Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Lars Larson

2009-02-03T06:45:29Z

Kuyper: added category:Broadcasters

'''Lars Larson''' is the host of the conservative talk radio show '''The Lars Larson Show''' on [[Westwood One]].

*[http://larslarson.com/ The Official Home of The Lars Larson Show]

[[category:Conservatives]]
[[category:Broadcasters]]

User talk:Ssmcculloch

2009-02-03T06:43:14Z

Kuyper: welcome!

<div style="background: #FFFFFF; width:95%; border: 3px solid blue; padding:0.5em;">
{{useful links|background=#FF6666|float=right}}
'''<big><font color="red">Welcome!</font></big>'''

Hello, {{PAGENAME}}, and '''''welcome''''' to [[Conservapedia]]!

We're glad you are here to edit. '''We ask that you read our [[Conservapedia:Editor's guide|Editor's Guide]] as soon as you can.'''

At the right are some useful links for you. You can include these links on your user page by putting "{{tl|Useful links}}" on the page.

Thanks for reading, {{PAGENAME}}!

:[[User:Kuyper|Daniel_Kuyper]] 01:43, 3 February 2009 (EST)
{{clear}}</div>

User talk:Scochran4

2009-02-03T06:42:41Z

Kuyper: welcome!

User talk:Jadamsfeuer

2009-02-03T06:39:55Z

Kuyper: welcome!

Lars Larson

2009-02-03T06:37:03Z

Kuyper: small new article, all I have time for right now, will get back and expand ASAP.

Walton

2009-01-10T17:32:18Z

Kuyper: Redirecting to Sam Walton

#REDIRECT [[Sam Walton]]

Schubert

2009-01-10T17:31:58Z

Kuyper: Redirecting to Franz Schubert

#REDIRECT [[Franz Schubert]]

Haydn

2009-01-10T17:31:36Z

Kuyper: Redirecting to Joseph Haydn

#REDIRECT [[Joseph Haydn]]

Dvorak

2009-01-10T17:31:14Z

Kuyper: Redirecting to Antonin Dvorak

#REDIRECT [[Antonin Dvorak]]

ELgar

2009-01-10T17:30:53Z

Kuyper: Redirecting to Edward Elgar

#REDIRECT [[Edward Elgar]]

Cello

2009-01-10T17:29:57Z

Kuyper: /* Notable Works for the Cello */ link compser names

[[Image:Cellotuning.PNG|thumb|right|Cello standard tunings]]
The '''cello''' (short for its formal name, ''violoncello''<ref>'''Not''' "viol'''i'''ncello;" the fifth letter is an o, not an i</ref>) is a low-pitched [[String Instruments|string instrument]] of the violin family. It often shares the melody, and sometimes harmonizes with, the [[Violin]] in a western [[orchestra]]. Its pitch range is similar to that of the human voice, giving it a warm and emotional quality.

==History==

The cello grew out of a member of the string family called the ‘viole de bracchio’ in the early 16th century, as a 3 stringed instrument. By the late 1600s the tuning of the modern cello, i.e. with four strings tuned an octave lower than the viola, had been adopted. Its size, which had fluctuated, was standardized by “Stradavari” in about 1710; and it was becoming an intrinsic part of the standard orchestra by that time. The spike that supports the instrument on the floor was introduced in the late 18th century but was not universally used until the late 19th.

In the modern cello’s repertoire, the first great work is the series of partitas for solo cello by J. S. Bach (though their greatness was not realised until Pablo Casals’ recordings in the 1930s.) In the post-baroque 18th century, a number of virtuoso players – foremost amongst them Boccherini - brought the instrument out of its normal support role in chamber music to be an equal in the string ensemble. Boccherini, Haydn and Mozart used it as the bass in their string quartets, and (usually) doubled up with it in quintets. It arrived as a concerto instrument with the three concertos by Haydn.

During the 19th century Beethoven wrote his five cello sonatas - the first serious music of their kind - and a concerto for piano, violin, cello and orchestra. Important sonatas were written by Mendelssohn (2), Chopin (1) and Brahms (3). Schumann and Dvorak’s concertos are firm favorites.

The 20th century has enjoyed important works for cello and orchestra by Elgar, Prokofiev, Shostakovich (2) and Britten; with those by Barber and Walton finding favour in concert halls. The solo repertoire has seen works by Reger and Kodaly.

