Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Pseudoscience

2011-02-14T20:32:51Z

KennethC: /* Refutations of Pseudoscience */

'''Pseudoscience''' is theory or speculation which has the trappings and [[rhetoric]] of [[science]], and is presented as science, but is not valid science. Theories are typically classed as pseudoscientific if they fail the [[scientific method]]. Pseudoscientific theories are typically not [[falsifiable]], lack objectivity, and their purveyors show unwillingness to allow neutral outsiders to observe, test, or replicate their findings. There is no definitive or objective definition of the term "pseudoscience", which is also sometimes used as a pejorative term.<ref>R. G. A. Dolby, ''Uncertain Knowledge: An Image of Science for a Changing World'', Published by Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521892627, 9780521892629, 380 pages. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xd3ylT3WTLEC&pg=PA191&dq=pseudoscience+pejorative&num=100&as_brr=3 Page 191]</ref><ref>Brian Stableford, ''Science Fact and Science Fiction'', Published by CRC Press, 2006, ISBN 0415974607, 9780415974608, 729 pages. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA410&dq=pseudoscience+pejorative&num=100&as_brr=3 Page 410]</ref>

== Falsifiability ==
The most cited element of scientific theory is [[falsifiability]], established by [[philosopher]] [[Karl Popper]]. A falsifiable theory makes predictions, which can be used to test it. Thus, the theory of gravity is falsifiable, as it predicts that an apple held above the ground and released will fall. If it fails the test, it is discarded, and if it passes, it is not proven, but better supported.

== Disproven science ==
The term pseudoscience is also often applied to theories which ''are'' falsifiable and have in fact been falsified and discarded. [[Phrenology]] predicted that psychological traits could be inferred from the shape of the skull, but no actual link was ever found. Various [[astrology|astrological]] theories predicted regular planetary effects on the earth and human health, but testing those failed.

The existence of God is thus not considered scientific theory, as no test can possibly be conceived which categorically disproves His existence. The same is the case for [[string theory]], which is a mathematical unification of scientific theory, but makes no predictions. Such things fall outside the realm of science.

== Charlatanism ==
The label ''pseudoscientist'' is commonly given to cranks and charlatans, who claim abnormal powers and abilities, but refuse to demonstrate them in objective, controlled, monitored environments. For example, Uri Geller claims to be able to bend spoons without applying pressure to them, but he cannot do it in front of scientists or journalists. Countless conjurers and mediums claim to be able to speak with the dead, but controlled circumstances reveal that they are really only conducting clever psychological tricks.

== Metaphysics ==
Spiritual, metaphysical, philosophical, and religious beliefs are occasionally confused with pseudoscience, as there is often an overlap in rhetoric, and charlatans blur the lines between scientific and philosophical ideas of knowledge.

== Public belief ==
Despite evidence and logic against pseudoscientific theories, many remain popular among the public. Homeopathic medicine is available at most health-food stores and is a multi-billion dollar business, and 31% of Americans believe in astrology.

Notably, twice as many [[Democrats]] believe in astrology as [[Republicans]], showing a strong bent of irrationality and scientific illiteracy among [[liberals]].<ref>http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359</ref>

