Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Public Broadcasting Service

2013-03-20T18:33:03Z

JohnDaker: Undo revision 1041836 by DashP (talk)

{{distinguish2|[[Public Broadcasting Services]] in Malta, [[Public Broadcast Service]] in Barbados, or [[Philippine Broadcasting Service]] in the Philippines; for other uses, see [[PBS (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
|name = PBS
|logo = [[Image:PBS Logo.svg|180px]]
|type = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]] [[television network]]
|country = {{USA}}
|available = Nationwide
|headquarters = 2100 Crystal Drive [[Arlington, VA]] 22202
|founded =
|founder =
|slogan = ''Be more''
|motto =
|market_share =
|license_area =
|broadcast_area =
|area =
|erp =
|key_people = Paula Kerger, [[President]] and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]<ref>{{cite web| title=PBS Corporate Officers and Senior Executives| url=http://www.pbs.org/aboutpbs/aboutpbs_corp_officers.html| accessdate=2009-09-25}}</ref>
|foundation =
|launch_date = {{Start date|1970|10|5}}
|former_names = [[National Educational Television]] ({{Start date|1952}}–{{End date|1970}})
|digital =
|Picture format = [[480i]] (16:9 SDTV) [[720p]] [[1080i]] (HDTV)
|analog =
|servicename1 =
|service1 =
|servicename2 =
|service2 =
|servicename3 =
|service3 =
|servicename4 =
|service4 =
|callsigns =
|callsign_meaning =
|former_callsigns =
|affiliation =
|affiliates =
|groups =
|former_affiliations =
|website = {{URL|http://www.pbs.org}}
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Public Broadcasting Service''' ('''PBS''') is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] [[public broadcasting]] [[television]] network in the [[United States]], with 354 member [[television station]]s which hold [[collective ownership]].<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=About PBS | url=http://www.pbs.org/aboutpbs/ | publisher=PBS | year=2008 | accessdate=2008-12-30}}</ref> Its headquarters is in [[Arlington, Virginia|Arlington]], [[Virginia]].

PBS is the most prominent provider of [[television program]]s to U.S. public television stations, distributing series such as ''[[Sesame Street]]'', ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', ''[[Masterpiece (TV series)|Masterpiece]]'', and ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]''. Since the mid-2000s, [[GfK|Roper]] polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as America's most-trusted national institution.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.pbs.org/aboutpbs/news/20090213_pbsropersurvey.html | title=PBS #1 in public trust for the sixth consecutive year, according to a national Roper survey | date=February 13, 2009 | publisher=PBS | accessdate=July 14, 2009}}</ref> However, PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public TV stations; in fact, stations usually receive a large portion of their content (including most [[pledge drive]] specials) from [[third-party sources]], such as [[American Public Television]], NETA, [[WTTW|WTTW National Productions]] and independent producers. This distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion.<ref>{{cite web | author=Michael Getler | title=Caution: That Program May Not Be From PBS | url=http://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2008/05/caution_that_program_may_not_be_from_pbs.html | publisher=PBS | date=May 15, 2008 | accessdate=2008-12-30}}</ref>

PBS also has a [[subsidiary]] called [[National Datacast]] (NDI), which offers [[datacasting]] services via member stations. This helps PBS and its member stations earn extra [[revenue]].

== Overview ==
[[Image:PBS 1971 id.svg|thumb|right|225px|<center>PBS logo from 1971 to 1984</center>]]

PBS was founded on October 5, 1970, at which time it took over many of the functions of its predecessor, [[National Educational Television]] (NET), which later merged with station WNDT, [[Newark, New Jersey]], to form [[WNET]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Public Broadcasting PolicyBase | url=http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/PBSarticles69.html | title=Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service | work=Current Newspaper |date=January 14, 2000 | accessdate=2008-01-12}}</ref> In 1973, it merged with [[Educational Television Stations]].<ref name="JARVIK">Jarvik, Laurence Ariel, ''PBS, behind the screen'', Rocklin, CA : Forum, 1997. ISBN 0761506683</ref>

Unlike the model of America's [[commercial broadcasting]] [[television network]]s, in which affiliates give up portions of their local advertising airtime in exchange for network programming, PBS member stations pay fees for the shows acquired and distributed by the national organization.

This relationship means that PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts. Scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly from market to market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, and PBS strives to market a consistent national line-up. However, PBS has a policy of "common carriage" requiring most stations to clear the national [[prime-time]] programs on a common [[broadcast programming]] schedule, so that they can be more effectively marketed on a national basis.

Unlike its radio counterpart, [[National Public Radio]], PBS has no central program production arm or news department. All of the programming carried by PBS, whether news, documentary, or entertainment, is created by (or in most cases produced under contract with) other parties, such as individual member stations. [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] in [[Boston]] is one of the largest producers of [[educational television]] programming, including ''[[American Experience]]'', ''[[Masterpiece Theater]]'', ''[[Nova (TV series)|Nova]]'', ''[[Antiques Roadshow]]'' and ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'', as well as many other children's and lifestyle shows. News programs are produced by [[WETA-TV]] (''[[PBS Newshour]]'') in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[WNET]] in [[New York]] and [[WPBT]] in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]]. The ''[[Charlie Rose (talk show)|Charlie Rose]]'' interview show, ''[[Secrets of the Dead]]'', ''[[NOW on PBS]]'', ''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]]'', and ''[[Cyberchase]]'' come from or through [[WNET]] in New York. Once a program is offered to, and accepted by, PBS for distribution, PBS (and not the member station that supplied the program) retains exclusive rights for rebroadcasts during the period for which such rights were granted; the suppliers do maintain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as [[DVD]]s, books, and sometimes PBS [[merchandising|licensed merchandise]] (but sometimes grant such ancillary rights as well to PBS).

PBS stations are commonly operated by [[non-profit organization]]s, state agencies, local authorities (e.g., municipal boards of education), or [[university|universities]] in their [[city of license]]. In some [[U.S. state]]s, PBS stations throughout the entire state may be organized into a single regional "subnetwork" called a [[state network]] (e.g., [[Alabama Public Television]]). Unlike public broadcasters in most other countries, PBS does not own any of the stations that broadcast its programming (i.e., there are no PBS [[owned-and-operated station]]s (O&O) anywhere in the country). This is partly due to the origins of the PBS stations themselves, and partly due to historical [[broadcast license]] issues.

In the modern broadcast marketplace, this organizational structure is considered outmoded by some media critics. A common restructuring proposal is to reorganize the network so that each state would have one PBS member which would broadcast state-wide. However, this proposal is controversial, as it would reduce local community input into PBS programming, especially considering how PBS stations are significantly more community-oriented, according to the argument, than their [[commercial broadcasting]] counterparts.

In 1994, ''[[The Chronicle of Philanthropy]]'', an industry publication, released the results of the largest study of charitable and [[non-profit organization]] popularity and credibility. The study showed that PBS was ranked as the 11th "most popular charity/non-profit in America" from over 100 charities researched, with 38.2% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing "love" and "like a lot" for PBS.<ref>The Charities Americans Like Most And Least, The Chronicle of Philanthropy, December 13, 1996</ref><ref>Charity begins with health, Concern over diseases cited; Karen S. Peterson; December 20, 1994; USA Today; FINAL Page 01D</ref><ref>Survey helps firms choose charities; Laura Castaneda; December 13, 1994; The Dallas Morning News; HOME FINAL Page 1D</ref><ref>Interview with Lavalle 9/7/09</ref>

In December 2009, PBS signed up for the [[Nielsen ratings]] [[audience measurement]] reports for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gorman |first=Bill |url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/12/20/pbs-signs-up-for-nielsen-ratings/36822 |title=PBS Signs Up For Nielsen Ratings |publisher=Tvbythenumbers.com |date=2009-12-20 |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref>

From the beginning of 2011, [[KCET]] ceased to be part of PBS.

== Programming ==
{{Main|List of programs broadcast by Public Broadcasting Service}}

PBS stations are known for rebroadcasting British television [[costume drama]]s and [[Britcoms|comedies]] (acquired from the [[BBC]] and other sources); consequently, it has been joked that PBS means "Primarily British Series". However, a significant amount of sharing takes place. The BBC and British broadcasters such as [[Channel 4]] often cooperate with PBS stations, producing material that is shown on both sides of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. Less frequently, Canadian, Australian, and other international programming appears on PBS stations (such as ''[[The Red Green Show]]'', currently distributed by syndicator Executive Program Services); the public broadcasting syndicators are more likely to offer this programming to the U.S. public stations. PBS is also known for broadcasting British [[comedy]] and [[science fiction]] programs such as ''[['Allo 'Allo!]]'', ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'', ''[[Benny Hill|The Benny Hill Show]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Father Ted]]'', ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'', ''[[Harry Enfield and Chums]]'', ''[[Keeping Up Appearances]]'', ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'', ''[[Mr. Bean]]'' and ''[[Red Dwarf]]''.

PBS is not the only distributor of public television programming to the member stations. Other distributors have emerged from the roots of the old companies that had loosely held regional public television stations in the 1960s. [[Boston]]-based [[American Public Television]] (former names include Eastern Educational Network and American Program Service) is second only to PBS for distributing programs to U.S. non-commercial stations. Another distributor is NETA (formerly SECA), whose properties have included ''[[The Shapies]]'' and ''Jerry Yarnell School of Fine Art''.

In addition, the member stations themselves also produce a variety of local shows, some of which subsequently receive national distribution through PBS or the other [[television syndication|distributors]].

[[Rerun]] programming is generally uncommon on PBS or its affiliates, with some exceptions. ''[[The Lawrence Welk Show]]'' has run continuously in reruns on PBS (through the [[Oklahoma Educational Television Authority]]) almost every weekend since 1986. Other reruns are generally from past PBS series whose hosts have retired or died (for instance, ''[[The Joy of Painting]]'' and ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'').

=== Primetime ===

* [[Fine arts]] ([[Great Performances]])
* [[Drama]] ([[Masterpiece (TV series)|Masterpiece]], [[Downton Abbey]])
* [[Science]] ([[Nova (TV series)|Nova]], [[Nature (TV series)|Nature]])
* [[History]] ([[American Experience]], [[American Masters]], [[History Detectives]], [[Antiques Roadshow (U.S.)|Antiques Roadshow]])
* [[Music]] ([[Austin City Limits]])
* [[Public affairs (broadcasting)|Public affairs]] ([[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]], [[PBS NewsHour]], [[Washington Week]])
* [[Independent film]] ([[P.O.V.]], [[Independent Lens]])
* [[Home improvement|Home Improvement]] ([[This Old House]])
* [[Interviews]] ([[Charlie Rose (TV show)|Charlie Rose]], [[Tavis Smiley (TV series)|Tavis Smiley]])

=== PBS Kids ===
{{Main|PBS Kids}}

Founded in 1993, PBS Kids is the brand for [[children's programming]] aired by PBS in the United States. The PBS Kids network, which was established in 1999 and ran for seven years, was largely funded by [[DirecTV]]. The channel ceased operation on October 1, 2005, in favor of a new joint commercial venture, [[PBS Kids Sprout]]. However, the original programming block still exists on PBS.

[[PBS Kids]] has imported British children's series from the [[BBC]] and [[ITV]] (for example, ''[[Tots TV]]'', ''[[Teletubbies]]'', ''[[Boohbah]]'', and ''[[Thomas the Tank Engine]]''), as well as children's shows from Canada (i.e., ''[[The Big Comfy Couch]]'', ''[[Theodore Tugboat]]'', ''[[Wimzie's House]]'' and ''[[Polka Dot Door]]''). On June 4, 2007, their first imported Australian children's TV series debuted on PBS – ''[[RAGGS Kids Club Band|Raggs]]''. Some of the programs subsequently moved to commercial television (for example, ''[[Ghostwriter (TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'', and ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]''). [[File:KUHT Big Bird.jpg|thumb|Big Bird of Sesame Street]]

=== Sports ===

Many PBS member stations, including [[Mississippi Public Broadcasting]], Georgia Public Broadcasting, Maine Public Broadcasting Network, Nebraska Educational Television, and WKYU, locally broadcast [[high school]] and college sports. From the 1980s onward, the national PBS network has not typically carried sporting events, mainly because the cost of most sports broadcast rights have become prohibitive in that time frame, especially for nonprofits with limited revenue potential.

From 1976 to 1988, [[KQED (TV)|KQED]] produced a series of [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] matches as ''[[Soccer Made in Germany]]'', with [[Toby Charles]] announcing. PBS also carried [[tennis]] events,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/940/000354875/ |title=Mary Carillo |accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref> as well as [[Ivy League]] football. Notable football commentators included [[Upton Bell]], [[Marty Glickman]], [[Bob Casciola]], [[Brian Dowling (American football)|Brian Dowling]], [[Sean McDonough]], and [[Jack Corrigan (sportscaster)|Jack Corrigan]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Mark |url=http://www.letsgoquakers.com/football1980s.htm |title=Penn Football Tapes 1980–1989 |publisher=Letsgoquakers.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref> Other sports programs included interview series such as ''[[The Way It Was (TV series)|The Way It Was]]'' and ''The Sporting Life''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1985_251842/jim-palmer-jockeys-from-underwear-to-pbs.html |title=Jim Palmer jockeys from underwear to PBS |publisher=Houston Chronicle |date=1985-04-17 |accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref>

=== Participating stations ===
{{main|List of PBS member stations}}

Most PBS member stations have produced at least some nationally distributed programs. Current regularly scheduled programming on the [[PBS Satellite Service|PBS national feed]] is produced by a smaller group of stations, including:

{{multicol}}
*[[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] - (''[[Nova (TV series)|NOVA]]'', ''[[Masterpiece (TV series)|Masterpiece]]'', ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'', etc.)
*[[WNET]] - (''[[Charlie Rose (TV show)|Charlie Rose]]'', ''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]]'', ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', etc.)
*[[WETA-TV|WETA]] - (''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', ''[[Washington Week]]'', etc.)
*[[KLRU]] - (''[[Austin City Limits]]'')
*[[Oregon Public Broadcasting]] - (''[[History Detectives]]'')
*[[Twin Cities Public Television]] - (''[[WordGirl]]'')
{{multicol-end}}

== PBS networks ==

{| class= "wikitable"
|-
! Network !! Notes
|-
| [[PBS Kids Sprout]] || began September 26, 2005; a commercial cable venture.
|-
| [[PBS-HD]] || [[High-definition television|HDTV]] feed to member stations
|-
| [[PBS Satellite Service]] || 24-hour alternate network that provides a mixed variety of programming selected from PBS's regular network service, as well as for carriage on packaged satellite providers
|}

PBS has [[Spin out|spun-off]] a number of its [[TV network]]s, often in partnership with other media companies. [[PBS YOU]] was offered until January 2006, and largely succeeded by [[American Public Television]]'s [[Create (TV network)|Create]]; [[PBS Kids]] was replaced with [[PBS Kids Sprout|PBS KIDS Sprout]] at the start of October 2005. [[PBS World]] started operations in 2007 as PBS service, but is now managed by American Public Television.