With Casals, the most important exponent of the instrument in modern times has been Mstislav Rostropovich, who died in April 2007.

In popular music, the cello was used to good effect in the [[Beatles]]' songs ''Eleanor Rigby'' and ''I am the Walrus''- and has also recently crossed over into a more modern genre with the appearance of the band Apocalyptica in Finland and has come to international acclaim. Apocalyptica initially started off playing [[Metallica]] music on four cellos but have recently branched out into original pieces.

==Playing the Cello==

The cello difers from the violin and the [[viola]] in that the cello is usually played sitting down with the instrument supported on the ground by the endpin, rather than rested on the player's shoulder. The cello rests between the player's legs, with the neck rising above the left shoulder. The bow is drawn horizontally across the strings, but the terms "upbow" and "downbow" are still used. Many of the playing techniques from the violin, such as vibrato and the use of harmonics apply to the cello as well.

==Notable Works for the Cello==

* [[Bach]] - Suites for solo Cello
* [[Beethoven]] - Cello Sonatas; Variations on "''See the Conquering Hero''" in G
* [[Brahms]] - Concerto for Violin and Cello in A minor, Op. 102; Cello Sonatas, opp. 38 and 99
* [[Chopin]] - Cello Sonata in G minor, Op. 65; Introduction and Polonaise for Cello in C
* [[Dvorak]] - Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104
* [[ELgar]] - Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85
* [[Haydn]] - Cello Concerto No.2 in D major, Hob. VIIb/2 Op. 101
* [[Schubert]] - Arpeggione Sonata
* [[Schumann]] - Cello Concerto in A minor
* [[Shostakovich]] - Cello Sonata Op. 40: Cello Concerto No.1, Op. 107
* [[Tchaikovsky]] - Rococo Variations for Cello and Orchestra
* [[Walton]] - Cello Concerto

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:String Instruments]]

Laodamia

2009-01-10T17:27:32Z

Kuyper:

In [[Greek]] [[mythology]] '''Laodamia''' was a daughter of [[Bellerophon]], the mother of [[Sarpedon]] by [[Zeus]], killed by the goddess [[Artemis]]

[[Category:Greek Mythology]]

Victorian paintings

2009-01-10T03:03:08Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606538 by Dingaling (Talk)

The '''Victorian Age''' was the period in Great [[Britain]] under the long-lived [[Queen Victoria]] who reigned from 1837 to 1901. The term is also used to describe later nineteenth century western society in general with its strong [[moral]] standards and sharply defined gender roles.

== Sources ==

*The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History, Bulliet et al, 2005.

[[Category:British History]]

George W. Bush

2009-01-10T03:02:26Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606561 by Dingaling (Talk)

{{President
|image=George_w_bush.jpeg
|seq=43
|term_start=January 20, 2001
|term_end=January 20, 2009
|party=Republican
|vp=Dick Cheney
|previous=Bill Clinton
|next=Barack Obama
|birth_date=July 6, 1946
|birth_place=New Haven, Connecticut
|death_date=
|death_place=
|spouse=[[Laura Bush]]
|spouse2=
|religion=[[United Methodist]]
}}

'''George Walker Bush''' (born New Haven, [[Connecticut]] 1946) was the Governor of [[Texas]] (1995-2000) and has served as the 43rd [[President of the United States of America]] since 2001. Campaigning on the notion that the United States should not be in the business of nation-building,<ref>http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/debates/transcripts/u221003.html</ref> he won the office by a narrow margin in the decisive State of [[Florida]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 Presidential election]]. Legal challenges to the certified vote count went all the way to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] when [[liberal]] Democratic contender [[Al Gore]], who initially conceded defeat on the night of the election, then contested the outcome for weeks until the Supreme Court case [[Bush v. Gore]].

In the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 Presidential election]] Bush won re-election, helped in part by a 300,000 vote victory (5%) in the State of Florida, where the outcome had been so close in 2000.<ref>[http://election.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/SummaryRpt.asp?ElectionDate=11/2/2004&Race=PRE&DATAMODE= Florida Election Records], ''[[Florida Dept. of State]]''</ref> [[Leftist]] Democratic candidate [[John Kerry]] conceded defeat the day after the election.