==Examples of pseudosciences==
[[Image:5712dawkins.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Within the [[evolution|evolutionary]] science community and the [[creation science]] community, Richard Dawkins has faced charges of engaging in pseudoscience and also has faced charges of committing elementary errors.<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/send-clowns-–-richard-dawkins-obliges</ref><ref>http://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php</ref> For more information, please see: [[Richard Dawkins and pseudoscience]] ]]
*[[Animal magnetism]]
*[[Astrology]]
*[[Big Bang]] astronomy
*Much of the work of [[Richard Dawkins]]<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/send-clowns-–-richard-dawkins-obliges</ref><ref>http://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php</ref> (see: [[Richard Dawkins and pseudoscience]])
*Climatology
*[[Darwinism]]
*[[Dianetics]]
*[[Environmentalism]]
*[[Evolution|Evolutionary biology]]<ref>http://www.icr.org/home/resources/resources_tracts_scientificcaseagainstevolution/</ref><ref>http://www.grisda.org/origins/04004.htm</ref><ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/darwinism/there-is-no-theory-of-evolution/</ref> <ref>http://members.iinet.net.au/~sejones/PoE/pe05scnc.html</ref><ref>http://www.parentcompany.com/science_kit/sk3b.htm</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/reprints/Evolution-Fact-or-Theory.pdf</ref>
*[[Free Energy]]
*[[Graphology]]
*[[Global warming]]
*Much of the work of [[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Homeopathy]]
*[[Iridology]]
*[[Lysenkoism]]
*[[Mesmerism]]
*Much of the work of [[PZ Myers]]<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/pz-myers-pseudoscienceblogscom</ref>
*[[Old earth]] geology
*[[Orgone therapy]]
*[[Osteopathy]]
*[[Parapsychology]]
*[[Phrenology]]
*[[Population control]]
*[[Psychoanalysis]]
*[[Reflexology]]
*[[Theory of Relativity|Relativity, Theory of]]
*Much of the work of [[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Transgenderism]]
*[[Ufology]]

== See also ==

*[[Essay: You obviously don't understand how science works|You obviously don't understand how science works]] - [[Satire]]

=== Refutations of Pseudoscience ===
*[[Counterexamples to Evolution]]
*[[Counterexamples to Relativity]]
*[[Counterexamples to an Old Earth]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Pseudoscience]]

Pseudoscience

2011-02-14T20:30:30Z

KennethC: add example

'''Pseudoscience''' is theory or speculation which has the trappings and [[rhetoric]] of [[science]], and is presented as science, but is not valid science. Theories are typically classed as pseudoscientific if they fail the [[scientific method]]. Pseudoscientific theories are typically not [[falsifiable]], lack objectivity, and their purveyors show unwillingness to allow neutral outsiders to observe, test, or replicate their findings. There is no definitive or objective definition of the term "pseudoscience", which is also sometimes used as a pejorative term.<ref>R. G. A. Dolby, ''Uncertain Knowledge: An Image of Science for a Changing World'', Published by Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521892627, 9780521892629, 380 pages. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xd3ylT3WTLEC&pg=PA191&dq=pseudoscience+pejorative&num=100&as_brr=3 Page 191]</ref><ref>Brian Stableford, ''Science Fact and Science Fiction'', Published by CRC Press, 2006, ISBN 0415974607, 9780415974608, 729 pages. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA410&dq=pseudoscience+pejorative&num=100&as_brr=3 Page 410]</ref>

== Falsifiability ==
The most cited element of scientific theory is [[falsifiability]], established by [[philosopher]] [[Karl Popper]]. A falsifiable theory makes predictions, which can be used to test it. Thus, the theory of gravity is falsifiable, as it predicts that an apple held above the ground and released will fall. If it fails the test, it is discarded, and if it passes, it is not proven, but better supported.

== Disproven science ==
The term pseudoscience is also often applied to theories which ''are'' falsifiable and have in fact been falsified and discarded. [[Phrenology]] predicted that psychological traits could be inferred from the shape of the skull, but no actual link was ever found. Various [[astrology|astrological]] theories predicted regular planetary effects on the earth and human health, but testing those failed.

The existence of God is thus not considered scientific theory, as no test can possibly be conceived which categorically disproves His existence. The same is the case for [[string theory]], which is a mathematical unification of scientific theory, but makes no predictions. Such things fall outside the realm of science.

== Charlatanism ==
The label ''pseudoscientist'' is commonly given to cranks and charlatans, who claim abnormal powers and abilities, but refuse to demonstrate them in objective, controlled, monitored environments. For example, Uri Geller claims to be able to bend spoons without applying pressure to them, but he cannot do it in front of scientists or journalists. Countless conjurers and mediums claim to be able to speak with the dead, but controlled circumstances reveal that they are really only conducting clever psychological tricks.

== Metaphysics ==
Spiritual, metaphysical, philosophical, and religious beliefs are occasionally confused with pseudoscience, as there is often an overlap in rhetoric, and charlatans blur the lines between scientific and philosophical ideas of knowledge.