PBS has also restructured its satellite feed system, simplifying [[PBS-HD|PBS-DT2]] into an western timeshift feed, rather than a high-definition complement to its formerly primary SD feed. A proposed network, [[PBS Kids GO!]] was cancelled in 2006.

Some or all are available on many [[digital cable]] systems, on [[free-to-air]] (FTA) TV via [[communications satellite]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyngsat.com/amc21.html |title=AMC 21 at 125.0°W |publisher=LyngSat |date=2011-03-02 |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref> as well as via [[direct broadcast satellite]]. With the transition to terrestrial [[digital television]] broadcasts, many are also often now available as "multiplexed" ([[Multicast#TV multicasting|multicasting]]) channels on some local stations' standard-definition digital signals, while DT2 is found among the HD signals. PBS Kids announced that they will have an early-morning Miss Lori and Hooper block with four PBS Kids shows usually around 08:00. With the absence of [[advertising]], network identification on these PBS networks were limited to utilization at the end of the program, which includes the standard series of [[Commercial bumper|bumpers]] from the "Be More" campaign.

=== Independent networks ===
While not operated or controlled by PBS proper, additional public broadcasting networks are available and carried by PBS member stations.

{| class= "wikitable"
|-
! Channel !! Programming !! Origin
|-
|| <center>[[File:Createtv.png|50px]] [[Create (TV network)|Create]]</center> || Educational and artistic programming || [[American Public Television|American Public TV]]
|-
|| <center>[[File:MHz Worldview.png|54px]] [[MHz WorldView]]</center>|| Ethnic programming || [[MHz Networks|MHz]]
|-
|| <center>[[File:V-me logo.svg|72px]] [[V-me]]</center> || [[Spanish language]] || [[WNET]]
|-
|| <center>[[File:PBSworld.png|100px]] [[PBS World|World]]</center> || News and documentaries ||[[American Public Television|American Public TV]]
|-
|| <center>[[File:FloridaChannel.png|74px]] [[The Florida Channel]]</center> || Regional interest ||[[WFSU-TV]]
|-
|| [[Minnesota Channel]] || Regional interest || [[Twin Cities Public Television|TPT]]
|-
|| [[The Ohio Channel]] || Regional interest || [[WVIZ]]
|}

From 2002 to 2011, [[WNED-TV]] produced [[ThinkBright|ThinkBright TV]], carried on several stations in upstate [[New York]].

A separate but related concept is the [[state network]], where a group of stations across a state simulcast a single programming schedule from a central facility, which may include specialty [[digital subchannel]]s unique to that broadcaster.

== Criticism and controversy ==

=== On-the-air fundraising ===

Since 53% to 60% of public television's revenues come from private membership donations and [[grants]],<ref name="revenue">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpb.org/stations/reports/revenue/2005PublicBroadcastingRevenue.pdf |title=Public Broadcasting Revenue Fiscal Year 2005 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref> most stations solicit individual donations by methods including [[fundraising]], [[pledge drive]]s or [[telethon]]s which can disrupt regularly scheduled programming. Some viewers find this a source of annoyance since normal programming is often replaced with specials aimed at a wider audience to solicit new members and donations.<ref>{{cite web| last=Getler| first=Michael| authorlink=Michael Getler| date=2006-03-24| url=http://www.pbs.org/ombudsman/2006/03/pledging_allegiance_or_march_madness.html| title=Pledging Allegiance, or March Madness?| publisher=PBS Ombudsman| accessdate=2006-05-22}}</ref>

===Accusations of political/ideological bias ===
* A 1982 broadcast of the [[United States Information Agency]] program ''Let Poland be Poland'' about the [[End of Communism in Poland (1989)|martial law declared in Poland in 1981]] was widely viewed in the U.S., but met with skepticism on the part of European broadcasters due to concerns that the show, "provocative and anticommunist," was intended as propaganda.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0785022/ Let Poland Be Poland] (1982, TV) on IMDB</ref><ref>[http://www.publicdiplomacycouncil.org/uploads/Eichler_Public_Diplomacy_Hungary.pdf US Public Diplomacy in Hungary: Past and Present]{{dead link|date=December 2012}}, Edward Eichler, April 25, 2008</ref>

* Individual programs have been the targets of organized campaigns by individuals and groups with opposing views, including former [[United States Secretary of Education]] [[Margaret Spellings]].<ref name="msnbc-012605">Associated Press.[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6869976/ "Education chief rips PBS for gay character: Network won't distribute episode with animated 'Buster' visiting Vt.,"] MSNBC, January 26, 2005.</ref>

* [[Bill Moyers]] resigned in 2005 after more than three decades as a PBS regular, citing political pressure to alter the content of his program and saying Chairman of the Board of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting [[Kenneth Tomlinson]] had mounted a "vendetta" against him.<ref name="farhi">Paul Farhi (April 22, 2005). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8067-2005Apr21.html PBS Scrutiny Raises Political Antennas.] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref> Moyers eventually returned to host ''[[Bill Moyers Journal]]'', after Tomlinson resigned. Subsequently, PBS made room temporarily for conservative commentator [[Tucker Carlson]], formerly of [[MSNBC]] and co-host of [[CNN]]'s ''[[Crossfire (TV series)|Crossfire]]'', and ''[[The Journal Editorial Report]]'' with [[Paul Gigot]], an editor of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' editorial page (this show has since moved to [[Fox News Channel]]) to partially balance out the perceived left-leaning PBS shows.<ref name="PBSBias">{{cite web|publisher=[[The Washington Times]]|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/may/04/20070504-085842-9258r/|title=PBS: Back to bias basics|date=May 4, 2007}}</ref> On November 3, 2005, CPB announced the resignation of Tomlinson amid investigations of improper financial dealings with consultants.<ref name="PBSBias" />

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">

* [[American Public Media]]
* [[American Public Television]]
* [[Instructional television]]
* [[List of PBS member stations]]
* [[List of United States over-the-air television networks]]
* [[NPR]]
* [[Public Radio International]]
* [[PBS HD Channel]]
* [[PBS idents]]
* [[PBS Kids]]
* [[Public television]]
* [[Television in the United States]]
* [[PBS America]]

</div>

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{ref improve|date=February 2013}}

== Further reading ==

* B.J. Bullert, ''Public Television: Politics and the Battle over Documentary Film'', Rutgers Univ Press 1997
* Barry Dornfeld, ''Producing Public Television, Producing Public Culture'', Princeton University Press 1998
* Ralph Engelman, ''Public Radio and Television in America: A Political History'', Sage Publications 1996
* [[James Ledbetter]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=acCCyOaUkK8C&printsec=frontcover ''Made Possible by: The Death of Public Broadcasting in the United States''], Verso 1998

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.pbs.org}}
* {{URL|http://www.pbs.org/producers/redbook/index.html|PBS "Red Book" (presentation guidelines for PBS programming)}}
* {{URL|http://www.wpt.org/blog/2008/07/wpt-be-more-tuned-in-videocast-pbs_31.html|Video interview with PBS President Paula Kerger}}
* {{URL|http://www.current.org|''Current'', the newspaper about public TV and radio in the United States}}
* {{Facebook|pbs|PBS}}
* {{Google+|+PBS|PBS}}
* {{twitter|pbs|PBS}}
* {{YouTube|user=PBS|PBS}}

{{Webby Awards|cat=TV|year=1997|type=Nominee|cat2=TV|year2=1998|type2=winner}}

{{PBSTV}}
{{Public broadcasting in the United States}}
{{Mister Rogers' Neighborhood}}

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:'''Related navpages:'''
:* [[Template:Sports television in the United States|Sports television in the United States]]
:* [[Template:U.S. broadcast television|U.S. broadcast television]]
:* [[Template:World Radio Network|World Radio Network]]
|}

[[Category:Commercial-free television networks]]
[[Category:Spanish-language television networks in the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1970]]
[[Category:Corporation for Public Broadcasting]]
[[Category:Public Broadcasting Service| ]]
[[Category:Public television in the United States]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1970]]
[[Category:Companies based in Virginia]]

National Public Radio

2013-03-20T18:31:21Z

JohnDaker: Undo revision 1041833 by DashP (talk)

{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
|name = NPR
|logo = [[File:National Public Radio logo.svg|Logo of NPR]]
|type = [[Public broadcasting|Public radio network]]
|branding =
|established = 1970
|test card =
|test of transmission =
|airdate = April 1971
|country = United States
|available = Global
|founder =
|slogan = ''"This is NPR"''<ref>http://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/</ref>
|motto =
|market_share =
|license_area =
|headquarters = Washington, D.C.
|broadcast_area = Nationwide
|area =
|erp =
|owner = National Public Radio, Inc.
|parent =
|key_people = [[Gary Knell]], President and Chief Executive Officer [[Debra Delman]], Senior Vice President, Strategic Operations and Finance
|foundation = February 26, 1970
|launch_date =
|dissolved =
|endowment = US$258 million
|revenue = US$159 million
|net_income = US$18.9 million
|former_names = [[Association of Public Radio Stations]] [[National Educational Radio Network]]
|digital =
|analog =
|affiliation = [[WRN Broadcast|World Radio Network]]
|affiliates =
|groups =
|former_affiliations =
|website = {{URL|npr.org}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''NPR''', formerly '''National Public Radio''',<ref name="WashPostNPRNameChange">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/07/AR2010070704578.html National Public Radio is changing its name to NPR] – [[Washington Post]], July 8, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-ed-names-20100712,0,5477523.story National Public Radio is now just NPR. Can nothing stop this move toward abbreviations?] – [[LA Times]], July 12, 2010</ref> is a privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization that serves as a national [[Radio syndication|syndicator]] to a network of 900 [[public radio]] [[List of NPR stations|stations]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/about/nprworks.html | title=How NPR Works: NPR's Mission Statement | publisher=NPR | accessdate=June 12, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070117145258/http://www.npr.org/about/nprworks.html  |archivedate = January 17, 2007}}</ref>

NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced. Most public radio stations broadcast a mixture of NPR programs, content from rival providers [[American Public Media]], [[Public Radio International]] and [[Public Radio Exchange]], and locally produced programs. NPR's flagships are two [[drive time]] news broadcasts, ''[[Morning Edition]]'' and the afternoon ''[[All Things Considered]]''; both are carried by most NPR member stations, and are two of the [[List of most-listened-to radio programs|most popular radio programs]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title="Mandela: An Audio History" on NPR's All Things Considered Series |url=http://www.npr.org/about/press/040412.mandela.html |quote=All Things Considered, NPR's daily, afternoon newsmagazine was first broadcast in 1971, and according to recent reports is the third most listened radio show in the country, attracting a weekly audience of 11.5 million people on 605 public radio stations nationwide. |work= National Public Radio |date=April 9, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Mitchell |first= Jack W. |title=Listener supported: the culture and history of public radio|year=2005 |publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group|quote=Conceived as "alternatives," ''Morning Edition'' and ''All Things Considered'' are the second and third most listened-to radio programs in the ... | page=175| url= http://books.google.com/?id=KIwTKWj04wEC&pg=PA175 |isbn=0-275-98352-8}}</ref>

NPR manages the [[Public Radio Satellite System]], which distributes NPR programs and other programming from independent producers and networks such as [[American Public Media]] and [[Public Radio International]]. Its content is also available on-demand via the web, mobile, and podcasts.

==History==

===1970s===
National Public Radio replaced the [[National Educational Radio Network]] on February 26, 1970, following congressional passage of the [[Public Broadcasting Act of 1967]].<ref name="JARVIK">Jarvik, Laurence Ariel, ''PBS, behind the screen'', Rocklin, CA : Forum, 1997. ISBN 0761506683</ref> This act was signed into law by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and established the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]], which also created the [[Public Broadcasting Service]] in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a Board of Directors chaired by [[Bernard Mayes]].

[[File:NPR 1970s logo.jpg|130px|left|thumb|1970s logo.]]

The board then hired [[Don Quayle|Donald Quayle]] to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member stations, and studios in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/history.html#history |title= History |publisher=NPR |accessdate= 2011-02-24}}</ref>

NPR aired its first broadcast in April 1971, covering [[United States Senate]] hearings on the [[Vietnam War]]. A month later, the afternoon drive-time newscast ''[[All Things Considered]]'' began, on May 3, 1971, first hosted by [[Robert Conley (reporter)|Robert Conley]]. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the [[Association of Public Radio Stations]]. As a membership organization, NPR was then charged with providing stations with training, program promotion, and management, and with representing the interests of public radio before Congress and providing content delivery mechanisms, such as satellite transmission.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

===1980s===
NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly US$7 million. After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR's president, [[Frank Mankiewicz]], the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] agreed to lend the network money in order to stave off bankruptcy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/GAOonNPR84.html | title=GAO statement on NPR financial crisis, 1984 | publisher=Public Broadcasting PolicyBase at [[Current.org]] | year=1984 | accessdate=June 12, 2007}}</ref> In exchange, NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead; in turn, those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis. NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture (the [[Public Radio Satellite System]]), making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.current.org/history/timeline/timeline-1980s.shtml#1986 | title= History of public broadcasting in the United States | publisher=[[Current.org]] | accessdate=June 12, 2007}}</ref>

[[File:NPRLogoOld.png|150px|right|thumb|Logo used during 1990s.]]

===1990s===
[[Delano Lewis]], the president of [[C&P Telephone]], left that position to become NPR's CEO and president in January 1994.<ref name="lewis1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/about/press/980403.del.html |title=Delano Lewis Resigns |date= April 3, 1998|publisher=NPR |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref> Lewis resigned in August 1998.<ref name="lewis1994"/><ref name="klose1998"/> In November 1998, NPR's board of directors hired [[Kevin Klose]], the director of the [[International Broadcasting Bureau]], as its president and chief executive officer.<ref name="klose1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/about/press/981111.klose.html |title=NPR Announces New President and CEO |publisher=NPR |date=November 11, 1998 |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref>

===2000s===
{{rquote|right|[[September 11 attacks|September 11th]] made it apparent in a very urgent way that we need another facility that could keep NPR going if something devastating happens in Washington.|Jay Kernis, NPR's senior VP for programming<ref name="nprwest2002"/>}}
In November 2002, NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast {{convert|25000|sqft|adj=on}} production facility, dubbed "NPR West", which opened in [[Culver City, California]]; it had room to for up to 90 employees, and was established to expand its production capabilities, improve its coverage of the western United States, and create a backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of a catastrophe in Washington.<ref name="nprwest2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/about/press/021016.nprwest.html |title=NPR Establishes Major Production Center in California NPR West Opens November 2, Expanding Network's Presence and Reach |publisher=NPR |date=November 2, 2002 |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref>

On November 6, 2003, NPR was given US$235 million<ref name="washpost2008"/> from the estate of the late [[Joan B. Kroc]], the widow of [[Ray Kroc]], founder of [[McDonald's Corporation]]. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |title=Billions and Billions Served, Hundreds of Millions Donated |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04EFD81439F934A35752C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |quote= National Public Radio announced yesterday that it had received a bequest worth at least $200 million from the widow of the longtime chairman of the McDonald's restaurant chain. The gift is the largest in the 33-year history of NPR, the nonprofit broadcasting corporation – and about twice the size of NPR's annual operating budget. It is believed to be among the largest ever pledged to an American cultural institution. |work=New York Times |date=November 7, 2003 |accessdate=July 28, 2008 | first1=Jacques | last1=Steinberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url= http://www.npr.org/about/press/031106.kroc.html | title=NPR Receives a Record Bequest of More Than $200 Million | publisher=National Public Radio | date=November 6, 2003 | accessdate=October 2, 2006}}</ref>

In 2004 NPR's budget increased by over 50% to US$153 million due to the Kroc gift. US$34 million of the money was deposited in its [[Financial endowment|endowment]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.current.org/npr/npr0409krocgift.shtml | title=Kroc gift lets NPR expand news, lower fees | date=May 24, 2004 | accessdate=October 2, 2006 | last=Janssen | first=Mike | work=[[Current.org]] }}</ref> The [[Financial endowment|endowment fund]] before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations' fees.<ref name=nyt/> The 2005 budget was about US$120 million.

