governance,” and charged that “the administration rules this campus by decree. <ref>http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26081/print ''Reserved passion: Kagan ’81'', The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

On November 10, 1980, a week after Ronald Reagan’s presidential victory, Kagan submitted to ''The Daily Princetonian'' a personal essay titled, “Fear and Loathing in Brooklyn,” in which she explains that having worked some 14 hours a day, six days a week for the election of liberal candidate Liz Holtzman, she wept when the candidate lost.” She expressed that due to her background, "I absorbed such liberal principles early; more to the point, I have retained them fairly intact to this day." Reflecting on Reagan's win and the liberal loss, she stated,
<blockquote>
Looking back on last Tuesday [election day], I can see that our gut response -- our emotion-packed conclusion that the world had gone mad, that liberalism was dead and that there was no longer any place for the ideals we held or the beliefs we espoused -- was a false one. In my more rational moments, I can now argue that the next few years will be marked by American disillusionment with conservative programs and solutions, and that a new, revitalized, perhaps more leftist left will once again come to the fore...But somehow, one week after the election, these comforting thoughts do not last long. Self-pity still sneaks up, and I wonder how all this could possibly have happened and where on earth I’ll be able to get a job next year.

Even after the returns came in, I found it hard to conceive of the victories of these anonymous but Moral Majority-backed opponents of Senators Church, McGovern, Bayh and Culver, these avengers of 'innocent life' and the B-1 Bomber, these beneficiaries of a general turn to the right and a profound disorganization on the left.<ref> [http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2010/05/03/26082/print/ “To the Final Conflict: Socialism in New York City,] 1900-1933,</ref>
</blockquote>

For her senior college thesis at Princeton, she analyzed the failure of socialism in New York in the early 20th century, a movement which her father and older brother sympathized with. Although the 153-page paper, ''To the Final Conflict: [[Socialism]] in New York City, 1900-1933,'' was written while Kagan was only 22, and was more of a dispassionate examination of the internal divisions in the movement that led to its decline, <ref>''For Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan, a history of pragmatism over partisanship'', Washington Post, May 11, 2010</ref> some perceive it as lamenting "the non-existence of a viable socialist movement in the U.S."<ref>http://www.examiner.com/x-2581-St-Louis-Gun-Rights-Examiner~y2010m4d10-How-Justice-Stevens-retirement-might-benefit-gun-rights</ref>Statements that some see as showing sympathy with socialism include:
<blockquote>
Through its own internal feuding, then, the SP [Socialist Party] exhausted itself forever and further reduced labor radicalism in New York to the position of marginality and insignificance from which it has never recovered. The story is sad but also a chastening one for those who, more than a half century after socialism’s decline, still wish to change America.<ref>The thesis has been removed from the Princeton University site, and electronic dissemination prohibited, while a fee of $54.60 is charged for purchase: http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/news/kagan.pdf</ref>
</blockquote>

However, history professor Sean Wilentz, who advised Kagan on her senior thesis, believes Kagan was adept at removing her personal beliefs from her academic research on labor and radical history, and is far from being a socialist.<ref>The Daily Princetonian, May 3rd, 2010</ref>

An associate White House counsel beginning from 1995-99, Kagan recommended that the federal government support a case in favor of [[religious freedom]]. The California Supreme Court had ruled that a landlord violated a state law prohibiting housing discrimination by refusing to rent an apartment to an unwed couple because she considered sex outside marriage to be a sin. Kagan rejected the California justices’ rationalization used in ruling against the landlord, that the landlord’s religious freedom was not burdened because she could get another job.<ref>'Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

In an abortion case pertaining to a prisoner who sought the state to pay for her murder of the preborn infant, Kagan sought to persuade then president Clinton to choose a version of the bill that would pass, while protecting a woman's right to abortion.<ref>''Kagan Expressed Broad View of Religious Freedom'', New York Times, June 11, 2010</ref>

Marjorie Dannenfelser, the leader of the Susan B. Anthony List, explained that:<ref>http://www.lifenews.com/nat4932.html</ref>
{{cquote|In the past Kagan has been a strong supporter of the pro-abortion agenda. She has vigorously opposed the de-funding of taxpayer-funded clinics which promote abortions, despite the fact that a majority of Americans do not want their tax dollars to fund abortion providers.}}

Anne-Marie Slaughter, who became friendly with Kagan when both were Sachs Scholars at Oxford, and later taught with her at Chicago and Harvard law schools. opined that Kagan “knows how to pick her battles and stand up for what she needs to stand up for without alienating people unnecessarily. That’s a very valuable skill set, particularly at a place as political as Harvard Law School.” Early in her tenure Kagan pleased students by renovating both the student center and the out-of-date gymnasium, and by ensuring that free coffee and hot chocolate were available in the main classroom building and in the library.

Also while at Harvard, Kagan supported a censorship and banning of participation by the United States Armed Forces in recruitment that is made available to hundreds of other employers. She signed onto a law brief in 2004 urging the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] to overturn the [[Solomon Amendment]], a law that denies federal funding to any university that “has a policy or practice … that either prohibits, or in effect prevents” military personnel “from gaining access to campuses, or access to students … on campuses [including Harvard Law Schoo], for purposes of military recruiting that they not discriminate against recruitment by the U.S. Armed Forces.''<ref>Rumsfeld v. FAIR, Docket No. 04-1152, 2004 U.S. Briefs 1152</ref>. A federal appeals court judged the law to be unconstitutional, but the U.S. Supreme Court rejected her argument by a vote of 8-0. But Harvard University continues to ban [[ROTC]] to this day.<ref>http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/service-academy-parents/724749-interesting-article-about-rotc.html</ref>

Kagan opposed military recruiters from being at Harvard because of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy which attempted to prevent homosexual relations in the military. She characterized it as “a profound wrong—a moral injustice of the first order … a wrong that tears at the fabric of our own community, because some of our members cannot, while others can, devote their professional careers to their country.”<ref>[http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=34854 FrontPageMagazine.com | Monday, May 18, 2009]</ref>

Some have charged Kagan with duplicity in this issue, for not opposing a $20 million from a prince in Saudi Arabia in 2005, a country in which homosexual acts are punishable by death or flogging." The funds were used to create the ''Center for Islamic Studies'' in honor of Saudi Arabian Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/16/senate-republican-accuses-kagan-staying-silent-saudi-gift-harvard/print ''Senate Republican Accuses Kagan of Staying Silent on Saudi Gift to Harvard']', Fox News, June 16, 2010</ref>