== Public belief ==
Despite evidence and logic against pseudoscientific theories, many remain popular among the public. Homeopathic medicine is available at most health-food stores and is a multi-billion dollar business, and 31% of Americans believe in astrology.

Notably, twice as many [[Democrats]] believe in astrology as [[Republicans]], showing a strong bent of irrationality and scientific illiteracy among [[liberals]].<ref>http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359</ref>

==Examples of pseudosciences==
[[Image:5712dawkins.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Within the [[evolution|evolutionary]] science community and the [[creation science]] community, Richard Dawkins has faced charges of engaging in pseudoscience and also has faced charges of committing elementary errors.<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/send-clowns-–-richard-dawkins-obliges</ref><ref>http://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php</ref> For more information, please see: [[Richard Dawkins and pseudoscience]] ]]
*[[Animal magnetism]]
*[[Astrology]]
*[[Big Bang]] astronomy
*Much of the work of [[Richard Dawkins]]<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/send-clowns-–-richard-dawkins-obliges</ref><ref>http://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php</ref> (see: [[Richard Dawkins and pseudoscience]])
*Climatology
*[[Darwinism]]
*[[Dianetics]]
*[[Environmentalism]]
*[[Evolution|Evolutionary biology]]<ref>http://www.icr.org/home/resources/resources_tracts_scientificcaseagainstevolution/</ref><ref>http://www.grisda.org/origins/04004.htm</ref><ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/darwinism/there-is-no-theory-of-evolution/</ref> <ref>http://members.iinet.net.au/~sejones/PoE/pe05scnc.html</ref><ref>http://www.parentcompany.com/science_kit/sk3b.htm</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/reprints/Evolution-Fact-or-Theory.pdf</ref>
*[[Free Energy]]
*[[Graphology]]
*[[Global warming]]
*Much of the work of [[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Homeopathy]]
*[[Iridology]]
*[[Lysenkoism]]
*[[Mesmerism]]
*Much of the work of [[PZ Myers]]<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/pz-myers-pseudoscienceblogscom</ref>
*[[Old earth]] geology
*[[Orgone therapy]]
*[[Osteopathy]]
*[[Parapsychology]]
*[[Phrenology]]
*[[Population control]]
*[[Psychoanalysis]]
*[[Reflexology]]
*[[Theory of Relativity|Relativity, Theory of]]
*Much of the work of [[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Transgenderism]]
*[[Ufology]]

== See also ==

*[[Essay: You obviously don't understand how science works|You obviously don't understand how science works]] - [[Satire]]

=== Refutations of Pseudoscience ===
*[[Counterexamples to Evolution]]
*[[Counterexamples to Relativity]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Pseudoscience]]

Pseudoscience

2011-02-14T20:27:57Z

KennethC: add examples

'''Pseudoscience''' is theory or speculation which has the trappings and [[rhetoric]] of [[science]], and is presented as science, but is not valid science. Theories are typically classed as pseudoscientific if they fail the [[scientific method]]. Pseudoscientific theories are typically not [[falsifiable]], lack objectivity, and their purveyors show unwillingness to allow neutral outsiders to observe, test, or replicate their findings. There is no definitive or objective definition of the term "pseudoscience", which is also sometimes used as a pejorative term.<ref>R. G. A. Dolby, ''Uncertain Knowledge: An Image of Science for a Changing World'', Published by Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521892627, 9780521892629, 380 pages. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xd3ylT3WTLEC&pg=PA191&dq=pseudoscience+pejorative&num=100&as_brr=3 Page 191]</ref><ref>Brian Stableford, ''Science Fact and Science Fiction'', Published by CRC Press, 2006, ISBN 0415974607, 9780415974608, 729 pages. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA410&dq=pseudoscience+pejorative&num=100&as_brr=3 Page 410]</ref>

== Falsifiability ==
The most cited element of scientific theory is [[falsifiability]], established by [[philosopher]] [[Karl Popper]]. A falsifiable theory makes predictions, which can be used to test it. Thus, the theory of gravity is falsifiable, as it predicts that an apple held above the ground and released will fall. If it fails the test, it is discarded, and if it passes, it is not proven, but better supported.