[[Ken Stern]] became chief executive in September 2006, reportedly as the "hand-picked successor" of CEO Kevin Klose, who gave up the job but remained as NPR's president; Stern had worked with Klose at [[Radio Free Europe]].<ref name="washpost2008"/>

On December 10, 2008, NPR announced that it would reduce its workforce by 7% and cancel the news programs ''[[Day to Day]]'' and ''[[News & Notes]]''.<ref name="NPRTCSPla">
{{Cite news
| last = Carney | first= Steve
| title = National Public Radio to cut shows, personnel
| newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| date = December 10, 2008
| accessdate = December 11, 2008
| url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2008/12/national-public.html }}
</ref> The organization indicated this was in response to a rapid drop in corporate [[underwriting]] in the wake of the [[economic crisis of 2008]].<ref name="NPRTCSPla" />

In the fall of 2008, NPR programming reached a record 27.5 million people weekly, according to Arbitron ratings figures. NPR stations reach 32.7 million listeners overall.<ref name=audiencefigures>{{cite web |url= http://www.npr.org/about/press/2009/032409.AudienceRecord.html |title=NPR reaches new audience high | work= Press release |publisher=NPR |date=March 24, 2009 |accessdate=August 24, 2010}}</ref>

In March 2008, the NPR Board announced that Stern would be stepping down from his role as Chief Executive Officer, following conflict with NPR's Board of Directors "over the direction of the organization", including issues NPR's member station managers had had with NPR's expansion into [[new media]] "at the expense of serving" the stations that financially support NPR.<ref name="washpost2008">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/06/AR2008030603473.html NPR Leader out After Board Clash], ''[[Washington Post]]'', March 6, 2008.</ref>

As of 2009, corporate sponsorship made up 26% of the NPR budget.<ref name="npr" />

===2010s===
In July 2010, the former National Public Radio renamed itself NPR. Affiliated stations and staff were instructed to use the initials NPR.<ref name="WashPostNPRNameChange" /><ref>https://secure.nprlabs.org/powercalc/</ref>

In October 2010, NPR accepted a $1.8 million grant from the [[Open Society Institute]]. The grant is meant to begin a project called Impact of Government that is intended to add at least 100 journalists at NPR member radio stations in all 50 states over the next three years.<ref name=NYTSoros>{{cite news
| title = The Situation Room
| network = [[CNN]]
| airdate = October 22, 2010
| url = http://archives.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1010/22/sitroom.02.html
}}</ref> The OSI has made previous donations, but does not take on air credit for its gifts.<ref name="Chiu">Lisa Chiu, [http://philanthropy.com/article/Secret-Tape-Explores/126802/], "
Secret Recording Explores Relationship Between Billionaire Soros and NPR," The Chronicle of Philanthropy, March 17, 2011</ref>

==Governance==
[[File:National Public Radio headquarters.jpg|thumb|right|NPR headquarters at 635 [[Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts Avenue]] NW in Washington, D.C.]]

NPR is a membership corporation. Member stations are required to be [[non-commercial]] or [[non-commercial educational]] radio stations, have at least five full-time professional employees, operate for at least 18 hours per day, and not be designed solely to further a [[Religious broadcasting]] philosophy or be used for classroom [[Distance learning]] programming. Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings—exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative ("A-Rep").

To oversee the day-to-day operations and prepare its budget, members elect a Board of Directors. This board is composed of ten A-Reps, five members of the general public, and the chair of the NPR Foundation. Terms are for three years and rotate such that some stand for election every year.<ref>[http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/NPRbylaws99.html NPR Bylaws]; Public Broadcasting Policy Base; January 20, 1999</ref>

The original purposes of NPR, as ratified by the Board of Directors, are the following:
*Provide an identifiable daily product which is consistent and reflects the highest standards of broadcast journalism.
*Provide extended coverage of public events, issues and ideas, and to acquire and produce special public affairs programs.
*Acquire and produce cultural programs which can be scheduled individually by stations.
*Provide access to the intellectual and cultural resources of cities, universities and rural districts through a system of cooperative program development with member public radio stations.
*Develop and distribute programs for specific groups ([[Adult education]], instruction, modular units for local productions) which may meet needs of individual regions or groups, but may not have general national relevance.
*Establish liaison with foreign broadcasters for a program exchange service.
*Produce materials specifically intended to develop the art and technical potential of radio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/NPRpurposes.html|title=National Public Radio Purposes|work=Public Broadcasting PolicyBase at [[Current.org]] |last=Siemering|first=William|date=November 29, 1999|accessdate=October 2, 2006}}</ref>

{{As of|2012|05}}, the Board of Directors of NPR included the following members:

;NPR Member Station Managers

*Dave Edwards; Director/General Manager, [[WUWM]], [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] – (Chair of the Board, NPR)
*Bill Davis; President and CEO, [[Southern California Public Radio]]
*Jose Fajardo; President and CEO, [[WMFE-FM|WMFE]], [[Orlando, Florida]]
*Betsy Gardella; President and CEO, [[New Hampshire Public Radio]]
*Kit Jensen; Chief Operating Officer [[WVIZ|WVIZ/PBS]] & 90.3 [[WCPN|WCPN Ideastream]], [[Cleveland, Ohio]]
*Caryn Mathes; General Manager, [[WAMU]], Washington, DC
*Greg Petrowich; Executive Director, [[WSIU (FM)|WSIU Public Broadcasting]], [[Carbondale, Illinois]]
*Florence Rogers; President and General Manager, [[Nevada Public Radio]]
*Marita Rivero; Vice President and General Manager for Radio and Television, [[WGBH (FM)|WGBH]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
*Roger Sarow; President, [[WFAE]], [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]
*Bruce Bergethon; General Manager, [[WGLT]], [[Normal, Illinois]]

;President of NPR
*[[Gary Knell]], President and CEO (December 1, 2011– )

;Chair of the NPR Foundation
*Antoine W. van Agtmael; Chair, NPR Foundation; Chairman and Chief Investment Officer, Emerging Markets Management, LLP

;Public Members of the Board
*[[Carol A. Cartwright]]; Former President, [[Bowling Green State University]]
*Patricia Diaz Dennis; Senior Vice President and Assistant General Counsel, Retired, [[AT&T]]
*Paul Haaga; Chairman of the Board, Capital Research and Management Company
*Eduardo A. Hauser; Chief Executive Officer, DailyMe, Inc.
*John A. Herrmann, Jr.; Vice Chairman, Lincoln International

==Funding==
In 2010, NPR revenues totaled $180 million, with the bulk of revenues coming from programming fees, [[Grant (money)|grants]] from [[foundation (charity)|foundation]]s or business entities, contributions and [[Sponsor (commercial)|sponsorships]].<ref name="npr" /> According to the 2009 financial statement, about 50% of NPR revenues come from the fees it charges member stations for programming and distribution charges.<ref name="npr" /> Typically, NPR member stations receive funds through on-air [[pledge drive]]s, corporate underwriting, state and local governments, educational institutions, and the federally funded [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting|Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)]]. In 2009, member stations derived 6% of their revenue from federal, state and local government funding, 10% of their revenue from [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting|CPB]] grants, and 14% of their revenue from universities.<ref name = "npr">{{cite web| url= http://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/publicradiofinances.html |title=Public Radio Finances |publisher=NPR |accessdate=October 22, 2010}}</ref><ref name="NPR Responds">{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2009/02/npr_responds.asp|title=NPR Responds|accessdate = January 14, 2010}}</ref> While NPR does not receive any direct federal funding, it does receive a small number of competitive grants from CPB and federal agencies like the Department of Education and the Department of Commerce. This funding amounts to approximately 2% of NPR’s overall revenues.<ref name="npr" />

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government. Steps were taken during the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support, but [[#History|the 1983 funding crisis]] forced the network to make immediate changes. Now more money to fund the NPR network is raised from listeners, charitable [[foundation (charity)|foundations]] and corporations instead.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} According to [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting|CPB]], in 2009 11.3% of the aggregate revenues of all public radio broadcasting stations were funded from federal sources, principally through CPB.<ref name="CPB2009">{{cite web |url= http://www.cpb.org/stations/reports/revenue/2009PublicBroadcastingRevenue.pdf |title=Table 2 Public Broadcasting Revenue by Public Television and Radio System and Source of Revenue, Fiscal Year 2008–2009 |work= Public Broadcasting Revenue Fiscal Year 2009 |publisher=Corporation for Public Broadcasting |accessdate=August 5, 2011}}</ref>

===Underwriting spots vs. commercials===
In contrast with [[commercial broadcasting]], NPR does not carry traditional radio commercials, but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major donors. These statements are called [[underwriting spot]]s and, unlike commercials, are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to [[truth in advertising]] laws; they cannot advocate a product or "promote the goods and services" of for-profit entities.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Public and Broadcasting|url=http://www.fcc.gov/guides/public-and-broadcasting-july-2008#UNDERWRITING|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|accessdate=3 March 2013|year=2008}}</ref>

==Listenership==
According to a 2009 Washington Post article,<ref>{{cite news|last=Farhi|first=Paul|title=Good News for NPR: Its Most Listeners Ever|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/23/AR2009032302972.html|accessdate=7 March 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=24 March 2009}}</ref> about 20.9 million listeners tune in to NPR each week. The average listener is 49 years old,<ref>{{cite web|title=Audience|url=http://www.npr.org/about/aboutnpr/audience.html|publisher=NPR|accessdate=7 March 2013}}</ref>and earns an annual household income (HHI) of US$93,000. As of 2006, NPR's listenership is 80% [[white people|white]] and 20% non-white.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2006/09/01/08 |title=The Listeners of National Public Radio |publisher=Onthemedia.org |date=September 1, 2006 |accessdate=August 24, 2010}}</ref> While [[Arbitron]] tracks public radio listenership, they do not include public radio in their published rankings of radio stations.

NPR stations generally do not subscribe to the [[Arbitron|Arbitron rating service]], and are not included in published ratings and rankings such as ''[[Radio & Records]]''. However, NPR station listenership is measured by Arbitron in both Diary and PPM (people meter) markets. NPR stations are frequently not included in "summary level" diary data used by most advertising agencies for media planning. Data on NPR listening can be accessed using "respondent level" diary data. Additionally, all radio stations (public and commercial) are treated equally within the PPM data sets making NPR station listenership data much more widely available to the media planning community. According to Artitron's National Broadcast Audience Estimate report for September 29, 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/archives/archive.php?thingId=125885971 |title=Audience Estimates |publisher=NPR |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref> NPR's signature morning news program, "[[Morning Edition]]", is the network's most popular program, drawing 12.9 million listeners a week, with its afternoon newsmagazine, "[[All Things Considered]]", a close second, with 12.2 million listeners a week. Arbitron data is also provided by [[Radio Research Consortium]], a non-profit corporation which subscribes to the Aribtron service and distributes the data to NPR and other non-commercial stations and on its website.<ref name=sfcron>{{cite news | first=Ben | last=Fong-Torres | title=Radio Waves | date=March 12, 2006 | url =http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/12/PKGU9GINB71.DTL | work =San Francisco Chronicle | accessdate = April 26, 2008 }}</ref> In a Harris telephone survey conducted in 2005, NPR was the most trusted news source in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6282871.html?display=Breaking+News&referral=SUPP|title=Survey Says: Noncom News Most Trusted | work=Broadcasting & Cable | date=November 10, 2005 | accessdate=October 2, 2006 | last=Eggerton | first=John}}</ref>

== Digital media ==
NPR's history in [[digital media]] includes the work of an independent, for-profit company called Public Interactive, which was founded in 1999<ref name="PRINPR2008"/> and acquired by [[Public Radio International|PRI]] in June 2004, when it became a non-profit company.<ref name="nprDS2004">{{cite web|url=http://info.ds.npr.org/060204release.html |title=Public Interactive Press Area |publisher=NPR |date=June 2, 2004 |accessdate= 2012-02-16}}</ref> By July 2008, Public Interactive had "170 subscribers who collectively operate 325 public radio and television stations" and clients such as ''[[Car Talk]]'', ''[[The World (radio program)|The World]]'', and ''[[The Tavis Smiley Show]]''; by the end of that month, NPR acquired Public Interactive from PRI<ref name="PRINPR2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/about/press/2008/073108.PublicInteractive.html |title=PRI And NPR Announce Deal To Grow Public Interactive, Public Media's Leading Web Services Company |publisher=NPR |date= July 31, 2008 |accessdate= 2012-02-16}}</ref> In March 2011, NPR revealed a restructuring proposal in which Boston-based Public Interactive would become NPR Digital Services, separate from the Washington D.C.-based NPR Digital Media, which focuses on NPR-branded services.<ref name="NPRDigital2011">{{cite web|first=Karen|last= Everhart |url=http://www.current.org/web/web1105pi.html |title=Web infrastructure for pubmedia, 2011 |publisher= Current.org |date=March 7, 2011 |accessdate=2012-02-16}}</ref> NPR Digital Services would continue offering its services to public TV stations.<ref name="NPRDigital2011"/>

The technical backbone of its digital news publishing system is Core Publisher, which was built on [[Drupal]], the open-source [[content management system]].<ref name="NPRDigital2011"/>

NPR has been dubbed as "leveraging the Twitter generation", because of its adaptation of the popular microblogging service as one of its primary vehicles of information. Of NPR’s Twitter followers, the majority (67%) still do listen to NPR on the radio. According to Mashable.com, in a survey of more than 10,000 respondents, NPR found that its Twitter (Twitter) followers are younger, more connected to the social web, and more likely to access content through digital platforms such as [http://www.npr.org/ NPR’s website], [http://www.npr.org/rss/podcast/podcast_directory.php podcasts], [http://www.npr.org/services/mobile/ mobile apps] and more. [http://twitter.com/npr NPR has more than one Twitter account]; its survey found that most respondents followed between two and five NPR accounts, including topical account, show-specific accounts and on-air staff accounts.<ref>{{cite web| last = Spiegel| first = Rachel| title = Research: Thalido…| url=http://science-educat…| accessdate = April 30, 2006 }}</ref>
In addition, [https://www.facebook.com/NPR NPR's Facebook Page] has been at the forefront of the company foray into social media. Started by college student and fan Geoff Campbell<ref>{{cite web| last = Campbell| first = Geoff| title =Mount Allison student gets Facebook ball rolling for American media organization, NPR| url=http://www.mta.ca/news/index.php?id=3518#3518| accessdate = March 2, 2011 }}</ref> in 2008, the page was quickly taken over by the organization,<ref>{{cite web| last = Campbell| first = Geoff| title =How Andy Carvin took over NPR's Facebook Page from Student/Creator Geoff Campbell | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwHvlZmr9KI| accessdate = March 2, 2011 }}</ref> and over the last two years has grown to over 2.2 million fans and is a popular example of the company's new focus on a younger audience.<ref>{{cite web| last =Tenore| first = Mallary Jean | title =Carvin: Facebook Lets NPR Empower Those Who Love Us, Listen to Those Who Don’t| url=http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/104499/carvin-facebook-lets-npr-empower-those-who-love-us-listen-to-those-who-dont/| accessdate = March 2, 2011 }}</ref>

==Programming==

===Programs produced by NPR===

====News and public affairs programs====
[[File:NPR News logo.png|thumb|NPR News logo]]
NPR produces a morning and an afternoon news program, both of which also have weekend editions with different hosts. It also produces hourly news briefs around the clock. NPR formerly distributed the [[WRN Broadcast|World Radio Network]], a daily compilation of news reports from international radio news, but no longer does so.