==Early Life==
[[Image:Bushfamily.JPG|left|thumb|275px|George W. Bush and his family in 1981]] George W. Bush was born on July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut, and grew up in Midland and Houston, Texas. <ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/biography.html</ref> He attended [[Yale University]] were he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and [[Harvard]] Business School, and later served in the Texas Air [[National Guard]]. Growing up in politics, his father [[George H. W. Bush]] had been a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], American Ambassador to the [[United Nations]], Director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]](CIA) and [[Vice President]] of the Untied States under President [[Ronald Reagan]]. In 1988, George W. Bush worked for his fathers successful Presidential campaign. Afterwords Bush purchased the Texas Rangers [[baseball]] franchise.

==Governor of Texas==
Bush declared his candidacy for Governor of Texas in 1994. He defeated incumbent [[Democrat]] Governor [[Ann Richards]] 53.5 percent to 45.9 percent. Bush advocated and signed the two largest tax cuts to date in Texas history, totaling over $3 billion. <ref>http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/40078/tsl-40078.html</ref> He supported and signed legislation emphasizing local control of [[school]]s, higher standards, and a revised curriculum. Bush was easily reelected Governor in 1998.

==2000 Presidential Campaign==
''Main Article: [[United States presidential election, 2000]]''

The Republican nominee for the 2000 Presidential nomination came down to Texas Governor George W. Bush and [[Arizona]] Senator [[John McCain]], a maverick Republican and ex-POW. Most social conservatives endorsed Bush. Despite early primary wins in [[New Hampshire]] and [[Michigan]] for McCain, Bush eventually won after sweeping 9 out of the 13 states on super Tuesday. McCain withdrew in March after a bitter primary fight. Bush then chose former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Richard Cheney]] as his running mate. [[Vice President]] [[Al Gore]] was the Democrat nominee. Consumer Advocate [[Ralph Nader]], a strong supporter of [[environment]]al protection and critic of large corporations entered the race in the [[green party]].

In a historically close race, Gore edged out Bush in the popular vote 48.4 percent to 47.9 percent. However, Bush won the majority of electoral votes, 271 to 266, because of Bush's victory in Florida, winning it's 25 electoral votes that both candidates desperately needed. The race in Florida was so close that state law required a recount of the ballots. There were, however, thousands of thrown out ballots that were discredited because the counting machines could not discern them. After the machine recounts still showed Bush ahead, Gore asked for a hand recount of ballots in counties that favored Democrats. On November 26th, Florida officials certified that Bush won the state of Florida by 537 votes. Gore conceded December 13th.

==2004 Reelection Campaign==
''Main Article: [[United States presidential election, 2004]]''

In President Bush's reelection campaign in 2004, national security, the invasion of Iraq and social issues dominated the campaign. The Democrat nominee was [[Massachusetts]] Senator [[John Kerry]]. Bush won the popular vote, 51% to 48%. With 120 million Americans voting (15 million more then in 2000) Bush recieved more votes than any other presidential candidate in history. Among the swing states, Kerry took [[Pennsylvania]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]] and [[Oregon]], while Bush took [[Ohio]], [[Florida]], [[Missouri]], [[Iowa]], [[Colorado]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Nevada]]. <ref>http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/map.html</ref>

Republicans also picked up seats in both chambers of [[Congress]].