== Disproven science ==
The term pseudoscience is also often applied to theories which ''are'' falsifiable and have in fact been falsified and discarded. [[Phrenology]] predicted that psychological traits could be inferred from the shape of the skull, but no actual link was ever found. Various [[astrology|astrological]] theories predicted regular planetary effects on the earth and human health, but testing those failed.

The existence of God is thus not considered scientific theory, as no test can possibly be conceived which categorically disproves His existence. The same is the case for [[string theory]], which is a mathematical unification of scientific theory, but makes no predictions. Such things fall outside the realm of science.

== Charlatanism ==
The label ''pseudoscientist'' is commonly given to cranks and charlatans, who claim abnormal powers and abilities, but refuse to demonstrate them in objective, controlled, monitored environments. For example, Uri Geller claims to be able to bend spoons without applying pressure to them, but he cannot do it in front of scientists or journalists. Countless conjurers and mediums claim to be able to speak with the dead, but controlled circumstances reveal that they are really only conducting clever psychological tricks.

== Metaphysics ==
Spiritual, metaphysical, philosophical, and religious beliefs are occasionally confused with pseudoscience, as there is often an overlap in rhetoric, and charlatans blur the lines between scientific and philosophical ideas of knowledge.

== Public belief ==
Despite evidence and logic against pseudoscientific theories, many remain popular among the public. Homeopathic medicine is available at most health-food stores and is a multi-billion dollar business, and 31% of Americans believe in astrology.

Notably, twice as many [[Democrats]] believe in astrology as [[Republicans]], showing a strong bent of irrationality and scientific illiteracy among [[liberals]].<ref>http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359</ref>

==Examples of pseudosciences==
[[Image:5712dawkins.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Within the [[evolution|evolutionary]] science community and the [[creation science]] community, Richard Dawkins has faced charges of engaging in pseudoscience and also has faced charges of committing elementary errors.<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/send-clowns-–-richard-dawkins-obliges</ref><ref>http://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php</ref> For more information, please see: [[Richard Dawkins and pseudoscience]] ]]
*[[Animal magnetism]]
*[[Astrology]]
*[[Big Bang]] astronomy
*Much of the work of [[Richard Dawkins]]<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/send-clowns-–-richard-dawkins-obliges</ref><ref>http://creation.com/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/main.php</ref> (see: [[Richard Dawkins and pseudoscience]])
*Climatology
*[[Darwinism]]
*[[Dianetics]]
*[[Environmentalism]]
*[[Evolution|Evolutionary biology]]<ref>http://www.icr.org/home/resources/resources_tracts_scientificcaseagainstevolution/</ref><ref>http://www.grisda.org/origins/04004.htm</ref><ref>http://www.uncommondescent.com/darwinism/there-is-no-theory-of-evolution/</ref> <ref>http://members.iinet.net.au/~sejones/PoE/pe05scnc.html</ref><ref>http://www.parentcompany.com/science_kit/sk3b.htm</ref><ref>http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/reprints/Evolution-Fact-or-Theory.pdf</ref>
*[[Free Energy]]
*[[Graphology]]
*[[Global warming]]
*Much of the work of [[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Homeopathy]]
*[[Iridology]]
*[[Lysenkoism]]
*[[Mesmerism]]
*Much of the work of [[PZ Myers]]<ref>http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/pz-myers-pseudoscienceblogscom</ref>
*[[Orgone therapy]]
*[[Osteopathy]]
*[[Parapsychology]]
*[[Phrenology]]
*[[Population control]]
*[[Psychoanalysis]]
*[[Reflexology]]
*[[Theory of Relativity|Relativity, Theory of]]
*Much of the work of [[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Transgenderism]]
*[[Ufology]]

== See also ==

*[[Essay: You obviously don't understand how science works|You obviously don't understand how science works]] - [[Satire]]

=== Refutations of Pseudoscience ===
*[[Counterexamples to Evolution]]
*[[Counterexamples to Relativity]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Pseudoscience]]

Gay conservative

2011-02-14T20:18:16Z

KennethC: wikilinks

The idea of “gay conservative” is an [[oxymoron]].