* ''[[All Things Considered]]'', hosted by [[Robert Siegel]], [[Audie Cornish]] and [[Melissa Block]]
** ''[[Weekend All Things Considered]]'', hosted by [[Guy Raz]]
* ''[[Morning Edition]]'', hosted by [[Steve Inskeep]] and [[Renée Montagne]]
** ''[[Radio Expeditions]]'' (with the [[National Geographic Society]])
** ''[[Weekend Edition|Weekend Edition Saturday]]'', hosted by [[Scott Simon]]
** ''[[Weekend Edition|Weekend Edition Sunday]]'', hosted by [[Linda Wertheimer]]
* ''[[Talk of the Nation]]'': public affairs call-in (host [[Neal Conan]])
** ''[[Science Friday]]'': science issues call-in (host [[Ira Flatow]])
* ''[[Tell Me More]]'': public affairs/interviews (host [[Michel Martin]])

====Cultural programming====
* ''[[All Songs Considered]]'', hosted by [[Bob Boilen]]
* In 2000, NPR co-produced and distributed ''[[2000X]]'', a [[Hollywood Theater of the Ear]] production of science fiction radio plays, presented as part of ''[[NPR Playhouse]]''
* ''[[Earplay]]'', a radio drama anthology (1971–1981)
* ''[[Jazz Profiles]]'', hosted by [[Nancy Wilson (singer)|Nancy Wilson]], NPR Jazz
* ''NPR World of Opera'', hosted by [[Lisa Simeone]]
* ''[[The Thistle & Shamrock]]'', Celtic music hosted by [[Fiona Ritchie]]
* ''[[Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!]]'', a humorous news quiz co-produced with [[Chicago Public Radio]] and hosted by [[Peter Sagal]]
* ''[[A Way With Words]]'', a show that answers language questions produced by Wayword LLC and hosted by [[Martha Barnette]] and [[Grant Barrett]]

===Programs distributed by NPR===

====News and public affairs====
* ''[[America Abroad]]'', international affairs program hosted by [[Ray Suarez]] (PRI and NPR Worldwide)
* ''[[American RadioWorks]]'', provider of documentaries on [[Morning Edition]] and [[All Things Considered]] hosted by [[Ray Suarez]] ([[American Public Media]])
* ''[[The Diane Rehm Show]]'', public affairs call-in program hosted by [[Diane Rehm]] ([[WAMU]])
* ''[[Fresh Air]]'', interviews with cultural news-makers hosted by [[Terry Gross]] ([[WHYY-FM|WHYY]])
* ''[[Justice Talking]]'', legal issues hosted by [[Margot Adler]] ([[Annenberg Public Policy Center|University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg Public Policy Center]])
* ''[[Latino USA]]'', Latino issues hosted by [[Maria Hinojosa]] ([[KUT-FM|KUT]])
* ''[[On Point]]'', public affairs call-in program hosted by [[Tom Ashbrook]] ([[WBUR]])
* ''[[On the Media]]'', media issues hosted by [[Brooke Gladstone]] and [[Bob Garfield]] ([[WNYC]])
* ''[[Tech Nation]]'' with regular segment ''[[BioTech Nation]]'', impact of technology and science on modern life hosted by [[Moira Gunn]] ([[Tech Nation Media]] at [[KQED]])

====Cultural programs====
* ''[[The Business (radio)|The Business]]'', [[film industry]] news hosted by [[Claude Brodesser]] [[KCRW]]
* ''[[Car Talk]]'', humorous automotive advice hosted by [[Tom Magliozzi]] and [[Ray Magliozzi]] ([[WBUR]])
* [http://www.uh.edu/engines/ ''Engines of Our Ingenuity''], hosted by John Lienhard, ([[KUHF]])
* ''[[From the Top]]'', A program showcasing young Classical Musicians between the ages of 8–18
* ''JazzSet'', hosted by [[Dee Dee Bridgewater]] ([[WBGO]])
* [[Only A Game]], sports issues hosted by Bill Littlefield ([[WBUR]])
* ''[[Piano Jazz]]'', hosted by [[Marian McPartland]] ([[South Carolina Educational Television|South Carolina ETV Radio]])
* ''[[Says You!]]'', word game show ([[WGBH (FM)|WGBH]])
*''Snap Judgment'', hosted by [[Glynn Washington]]
*''[[State of the Re:Union]]'', hosted by [[Al Letson]]
*''[[World Cafe]]'', a 2-hour music program featuring both recorded music and interviews and live in-studio performances, hosted by David Dye, ([[WXPN]])

===Public radio programs not affiliated with NPR===
Individual NPR stations can broadcast programming from sources that have no formal affiliation with NPR. If these programs are distributed by another distributor, a public radio station must also affiliate with that network to take that network's programming.

* ''[[Ask Dr. Science]]'', nonsequitur science humor
* ''[[BBC World Service]]'', world news produced by the [[BBC]] in the [[United Kingdom]], distributed by [[Public Radio International]]
* ''[[Earth & Sky]]'', a clear voice for science, nature and people in a complex world, hosted by Deborah Byrd and Joel Block
* ''[[Echoes (radio program)|Echoes]]'', a daily program of ambient, new age, and electronic music hosted by [[John Diliberto]]
* ''[[Forum (KQED)|Forum]]'', call-in panel discussion program, wide-ranging national and local topics hosted by [[Michael Krasny (talk show host)|Michael Krasny]] ([[KQED-FM]]).
* ''[[Hearts of Space]]'', a weekly program of [[Ambient Music|Ambient]], [[Space music|Space]], and contemplative music hosted by [[Stephen Hill (broadcaster)|Stephen Hill]], San Rafael, Calif.
* ''[[Here and Now (Boston)|Here and Now]]'', news, current affairs and culture hosted by [[Robin Young]] ([[WBUR]]), distributed by [[Public Radio International]]
* ''[[Jazz from Lincoln Center]]'', [[Wynton Marsalis]], hosted by [[Ed Bradley]], [[Murray Street Productions]]
* ''[[The Merrow Report]]'', education issues hosted by [[John Merrow]], [[Learning Matters Inc.]]
* ''[[The People's Pharmacy]]'', a call-in and interview program on personal health from [[WUNC (FM)|WUNC]] in Chapel Hill, N.C.
* ''[[Philosophy Talk]]'', everyday topics examined through a philosophical lens, hosted by Stanford philosophy professors [[John Perry (philosopher)|John Perry]] and [[Kenneth Allen Taylor|Ken Taylor]], produced by [[Ben Manilla]] Productions.
* ''[[Planetary Radio]]'', [[space exploration]] radio program hosted by [[Mat Kaplan]], The [[Planetary Society]], Pasadena, Calif.
* ''[[Pulse of the Planet]]'', a daily 2-minute sound portrait of Planet Earth, hosted by Jim Metzner.
* ''[[The Radio Reader]]'', readings of recently released books
* ''[[Selected Shorts]]'', dramatic readings hosted by [[Isaiah Sheffer]], [[Symphony Space]], ([[WNYC]]) and distributed by [[Public Radio International]]
* ''[[The Takeaway]]'', a daily news program hosted by John Hockenberry and distributed by [[Public Radio International]]
* ''[[StarDate (radio)|StarDate]]'', short segments relating to science and astronomy from the [[University of Texas at Austin]]'s [[McDonald Observatory]] hosted by Sandy Wood.
* ''[[Sunday Baroque]]'', baroque and early music hosted by Suzanne Bona ([[WSHU-FM]])
* ''[[This American Life]]'', stories of real life hosted by [[Ira Glass]], distributed by [[Public Radio International]]
* ''[[WireTap (radio program)|WireTap]]'', comedy radio program hosted by [[Jonathan Goldstein (author)|Jonathan Goldstein]] of [[CBC Radio One]] and distributed by [[Public Radio International]] in the United States.

Many shows produced or distributed by [[Public Radio International]]—such as ''[[This American Life]]'', ''[[Living on Earth]]'' and ''[[Michael Feldman's Whad'Ya Know?|Whad'Ya Know?]]''—are broadcast on public radio stations, but are not affiliated with NPR. PRI and NPR are separate production and distribution organizations with distinct missions, and each competes with the other for programming slots on public radio stations.

[[Public Radio Exchange]] also offers a national distribution network where a significant number of public radio stations go to acquire programs from independent producers. PRX provides a catalog of thousands of radio pieces available on-demand as broadcast quality audio files and available for streaming on the PRX.org website.

Most public radio stations are NPR member stations and affiliate stations of PRI, APM, and PRX ''at the same time''. The organizations have different governance structures and missions and relationships with stations. Other popular shows, like ''[[A Prairie Home Companion]]'' and ''[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]]'', are produced by [[American Public Media]], the national programming unit of [[Minnesota Public Radio]]. These programs were distributed by Public Radio International prior to APM's founding. ''[[Democracy Now!]]'', the flagship news program of the [[Pacifica Radio]] network, provides a feed to NPR stations, and other Pacifica programs can occasionally be heard on these stations as well.

Additionally, NPR member stations distribute a series of [[podcast]]-only programs, such as ''[[Planet Money]]'', ''On Gambling with Mike Pesca'', ''Groove Salad'', and ''Youthcast'', which are designed for younger audiences.

==Controversies==
{{Main|NPR controversies}}

Over the course of NPR's history, controversies have arisen over several incidents and topics.

===Allegations of ideological bias===
NPR has been accused of displaying both liberal bias, as alleged in work such as a [[UCLA]] and [[University of Missouri]] study of ''Morning Edition'', and conservative bias, including criticism of alleged reliance on conservative [[think-tank]]s.<ref name=OTM_Bias>{{cite web|title=Does Public Radio Have A Liberal Bias? The Finale!|url=http://www.onthemedia.org/2011/mar/18/does-npr-have-a-liberal-bias/transcript/|work=On The Media|publisher=WNYC|accessdate=September 4, 2011|format=Radio Transcript|date=25|month=March|year=2011}}</ref> NPR has also been accused of bias related to specific topics, including support of the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]], and coverage of [[Israel]]. The NPR ombudsman has described how NPR's coverage of the Israel-Palestinian conflict has been simultaneously criticized as biased by both sides.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/blogs/ombudsman/2010/06/17/127895293/listeners-hear-same-israeli-palestinian-coverage-differently Listeners Hear Same Israeli-Palestinian Coverage Differently]; NPR Ombudsman; June 18, 2010</ref> University of Texas journalism professor and author, [[Robert Jensen]], has criticized NPR for its pro-war stance during coverage of Iraq war protests.<ref>[http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~rjensen/freelance/attack52.htm Published Articles – 2003]; University of Texas, Robert Jensen</ref>

Surveys and follow-up focus groups conducted by the Tarrance Group and Lake Snell Perry & Associates have indicated that, "The majority of the U.S. adult population does not believe that the news and information programming on public broadcasting is biased. The plurality of Americans indicate that there is no apparent bias one way or the other, while approximately two-in-ten detect a liberal bias and approximately one-in-ten detect a conservative bias."<ref>[http://www.cpb.org/aboutcpb/goals/objectivity/pollsummary.html Public Perceptions of Public Broadcasting]; Corporation for Public Broadcasting; December 2003</ref>

===''Live from Death Row'' commentaries===
In 1994, NPR arranged to air on ''All Things Considered'', a series of three minute commentaries by [[Mumia Abu-Jamal]], a journalist convicted in a controversial trial, of murdering a police officer. They cancelled airing them after the [[Fraternal Order of Police]] and members of the U.S. Congress objected.<ref name=WaPoAbul-Jamal>{{Cite news
| title = Judge Dismisses Inmate's Suit Against NPR
|work=The Washington Post
| date = August 22, 1997}}</ref>

===Juan Williams comments===
On October 20, 2010, NPR terminated Senior News Analyst [[Juan Williams]]'s independent contract<ref name=WilliamsIndep>{{cite news
| url =http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/10/npr-news-dumps-analyst-juan-williams-over-comments-about-muslims-/1?csp=34news
| title = Update: NPR exec says Juan Williams crossed the line before
| last = Stanglin
| first = Doug
| date = October 21, 2010
| accessdate = October 21, 2010
|work=USA Today}}</ref> over a series of incidents culminating in remarks he made on the [[Fox News Channel]] regarding Muslims.