Regarding [[Capital Punishment]], In her Solicitor general confirmation hearing, 2009, Kagan also stated, “I am fully prepared to argue, consistent with Supreme Court precedents, that the death penalty is constitutional.”<ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p303</ref>

Kagan also apparently supports greater Presidential power. In a June, 2001 Harvard Law Review article,<ref>http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2010/04/12/kagan/Kagan-_Presidential_Administration.pdf</ref> Kagan defended the Clinton administration's assertion of the right to direct federal regulatory agencies without congressional or court involvement. In review of this, William F. West, a professor who specializes in federal administration at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M, stated, "She is certainly a fan of presidential power."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2009/01/06/obama_taps_harvard_law_school_dean_as_solicitor_general?mode=PF Boston Globe], January 6, 2009</ref> Neal Katyal, who has succeeded Kagan as Solicitor General, also was critical of her support of expanded executive power. <ref>http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/115-9/Katyal.pdf</ref> However, in an 2001 article in the Harvard Law, Kagan wrote that while she largely welcomed Clinton's expanded presidential control, she cautioned, “President Clinton’s assertion of directive authority over administration, more than President Reagan’s assertion of a general supervisory authority, raises serious constitutional questions.”<ref>New York Times, Politics, ''Kagan's Notable Statements and Writings'', May 9, 2010</ref>

In 2003, Elena Kagan presented an oral argument before the U.S. Supreme Court, defending the government' federal campaign finance law in ''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'', in which the FEC had outlawed corporations, including non-profits, from spending funds from their general treasuries to pay for campaign ads. The specific cause was government opposition to a 90-minute documentary by the non-profit organization, [[Citizens United]], opposing [[Hillary Clinton]], then candidate for president. The Court rejected the government's argument and invalidated the law as unconstitutional, <ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/08-205%5bReargued%5d.pdf Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission]</ref> with Chief Justice [[John Roberts]] commenting, "we don't put our First Amendment rights in the hands of FEC bureaucrats."<ref>David N. Bossie, ''Elena Kagan: Hostile to free speech?'', The Washington Post, Friday, May 21, 2010; A17 </ref>

Kagan has extensive ties to Goldman-Sachs, a financial institution under federal investigation.<ref>http://www.mainjustice.com/2010/04/27/kagan-sat-on-goldman-sachs-board/</ref>

Concerning [[Constitutional Theory]], the interpretive basis used for deciding what the [[Constitution]] means, at her Solicitor General hearing Elena Kagan testified in favor of the use of foreign law to interpret the [[U.S. Constitution]].<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20283.html</ref> She also wrote, “I think a judge should try to the greatest extent possible to separate constitutional interpretation from his or her own values and beliefs. In order to accomplish this result, the judge should look to constitutional text, history, structure and precedent." And that "The Constitution generally imposes limitations on government rather than establishes affirmative rights and thus has what might be thought of as a libertarian slant. I fully accept this traditional understanding, and if I am confirmed as solicitor general, I would expect to make arguments consistent with it."<ref>[http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p306 Written answers to Senate questions during her confirmation for solicitor general (2009)]</ref>

Relating to judicial activism, Kagan stated in her Oxford thesis, “Judges will often try to mold and steer the law in order to promote certain ethical values and achieve certain social ends. “Such activity is not necessarily wrong or invalid.” However, at her 2009 confirmation hearing for Solicitor General, she stated, “I think it is a great deal better for the elected branches to take the lead in creating a more just society than for courts to do so.” <ref>http://documents.nytimes.com/elena-kagan-documents#document/p305</ref>

Due to her involvement in a number of cases involving key issues, it is expected that Kagan may have to recuse herself from 11 of the 24 cases which the court has consented to hear beginning in October. Additionally, it is speculated that Kagan might eventually have to step aside from two to three dozen cases over the next few years.<ref>Mark Sherman, ''Kagan confirmation would affect major tobacco case'', Associated Press, June 14, 2010</ref>

As of mid-January 2007, Kagan was considered a strong candidate to become the next president of Harvard University.

==Publications==
* “The Development and Erosion of the American Exclusionary Rule: A Study in Judicial Method.” 1983
* ''The Changing Faces of First Amendment Neutrality: R.A.V. v St. Paul, Rust v Sullivan, and the Problem of Content-Based Underinclusion'', * * 1992 Supreme Court Review 29 (1992)
* ''Regulation of Hate Speech and Pornography After R.A.V'', 60 University of Chicago Law Review 873 (1993)
* ''A Libel Story: Sullivan Then and Now'', 18 Law and Social Inquiry 197 (1993) (book review)
* ''For Justice Marshall'', 71 Texas Law Review 1125 (1993)
* ''Confirmation Messes, Old and New'', 62 University of Chicago Law Review 919 (1995) (book review).
* ''When A Speech Code Is A Speech Code: The Stanford Policy and the Theory of Incidental Restraints'', 29 University of California at Davis Law Review 957 (1996)
* ''Private Speech, Public Purpose: The Role of Governmental Motive in First Amendment Doctrine'', 63 University of Chicago Law Review 413 (1996) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112 Harvard law School]</ref>
* ''Presidential Administration'',114 Harvard Law Review 2245 (2001)
* ''Chevron's Nondelegation Doctrine'', with David Barron, 2001 Supreme Court Review 201 (2001) <ref>[http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/index.html?id=112&show=bibliography Harvard University]</ref>

==Further reading==
* [http://www.americanthinker.com/printpage/?url=http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/06/now_he_tells_us.html Lawrence J. Siskind, ''Now He Tells Us!''], American Thinker June 20, 2010

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Liberals]]
[[Category:Obama Administration]]

Elena Kagan

2010-08-06T00:41:54Z

JoeFerguson: /* Affection for Barrack Obama */ sp

Talk:Essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?

2010-07-20T03:02:53Z

JoeFerguson: /* Clarification */I see

Talk:Essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?