“[[Gay]]” is everything that “[[conservative]]” is not. [http://townhall.com/columnists/starparker/2011/02/14/gay_conservative_is_an_oxymoron Star Parker]

Circular reasoning

2011-02-12T15:29:08Z

KennethC: old earth circular reasoning

'''Circular reasoning''' is a form of [[Logical fallacy#Proof by assertion|proof by assertion]], often used by [[Atheist|Atheists]] and [[evolutionist]]s in which one uses a conclusion of an argument as a [[premise]] to that same argument, that is, ending where it began. This is also known as ''petitio principii'' or ''begging the question.''

It is considered invalid and therefore is not permitted by the rules of [[formal logic]].

== An analysis ==
The simplest argument is a single inference, as per the Law of Detachment:

*If P, then Q.
*P.
*Therefore, Q.

The Law of the Syllogism uses Detachment to establish an ''intermediate'' conclusion between the original premise and the eventual conclusion. Thus:

*If P, then Q.
*If Q, then R.
*Therefore, if P, then R.
*P.
*Therefore, Q and R.

''Contraposition'' uses Detachment in reverse to show that a thing is ''not'' true:

*If P, then Q.
*Not Q.
*Therefore, not P.

All these proofs start with a proposition already verified or denied.

This is the classic structure of circular reasoning, that is an abuse of the Law of the Syllogism:

*If P, then Q.
*If Q, then R.
*If R, then P.
*P.
*Therefore, Q.
*Therefore, R.
*Therefore, P.

Each of these three conditional statements would be valid by itself. Together, they create a flawed argument, because P now depends on itself to be true. The line of reasoning ends where it began, and is thus a circle. The only difference between this and ''proof by assertion'' is that the latter attempts to use a single conditional statement--"if P, then P"--while circular reasoning uses at least two, and typically three or more, syllogisms.

Circular arguments can be very difficult to detect. Circular arguments found in the professional literature, or in [[propaganda]], typically use five or six (or more) syllogisms.

Every logical system ''must'' begin with a set of generally accepted assumptions called ''postulates'' or ''axioms'' (from the [[Greek]] '''αξιος''' or ''axios'' worthy or deserving). Similarly, any set of definitions must start with a set of fundamental terms that need no definition. An axiom is usually a fundamental property of nature upon which all agree. Persons attempting to show that something is a fundamental property of nature when it is not, or a value of that property that is contrary to fact, typically use circular reasoning to make such an attempt.
==Examples==
*Atheists use circular logic to "disprove" the existence of [[God]]. That is, they presuppose that God does not exist and then argue that all proofs for the existence of God must be flawed because He does not exist.

*[[Muslim]]s also use circular logic to defend the [[Qur'an]]. They argue that the Qur'an is true because it is the Word of [[Allah]], that it is the Word of Allah because it says so, and that we can rely on it because it is true.

*[[Evolutionist]]s will claim that a fossil is millions of years old because that is the date given by [[carbon dating]]; then state that carbon dating is reliable because they "know" that the fossil is millions of years old due to the [[strata]] in which it was found.
== Reference ==

* [http://creationwiki.org/Circular_reasoning Circular reasoning] by [[CreationWiki]]

[[Category:Logical Fallacies]]
[[Category:Liberal Traits]]

GOProud

2011-02-12T03:42:03Z

KennethC: RINOs. I'm sorry but these people are not Republicans

'''GOProud''' is a gay rights group that consists of [[RINO]]s. They consider themselves conservatives who believe in [[limited government]], individual liberty, free markets, national defense and a strong foreign policy. Per their website "We believe that every individual should be equal under the law." This stance would include the right to gay marriage. Some people believe the group has more in common with conservatism than the [[libertarian]] wing. Traditional conservatism is defined by social issues; God, heterosexual marriage, pro-life, morality etc. As such, GOProud divides the conservative movement which is now evident in the annual [[CPAC]] convention and the refusal of social conservative groups to attend an event that promotes [[homosexuality]] from GOProud. The co-founders of GOProud are Jimmy LaSalvia and Christopher Barron. Barron was a political director for [[Planned Parenthood]]. <ref>[http://www.gaypatriot.net/2005/11/16/breaking-news-log-cabin-loses-political-director-to-planned-parenthood/ BREAKING NEWS: LOG CABIN LOSES POLITICAL DIRECTOR TO PLANNED PARENTHOOD, Gay Patriot, November 16, 2005]</ref>