===Ronald Schiller comments===
In March 2011 conservative political provocateur [[James O'Keefe]] sent partners Simon Templar (a [[nom de plume]]) and Shaughn Adeleye<ref name = nprexec>{{cite news|publisher = [[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]]|url = http://www.politico.com/blogs/onmedia/0311/NPR_exec_tea_party_is_scary_racist.html?showall|date = March 8, 2011|title = NPR exec: tea party is ‘scary,’ ‘racist’|first = Keach|last = Hagey}}</ref> to secretly record their discussion with [[Ronald Schiller]], NPR's outgoing senior vice president for [[fundraising]], and an associate, in which Schiller made remarks viewed as disparaging of the Tea Party and conservatives, and controversial comments regarding Palestine and funding for NPR. Schiller immediately resigned, and NPR disavowed Schiller's comments. CEO [[Vivian Schiller]], who is not related to Ronald, later resigned over the fallout from the comments and the previous firing of Juan Williams.<ref>{{cite news | author = Mark Memmott | title = NPR CEO Vivian Schiller resigns | publisher = NPR | date=March 9, 2011 | accessdate = March 9, 2011 | url = http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/03/09/134388981/npr-ceo-vivian-schiller-resigns}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[American Public Media]]
*[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]
*[[BBC Radio]]
*[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
*[[List of NPR personnel]]
*[[List of NPR stations]]
*[[Pacifica Radio]]
*[[Public Broadcasting Service]]
*[[Public Radio International]]
*[[Public Radio Satellite System]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wuot.org/h/underwriting/demographics.html NPR demographics]
* {{Facebook|NPR|NPR}}
* {{Google+|+NPR}}
* {{twitter|NPR|@NPR}}

{{White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room Seating Chart}}<references/>
{{World Radio Network}}
{{NPR}}
{{NPR Radio stations}}
{{American broadcast radio}}
{{SiriusChannels (talk)}}
{{XMChannels (talk)}}
{{Telecommunications}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Npr}}
[[Category:1970 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1970]]
[[Category:NPR| ]]
[[Category:Podcasting companies]]
[[Category:Publicly funded broadcasters]]
[[Category:Sirius Satellite Radio channels]]
[[Category:XM Satellite Radio channels]]
[[Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients]]
[[Category:American radio networks]]
[[Category:Corporation for Public Broadcasting]]
[[Category:Radio broadcasting companies of the United States]]

Fox News Channel

2013-03-20T18:26:51Z

JohnDaker:

{{Redirect|Fox News}}
{{Distinguish2|[[Fox News Radio]] and local news bulletins on the [[List of Fox television affiliates (by U.S. state)|Fox Network Affiliates]]}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move-indef}}

{{Infobox TV channel
|logofile=Fox News Channel.svg
|logosize=200px
|logocaption='''Fox News Channel logo'''
|branding=Fox News Channel
|logoalt=
|launch=October 7, 1996
|closed date=
|share=
|share as of=
|share source=
|owner=[[News Corporation]]
|picture format=[[720p]] ([[HDTV]]) [[480i]] ([[SDTV]]/16:9 letterbox)
|slogan=Fair & Balanced
|country=United States
|language=English
|broadcast area=Worldwide
|headquarters=New York City United States
|former names=
|replaced names=
|sister names=[[Fox Business Network]] [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] [[Sky News]] [[Sky News Australia]] [[Sky TG24]]
|timeshift names=
|web=[http://www.foxnews.com/ FoxNews.com]
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}}
'''Fox News Channel''' ('''FNC'''), also known as '''Fox News''', is a [[cable news]] channel owned by the [[Fox Entertainment Group]], a subsidiary of [[News Corporation]]. As of April 2009, the channel was available to 102 million households in the United States and to viewers internationally, broadcasting primarily from its [[New York City|New York]] studios.

The channel was created by [[Australian American|Australian-American]] [[media mogul]] [[Rupert Murdoch]], who hired former NBC executive [[Roger Ailes]] as its founding [[CEO]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E4DE1F3FF934A35753C1A960958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/A/Ailes,%20Roger%20E.|title=At the new Fox News Channel, the buzzword is fairness, separating news from bias| work=The New York Times| first=Lawrie| last=Mifflin| date=October 7, 1996| accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref> It launched on October 7, 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/1996/10/07_mpp.html|title=Marketplace: News Archives|author=Brancaccio, David|date=October 7, 1996|work=|publisher=Marketplace|accessdate=May 12, 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRTqDrOb|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> to 17 million cable subscribers. It grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant [[cable news]] network in the United States.<ref>Gillette, Felix (October 1, 2008). [http://www.observer.com/2008/media/viewers-continuing-flock-cable-news-networks "Viewers Continuing to Flock to Cable News Networks"]. ''The New York Observer''.</ref>


Critics have stated that Fox News Channel promotes [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative political positions]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Memmott|first=Mark|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/2004-07-11-outfoxed_x.htm|title=Film accuses Fox of slanting the news|publisher=Usatoday.Com|date=July 12, 2004|accessdate=2009-08-15|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRTs2pSz|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}} {{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/politicolive/1009/Dunn_Fox_is_arm_of_Republican_Party.html|title=Dunn stands by Fox slam|author=Barr, Andy|date=October 11, 2009|work=|publisher=Politico|accessdate=May 13, 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRTs2pSz|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> and [[Fox News Channel controversies|biased reporting]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maddow Accuses Fox News Of Ginning Up Anti-Obama Scandal With Disregard To Facts|url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/maddow-accuses-fox-news-of-ginning-up-anti-obama-scandal-with-disregard-to-facts/|work=Maddow Accuses Fox News Of Ginning Up Anti-Obama Scandal With Disregard To Facts|publisher=Mediaite|accessdate=May 16, 2012}}</ref> Commentators, news anchors, and reporters at Fox News Channel have responded that news reporting and [[opinion journalism|political commentary]] operate independently of each other, and have denied any bias in news reporting.<ref>{{cite news|last=Memmott|first=Mark|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-01-fox-news_x.htm|title=Fox newspeople say allegations of bias unfounded|publisher=Usatoday.Com|date=September 2, 2004|accessdate=2009-08-15|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRTx6pMd|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}} {{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/10/12/white-house-escalates-war-words-fox-news/|title=White House Escalates War of Words With Fox News|publisher=Fox News|date=October 12, 2009|accessdate=2009-10-12|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRTx6pMd|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}} {{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/business/media/12fox.html|title=Fox’s Volley With Obama Intensifying|publisher=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2009|accessdate=2009-10-12|first=Brian| last=Stelter|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRTx6pMd|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>


==History==
{{Main|History of Fox News}}

===Early years===
In May 1985, Australian publisher Rupert Murdoch announced that he and American [[Business magnate|industrialist]] and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] [[Marvin Davis]] intended to develop "a network of independent stations as a fourth marketing force" to compete directly with [[CBS]], [[NBC]], and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] through the purchase of six television stations owned by [[Metromedia]].<ref>Lenzner, Robert. (May 5, 1985) Boston Globe ''[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADEAE8781FD7AD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Murdoch, partner plan 4th network.]'' Section: National/Foreign; Page 1 (the six stations cover many of the nation's major markets—New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Dallas, Houston and Washington)</ref> In July 1985 [[20th Century Fox]] announced that Murdoch had completed his purchase of 50 percent of [[Fox Filmed Entertainment]], parent company of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation.<ref>New York Times (July 11, 1985) ''[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E5D81738F932A25754C0A963948260&sec=&spon= $55.9 Million Fox Film Loss.]'' Section: D; Page D19.</ref> A year later 20th Century Fox earned $5.6 million in its fiscal third period ended May 31, 1986, in contrast to a loss of $55.8 million in the third period of the previous year.<ref>[[Chicago Tribune]] (July 17, 1986) ''[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24921105.html?dids=24921105:24921105&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Jul+17%2C+1986&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=TURNAROUND+FOR+FOX+FILM Turnaround for Fox Film]'' Section: Business; Page 1. {{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref>

Prior to founding FNC, Murdoch had gained experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corp.'s [[BSkyB]] subsidiary began Europe's first 24-hour news channel ([[Sky News]]) in the United Kingdom in 1989.<ref>Shah, Saeed. (September 24, 2002) The Independent ''[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1704677.html Business Analysis: Unstoppable Sky machine rolls on as ITV troubles worsen Dawn Airey's free-to-air television experience will be invaluable to BSkyB as it moves beyond its pay-TV model.]'' Section: Business; Page 21.</ref> With the success of his [[The Fourth Network|fourth-network]] efforts in the United States,<ref>Schulberg, Pete. (July 15, 1994) The Oregonian ''Fox is a business, if not artistic, success.'' Section: Television; Page E1.</ref><ref>Braxton, Greg. (April 6, 1997) Chicago Sun-Times ''[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4395441.html How Fox broke from the pack to become cutting-edge network.]''</ref> experience gained from Sky News and the turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 31, 1996 that News Corp. would launch a 24-hour news channel on cable and satellite systems in the United States as part of a News Corp. "worldwide platform" for Fox programming: "The appetite for news—particularly news that explains to people how it affects them—is expanding enormously".<ref>Williams, Scott. (January 31, 1996) Associated Press ''[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MWSB&p_theme=mwsb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB8296FA53CDCD2&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Murdoch taps Ailes for new network; Former CNBC chief set to direct 24-hour news channel, take on CNN.]''</ref>

[[File:FoxBox at Saint Anselm.JPG|thumb|left|[[Saint Anselm College]] Quad with the "Fox-Box", from which the network reported live during the 2004 and 2008 [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire primaries]]|alt=Modular building on snowy college campus]]
[[File:Fox News Channel newsroom.jpg|thumb|left|FNC's [[newsroom]], November 15, 2007|alt=Television news studio]]

In February 1996, after former U.S. Republican Party political strategist and NBC executive<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E4DE1F3FF934A35753C1A960958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/A/Ailes,%20Roger%20E.|title=At the new Fox News Channel, the buzzword is fairness, separating news from bias| work=The New York Times|first=Lawrie|last=Mifflin|date=October 7, 1996|accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> [[Roger Ailes]] left cable-television channel [[America's Talking]] (now [[MSNBC]]), Murdoch asked him to start Fox News Channel. Ailes demanded five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} before its launch on October 7, 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newscorp.com/management/foxnewschannel.html|title=News Corporation: Fox News Channel|accessdate=2008-04-21|date=April 18, 2008|publisher=News Corporation|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRTzXbU5|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

At its debut 10 million households were able to watch FNC; however, it was absent from the media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. According to published reports, many media reviewers had to watch the first day's programming at Fox News studios because it was not readily available via cable.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single-topic shows such as ''Fox on Crime'' or ''Fox on Politics'', surrounded by news headlines. Interviews featured facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest. The flagship newscast at the time was ''The Schneider Report'', with [[Mike Schneider (news anchor)|Mike Schneider]]'s fast-paced delivery of the news. During the evening, Fox featured opinion shows: ''The O'Reilly Report'' (now ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]''), ''The Crier Report'' (hosted by [[Catherine Crier]]) and ''[[Hannity & Colmes]]''.

From the beginning, FNC has placed heavy emphasis on visual presentation. Graphics were designed to be colorful and attention-getting; this helped the viewer to grasp the main points of what was being said, even if they could not hear the host (with on-screen text summarizing the position of the interviewer or speaker, and "bullet points" when a host was delivering commentary). Fox News also created the "Fox News Alert," which interrupted its regular programming when a breaking-news story occurred.

To accelerate its adoption by cable companies, Fox News paid systems up to $11 per subscriber to distribute the channel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-18396534/bold-grab-subs-murdoch.html|author=Richard Katz|date=1996-05|title=Bold grab for subs: Murdoch offers $11 to carry Fox News|publisher=Multichannel News| accessdate=September 1, 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRU0fPQa|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> This contrasted with the normal practice, in which cable operators paid stations carriage fees for programming. When [[Time Warner]] bought [[Ted Turner]]'s [[Turner Broadcasting]], a federal [[antitrust]] [[consent decree]] required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to its own [[CNN]]. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news channel, not Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement (to carry Fox News). Citing its agreement to keep its U.S. headquarters and a large studio in New York City, News Corporation enlisted the help of Mayor [[Rudolph Giuliani]]'s administration to pressure Time Warner (one of the city's two cable providers) to transmit Fox News on a city-owned channel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E3DA123FF937A35753C1A960958260|title=Giuliani Pressures Time Warner to Transmit a Fox Channel| work=The New York Times|first=Mark|last=Landler|date=October 4, 1996|accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> City officials threatened to take action affecting Time Warner's cable franchises in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E7DB103FF936A35753C1A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=City Hall Threatens Action if Time Warner Rejects Channel|work=The New York Times|first=Clifford J.|last=Levy|date=October 5, 1996|accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref>

A lawsuit was filed by Time Warner against the City of New York, claiming undue interference with (and inappropriate use of) the city's educational channels for commercial programming. News Corporation countered with an antitrust lawsuit against Time Warner for unfairly protecting CNN. This led to an acrimonious battle between Murdoch and Turner, with Turner publicly comparing Murdoch to [[Adolf Hitler]]; Murdoch's ''[[New York Post]]'' ran an editorial questioning Turner's sanity. Giuliani's motives were also questioned, since his wife was a producer at Murdoch-owned [[WNYW-TV]]. In the end, Time Warner and News Corporation signed a [[settlement (law)|settlement]] agreement permitting Fox News to be carried on New York City cable systems beginning in October 1997, and on all Time Warner cable systems by 2001 (although Time Warner still does not carry Fox News in all areas).{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

During the [[September 11th attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]], Fox News was the first news organization to run a [[news ticker]] on the bottom of the screen to keep up with the flow of information that day. The ticker has remained, informing viewers about additional news which reporters may not mention onscreen and repeating news mentioned during a broadcast; it has proven popular with viewers.<ref name="The Fox News Ticker">{{cite web|url=http://www.mandatory.com/2012/09/11/11-direct-effects-9-11-had-on-the-sports-and-entertainment-indus/#photo=2|title=11 Direct Effects 9/11 Had on the Sports and Entertainment Industries|last=Dudak|first=Gary|date=September 11, 2012|publisher=Mandatory.com|accessdate=September 13, 2012}}</ref>

===Recent history===
On May 1, 2008 Fox News launched [[High-definition television|high definition]] channel [[simulcast]]s of its programming in selected regions of the United States. Time Warner Cable is carrying this channel in New York, New York, San Antonio, Texas, and Kansas City, Missouri;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6555936.html|title=Fox News Channel to Take HD Leap – 4/29/2008 3:12:00 pm—Broadcasting & Cable|publisher=Broadcastingcable.com|date=|accessdate=2009-05-27|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRU33PYN|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> Cablevision is making it available in New York, New York and on Long Island.

On Friday, October 17, 2008 at 6 am ET, DirecTV launched the high-definition channel. This was the first national launch of the channel in HD.<ref>{{cite web|last=Murph|first=Darren|url=http://hd.engadget.com/2008/10/17/fox-news-turns-hd-on-directv/|title=FOX News Turns HD on DirecTV|publisher=Engadget|date=October 17, 2008|accessdate=2009-05-27|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRU3pzCz|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> On January 9, 2009, [[Cox Communications]] added the HD channel:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cox.com/gocox/pdf/pdf_new/Wichita.pdf|title=Cox Communications|format=PDF|date=|accessdate=2010-08-27}}</ref> on February 3, 2009 Dish Network did also. Fox News switched from a 4:3 [[aspect ratio]] to a 16:9, [[letterbox]] ratio for its standard-definition channel at 6 am ET on September 28, 2009.

==Outlets==
[[File:FOX News Channel Stand.jpg|thumb|FNC airport [[newsagent|newsstand]] at [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport]]|alt=Fox News airport newsstand]]
FNC maintains an archive of most of its programs. This archive also includes [[Fox Movietone]] newsreels. Licensing for the Fox News archive is handled by ITN Source, the archiving division of [[ITN]].

===Television===
{{Main|Fox News Channel programming}}
FNC presents a variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live broadcasting per day in addition to programming and content for the [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]. Most programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City (at [[1211 Avenue of the Americas]]), in its streetside studio on [[Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)|Sixth Avenue]] in the west wing of [[Rockefeller Center]]. The remaining programs are broadcast from Fox News's [[Washington, D.C.]] studio, located on [[Capitol Hill]] across from [[Union Station (Washington, D.C.)|Union Station]] in a secured building shared by a number of other television networks (including [[NBC News]] and [[C-SPAN]]). Audio simulcasts of the channel are aired on [[XM Satellite Radio]] and [[Sirius Satellite Radio]].