2010-07-17T13:48:14Z

JoeFerguson: /* Clarification */

Should we not attack his view point than attack the person? This essay does not appear to be in a very good taste. --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 22:28, 22 May 2010 (EDT)
::::Are you saying that an essay cannot comment on a person's behavior or use satire? If so, please justify. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 01:51, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
:::::No I am not saying that. But I do not have any special knowledge about Richard Dawkin's manhood or machismo. I don't think any information is publicly available about his manhood related behaviour as well, So how do you comment on that? Satire is great if used well. For example Catch 22 is a great satire, but unfortunately your essay is not. It would be rude if I really express what I think about it. --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 15:41, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::Perhaps, you should read the essay and the linked resources a few times more and see if you can spot a pattern of cowardice by Richard Dawkins. Anyways, I wrote the essay when I was rather tired and I am made some revisions to it. By the way, the Google algorithm loves the essay. It ranks #1 for Richard Dawkins and Machismo and ranks #1 for Dawkins and machismo. However, I am guessing given Dawkins' behavior that many people don't associate the Richard Dawkins with machismo so there is probably not too many searches for this term. There are a 11,900 Google search results for Richard Dawkins and cowardice, just in case you are looking for further evidence concerning the subject of Richard Dawkins and cowardice. By the way, could you define "special knowledge". Also, do all Conservapedia essays need to pass a "special knowledge" litmus test? [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 20:12, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::::I wouldn't use the number of google results to prove a point, it's not a very accurate indicator.[[User:RaymondP|RaymondP]] 21:22, 28 May 2010 (EDT)

so.. are you writing this for google algorithm. Sorry to burst your bubble, but no one is going to search for Dawkins and Machismo. May be you should clear your cache and search it, because when I do that, your page is not even in the top 10. I don't understand what you aim to say by 11900 results for Dawkins and cowardice. conservative and cowardice brings up 287000 results. does that mean anything? I am not sure why you are so much obsessed about Richard Dawkins' manhood. Shouldn't you be trying to refute his arguments in that precious time? --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 20:24, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::I guess you need to take some reading comprehension classes. I did indicate that I didn't believe there were going to be many searches for the term Dawkins and machismo. I also noticed you also didn't answer my questions. I will return the favor and not answer yours. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 20:57, 23 May 2010 (EDT)

I was given a link to this essay on youtube, and I can say that it certainly hits the target! Dawkins is well know for being a coward with regards to avoid all debate with those who don't agree with his worldview, so this kind of hard-hitting satire suits him perfectly! Keep up the good work Mr Conservative, sadly it's no surprise that the the liberal 'Dawkins Defenders' do nothing but criticize anything that exposes their evolutionist leaders for the frauds that they are. - Andrew.
::::Thanks for the positive review. Here is something I just put at the bottom of the essay: '''QUICK NOTE:''' The above essay was produced as part of the [[Conservapedia:Richard Dawkins Project]]. If you like this essay, please feel free to give it three "oles!" by creating a [[YouTube ]] video on it. Also, feel free to mention it on your blog or [[Facebook]] page. There are also some tips [[Conservapedia:Richard Dawkins Project - Spreading the News|HERE]] on spreading the word about this essay. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCZYpGzu7rA&feature=related Ole!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAYSQXSMnss&feature=related Ole!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQwWvw3uTJM&feature=related Ole!] [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:31, 24 May 2010 (EDT)

== Unconservapedia? ==

What's the point of all those essays about Richard Dawkinds? Is this the embryo of an ''unconservapedia'', parody of ''uncyclopedia'', the ''official'' parody of ''wikipedia''? That would be fun, a parody of a parody. Might as well be called ''liberopedia'', and have articles with the Khaddaffi Peace Prize or the Stalin Human Rights awards. [[User:Sunda62|Sunda62]] 10:01, 27 May 2010 (EDT)
::::All those essays? Two essays have been written. Did Richard Dawkins teach you how to count? :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:57, 7 June 2010 (EDT)
:: Yes! There are three kinds of people: those that can count, and those that can't! [[User:Sunda62|Sunda62]] 16:49, 18 June 2010 (EDT)
:::::The collection of article has expanded since my June 7, 2010 post. I thought liberals like the concept of "[[Evolution|change over time]]" - especially when they engage in equivocation. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:07, 18 June 2010 (EDT)

== Messed up ==

Purposefully creating provocative pages and then limiting the editing for such pages is ridiculous. I can't even fix the spelling errors.
: First prove yourself by fixing up or writing other articles. We're not here just to talk, talk, talk. --[[User:ReligiousRight|ReligiousRight]] 22:39, 6 June 2010 (EDT)
::Obviously this user needs to open his mind. He probably doesn't support school prayer and I'm 96% certain he also believes in gun control. [[User:KevinO|KevinO]] 22:46, 6 June 2010 (EDT)
::::If there are typos and/or spelling errors, please list them on the talk page. Unless, of course, you lack the machismo to do so! :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:53, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

== Grammar/Spelling problems: ==

Senor ---> Señor

Ole ---> Olé

Polling in 2006 indicates that less than half of the US and British populace accept the evolutionary paradigm as the best description for the development of life.

In addition.

polling indicates that the evolutionary paradigm is losing public support in the United States.[8]

So the key question stirring around the much discussed U.S Religious Landscape Survey released in late February by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life is what tale does it state about the state of the union.

But atheist make up only 1.6% of respondents to this survey....

Within the evolutionaryscience community and the creation science community, Richard Dawkins has faced charges of engaging in pseudoscience and has also faced charges of committing elementary errors.[10]

Of course, if Senor Dawkins published fine works in the field of Christian apologetics, Senor Dawkins would have great confidence his work could withstand scrutiny and he wouldn't have to spend so much time in his "intellectual bunnyhole" hiding from strong debaters of the opposition.

And there's more. This article needs many, many corrections. {{Unsigned|AnnaO}}

:And you're unable to work on other articles, why? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 10:10, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

::This article is in the forefront right now. There are many errors on it. Keeping this article in the condition its in paints the entire Conservapedia in a bad light. The deflection "work on something else" is weak and garners no enthusiasm for effort elsewhere. {{Unsigned|AnnaO}}
:::Then why are you so desperate to fix the "errors" in just this article? Is there something about you you're not telling us? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 10:30, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

*AnaO, you should be aware this is not an encyclopedic article, but a personal essay by the editor. As such changes are at the whim of the editor. --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 14:41, 7 June 2010 (EDT)
:::::Something just occurred that I thought was entirely impossible, but is absolutely and unequivocally true. With the adding of the words Señor and Olé, this essay now superpasses all essays at Conservapedia in terms of its unadulterated machismo and it now has entered the realm of über-machismo! :) So unfortunately for Señor Dawkins, the hispanic ladies might become even more troublesome given his extreme reluctance to debate strong debate opponents (see: [[Instances of Richard Dawkins ducking debates]] ). [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 02:50, 8 June 2010 (EDT)