==Leftist Policies==
*Christopher Barron calls Cleta Mitchell, a conservative lawyer fighting same-sex marriage in D.C., a nasty [[bigot]]. <ref>[http://www.redstate.com/erick/2011/02/10/this-is-too-much-for-me/ This is Too Much For Me, Red State, February 10, 2011]</ref>
*GOProud attacks conservative [[Tim Pawlenty]] for his support of Don't Ask Don't Tell. <ref>[http://www.redstate.com/erick/2011/02/08/reciprocal-courtesy-on-a-bridge-too-far/ Reciprocal Courtesy On a Bridge Too Far, Red State, February 2011]</ref>
*GOProud calls conservative leader [[Jim DeMint]] "outrageous and bizarre" for suggesting the barring of openly [[gay]] teachers from school. <ref>[http://www.goproud.org/jim-demint-trying-his-best-to-make-alvin-greene-look-sane/ Jim DeMint: Trying His Best to Make Alvin Greene Look Sane, GOProud, October 5, 2010]</ref>

==See Also==
* [[Log Cabin Republicans]]

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
* [http://www.goproud.org Official website]

[[Category:Homosexuality]]
[[Category:Politics]]

Chuck Norris' views on homosexuality

2011-02-06T21:24:54Z

KennethC: typo

[[File:Chuck_norris.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Chuck Norris refuses to bow to the [[homosexual agenda]] and instead remains true to the [[Bible]].]]
The [[Christian]] [[conservative]] '''[[Chuck Norris]]''' has refused to be taken in by the [[homosexual agenda]] constantly pushed by [[liberal]]s, and so his views regarding '''[[homosexuality]]''' are based upon [[Biblical]] [[morality]], as is to be expected from a [[Christian]] [[conservative]].

[[Chuck Norris]] wrote the following regarding the vote against the pro-[[homosexuality]] [[Proposition 8]]: "''Bitter activists simply cannot accept the outcome as being truly reflective of the general public. So they have placed the brainwashing blame upon the crusading and misleading zealotry of those religious villains: the Catholics, evangelical Protestants and especially Mormons, who are allegedly robbing the rights of American citizens by merely executing their voting rights and standing upon their moral convictions and traditional views.''"<ref>http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=81195</ref>

[[Category: Conservatives]]
[[Category: Christians]]
[[Category: Homosexuality]]

== References ==
<references/>

Chuck Norris' views on homosexuality

2011-02-06T21:19:25Z

KennethC: fix formatting

[[File:Chuck_norris.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Chuck Norris refuses to bow to the [[homosexual agenda]] and instead remains true to the [[Bible]].]]
The [[Christian]] [[conservative]] '''[[Chuck Norris]]''' has not refused to be taken in by the [[homosexual agenda]] constantly pushed by [[liberal]]s, and so his views regarding '''[[homosexuality]]''' are based upon [[Biblical]] [[morality]], as is to be expected from a [[Christian]] [[conservative]].

[[Chuck Norris]] wrote the following regarding the vote against the pro-[[homosexuality]] [[Proposition 8]]: "''Bitter activists simply cannot accept the outcome as being truly reflective of the general public. So they have placed the brainwashing blame upon the crusading and misleading zealotry of those religious villains: the Catholics, evangelical Protestants and especially Mormons, who are allegedly robbing the rights of American citizens by merely executing their voting rights and standing upon their moral convictions and traditional views.''"<ref>http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=81195</ref>

[[Category: Conservatives]]
[[Category: Christians]]
[[Category: Homosexuality]]

== References ==
<references/>

Chuck Norris' views on homosexuality

2011-02-06T21:11:14Z

KennethC: Created page with "Chuck Norris refuses to bow to the [[homosexual agenda and instead remains true to the Bible.]] The Christian conservative '''..."