[[File:Fox News 6th 48 jeh.JPG|thumb|left|[[Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)|Sixth Avenue]] headquarters|alt=Large New York building with plantings in front]]
In an October 11, 2009 ''New York Times'' article, Fox articulated that its hard-news programming runs from "9 a.m. to 4 pm and 6 to 8 pm on weekdays" and "[is] objective"; however, it makes no such claims for its other broadcasts, which primarily consist of editorial journalism and commentary.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/business/media/12fox.html Stelter, Brian. "Fox’s Volley With Obama Intensifying."] NYT. Oct.11, 2009. Retrieved via nytimes.com on Nov.16, 2009.</ref>

==={{anchor|High definition}}High-definition===
The [[720p]], high-definition simulcast of Fox News Channel launched on May 1, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.multichannel.com/article/89931-Fox_News_To_Make_HD_Bow_With_Time_Warner.php|title=Multichannel News April 29, 2008 Fox News to make HD bow with Time Warner|publisher=Multichannel.com|date=|accessdate=2009-08-15|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRU7Qnvg|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> Most of the programs available in HD (''[[Fox & Friends]]'', ''[[America's Newsroom]]'', ''[[Happening Now]]'', ''[[America Live with Megyn Kelly]]'', ''[[Studio B with Shepard Smith]]'', ''[[Your World with Neil Cavuto]]'', ''[[Special Report with Bret Baier]]'', ''[[Fox Report]]'', ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'', ''[[Hannity]]'' and ''[[On the Record with Greta Van Susteren]]'') are shown in [[16:9]] widescreen. Fox News Channel began producing its standard-definition programs in letterbox format on September 28, 2009; therefore, high- and standard-definition viewers now both see the same picture and [[pillarbox]]es are no longer needed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/355467-FNC_Pushes_Widescreen.php|title=Broadcasting & Cable September 28, 2009 FNC Pushes Widescreen – Will deliver letterboxed standard-def feed|publisher=Broadcastingcable.com|date=|accessdate=2010-08-27|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRU8AjJn|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

===TV Studios===
FOX News has 7 studios in NYC and 1 in DC used by FOX News Channel and FOX Business Network. 
Studio B, NY [[FOX Business Network]] shows. 
Studio G, NY [[FOX Business Network]] shows and FNC show Justice with Judge Jeanine. 
Studio D, NY is the only studio with an area for a studio audience. It is used by The Five and Huckabee. 
Studio E, NY used fox Fox & Friends, Your World with Neil Cavuto, Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld and America's News HQ. 
Studio H, NY used for Fox & Friends First, Happening Now, Studio B and The Fox Report. 
Studio J, NY used for America's Newsroom, America Live with Megyn Kelly, Hannity and FBNs Money with Melissa Francis. 
DC Studio used for Special Report with Bret Baier, On the Record and America’s News HQ. 
Web Studio, NY used for FOX News Live internet shows.

===Radio===
{{Main|Fox News Radio}}
With the growth of FNC, the company introduced a radio division ([[Fox News Radio]]) in 2003. [[Syndicated radio show|Syndicated]] throughout the United States, the division provides short newscasts and talk radio programs featuring personalities from the television and radio divisions. In 2006 the company also introduced [[Fox News Talk]], a [[satellite radio]] station featuring programs syndicated by (and featuring) Fox News personalities.

===Online===
Introduced in December 1995,{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} the Fox News website features the latest coverage (including columns by FNC television, radio and online personalities). Video clips are also available on Foxnews.com and Foxbusiness.com.

In September 2008 FNC joined other channels in introducing a live streaming segment to its website: ''The Strategy Room,'' designed to appeal to older viewers. It airs weekdays from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. and takes the form of an informal discussion, with running commentary on the news. Regular discussion programs include ''Business Hour'', ''News With a View'' and ''God Talk''.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/business/media/16fox.html "For Talking Heads, a Spot to Relax and Sip Coffee, on Webcam "] ''The New York Times''. February 15, 2009.</ref> In March 2009 [[The Fox Nation]] was launched as a website intended to encourage readers to post, commenting on the news.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,511334,00.html Welcome to the Fox Nation] Foxnews.com, March 30, 2009</ref> Fox News Mobile is the portion of the FNC website dedicated to [[Streaming media|streaming]] news clips formatted for video-enabled mobile phones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/mobile/index.html|title=Fox News Mobile website|publisher=Foxnews.com|date=June 12, 2008|accessdate=2009-08-15|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUB4nyU|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==Personalities==
{{See also|Fox News Channel programming#Personalities|l1=Fox News Channel personalities}}
Producing a variety of programming, FNC has a number of program hosts, news anchors, [[correspondent]]s and contributors who appear daily on the channel. Hosts include [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], [[Sean Hannity]], [[Greta Van Susteren]], [[Mike Huckabee]], [[Shepard Smith]] and [[Neil Cavuto]], all of whom host programs on the top-ten list of the most-watched programs on cable news.<ref>{{cite web|title=April 2007 Weekday Ranker|publisher=TV Newser|url=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/original/apr07ranker.pdf|format=PDF|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5sQ1JOeTB|archivedate=September 1, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> In January 2009, former [[CNN]] commentator [[Glenn Beck]] was added to Fox's weekday lineup;<ref>{{cite news|title=Glenn Beck Sounds Off on Washington State Christmas Controversy and Blagojevich Scandal|accessdate=December 19, 2008|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,467244,00.html|publisher=Fox News|date=December 15, 2008|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUBvuCS|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> his last FNC show was June 30, 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Glenn Beck's Final Show|publisher=News Corp| url=http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/glenn-beck/transcript/glenn-becks-final-show|date=June 30, 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2012}}</ref> Beck was replaced on Fox News by '‘The Five’' (featuring [[Greg Gutfeld]], [[Juan Williams]], [[Dana Perino]], [[Andrew Napolitano]], [[Geraldo Rivera]], and [[Monica Crowley]]) on July 11, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glenn Beck Replaced By 'The Five' on Fox News |url=http://www.newsmax.com/InsideCover/GlennBeckReplacedByTheFiveonFoxNews/2011/07/01/id/402206 |publisher=Newsmax |date=July 1, 2011}}</ref>

==Ratings and reception==
[[File:Fox News Channel's Hannity and Colmes production area.jpg|thumb|left|FNC's ''[[Hannity]]'' production area|alt=Newsroom, with political signs on the wall]]

FNC saw a large ratings jump during the early stages of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq conflict]]. According to some reports, at the height of the conflict Fox News had as much as a 300-percent increase in viewership (averaging 3.3 million viewers daily).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3148015.stm|title=War coverage lifts News Corp|publisher=[[The British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=November 29, 2005|date=August 13, 2003|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUCY6gc|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

In 2004, FNC's ratings for its broadcast of the [[2004 Republican National Convention|Republican National Convention]] exceeded those of all three broadcast networks. During President [[George W. Bush]]'s address, Fox News attracted 7.3 million viewers nationally; NBC, ABC, and CBS had a viewership of 5.9 million, 5.1 million and 5.0 million respectively.

In late 2005 and early 2006, FNC saw a brief decline in ratings. One decline was in the second quarter of 2006, when Fox News lost viewers for every prime-time program compared with the previous quarter. The audience for ''[[Special Report with Brit Hume]]'', for example, dropped 19 percent. Several weeks later, in the wake of the [[North Korean missile test, 2006|North Korean missile crisis]] and the [[2006 Lebanon War]], Fox saw a surge in viewership and remained the #1-rated cable news channel.<ref>[http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/ratings/fncs_2554_prime_downward_spiral_20939.asp FNC's 25–54 Prime "Downward Spiral"], TV Newser</ref><ref>[http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2005/narrative_cabletv_contentanalysis.asp?cat=2&media=5 Cable TV: Content Analysis]{{dead link|date=June 2012}}, The State of the News Media 2005</ref> Fox produced eight of the top ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with ''The O'Reilly Factor'' and ''[[Hannity & Colmes]]'' finishing first and second respectively.<ref>[http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/original/ranker_april05.pdf April 2005 Competitive Program Ranker (M-F 6a-11p programs)], TV Newser</ref>

FNC ranked No. 8 for all cable channels in 2006, and No. 6 in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6517290.html|title=Fox News Channel Leads in 2007 Cable News Ratings|publisher=Broadcastingcable.com|date=|accessdate=2010-08-27|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUENQ1Z|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> The channel ranked No. 1 during the week of Barack Obama's election (November 3–9) in 2008, and reached the top spot again in January 2010 (during the week of the [[United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2010|special Senate election in Massachusetts]]).<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60R0F720100128 Fox News Channel tops USA in cable ratings] ''Reuters'' January 27, 2010</ref> Comparing Fox to its 24-hour-news-channel competitors, in May 2010 the channel drew an average daily prime-time audience of 1.8 million (versus 747,000 for MSNBC and 595,000 for CNN).<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/fox-news-north-primed-for-launch/article1603483/ Fox News North’ primed for launch] ''The Globe and Mail'' June 15, 2010</ref>

In September 2009, the [[Pew Research Center]] published a report on the public view of national news organizations. The report indicated that 72 percent of Republican Fox viewers rated the channel as "favorable", while 43 percent of Democratic viewers and 55 percent of all viewers shared that opinion. However, Fox had the highest "unfavorable" rating of all national outlets studied (25 percent of all viewers). The report went on to say, "partisan differences in views of Fox News have increased substantially since 2007".<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Accuracy Rating Hits Two-Decade Low|url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1341/press-accuracy-rating-hits-two-decade-low|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUF5PM6|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

On the night of October 22, 2012, Fox set a record for its highest-rated [[Broadcasting|telecast]] ever, with 11.5 million viewers for the third [[United States presidential election debates, 2012|U.S. presidential debate]].<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/final-obama-romney-debate-gives-381956 Final Debate Breaks Fox News Ratings Record With 11.5 Million, Topping Cable Competition]</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Patten|first=Dominic|title=UPDATE: 59.2M Watch Final Presidential Debate; NBC Wins Coverage Battle|url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/10/fox-news-breaks-ratings-record-with-third-presidential-debate/#utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter|publisher=Deadline}}</ref> In prime time the week before, Fox averaged almost 3.7 million viewers with a total day average of 1.66 million viewers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Flint|first=Joe|title=Fox News scores big ratings win|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-fox-news-ratings-20121023,0,240248.story|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=October 23, 2012}}</ref>

A Public Policy Polling poll reported in 2013 that perceptions of FNC had declined during the previous four years. 41% of polled voters trust it down from 49% in 2010, while 46% distrust Fox, up from 37% in 2010. FNC is also the most trusted network, with 34% of Americans saying it is the network they trust the most.<ref>[http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_National_206.pdf Fox News’ Credibility Declines] Public Policy Polling February 6, 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/06/distrust-of-fox-news-growing.html Distrust of Fox News Hits Record High] ''The Daily Beast'' by Howard Kurtz</ref>

==Slogan==
[[File:Fairbalanced.png|thumb|2005 "Fair & Balanced" graphic|alt="Fair & Balanced" against blue, black and red background]]
"Fair & Balanced" is a [[trademark]]ed slogan used by the broadcaster, originally used in conjunction with the phrase "Real Journalism".
Comedian [[Al Franken]] used the slogan in the subtitle for his 2003 book ''[[Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them|Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right]]''. In the book, he cites examples of what he claims to be Fox News' [[Media bias|bias]]. On August 7, 2003 Fox News sued for copyright infringement.<ref name="foxsuit">de Moraes, Lisa (August 12, 2003). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46985-2003Aug11?language=printer Three Little Words: Fox News Sues.] ''[[Washington Post]]''</ref> The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge [[Denny Chin]] refused its request for an [[injunction]]. In his decision, Chin ruled that the case (''[[Fox v. Franken]]'') was "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase "fair and balanced" could be invalid.<ref name="foxloss">Phil Hirschkorn (August 22, 2003). [http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/08/22/fox.franken/ Fox News loses attempt to block satirist's book]. ''CNN''</ref>

In December 2003 FNC won a legal battle concerning the slogan, when [[AlterNet]] filed a cancellation petition with the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] (USPTO) to have FNC's trademark rescinded as inaccurate. AlterNet included the documentary film ''[[Outfoxed]]'' as supporting evidence in its case.<ref name="coyle">Coyle, Jake (July 19, 2004). Advocacy Groups Challenge Fox News Slogan. Associated Press</ref> After losing early motions, AlterNet withdrew its petition; the USPTO dismissed the case.<ref>[http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92042790&pty=CAN&eno=1 Official Documentation of Petitioned Cancellation of "Fair & Balanced" trademark phrase], Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Inquiry System</ref> In 2008 FNC used the slogan "We Report, You Decide", referring to "You Decide 2008" (FNC's original slogan for its coverage of election issues).

=={{anchor|Criticism and controversies}}Controversy==

{{Main|Fox News Channel controversies}}

===Objectivity and Bias===
Critics of the channel in [[Progressivism in the United States|American progressive]] organizations such as the [[Democratic Party]], [[Media Matters]], and [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] contend that it has a bias favoring the [[Right-wing politics|political right]] and the Republican Party.<ref name="democrats.org">[http://www.democrats.org/a/2006/09/dean_on_preside_3.php Dean On President Clinton Standing Up To Right-Wing Propaganda On Fox News Sunday]{{dead link|date=June 2012}}, The Democratic Party, September 25, 2006</ref><ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200407210007 O'Reilly: "FOX does tilt right"], Media Matters for America</ref><ref>[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1067 The Most Biased Name in News – Fox News Channel's extraordinary right-wing tilt], FAIR, July/August 2001</ref> [[Timothy Noah]] stated in an editorial in [[Slate Magazine]] that Fox News had a conservative bias.<ref>Timothy Noah, [http://www.slate.com/id/2119864/ Fox News admits bias!], ''Slate'', May 31, 2005. Retrieved September 26, 2006.</ref> Fox News has publicly denied such statements.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/5b77af92-548c-11db-901f-0000779e2340.html Interview transcript: Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes], the Financial Times, October 6, 2006</ref> Murdoch and Ailes' replies have included Murdoch's statement that Fox has "given room to both sides, whereas only one side had it before".<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/26/1098667750250.html News Corp denies Fox News bias] Australian Associated Press, October 26, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/5b77af92-548c-11db-901f-0000779e2340.html Interview transcript: Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes], the Financial Times, October 6, 2006</ref> In 2004 director [[Robert Greenwald]] produced the documentary film ''[[Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism]]'', which argues that Fox News has a conservative bias. The film includes clips from Fox News and internal memos from editorial vice president [[John Moody (journalist)|John Moody]] directing Fox News staff on how to report certain subjects.<ref name="tilting">{{Citation| last=Kurtz|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Kurtz|title=Tilting at the Right, Leaning to the Left|newspaper=The Washington Post|pages=D01|date=July 11, 2004|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41604-2004Jul10.html}}</ref>

A leaked memo from Fox News vice president [[Bill Sammon]] to News staff at the height of the [[health care reform in the United States]] debate has been cited as an example of the pro-[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican party]] bias of Fox News. His memo asked the staff to "use the term ‘government-run health insurance,’ or, when brevity is a concern, ‘government option,’ whenever possible". The memo was sent shortly after Republican pollster [[Frank Luntz]] advised [[Sean Hannity]] on his Fox show that "If you call it a public option, the American people are split. If you call it the government option, the public is overwhelmingly against it".<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/leaked-fox-news-memo-reveals-news-division-told-to-echo-gop-talking-point-2010-12 Leaked Fox News Memo Reveals News Division Told To Echo GOP Talking Point, Business Insider, December 9, 2010]</ref>