== Spanish ==

I think it's supposed to be mucho machismo, not mu machismo (in one of the captions.) [[User:RaymondP|RaymondP]] 17:34, 30 June 2010 (EDT)
:::Gracias,Señor. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 03:10, 6 July 2010 (EDT)

== Over 5,000 views for the essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo? Olé! Olé! Olé! ==

Over 5,000 views for the essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo? [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCZYpGzu7rA&feature=related Olé!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAYSQXSMnss&feature=related Olé!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQwWvw3uTJM&feature=related Olé!] Will efforts be made to get this essay much more web traffic? Please stay tuned for further developments! [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:06, 7 July 2010 (EDT)

==You are having an effect==

During the time before his lecture at the UAF Davis concert hall yesterday I heard a group of students in a [[three syllable chant]] of "much-is-Mo! much-is-Mo! much-is-Mo!" and I didn't know what it was about (I thought they were saying "much is more") until I saw this essay. Keep it up Conservative! Maybe you can shame him into growing a backbone and becoming a man finally in his late 60's. I regret that I couldn't ask a question of my own but there were some real zingers asked, and he cut a few people short before the could hit him hard, I suspect it wont be too long before his untenable positions catch up with him and he is forced to silence everyone in an attempt to silence his critics! --[[User:AbbieM|AbbieM]] 20:35, 16 July 2010 (EDT)
:::Were the students Spanish ladies? Seriously, the article has not been distributed widely (yet). :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 22:48, 16 July 2010 (EDT)
::::AbbieM, are you a commuter student? The reason I ask is that you appear to be editing from Alaska. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:24, 17 July 2010 (EDT)
:::::Not anymore, Conservative. I decided it was best that she conserve fuel. ;-) --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 00:29, 17 July 2010 (EDT)

== Clarification ==

So...is Dawkins supposed to be the bull or the matador?
Also, Dawkins fans are...bunny rabbits? I'm not trying to be facetious here; I just don't get it. [[User:JoeFerguson|JoeFerguson]] 09:48, 17 July 2010 (EDT)

Talk:Essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo?

2010-07-17T13:36:03Z

JoeFerguson: /* Clarification */ new section

Should we not attack his view point than attack the person? This essay does not appear to be in a very good taste. --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 22:28, 22 May 2010 (EDT)
::::Are you saying that an essay cannot comment on a person's behavior or use satire? If so, please justify. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 01:51, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
:::::No I am not saying that. But I do not have any special knowledge about Richard Dawkin's manhood or machismo. I don't think any information is publicly available about his manhood related behaviour as well, So how do you comment on that? Satire is great if used well. For example Catch 22 is a great satire, but unfortunately your essay is not. It would be rude if I really express what I think about it. --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 15:41, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::Perhaps, you should read the essay and the linked resources a few times more and see if you can spot a pattern of cowardice by Richard Dawkins. Anyways, I wrote the essay when I was rather tired and I am made some revisions to it. By the way, the Google algorithm loves the essay. It ranks #1 for Richard Dawkins and Machismo and ranks #1 for Dawkins and machismo. However, I am guessing given Dawkins' behavior that many people don't associate the Richard Dawkins with machismo so there is probably not too many searches for this term. There are a 11,900 Google search results for Richard Dawkins and cowardice, just in case you are looking for further evidence concerning the subject of Richard Dawkins and cowardice. By the way, could you define "special knowledge". Also, do all Conservapedia essays need to pass a "special knowledge" litmus test? [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 20:12, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::::I wouldn't use the number of google results to prove a point, it's not a very accurate indicator.[[User:RaymondP|RaymondP]] 21:22, 28 May 2010 (EDT)

so.. are you writing this for google algorithm. Sorry to burst your bubble, but no one is going to search for Dawkins and Machismo. May be you should clear your cache and search it, because when I do that, your page is not even in the top 10. I don't understand what you aim to say by 11900 results for Dawkins and cowardice. conservative and cowardice brings up 287000 results. does that mean anything? I am not sure why you are so much obsessed about Richard Dawkins' manhood. Shouldn't you be trying to refute his arguments in that precious time? --[[User:Johntalbot|Johntalbot]] 20:24, 23 May 2010 (EDT)
::::I guess you need to take some reading comprehension classes. I did indicate that I didn't believe there were going to be many searches for the term Dawkins and machismo. I also noticed you also didn't answer my questions. I will return the favor and not answer yours. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 20:57, 23 May 2010 (EDT)

I was given a link to this essay on youtube, and I can say that it certainly hits the target! Dawkins is well know for being a coward with regards to avoid all debate with those who don't agree with his worldview, so this kind of hard-hitting satire suits him perfectly! Keep up the good work Mr Conservative, sadly it's no surprise that the the liberal 'Dawkins Defenders' do nothing but criticize anything that exposes their evolutionist leaders for the frauds that they are. - Andrew.
::::Thanks for the positive review. Here is something I just put at the bottom of the essay: '''QUICK NOTE:''' The above essay was produced as part of the [[Conservapedia:Richard Dawkins Project]]. If you like this essay, please feel free to give it three "oles!" by creating a [[YouTube ]] video on it. Also, feel free to mention it on your blog or [[Facebook]] page. There are also some tips [[Conservapedia:Richard Dawkins Project - Spreading the News|HERE]] on spreading the word about this essay. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCZYpGzu7rA&feature=related Ole!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAYSQXSMnss&feature=related Ole!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQwWvw3uTJM&feature=related Ole!] [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:31, 24 May 2010 (EDT)

== Unconservapedia? ==

What's the point of all those essays about Richard Dawkinds? Is this the embryo of an ''unconservapedia'', parody of ''uncyclopedia'', the ''official'' parody of ''wikipedia''? That would be fun, a parody of a parody. Might as well be called ''liberopedia'', and have articles with the Khaddaffi Peace Prize or the Stalin Human Rights awards. [[User:Sunda62|Sunda62]] 10:01, 27 May 2010 (EDT)
::::All those essays? Two essays have been written. Did Richard Dawkins teach you how to count? :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:57, 7 June 2010 (EDT)
:: Yes! There are three kinds of people: those that can count, and those that can't! [[User:Sunda62|Sunda62]] 16:49, 18 June 2010 (EDT)
:::::The collection of article has expanded since my June 7, 2010 post. I thought liberals like the concept of "[[Evolution|change over time]]" - especially when they engage in equivocation. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:07, 18 June 2010 (EDT)

== Messed up ==

Purposefully creating provocative pages and then limiting the editing for such pages is ridiculous. I can't even fix the spelling errors.
: First prove yourself by fixing up or writing other articles. We're not here just to talk, talk, talk. --[[User:ReligiousRight|ReligiousRight]] 22:39, 6 June 2010 (EDT)
::Obviously this user needs to open his mind. He probably doesn't support school prayer and I'm 96% certain he also believes in gun control. [[User:KevinO|KevinO]] 22:46, 6 June 2010 (EDT)
::::If there are typos and/or spelling errors, please list them on the talk page. Unless, of course, you lack the machismo to do so! :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:53, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

== Grammar/Spelling problems: ==

Senor ---> Señor

Ole ---> Olé

Polling in 2006 indicates that less than half of the US and British populace accept the evolutionary paradigm as the best description for the development of life.