==Presidency (2001-2009)==

===Administration and Cabinet===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Office
! Name
! Term
|-
| [[President]]
| George W. Bush
| 2001-2009
|-
| [[Vice President]]
| [[Richard Cheney]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| [[Secretary of State]]
| [[Colin Powell]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Condoleezza Rice]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| [[Secretary of Treasury]]
| [[Paul O'Neill]]
| 2001-2002
|-
|
| [[John Snow]]
| 2003-2006
|-
|
| [[Henry Paulson]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| [[Secretary of Defense]]
| [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Robert Gates]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| [[Attorney General]]
| [[John Ashcroft]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Alberto Gonzales]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[Michael Mukasey]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| Secretary of the Interior
| [[Gale Norton]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Dirk Kempthorne]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| Secretary of Agriculture
| [[Ann Veneman]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Mike Johanns]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[Ed Schafer]]
| 2008-2009
|-
| Secretary of Commerce
| [[Donald Evans]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Carlos Gutierrez]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Labor
| [[Elaine Chao]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| Secretary of Health and Human Services
| [[Tommy Thompson]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Michael Leavitt]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Education
| [[Rod Paige]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Margaret Spellings]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
| [[Mel Martinez]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| [[Alphonso Jackson]]
| 2003-2008
|-
|
| [[Steve Preston]]
| 2008-2009
|-
| Secretary of Transportation
| [[Norman Mineta]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Mary Peters]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| Secretary of Energy
| [[Spencer Abraham]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Samuel Bodman]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Secretary of Veterans Affairs
| [[Anthony Principi]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Jim Nicholson]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[James Peake]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| Secretary of Homeland Security
| [[Tom Ridge]]
| 2003-2005
|-
|
| [[Michael Chertoff]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Chief of Staff
| [[Andrew Card]]
| 2001-2006
|-
|
| [[Joshua Bolten]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
| [[Christine Todd Whitman]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| [[Michael Leavitt]]
| 2003-2005
|-
|
| [[Stephen Johnson]]
| 2005-2009
|-
| Director of the Office of Management and Budget
| [[Mitch Daniels]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| Joshua Bolten
| 2003-2006
|-
|
| [[Rob Portman]]
| 2006-2007
|-
|
| [[Jim Nussle]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
| [[John Walters]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| United States Trade Representative
| [[Robert Zoellick]]
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| Rob Portman
| 2005-2006
|-
|
| Susan Schwab
| 2006-2009
|-
| [[CIA]] Director
| [[George Tenet]]
| 2001-2004
|-
|
| [[John E. McLaughlin]]
| 2004
|-
|
| [[Porter J. Goss]]
| 2004-2006
|-
|
| [[Michael Hayden]]
| 2006-2009
|-
| FBI Director
| [[Louis Freeh]]
| 2001
|-
|
| [[Thomas J. Pickard]]
| 2001
|-
|
| [[Robert S. Mueller]]
| 2001-2009
|-
| National Security Advisor
| Condoleezza Rice
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| Stephen Hadley
| 2005-2009
|-
| White House Counsel
| Alberto R. Gonzales
| 2001-2005
|-
|
| [[Harriet Miers]]
| 2005-2007
|-
|
| [[Fred Fielding]]
| 2007-2009
|-
| White House Press Secretary
| [[Ari Fleischer]]
| 2001-2003
|-
|
| [[Scott McClellan]]
| 2003-2006
|-
|
| [[Tony Snow]]
| 2006-2007
|-
|
| [[Dana Perino]]
| 2007-2009
|-
|}

===Response to the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks===
The September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks resulted in George W. Bush becoming a self-described war time President. On that morning President Bush had traveled to Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, [[Florida]] to promote his [[education]]al agenda, when 19 Islamic terrorists connected with [[al-Qaeda]] hijacked four commercial airplanes. Two of them crashed into the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], the third in the [[Pentagon]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] and the fourth in Somerset County, [[Pennsylvania]], after passengers of the flight successfully stopped the hijackers from hitting Washington D.C., possibly the [[White House]] or [[Capital]]. As a resulted over 3,000 Americans were killed, and over 6,000 injured, the largest terrorist attack in American history. After [[White House]] Chief of Staff [[Andrew Card]] had whispered in the President's ear that the United States was under attack, President Bush addressed the public in the Booker school's media center, saying a brief four paragraph statement that "Terrorism against our nation will not stand. This will not stand." Which was a formation that Presidnet George H. W. Bush used in August 1990 after [[Iraq]] invaded [[Kuwait]]. President Bush would later say that "This is my reminder of lives that ended, and a task that does not end. . . . I will not yield; I will not rest; I will not relent in waging this struggle for freedom and security for the American people."