A Pew Research poll released on October 29, 2009 found that Fox News is viewed as the most ideological channel in America. 47 percent of those surveyed said Fox News is "mostly conservative", 14 percent said "mostly liberal" and 24 percent said "neither". In comparison, [[MSNBC]] had 36 percent identify it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 27 percent as "neither". [[CNN]] had 37 percent describe it as "mostly liberal", 11 percent as "mostly conservative" and 33 percent as "neither".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people-press.org/report/559/|title=Fox News Viewed as Most Ideological Network|publisher=People-press.org|date=October 29, 2009|accessdate=2010-08-27|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUIme70|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> A 2004 [[Pew Research Center]] survey showed that FNC was cited (unprompted) by 69 percent of national journalists as a conservative news organization. The survey showed that 34 percent of national journalists describe themselves as liberal, compared with 7 percent who describe themselves as conservative.<ref>[http://people-press.org/report/214/bottom-line-pressures-now-hurting-coverage-say-journalists Bottom-Line Pressures Now Hurting Coverage, Say Journalists: Overview – Pew Research Center for the People & the Press]</ref>

A poll by [[Rasmussen Reports]] found that 31 percent of Americans feel Fox News has a conservative bias, and 15 percent that it has a liberal bias. The poll also reported that 36 percent believed Fox News delivers news with neither a conservative or liberal bias, compared with 37 percent who said NPR delivers news with no conservative or liberal bias and 32 percent who said the same of CNN.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/media/americans_see_liberal_media_bias_on_tv_news|title=Americans See Liberal Media Bias on TV News – Rasmussen Reports|publisher=Rasmussenreports.com|date=July 13, 2007|accessdate=2010-08-27}}</ref> A 2007 study looked at the introduction of Fox News into local U.S. markets between 1996 and 2000, and found that in the 2000 presidential election "Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News". The study's estimates "imply that Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure".<ref>Stefano DellaVigna and Ethan Kaplan (2007), "[http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/qjec.122.3.1187 The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting]", ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', August 2007, Vol. 122, No. 3, Pages 1187–1234</ref>

A 2010 study by Sean Aday comparing Fox News Channel's ''Special Report With Brit Humes'' and NBC's ''Nightly News'' coverage of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during 2005 found that both underplayed bad news; it concluded that "Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC", suggesting that "if scholars continue to find evidence of a partisan or ideological bias at FNC...they should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media". Aday also stated, however, that the data used in his study may have come late enough in the war to be consistent with accepted practice.{{clarify|date=September 2012}}<ref>Aday, S. (2010), "[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123303811/abstract Chasing the bad news: An analysis of 2005 Iraq and Afghanistan war coverage on NBC and Fox News channel]", ''Journal of Communication'' 60 (1), pp. 144–164</ref>

[[David Carr (journalist)|David Carr]], media critic at ''[[The New York Times]]'', praised the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election]] results coverage on Fox News for the network's response to Republican adviser and Fox News contributor [[Karl Rove]] challenging its call that [[Barack Obama]] would win Ohio and the election. Fox's prediction was correct. Carr wrote:

{{quote |text= Over many months, Fox lulled its conservative base with agitprop: that President Obama was a clear failure, that a majority of Americans saw [[Mitt Romney|[Mitt] Romney]] as a good alternative in hard times, and that polls showing otherwise were politically motivated and not to be believed. But on Tuesday night, the people in charge of Fox News were confronted with a stark choice after it became clear that Mr. Romney had fallen short: was Fox, first and foremost, a place for advocacy or a place for news? In this moment, at least, Fox chose news.<ref>David Carr, [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/business/media/fox-newss-election-coverage-followed-journalistic-instincts.html?hp "Election News Over Agenda for Fox"], ''The New York Times'', 11 November 2012.</ref>}}

===Misrepresentation of facts===
[[Media Matters for America]], which bills itself as a "[[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] research and information center dedicated to comprehensively monitoring, analyzing, and correcting conservative misinformation
in the U.S. media,"<ref name="About">{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/about|title=About|publisher=Meda Matters|accessdate=23 January 2013}}</ref> cataloged what it called the ten most "egregious examples" of "distortion" by both Fox News and its TV personalities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/20/the-ten-most-egregious-fo_n_327140.html|title=The Ten Most Egregious Fox News Distortions|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=2010-05-04|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUMkMMe |archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no|first=Rachel|last=Weiner|date=October 20, 2009}}</ref> Criticism includes several examples of cropping quotes from President Obama, Vice President Biden and Vice President Gore so they appear out of context, using image-manipulation software to edit the appearance of reporters from ''[[The New York Times]]'' and using footage from other events during a report on the November 5 Tea Party rally in Washington, D.C.; Media Matters said the intention of Fox News was to make it appear as if a larger number of protesters attended the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/research/200911110019|title=Hannity video switch-up is only the tip of Fox News' video-doctoring iceberg|author=D.C.P.|date=November 11, 2009|publisher=Media Matters for America|accessdate=May 12, 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUNmQyk|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> The group also called attention to the December 4 edition of ''[[Fox and Friends]]'', accusing the program of misleading its viewers with a "questionable graphic" showing the result of a [[Rasmussen Reports]] climate-change poll totaling 120 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/200912080002 |title=Fox News fiddles with climate change polling|author=Simon Maloy|date=December 8, 2009|publisher=Media Matters for America|accessdate=May 12, 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5omPV9mKq|archivedate=April 6, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

In November 2009 Fox News anchor [[Gregg Jarrett]] told viewers that a [[Sarah Palin]] book signing in Grand Rapids, Michigan had a massive turnout, showing footage of Palin with a large crowd. Jarrett stated that the former Republican vice-presidential candidate is "continuing to draw huge crowds while she's promoting her brand-new book", adding that the images being shown were "some of the pictures just coming in to us.... The lines earlier had formed this morning".<ref name="news.yahoo.com">[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ynews/20091119/ts_ynews/ynews_ts988 Fox News again accused of airing misleading video – Yahoo! News]{{dead link|date=June 2012}}</ref> The video was actually taken from a 2008 McCain-Palin campaign rally. Fox senior vice president for news Michael Clemente issued a statement saying, "This was a production error in which the copy editor changed a script and didn't alert the control room to update the video".<ref name="news.yahoo.com"/> Fox offered an on-air apology the following day during the same "Happening Now" segment, expressing regrets for what it described as a "video error" with no intent to mislead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://video.foxnews.com/11739702/for-that-we-apologize/?category_id=949437d0db05ed5f5b9954dc049d70b0c12f2749|title=For That We Apologize|author=FoxNews|date=November 19, 2009 |accessdate=November 21, 2009|work=Fox News|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUQ4wNH |archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> Fox also apologized for fabricated quotes attributed to [[John Kerry]] in an article on its website during the [[2004 US presidential campaign|2004 presidential campaign]],<ref>Burkeman, Oliver. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2004/oct/04/digitalmedia.uselections2004 "Fox News apologises for Kerry fabrication."] ''The Guardian'', October 4, 2004.</ref> stating that the piece was a joke which accidentally appeared on the website.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fox Posts Reporter's Kerry Spoof on Website
|author=Times Staff Writer |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/oct/02/nation/na-fox2 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles, CA|date=October 2, 2004 |accessdate=April 29, 2011 |quote=The chief political correspondent for "Fox News" wrote a fictitious story Friday referring to Sen. John F. Kerry as a "metrosexual" who does manicures that was temporarily posted on the network's website.}}</ref>

===Obama administration conflict with Fox News===
In September 2009, the [[Obama administration]] engaged in a verbal conflict with Fox News Channel. On September 20 [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about the president by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/12/business/media/12fox.html|work=The New York Times|title=Fox's Volley With Obama Intensifying|first=Brian|last=Stelter|date=October 12, 2009|accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref><ref name="usnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/obama/2009/10/23/fox-pushed-team-obama-over-the-brink.html |title=White House: Fox Pushed Team Obama Over the Brink – US News and World Report |publisher=Usnews.com |date=October 23, 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-29|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUSCZjg |archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

In late September 2009, Obama senior advisor [[David Axelrod]] and Roger Ailes met in secret to attempt to smooth out tensions between the two camps. Two weeks later White House officials referred to FNC as “not a news network", communications director [[Anita Dunn]] stating that “Fox News often operates as either the research arm or the communications arm of the Republican Party”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://features.csmonitor.com/politics/2009/10/23/the-fox-news-war-whats-the-upside-for-obama/|title=The Fox News war: What’s the upside for Obama?|publisher=CSMonitor.com|date=|accessdate=2009-10-23|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUTCrgh|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/23/us/politics/23fox.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|title=Behind the War Between White House and Fox|first=Jim|last=Rutenberg|date=October 23, 2009|accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> President Obama observed, "If media is operating basically as a talk radio format, then that's one thing, and if it's operating as a news outlet, then that's another".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/10/23/eveningnews/main5415921.shtml?tag=stack|title=President Obama's Feud with FOX News – CBS Evening News|publisher=CBS News|date=October 23, 2009|accessdate=2010-07-29|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUTlhWd|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> White House chief of staff [[Rahm Emanuel]] stated that it was important "to not have the CNN's and the others in the world basically be led in following Fox".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-rutten24-2009oct24,0,3009088.column|work=Los Angeles Times|title=Obama's misguided Fox hunt|date=October 24, 2009|accessdate=May 2, 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUVTHlE|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

Within days it was reported that Fox had been excluded from an interview with administration official [[Ken Feinberg]], with bureau chiefs from the White House press pool (ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN) coming to Fox's defense.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/23/us/politics/23fox.html|work=The New York Times|title=Behind the War Between White House and Fox|first=Jim|last=Rutenberg|date=October 23, 2009|accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> A bureau chief stated, "If any member had been excluded it would have been the same thing, it has nothing to do with Fox or the White House or the substance of the issues".<ref>{{cite web|author=Christina Bellantoni|date=October 23, 2009|url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/10/wh-were-happy-to-exclude-fox-but-didnt-yesterday-with-feinberg-interview.php|title=WH: We're Happy To Exclude Fox, But Didn't Yesterday With Feinberg Interview | TPMDC|publisher=Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com|accessdate=2010-07-29|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUXNrxX|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> Shortly after the story broke the White House admitted to a low-level mistake, saying that Fox had not made a specific request to interview Feinberg. Fox White House correspondent Major Garrett responded by stating that he had not made a specific request, but that he had a "standing request from me as senior White House correspondent on Fox to interview any newsmaker at the Treasury at any given time news is being made".<ref>{{cite web|author=Facebook User says:|url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/finally resolved-major-garrett-reveals-his-side-of-pay-czar-gate/|title=Finally Resolved? Major Garrett Reveals His Side of Pay Czar-Gate|publisher=Mediaite|date=October 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-07-29|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUYQ2oX|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

On November 8, 2009, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that an unnamed Democratic consultant was warned by the White House not to appear on Fox News again. According to the article, Anita Dunn claimed in an e-mail to have checked with colleagues who "deal with TV issues" and had been told that nobody had been instructed to avoid Fox. [[Patrick Caddell]], a Fox News contributor and former pollster for President [[Jimmy Carter]], said he had spoken with other Democratic consultants who had received similar warnings from the White House.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-fox8-2009nov08,0,507227.story?test=latestnews|work=Los Angeles Times|title=Democratic consultant says he got a warning from White House after appearing on Fox News|first=Peter|last=Nicholas|date=November 8, 2009|accessdate=May 2, 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUZStRy |archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==International transmission==
The FNC feed is available internationally via a number of providers, while ''Fox Extra'' segments provide alternate programming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,77537,00.html|title=Fox Around the World|work=Fox News.com|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=March 6, 2012|accessdate=2012-05-07}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Fox Extra}}''Fox Extra''===
Initially, US advertisements were replaced on FNC with viewer e-mail and profiles of FNC anchors set to music. In 2002, these were replaced with international weather forecasts. In 2006 the weather forecasts were replaced with ''Fox Extra'' (originally ''Fox News Extra'', prior to the international launch of [[Fox Business]]) segments, narrated reports from Fox on a variety of topics. These reports generally concern lighter issues unrelated to current news events, and the segments are repeated. FNC also shows international weather forecasts when Fox Extra segments run short. In the United Kingdom, after a period when local commercials were inserted into breaks ''Fox Extra'' now fills most breaks.

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], FNC is broadcast on the three major pay-TV providers: [[Foxtel]], [[Austar]] and [[Optus Television]]. Foxtel is 25-percent owned by News Corporation. [[Sky News Australia]] is Fox's sister channel.

===Brazil===
Since 2002, FNC has been broadcast to [[Brazil]]; however, commercials are replaced with ''Fox Extra''. It is available in digital packages of [[Net S.A.|NET]].

===Canada===
{{copyedit|section|date=March 2013}}
In 2003, the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) rejected a Canadian Cable Telecommunications Association (CCTA) application to bring Fox News to Canada because Fox News U.S. and [[Global Television]] were planning to create Fox News Canada (a combination of U.S. and Canadian news). In 2004, after a Fox U.S. executive said there were no plans to create the combined channel, the CRTC approved an application to bring Fox News to Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/11/18/fox_crtc041118.html|title=CRTC approves Fox News for Canada |publisher=cbc.ca|date=November 18, 2004|accessdate=2010-08-27|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUZpdxg|archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

Fox News Channel is currently{{When|date=February 2013}} offered by [[Access Communications]], Bell TV, [[Cogeco]], [[EastLink (company)|Eastlink]], [[Manitoba Telecom Services]], Rogers, [[SaskTel]], Shaw Cable, Shaw Direct and [[Telus TV]]. An exception is Vidéotron, Canada's third-largest cable company, which has not added Fox News Channel to its lineup.

===France===
Fox News is available on cable through [[France|French]] Internet providers [[Free (ISP)|Free]] and [[Orange (telecommunications)|Orange]].

===Ireland===
FNC is carried in the [[Republic of Ireland]] by the British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) satellite-television network (Sky), which is 40-percent owned by FNC's parent (News Corporation). It is run as a sister channel to BSkyB's popular Sky News. FNC is usually broadcast as a [[VideoGuard]]-encrypted channel; during major news stories it may be simulcast on Sky Active, which is [[free-to-air]]. As of September 2006 the channel has carried UK-specific advertising, headlines and weather provided by Sky News during its breaks. These run under the brand of Fox News International. Due to the shared ownership of Fox and Sky, Fox News and Sky News share bureaus and reporters for breaking news stories worldwide.

===Israel===
In [[Israel]], FNC is broadcast on Channel 105 of the pay-TV cable operator [[YES Network|YES]] digital platform. It is run as a sister channel to [[BSkyB]]'s popular [[Sky News]], which is broadcast on Channel 103.

===Italy===
In [[Italy]], FNC was launched on the now-defunct Italian digital satellite-television platform [[Stream TV]] in 2001. Part of its programming was translated into Italian and broadcast on the defunct Italian news channel Stream News. In 2003 it moved to [[SKY Italia]], with U.S. commercials replaced by ''Fox News Extra'' segments. It is available to 4,600,000 subscribers and 160,000 hotel rooms. [[SKY TG 24]] is a sister channel to Fox News.