In addition.

polling indicates that the evolutionary paradigm is losing public support in the United States.[8]

So the key question stirring around the much discussed U.S Religious Landscape Survey released in late February by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life is what tale does it state about the state of the union.

But atheist make up only 1.6% of respondents to this survey....

Within the evolutionaryscience community and the creation science community, Richard Dawkins has faced charges of engaging in pseudoscience and has also faced charges of committing elementary errors.[10]

Of course, if Senor Dawkins published fine works in the field of Christian apologetics, Senor Dawkins would have great confidence his work could withstand scrutiny and he wouldn't have to spend so much time in his "intellectual bunnyhole" hiding from strong debaters of the opposition.

And there's more. This article needs many, many corrections. {{Unsigned|AnnaO}}

:And you're unable to work on other articles, why? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 10:10, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

::This article is in the forefront right now. There are many errors on it. Keeping this article in the condition its in paints the entire Conservapedia in a bad light. The deflection "work on something else" is weak and garners no enthusiasm for effort elsewhere. {{Unsigned|AnnaO}}
:::Then why are you so desperate to fix the "errors" in just this article? Is there something about you you're not telling us? [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 10:30, 7 June 2010 (EDT)

*AnaO, you should be aware this is not an encyclopedic article, but a personal essay by the editor. As such changes are at the whim of the editor. --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 14:41, 7 June 2010 (EDT)
:::::Something just occurred that I thought was entirely impossible, but is absolutely and unequivocally true. With the adding of the words Señor and Olé, this essay now superpasses all essays at Conservapedia in terms of its unadulterated machismo and it now has entered the realm of über-machismo! :) So unfortunately for Señor Dawkins, the hispanic ladies might become even more troublesome given his extreme reluctance to debate strong debate opponents (see: [[Instances of Richard Dawkins ducking debates]] ). [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 02:50, 8 June 2010 (EDT)

== Spanish ==

I think it's supposed to be mucho machismo, not mu machismo (in one of the captions.) [[User:RaymondP|RaymondP]] 17:34, 30 June 2010 (EDT)
:::Gracias,Señor. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 03:10, 6 July 2010 (EDT)

== Over 5,000 views for the essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo? Olé! Olé! Olé! ==

Over 5,000 views for the essay: Does Richard Dawkins have machismo? [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCZYpGzu7rA&feature=related Olé!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAYSQXSMnss&feature=related Olé!][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQwWvw3uTJM&feature=related Olé!] Will efforts be made to get this essay much more web traffic? Please stay tuned for further developments! [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:06, 7 July 2010 (EDT)

==You are having an effect==

During the time before his lecture at the UAF Davis concert hall yesterday I heard a group of students in a [[three syllable chant]] of "much-is-Mo! much-is-Mo! much-is-Mo!" and I didn't know what it was about (I thought they were saying "much is more") until I saw this essay. Keep it up Conservative! Maybe you can shame him into growing a backbone and becoming a man finally in his late 60's. I regret that I couldn't ask a question of my own but there were some real zingers asked, and he cut a few people short before the could hit him hard, I suspect it wont be too long before his untenable positions catch up with him and he is forced to silence everyone in an attempt to silence his critics! --[[User:AbbieM|AbbieM]] 20:35, 16 July 2010 (EDT)
:::Were the students Spanish ladies? Seriously, the article has not been distributed widely (yet). :) [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 22:48, 16 July 2010 (EDT)
::::AbbieM, are you a commuter student? The reason I ask is that you appear to be editing from Alaska. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 00:24, 17 July 2010 (EDT)
:::::Not anymore, Conservative. I decided it was best that she conserve fuel. ;-) --<big>[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]</big>/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 00:29, 17 July 2010 (EDT)

== Clarification ==

So...is Dawkins supposed to be the bull or the matador?
Also, Dawkins fans are...bunny rabbits? I'm not trying to be facetious here; I just don't get it.

Cristiano Ronaldo

2010-07-16T23:36:12Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */

'''Cristiano Ronaldo''', complete name ''Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro'', is a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[soccer]] player who plays for [[Real Madrid]] in the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[La Liga]]. He is currently regarded as one of the best players in the world, and was voted world player of the year in 2008. During the 2007-08 season, while playing for [[Manchester United]] he collected numerous awards for his skill, including the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) Players' and Fans' Player of the Year (for the second consecutive year)<ref>[http://www.givemefootball.com/rolls_of_honour/fansplayerofyearroll.html PFA Awards]</ref>, and the Football Writers' Association Player of the Year<ref>[http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/awards/footballer-of-the-year/ FWA Footballer of the Year]</ref> in the UK. He was also top scorer in both the [[UEFA]] Champions' League<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/Competitions/UCL/Statistics/Players/TypeStat=GS/index.html UEFA Champions League statistics]</ref> and EPL<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/top_scorers/default.stm BBC - Premier League top scorers 07/08]</ref>, with a total of 42 goals in all competitions for the season.

In the summer of 2009, he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid, for a fee of £80 million, the highest ever payed for a player. <ref>[[BBC|BBC Sport]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8121951.stm Ronaldo completes £80m Real move]</ref>

While his first name ''Cristiano'' is common among devout Christian families, his second name, ''Ronaldo'', is in honor of [[Ronald Reagan]],{{fact}} who is admired by [[Conservative|Conservatives]] in [[Europe]] too.