[[File:Chuck_norris|thumb|right|400px|Chuck Norris refuses to bow to the [[homosexual agenda]] and instead remains true to the [[Bible]].]]
The [[Christian]] [[conservative]] '''[[Chuck Norris]]''' has not refused to be taken in by the [[homosexual agenda]] constantly pushed by [[liberal]]s, and so his views regarding '''[[homosexuality]]''' are based upon [[Biblical]] [[morality]], as is to be expected from a [[Christian]] [[conservative]].

[[Chuck Norris]] wrote the following regarding the vote against the pro-[[homosexuality]] [[Proposition 8]]: "''Bitter activists simply cannot accept the outcome as being truly reflective of the general public. So they have placed the brainwashing blame upon the crusading and misleading zealotry of those religious villains: the Catholics, evangelical Protestants and especially Mormons, who are allegedly robbing the rights of American citizens by merely executing their voting rights and standing upon their moral convictions and traditional views.''"<ref>http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=81195</ref>

[[Category: Conservatives]]
[[Category: Christians]]
[[Category: Homosexuality]]

== References ==
</references>

Pershing II

2011-02-03T19:22:33Z

KennethC: category

The '''Pershing 2''' was a development and improvement of the [[PERSHING]] [[weapon]] system. The PERSHING II was first deployed in December 1983. Through the use of a terminally guided reentry vehicle with a new warhead, new propulsion sections, and modified PERSHING la ground support equipment, the PERSHING II provided increased effectiveness covering longer ranges with reduced collateral damage over the PERSHING la.

The Deputy [[Secretary of Defense]] authorized the Army to proceed with the advanced development of the PERSHING II on 7 March 1974, with the first PERSHING II missile advanced development firing taking place on 18 November 1977.

NATO Ministers formally approved the basing of the PERSHING II missile system in Western Europe in December 1979. The initial operational capability for the PERSHING II was achieved when the 56th Field Artillery Brigade received its equipment on 15 December 1983, and deployment of the first PERSHING II battalion was completed in Europe on 30 June 1984. And on 13 December 1985 the PERSHING II weapon system successfully achieved full operational capability in Europe.

The increased range and pinpoint accuracy of the PERSHING II were major factors influencing the Soviet Union's decision to seek the Treaty on Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces in which the United States and the [[USSR]] agreed to eliminate an entire class of [[nuclear missile]]s. The [[United States]] and the [[USSR]] signed the [[Intermediate Range Nuclear Force]]s (INF)Treaty on 8 December 1987, and the U.S. Senate ratified the INF Treaty on 27 May 1988.

In accordance with INF [[Treaty]] provisions all of the U.S. Army's tactical PERSHING II missile stages, launchers, trainers, and deployed reentry vehicles had to be eliminated by May 31, 1991. A total of 234 PERSHING II missiles were covered by the treaty. Army contractors completed the destruction of the last PERSHING II in May 1991. The majority of PERSHING missile stages were burned (static fired) and then crushed, primarily at Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, Texas, or at Pueblo Depot Activity, Colorado. Representatives from the Soviet Inspection Team and the U.S. On-Site Inspection Agency were present to witness the elimination process.

Each side also had permission to destroy 15 missiles and launchers by disabling, then permanently exhibiting them in museums and similar facilities. The 15 U.S. missiles and launchers were split between the Army's PERSHING II and the Air Force's GLCMs. A PERSHING II missile and launcher were put on display at the Field Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, [[Oklahoma]]; White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico; the Eastern Test Range, Cape Canaveral, Florida; and the Alabama Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama. A missile only was exhibited also at Langley Air Force Base, Hampton, Virginia. The final two PERSHING II missiles and the last launcher were donated to the Smithsonian Institution's Air and Space Museum, which exchanged with the Soviet Union one PERSHING II for an SS-20 missile.