===Netherlands===
In the [[Netherlands]] Fox News has been carried by cable providers [[UPC]] and [[CASEMA]] and satellite provider [[Canaldigitaal]]; all have dropped the channel in recent years. At this time only cable provider [[Caiway]] (available in a limited number of towns in the center of the country) is broadcasting the channel.

===New Zealand===
In [[New Zealand]], FNC is broadcast on Channel 092 of pay satellite operator [[SKY Network Television|SKY]] TV's digital platform. It was formerly broadcast overnight on free-to-air [[UHF]] New Zealand TV channel [[Prime Television (New Zealand)|Prime]] (owned by SKY); this was discontinued in January 2010, reportedly due to an expiring broadcasting license.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://skytv.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/909/~/why-is-fox-news-no-longer-airing-on-prime%3F |title=Why is Fox News no longer airing on Prime? |date=January 26, 2010 |publisher=skytv.co.nz |date=January 26, 2001 |accessdate=2010-08-27|deadurl=no}}</ref> Fox News parent corporation News Corp has a stake in both SKY and Prime.

===Pakistan===
In [[Pakistan]], FNC is available on [[PTCL Smart TV]] and a number of cable and [[IPTV]] operators.

===Philippines===
In the [[Philippines]] FNC was available on cable operator [[Global Destiny Cable|Global Destiny]] channel 21.

===Scandinavia===
Between 2003 and 2006, in [[Sweden]] and the other [[Scandinavian countries]] FNC was broadcast 16 hours a day on [[TV8 (Sweden)|TV8]] (with Fox News Extra segments replacing U.S. advertising). Fox News was dropped by TV8 and replaced by German news channel [[Deutsche Welle]] in September 2006.

===Singapore===
In [[Singapore]], FNC is broadcast on Channel 702 of the pay-TV cable operator [[StarHub TV]] digital platform. It also broadcasts its sister channel, Sky News.

===South Africa===
In [[South Africa]], FNC is broadcast on Channel 405 of pay satellite operator [[TopTV]]'s digital platform.<ref>[http://toptv.co.za/bouquet TopTV Bouqet]</ref>

===United Kingdom===
FNC is also carried in the [[United Kingdom]] by the British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) satellite-television network (Sky), which is 40-percent owned by FNC parent News Corporation. It is run as a sister channel to BSkyB's own Sky News. FNC is usually broadcast as a VideoGuard-encrypted channel; during major news stories it may be simulcast on Sky Active, which is free-to-air. As of September 2006 the channel has carried UK-specific advertising, headlines and weather provided by Sky News during its breaks. These run under the brand of Fox News International. Beginning in winter 2011, most breaks resumed ''Fox Extra''. Due to the shared ownership of Fox and Sky, Fox News (and Fox Business) and Sky News share bureaus and reporters for breaking news stories worldwide.
[[File:Fox News World Providers Map.svg|thumb|Countries where Fox News is provided|alt=World map, with countries carrying terrestrial FNC in red and satellite providers in orange]]

===Other countries===
Fox News Channel is carried in more than 40 other countries. Although service to [[Japan]] ceased in summer 2003, it can still be seen on Americable (distributor for American bases),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americablejapan.com|title=Americable|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUb12tL |archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> Mediatti (Kadena Air Base)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mccokinawa.com/cable|title=Mediatti}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> and Pan Global TV Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panglobaltvjapan.com/|title=Pan Global TV Japan|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uRUbaGQX |archivedate=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|New York City|Companies|Television in the United States}}
* [[Fox Business Network]]
* [[Fox effect]]
* [[The Fox Nation (website)|The Fox Nation]]
{{-}}
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV)|The Fifth Estate]]'': [http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/sticksandstones.html "Sticks and Stones"], [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]—Bob McKeown investigates Fox News for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 45 min.
* {{Cite book|first=Scott|last=Collins|title=Crazy Like a Fox: The Inside Story of How Fox News Beat CNN|isbn=978-1-59184-029-9|year=2004|publisher=Portfolio}}
* {{Cite news|last=Crupi|first=Anthony|work=[[MediaWeek]]|title=FNC Ratings Soar as War in Lebanon Rages|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/services/business-services-miscellaneous-business/4782022-1.html|date=July 26, 2006}}{{dead link|date=June 2012}}
* {{Cite news|last=Cuprisin|first=Tim|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|date=July 31, 2006|title=Fox's Smith tops cable news ranks in ratings|url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=478008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080411115431/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=478008|archivedate=April 11, 2008}}
* {{citation|last=Dickinson|first=Tim|title=The Fox News Fear Factory|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/how-roger-ailes-built-the-fox-news-fear-factory-20110525?print=true|work=Rolling Stone|issue=1132|date=June 9, 2011|pages=54–64, 66, 82, 84}}
* {{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=NH GOP drops out as Fox forum partner |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2004109251_apforumsponsor05.html |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=January 5, 2008|accessdate=June 15, 2011}}
* {{cite book|last=Groseclose|first=Tim|title=Left Turn: How Liberal Media Bias Distorts the American Mind|date=July 19, 2011|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-55593-1}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|FOX News Channel}}
* {{official website|http://www.foxnews.com/}}

{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Television news in the United States}}
{{FoxNewsChannelPrograms}}
{{Fox News personalities}}
{{International news channels}}
{{Fox Entertainment Group}}
{{XMChannels (talk)}}
{{SiriusChannels (talk)}}
{{Subscription television channels in Australia}}
{{Channels on Sky Network Television}}
}}

[[Category:24-hour television news channels in the United States]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in the United States]]
[[Category:Foreign television channels broadcasting in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Fox News Channel|*]]
[[Category:News Corporation subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Sirius Satellite Radio channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1996]]
[[Category:XM Satellite Radio channels]]
[[Category:Article Feedback 5 Additional Articles]]

National Public Radio

2013-03-20T18:25:23Z

JohnDaker:

Public Broadcasting Service

2013-03-20T18:24:14Z

JohnDaker:

Public Broadcasting Service

2013-03-20T18:23:35Z

JohnDaker:

The '''Public Broadcasting Service''' (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting [[television]] service in the [[United States]]. PBS is affiliated with [[National Public Radio]], American Public Media, and Public Radio International through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, a entity of the federal government. Each member station is owned by independently but they share programming and funding which means they show similar programs.

PBS, along with [[NPR]], has been accused of aiming its broadcast toward wealthy, elite segments of the American population while neglecting others, who nonethless pay for the programming. When Congress debated cutting funding for NPR and PBS, House Democrats appealed to the children's programming on PBS such as [[Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood]] (1968-2001) and [[Sesame Street]] (1969-present). Puppets of Sesame Street characters were brought into the House chambers, and Rep. [[Ed Markey]] (D-MA) commented: "Oscar the Grouch has been friendlier to the Sesame Street characters than President Bush." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4693682.stm] Most of PBS's programming, however, is aimed at children as they feed over 12 hours of children's programming every day of the week versus 6-8 hours of adult programming.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Television]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category: Liberalism]]
[[Category: Liberal Bias]]

National Public Radio

2013-03-20T18:22:20Z

JohnDaker:

[[File:NPR logo.png|right|200px]]
'''National Public Radio''' (NPR) is a not-for-profit organization which produces and broadcasts various fair and balanced [[radio]] programs including news, talk shows, and entertainment. The audience of NPR listeners has grown exponentially since the organization's inception in 1970. Currently, NPR reports that 26 million [[Americans]] tune in each week.<ref>http://www.npr.org/about/growth.html</ref> Not only does NPR boast a large weekly audience, it also produces the two most listened-to radio programs on public radio: ''[[Morning Edition]]'' and ''[[All Things Considered]]''. A November 2005 Poll showed NPR to be the most trusted radio-broadcast news network in the [[United States]].<ref>http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6282871.html?display=Breaking+News&referral=SUPP</ref>

NPR, along with [[PBS]], has been acclaimed for high level journalism that seeks to speak to everybody regardless of education and location on the political spectrum. According to NPR, "NPR supports its operations through a combination of membership dues and programming fees from over 860 independent radio stations, sponsorship from private foundations and corporations, and revenue from the sales of transcripts, books, CDs, and merchandise. A very small percentage -- between one percent to two percent of NPR's annual budget -- comes from competitive grants sought by NPR from federally funded organizations, such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts."<ref>NPR.org, ''Annual Reports, Audited Financial Statements, and Form 990s'', retrieved 28 March, 2009 [http://www.npr.org/about/privatesupport.html]</ref>

==All Things Considered==
Robert Siegel chats about [[Conservapedia]] with Andrew Schlafly March 13, 2007. <ref>NPR, All Things Considered, ''Conservapedia: Data for Birds of a Political Feather?'', by Robert Siegel, March 13, 2007 [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=8286084]</ref>

==Controversies==

[[NPR]]'s [[Nina Totenberg]] said on air of Sen. [[Jesse Helms]]' claim that the government may be spending too much on AIDS research,
:''I think he ought to be worried about what's going on in the Good Lord's mind, because if there is retributive justice, he'll get AIDS from a transfusion, or one of his grandchildren will get it."''<ref>Nina Totenberg of National Public Radio, July 8, 1995, Inside Washington. [http://reason.com/blog/2010/10/21/what-wont-get-you-fired-from-n]</ref>

New Orleans-based National Public Radio commentator Andrei Codrescu said of [[Christian]]s,

:''The [[Rapture]], and I quote, 'is the immediate departure from this Earth of over four million people in less than a fifth of a second,' unquote. This happily-volatilized mass of the saved were born again in [[Jesus Christ]]....The evaporation of four million people who believe this crap would leave the world an instantly better place.''<ref>Andrei Codrescu, ''All Things Considered'', December 19, 1995.</ref>

Michel Martin, host of NPR’s ''Tell Me More'', on [[CNN]] had this exchange with Margeret Carlson:

:MARGARET CARLSON: ''And wouldn’t it be a great thing if they moved it a few blocks? And Muslims and Americans who still worry would be talking to each other. Let’s compromise.''
:MICHEL MARTIN (NPR): ''Why should they move it?''
:CARLSON: ''Well, why don’t we compromise?''
:MARTIN (NPR): ''Did anybody move a Catholic church? Did anybody move a Christian church after [[Timothy McVeigh]] – who adhered to a cultic, white supremacist cultic version of Christianity – [[Oklahoma City bombing|bombed the Murrah building in Oklahoma]]?''<ref>CNN's ''Reliable Sources'', August 22, 2010.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Juan Williams]]

==Further reading==
* McCauley, Michael. ''NPR: The Trials and Triumphs of National Public Radio'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/NPR-Trials-Triumphs-National-Public/dp/0231121601/ref=sr_11_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1239155049&sr=11-1 excerpt and text search]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==See Also==
[[Previous Breaking News/National Public Radio|Articles about '''National Public Radio''' from previous "Breaking News"]]

==External Links==
*http://www.npr.org/ Official Website
*[http://newsbusters.org/media-topics/radio/npr ''NewsBusters section on NPR'']

[[Category:Radio]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Journalism]]

National Public Radio

2013-03-20T18:21:26Z

JohnDaker:

[[File:NPR logo.png|right|200px]]
'''National Public Radio''' (NPR) is a not-for-profit organization which produces and broadcasts various fair and balanced[[radio]] programs including news, talk shows, and entertainment. The audience of NPR listeners has grown exponentially since the organization's inception in 1970. Currently, NPR reports that 26 million [[Americans]] tune in each week.<ref>http://www.npr.org/about/growth.html</ref> Not only does NPR boast a large weekly audience, it also produces the two most listened-to radio programs on public radio: ''[[Morning Edition]]'' and ''[[All Things Considered]]''. A November 2005 Poll showed NPR to be the most trusted radio-broadcast news network in the [[United States]].<ref>http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6282871.html?display=Breaking+News&referral=SUPP</ref>

NPR, along with [[PBS]], has been accused of aiming its broadcast toward the well-educated. According to NPR, "NPR supports its operations through a combination of membership dues and programming fees from over 860 independent radio stations, sponsorship from private foundations and corporations, and revenue from the sales of transcripts, books, CDs, and merchandise. A very small percentage -- between one percent to two percent of NPR's annual budget -- comes from competitive grants sought by NPR from federally funded organizations, such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts."<ref>NPR.org, ''Annual Reports, Audited Financial Statements, and Form 990s'', retrieved 28 March, 2009 [http://www.npr.org/about/privatesupport.html]</ref>

==All Things Considered==
Robert Siegel chats about [[Conservapedia]] with Andrew Schlafly March 13, 2007. <ref>NPR, All Things Considered, ''Conservapedia: Data for Birds of a Political Feather?'', by Robert Siegel, March 13, 2007 [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=8286084]</ref>

==Controversies==

[[NPR]]'s [[Nina Totenberg]] said on air of Sen. [[Jesse Helms]]' claim that the government may be spending too much on AIDS research,
:''I think he ought to be worried about what's going on in the Good Lord's mind, because if there is retributive justice, he'll get AIDS from a transfusion, or one of his grandchildren will get it."''<ref>Nina Totenberg of National Public Radio, July 8, 1995, Inside Washington. [http://reason.com/blog/2010/10/21/what-wont-get-you-fired-from-n]</ref>

New Orleans-based National Public Radio commentator Andrei Codrescu said of [[Christian]]s,

:''The [[Rapture]], and I quote, 'is the immediate departure from this Earth of over four million people in less than a fifth of a second,' unquote. This happily-volatilized mass of the saved were born again in [[Jesus Christ]]....The evaporation of four million people who believe this crap would leave the world an instantly better place.''<ref>Andrei Codrescu, ''All Things Considered'', December 19, 1995.</ref>

Michel Martin, host of NPR’s ''Tell Me More'', on [[CNN]] had this exchange with Margeret Carlson:

:MARGARET CARLSON: ''And wouldn’t it be a great thing if they moved it a few blocks? And Muslims and Americans who still worry would be talking to each other. Let’s compromise.''
:MICHEL MARTIN (NPR): ''Why should they move it?''
:CARLSON: ''Well, why don’t we compromise?''
:MARTIN (NPR): ''Did anybody move a Catholic church? Did anybody move a Christian church after [[Timothy McVeigh]] – who adhered to a cultic, white supremacist cultic version of Christianity – [[Oklahoma City bombing|bombed the Murrah building in Oklahoma]]?''<ref>CNN's ''Reliable Sources'', August 22, 2010.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Juan Williams]]

==Further reading==
* McCauley, Michael. ''NPR: The Trials and Triumphs of National Public Radio'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/NPR-Trials-Triumphs-National-Public/dp/0231121601/ref=sr_11_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1239155049&sr=11-1 excerpt and text search]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==See Also==
[[Previous Breaking News/National Public Radio|Articles about '''National Public Radio''' from previous "Breaking News"]]

==External Links==
*http://www.npr.org/ Official Website
*[http://newsbusters.org/media-topics/radio/npr ''NewsBusters section on NPR'']

[[Category:Radio]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:Journalism]]