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ronaldo, Cristiano}}
[[Category:Soccer]]
[[Category:Christians]]

Anderson Bergemot

2010-07-16T23:32:27Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */

'''Anderson Bergemot''' was a minor [[missionary]] in 19th century [[India]], known solely for his religious tracts and the violence he suffered at the hands of the [[Muslim]]s and [[Hindu]]s. While little known in America, he is regarded in areas of India where his work was valued.

==References==
*''Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-Cultural Communication Since 1500'' by Robert Eric Frykenberg p. 167-170

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bergemot, Anderson}}
[[Category:Christians]]

Hulk Hogan

2010-07-16T23:30:31Z

JoeFerguson: /* External Link */

'''Terry Bollea''', born 11 August 1953 (age {{age|1953|8|11}}), is a semi-retired [[American]] [[sports entertainer]]. He is best known for his performances for [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] and [[World Championship Wrestling]] under the ring name Hulk Hogan. He has also been billed as Hollywood Hogan and Mr. America.

==External Link==
*[http://www.hulkhogan.com/ Official Web Page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hogan, Hulk}}
[[Category:Actors]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category:World Wrestling Entertainment]]
[[category:Wrestling]]

Shawn Michaels

2010-07-16T23:29:02Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */

'''Michael Shawn Hickenbottom''', born 1965, is an [[American]] [[sports entertainer]] currently performing for [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] under the ring name Shawn Michaels.<ref>http://prowrestling.about.com/od/wwerawwrestlers/p/shawnmichaels.htm</ref> He was trained by [[Jose Lothario]] and made his debut on 16 October 1984. He is best known for his involvement in the [[Montreal screwjob]].

==WWE==
Michaels briefly appeared in WWE in 1987 alongside tag team partner [[Marty Janetty]]. The two quickly got a reputation for their hard partying and were quickly let go by the company.<ref name="oww">http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/s/shawn-michaels.html</ref> The following year, the duo were given another opportunity and achieved some level of success before ending the team and focusing on solo careers in 1991. In 1992, Michaels added [[Sherri Martel]] as his manager and went on a winning streak that culminated in him winning the [[Intercontinental Title]]. His new found fame ultimately went to his head and he became difficult to deal with back stage. Recalled Michaels: "I don't deny it at all...I was a son of a gun."<ref name="rawmag">Interview with WWE Raw Magazine, April 2004</ref> He was suspended for refusing to lose the title.<ref name="oww"/>

==The Kliq==
Michaels befriended powerful sports entertainers [[Scott Hall]] and [[Kevin Nash]]. The trio became known as "The Kliq". They used their power to alter storylines to their benefit and to avoid losing matches. Michaels was notorious for losing championships without actually losing, such as suddenly suffering an injury whenever he was asked to drop a match.<ref>http://www.hack-man.com/Wrestling/Interviews/wres-news-shane-douglas-int-9602.html</ref>

==Christianity==
Michaels attributes his conversion to [[Christianity]] to his wife's influence. Michaels: "She was a witness by example. One day, I just cracked open a Bible and started reading it, and it progressed from there."<ref name="rawmag"/>

==References==
<references/>
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michaels, Shawn}}
[[Category: Christians]]
[[Category: Wrestlers]]

Eng and Chang Bunker

2010-07-16T22:52:56Z

JoeFerguson:

Eng and Chang Bunker (1811-74) were conjoined twins from Siam. Their fame led to the term siamese twins. The settled in Mount Airy, [[North Carolina]] in 1839 and married sisters.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bunker, Eng and Chang}}
[[Category:Biographies]]

Nick Clegg

2010-07-16T22:51:30Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */

'''Nick Clegg''' (b. January 7, 1967) is the leader of the British [[Liberal Democrats]] and current [[Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Lord President of the Council]].
Clegg is an [[atheist]].

== Early Life ==

Nick Clegg was born '''Nicholas William Peter Clegg''' in Buckinghamshire. His father was half-English, half-Russian. His mother was Dutch. He speaks English, Dutch, French, German and Spanish. His wife is Roman Catholic. Aged sixteen, Clegg was arrested in Germany and charged with arson. He and his friends destroyed a priceless collection of rare [[cactus|cacti]] while he was drunk.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1193693/Id-drunk-I-irresponsible-Criminal-Nick-Clegg-regrets.html Daily Mail - Nick Clegg on his regrets]</ref>

== Politics ==

Clegg describes himself as [[liberal#Liberalism in Europe today|liberal]] and is in favour of handing over further powers from British soverignty to the [[European Union]]. Each of the five bodies of the EU currently has some sort of legislative or judiciary power over the UK (with these ranging from simple group discussions in the Council of Ministers to fully independent legislation from the European Parliament.) He is in favour of significantly higher taxes for the rich, including a mansion tax - a fixed annual levy on all houses worth more than two million pounds, and of raising the income tax threshold to £10,000.
The policies of Clegg and his Party differ significantly from that of the two major UK parties, but in very different ways. The main points of difference with the Conservatives are over tax and monetary policy, with Clegg being definitely to the left of the Conservatives, but probably a little to the right of Labour (this is hard to say as Lib Dem tax policies are more leftist than Labour's, yet Labour's Keynsian approach to ending the recession is far to the left of Clegg, whose policies in this area are more Conservative.) However, the differences with Labour are mostly social, with the Liberal Democrats being significantly more in favour of small-government and decentralisation than even the Conservatives, who have (since Labour reversed many of its positions in the 90s) been the less authoritarian of the two major parties. In this area Clegg, like Cameron of the Conservatives, favours less central administration of schools and hospitals, and more power to local communities. Because of this, it is untrue to claim that Clegg's views are a "more extreme" version of either Labour or the Conservatives, but they cannot be placed in the middle either. The complex nature of their stance makes such simple comparisons impossible. On a few other policy issues, such as nuclear weapons, Clegg is noticeably distant from either major party (Clegg favours disarmament.)

Clegg is in favour of the Single Transferable Vote system for elections to Westminster. This system combines elements of majoritarianism (where an unpopular candidate cannot be elected by default because of a split in the vote of his opposition between several similar opposing candidates as is the case in FPTP (first past the post)) with elements of proportionality (where the number of votes cast for any candidate is directly proportional to the power said candidate has in government.) This system is praised by the UKs Electoral Reform Society, which has condemned the FPTP system for being unfair, as many votes are "wasted" and parties represented in a smaller area of the country need fewer votes to achieve a majority in Parliament. This system has resulted in several Labour victories with vote percentages that would not give the Conservatives a victory, and would garner very little support for parties with nationwide support such as UKIP or Clegg's own Liberal Democrats. In fact, in the 2010 election itself, UKIP recieved more than 3% of the vote, but assumed not a single one of the 650 seats in Parliament.