[[Category:Weapons]]
[[Category:Cold War]]

Pershing II

2011-02-03T19:21:26Z

KennethC: category

Pershing II

2011-02-03T19:18:15Z

KennethC: new article

Natural gas

2011-02-02T21:26:50Z

KennethC: Undo revision 845805 by Toadaron (talk) Yes it is a petroleum product

'''Natural gas''' is a [[petroleum]] product consisting of about 70% [[methane]]. The rest is made up of [[ethane]] (15%) and other [[hydrocarbon|hydrocarbons]].<ref>http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/methane/methane.html</ref> It is naturally oderless, so odor is added to make a leak detectible.

When burned for electricity production (its most common use), natural gas produces significantly less [[pollution]] than [[coal]], the most popular source of energy in the United States for electricity production. Natural gas produces no sulfur dioxide (the main contributor to acid rain, and which coal produces, though in much smaller quantities after the 1990 amendment to the [[Clean Air Act]]). Natural gas also produces over 77% less nitrogen oxide air pollutants (important contributors to smog and respiratory health problems) compared to coal, on average<ref>Proops, J.L.R., et. al. "The lifetime pollution implications of various types of electricity generation: an input-output analysis." 1996. Energy Policy Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 229-237.</ref>. As such, it is especially useful in urban environments (e.g., in fueling buses) where local concentrations of airborne pollutants can cause certain health issues. If considering [[carbon dioxide]] as a pollutant, natural gas produces over 36% less CO2 emissions from electricity generation compared to coal, on average. In the U.S. in 2008, natural gas made up about 20% of electricity production<ref>U.S. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2010 - Electricity Demand. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo10/electricity.html</ref> and 16% of CO2 emissions from electricity production, compared to 48% and 82%, respectively, for coal. CO2 emissions from electricity generation make up 41% of total U.S. CO2 emissions<ref>U.S. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2010 - Emissions Projections. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo10/emission.html</ref>.

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Organic Chemistry]]

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

2011-02-01T17:41:34Z

KennethC: category

The '''Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty''' (or '''SALT I''' to be more precise), was a binding [[Cold War]] treaty between the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] aimed and limiting the deployment and proliferation of [[ICBM]]'s. The SALT I limited the U.S. and the Soviet Union to their 1972 levels of [[ballistic missile]]s.

[[category:diplomacy]]
[[category:Treaties]]
[[category:Cold War]]

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

2011-02-01T17:29:27Z

KennethC:

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

2011-02-01T17:29:05Z

KennethC:

The '''Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty''' (or '''SALT I''' to be more precise), was a binding [[[Cold War]] treaty between the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] aimed and limiting the deployment and proliferation of [[ICBM]]'s. The SALT I limited the U.S. and the Soviet Union to their 1972 levels of [[ballistic missile]]s.

[[category:diplomacy]]
[[category:Treaties]]

Conservapedia:American History Spring 2011

2011-02-01T17:22:43Z

KennethC: /* Enrollment */ looking forward to the start of the course

Enroll by inserting your user name into this file: click "Edit this page" below, then position your cursor in the Enrollment section below, and then click 10th tab from the left above.

"American History Spring 2010" is a 14-week course that teaches the history of the United States, from exploration in the 1400s through the most recent events of 2011.

'''Unlike other courses, this class will tie closely to current events and the lectures will be revised online and tailored to the most up-to-date available information'''.

Students seeking to earn college credit can take the CLEP or AP exams upon successful completion of this course.

This course begins January 27th, the first Thursday after the [[March for Life]]. Please add your user id. (as explained above) if you would like to participate in this course in any way, either as a student or as a teacher on this site.

The instructor is Andy Schlafly, who has taught over 16 courses, including one as an adjunct professor at a major law school.

== Enrollment ==

*--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 09:58, 2 January 2011 (EST)
*--[[User:Martyp|Martyp]] 10:40, 2 January 2011 (EST)
*--[[User:TeacherEd|TeacherEd]]
*--[[Bandrico homeschool mom/teacher]]
*--[[User:DevonJ|DevonJ]]
*--[[User:KennethC|KennethC]] 12:22, 1 February 2011 (EST)
(add your id above)

== Special concepts ==

This course will include many concepts not included in most run-of-the-mill American history courses, such as:

*

(add to list)

== Homework questions ==

*

== References ==

<references/>