Clegg's performance in the first ever televised live UK election debate thrust him into the spotlight and up the opinion polls, with one poll even placing him first among the Prime Ministerial candidates at one point. However, a number of factors conspired to actually end up reducing the number of seats held by the Liberal Democrats at the election. The FPTP system, as mentioned above, discriminates against a party that is supported across the whole country, such as the Liberal Democrats or UKIP (the UK independence party, a vehemently anti-EU party.) David Cameron's support markedly increased in the final week leading up to the election. Gordon Brown's popularity took a major hit in the lead-up to the election, peaking with an occasion where he referred to a pensioner as a "bigoted woman", due to the nature of the FPTP electoral system's making the election a race between Conservatives and Labour, despite widespread Liberal Democrat support, many voters abandoned the Liberal Democrats at the 11th hour in order to prevent Brown's re-election by the splitting of his opposition between Clegg and Cameron. Despite this - Clegg was left in a position of considerable power when the Conservatives failed to gain a majority. This was not quite as important as it may have seemed, as a Labour-Liberal coalition would also not have had a majority, so a Liberal-Conservative coalition was really the only feasible option. Some had predicted Clegg would be a "king-maker" (able to form a majority when allied with either major party, and thus in a position of huge power out of proportion to his vote) but this did not come about. Despite Brown's resignation in the hope of sweetening a deal, David Cameron assumed the office of Prime Minister, with Nick Clegg as his deputy. Four other Liberal Democrats were placed in cabinet positions, and the "coalition manifesto" included a number of Liberal Democrat policies including a high-speed rail network (as opposed to further airport expansion planned by Cameron) and the raising of the income tax threshold to £10,000. It was reported that many senior Liberals were sceptical of a Conservative coalition until they had seen the manifesto. On voting reform and inheritance tax, as well as many other major issues, a compromise was reached.

== References ==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clegg, Nick}}
[[Category:Biographies]]
[[Category: British Politics]]

Paul Samuelson

2010-07-16T22:50:08Z

JoeFerguson: /* External links */

[[File:Paul Samuelson.jpg|right]]
'''Paul Anthony Samuelson''' (Gary, Indiana, 1915 - Belmont, Massachusetts, 2009) was an American economist of [[Jewish]] ancestry. He studied at the University of Chicago, and [[Harvard University]] (Master degree in 1936 and a Ph.D. in 1941). In 1970, he received the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Memorial Prize]] in Economic Sciences. Samuelson was the author of ''Foundations of Economic Analysis'' (1947), and a textbook, ''Economics: An Introductory Analysis'' (1948); the last one a popular and influential book for students translated into forty-one languages and considered the best-selling economics textbook in history. He wrote also numerous pioneering articles on economic theory (''Collected Scientific Papers'', 5 vol., 1966 - 1986).

Samuelson was essential to creating the Neoclassical economics, as a neo-Keynesian economist founder. He used [[mathematical]] methods developed for [[thermodynamics]] to the study of economics. Samuelson considered himself an '''eclectic liberal'''. He is best known for his methods and innovations in economics, and not for his political ideas.

<center>
''“There is nothing in the theory that says trade is always a win-win-win for every group”. ''
</center>

<blockquote>
Samuelson’s magnum opus, which did more than any other single book to spread the mathematical revolution in economics, is ''Foundations of Economic Analysis''. Based on his Harvard Ph.D. dissertation, this book shows how virtually all economic behavior can be understood as maximizing or minimizing subject to a constraint. [http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Samuelson.html]
</blockquote>

Samuelson spent most of his professional life at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor. In 1961, Samuelson was president of the American Economic Association, and of the International Economic Association, 1965-1968.

<blockquote>
''“The work he did, with no hyperbole, revolutionized numerous fields, including public finance, international trade, and macroeconomics”'', Alan Blinder.
</blockquote>

== External links ==

*[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aOpQZ0O9kjqE Paul Samuelson, Nobel-Winning Economist, Dies at 94.]
*[http://www.answers.com/topic/paul-samuelson Paul Samuelson.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samuelson, Paul}}
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Biographies]]

Richard Welch

2010-07-16T22:48:26Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */

'''Richard S. Welch''' (1929-December 23, 1975),<ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/rwelch.htm Richard S. Welch, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)], [[Arlington National Cemetery]] Website.</ref> a [[Harvard]] educated classicist, was a [[CIA]] Station Chief murdered by the radical [[leftist]] organization [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November]].<ref>[http://www.afio.com/sections/wins/2002/2002-31.html#Greek_Assassins Greek Assassins Arrested], ''Association of Former Intelligence Officers'', Weekly Intelligence Notes #31-02 5 August 2002.</ref><ref>[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/137503422.html?did=137503422&FMT=ABS&FMTS=AI&date=Dec+29%2C+1975&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1974-Current+file)&desc=Richard+S.+Welch ''[[Washington Post]]''], ''Obituary: Richard S. Welch.'' 29 December 1975, A16. ISBN 01908286 </ref> He had been stationed in [[Athens]] only a few months before he was murdered outside his home. He was outed by a magazine called ''[[CounterSpy]]''<ref>[http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1994_cr/s940715-halperin.htm Morton H. Halperin and National Security Issues--A Partial Record],Congressional Record, Senate - July 15, 1994, pg. S9109.</ref><ref>Counterspy: How a Group of Ex-Agents Turned on Their Bosses: and Began Publishing a Magazine That Sent Shudders Through the U.S. Intelligence Community, [[Chip Berlet]], ''Alternative Media'', Vol 9 No 5 Jan/Feb 1977.</ref> edited by [[Timothy Butz]]. Butz also served on the editorial staff of ''[[Political Research Associates|The Public Eye]]''<ref>"Public Eye Staff," The Public Eye (Vol II, Issues 1 & 2, 1979), 3. Quoted in [http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/wilcox/5.html Laird Wilcox], ''The Watchdogs: A Close Look at Anti-Racist "Watchdog" Groups'', Second Edition, Part 2, Chapter Four: Political Research Associates, A Study in "Links and ties," Editorial Research Service, 1999, pg. 29. ISBN 0-993592-96-5. </ref> and as the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] of Nebraska Executive Director.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/safefree/general/18741prs20041005.html ACLU of Nebraska Charges State Patrol and FBI with Violating Free Speech Rights of ACLU Official], Press Release, (10/5/2004).</ref>

Welch's murder lead to the passage of the [[Intelligence Identities Protection Act]] of 1982,<ref>"Agent-ID bill had its roots in R.I.", John E. Mulligan, Providence Journal-Bulletin, 22 October 2003. [http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/document?_m=b4acc26769d98ce08b65d56665d35ea6&_docnum=1&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkVA&_md5=5eed158f0f3359d61b1cc20b473cd308]</ref> making it illegal to reveal the name of an agent who has a covert relationship with an American intelligence organization.

In 2003, fifteen defendants were convicted of Welch's murder.

By Presidential Order of U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]], Welch was buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]].

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:biographies]]
[[Category:Cold War]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Welch, Richard}}
[[Category:Cold War]]
[[Category:Terrorism victims|Welch, Richard S.]]

Merv Corning

2010-07-16T22:46:22Z

JoeFerguson: /* References */

'''Merv Corning''' (1926-2006) was a self-taught illustrator and painter, famous for depicting [[World War 1]] aviation, [[NFL]] stars, and his work for the Automobile Club of Southern California. He is noted for his realistic style.

Corning has worked as a judge for art shows, and as a cover artist for Westways magazine.<ref>Roth, M. 2009. ''One of a Kind''. Westways, November/December 2009. La Mesa, CA: Automobile Club of Southern California</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corning, Merv}}
[[Category:Biographies]]

John Logan

2010-07-16T22:44:28Z

JoeFerguson: /* External links */

[[File:John Logan.jpg|right|150px|Gen. John Logan]]
'''John Alexander Logan''' ("Black Jack" Logan) (1826 – 1886) was an American General, and a prominent Democrat politician. He participate in the [[Mexican War|Mexican-American War]] and served in the Union Army in the [[American Civil War]]. He was Senator from Illinois and candidate for Vice President of the United States.

Logan's name is mentioned in the [[Illinois]] State Song.

<blockquote>
[[Memorial Day]] was officially proclaimed on 5 May 1868 by General John Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, in his General Order No. 11, and was first observed on 30 May 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. [http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html]
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
The holiday was first observed on May 30, 1868, and Gen. Logan chose that date for two very important reasons: First, the day did not mark the anniversary of a Civil War battle, and second "flowers would likely be in bloom all over the United States." Indeed, many took flowers to Arlington National Cemetery, an activity that still occurs every year. [http://buzz.yahoo.com/buzzlog/93711?fp=1]
</blockquote>

== External links ==

*[http://logan-twp.org/about.htm The Township of Logan]
*[http://www.usmemorialday.org/backgrnd.html Memorial Day History]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, John}}
[[Category:Biographies]]

Tim Tebow

2010-07-08T03:56:30Z

JoeFerguson:

[[File:Tim Tebow.jpg|right|150px]]
'''Tim Tebow''' is an [[American]] [[football]] player who first gained noteriety while playing for the Florida Gators. He is the first sophomore to win the [[Heisman Trophy]] and led the Gators to two [[BCS]] Championships during his four years playing for the [[University of Florida]]. He was selected with the 25th pick of the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft by the [[Denver Broncos]].

His mission trip in the summer of 2008 to the [[Philippines]] was chronicled in an issue of [[ESPN the Magazine]].

He was [[homeschooled]] until college.

==Personal Life==
His faith in [[Christ]] is a well-known fact inside and outside the sports world.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tebow, Tim}}
[[Category:Football Players]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category: Pro-Life]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]

Tim Tebow

2010-07-08T03:55:44Z

JoeFerguson:

[[File:Tim Tebow.jpg|right|150px]]
'''Tim Tebow''' is an [[American]] [[football]] player who first gained noteriety while playing for the Florida Gators. He is the first sophomore to win the [[Heisman Trophy]] and led the Gators to two [[BCS]] Championships during his four years playing for the [[University of Florida]]. He was selected with the 25th pick of the first round of the 2010 NFL Draft to the [[Denver Broncos]].

His mission trip in the summer of 2008 to the [[Philippines]] was chronicled in an issue of [[ESPN the Magazine]].

He was [[homeschooled]] until college.

==Personal Life==
His faith in [[Christ]] is a well-known fact inside and outside the sports world.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tebow, Tim}}
[[Category:Football Players]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category: Pro-Life]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]

Tim Tebow

2010-07-08T03:52:20Z

JoeFerguson:

[[File:Tim Tebow.jpg|right|150px]]
'''Tim Tebow''' is an [[American]] [[football]] player who first gained noteriety while playing for the Florida Gators. He is the first sophomore to win the [[Heisman Trophy]] and led the Gators to two [[BCS]] Championships during his four years playing for the [[University of Florida]]. He was selected with the 25th pick of the second round to the [[Denver Broncos]] in April 2010.

His mission trip in the summer of 2008 to the [[Philippines]] was chronicled in an issue of [[ESPN the Magazine]].

He was [[homeschooled]] until college.

==Personal Life==
His faith in [[Christ]] is a well-known fact inside and outside the sports world.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tebow, Tim}}
[[Category:Football Players]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category: Pro-Life]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]

Tim Tebow

2010-07-08T03:37:55Z

JoeFerguson: /* Personal Life */truly one of the greats IMO

[[File:Tim Tebow.jpg|right|150px]]
'''Tim Tebow''' is an [[American]] [[football]] player currently being evaluated for the 2010 NFL Entry Draft. He is the first sophomore to win the [[Heisman Trophy]] and led the Gators to two [[BCS]] Championships during his four years playing for the [[University of Florida|Florida Gators]]. His mission trip in the summer of 2008 to the [[Philippines]] was chronicled in an issue of [[ESPN the Magazine]].

He was [[homeschooled]] until college.

==Personal Life==
His faith in [[Christ]] is a well-known fact inside and outside the sports world.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tebow, Tim}}
[[Category:Football Players]]
[[Category:Christians]]
[[Category: Pro-Life]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]

Grover Norquist

2010-07-08T03:35:18Z

JoeFerguson:

'''Grover Norquist''' is the leader of the movement to protect Americans from higher taxes with his famous “Tax Pledge,” and he is the ultimate [[Washington, D.C.]] insider.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norquist, Grover}}
[[Category: Political Operatives]]
[[Category:The 100 Americans The Left Hates Most]]