[[Image:20010912-4-1.jpg|left|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush, Secretary of State Colin Powell, [[Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Hugh Shelton, talk with the press about the previous day's terrorist attacks during a cabinet meeting Sept. 12, 2001. White House photo by Tina Hager. ]] Although the attacks may have been an attempt from al-Qaeda to divide the United States, they were unsuccessful. Across the nation Americans had donated blood and raised money for reconstruction in New York City. Within weeks Americans had raised over one billion dollars in money. <ref>The American Vision from National Geographic, pg. 1033 </ref> On September 14th President Bush declared a national emergency. [[CIA]] Director [[George Tenent]] and the FBI identified the attacks from al-Qaeda and [[Osama Bin Laden]] in [[Afghanistan]]. As President Bush and [[Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] began to build an international coalition with over 90 countries to support the United States global [[War on Terrorism]], [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] began to redeploy troops and aircraft's to the [[middle east]]. On September 24th, President Bush issued an executive order freezing all funding to financial assets to individuals and groups suspected of terrorism, and over 80 other nations soon followed. Bush then established the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate federal agencies working to prevent terrorism. The President appointed [[Pennsylvania]] [[Governor]] [[Tom Ridge]] to the office. In October President Bush signed into law the U.S. [[Patriot Act]], which allowed authorities to obtain a signal nationwide search warrant that could be used anywhere on suspected terrorists. It also made it easier to wiretap terrorists and track their [[email]]. The mastermind of the 9/11 attacks—[[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] has been captured.

On October 5th, a new [[anthrax]] scare from terrorists began. Anthrax - a deadly bacteria had been sent in the mail to news organizations in New York City and Washington, D.C. and [[Senate]] Majority Leader [[Tom Daschle]]'s office. The FBI investigated the anthrax attacks, although no suspects were identified.

===War in Afghanistan===
On October 7th, 2001, President George W. Bush ordered to bomb targets to al-Qaeda's camps and the [[Taliban]]'s [[military]] forces in Afghanistan. "We will not waver, we will not tire, we will not falter, we will not fail, freedom will prevail", President Bush explained. The attack quickly shattered the [[Taliban]]'s defenses, and by early December the Taliban regime had collapsed. The United States and it's allies then helped Afghanistan create a new [[government]]. By March 2002, the Taliban and al-Qaeda members were beginning to regroup again in the mountain's of the [[Pakistan]] border. President Bush responded by launching Operation Anaconda, where al-Qaeda troops were defeated. Today Afghanistan has a democratically elected [[President]], a national assembly, and a market [[economy]]. More than six million children now attend Afghan schools, compared, to fewer than one million in 2001.

===2002 Mid-Term Elections===

Democrats wanted the focus of the 2002 mid term elections to be on the [[economy]], which was growing slowly after the September 11th terrorist attacks. However, because Congress voted to authorized military force in Iraq in mid-October, national security was the top issue. Republicans increased their majority in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and took back control of the [[United States Senate]].

===2002-2003 build up of the War in Iraq===
In his infamous January 2002 State of the Union speech, President Bush declared an "Axis of Evil" made up of [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], and [[North Korea]], countries that posed a grave treat to the world and were suspected of supporting terrorism. Considering it a more dangerous and urgent treat then North Korea, President Bush began putting pressure on Iraq throughout 2002 for a regime [[change]]. Iraq's dictator [[Saddam Hussein]] had used chemical weapons against Iran and the Kurds, an ethnic minority in Iraq. Considering that Iraq may had been building Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD's) and was a treat to the United States and it's allies, On September 12, 2002 President Bush tried to gain U.N. support for a U.S. led invasion of Iraq and asked for a resolution that Iraq gave up it's Weapons of Mass Destruction. While the U.N. Security Council approved a resolution that demanded Saddam Hussein declare all of it's WMD's, stop supporting terrorism and oppressing his people, Congress authorized the use of military force against Iraq. The United States, [[Great Britain]] and about 30 other countries began to prepare for war.

===Aftermath of the Invasion===
[[Image:20031127_dsc2048-515h.jpg|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush meets with troops and serves Thanksgiving Dinner at the Bob Hope Dining Facility, Baghdad International Airport, Iraq,, Thursday, November 27, 2003. White House photo by Tina Hager.]] On March 23rd, 2003, U.S. led coalition forces began an attack on Iraq. Most of the Iraqi army dissolved and coalition forces quickly took control of the country. However, sectarian violence worsened through [[bomb]]ings and sniper attacks. On Thanksgiving 2003 President Bush and U.S. National Security Adviser [[Condoleezza Rice]] visited troops in Iraq to boost moral. Saddam Hussein was captured in December 2003 while little evidence had shown that he had obtained Weapons of Mass Destruction.

On January 30, 2005 Iraq had it's first general election since the liberation. They voted for a 275-member Iraqi National Assembly which later drafted a constitution. In December Iraq elected a permanent 275-member Council of Representatives. There were low levels of violence during the voting. In a show down with Congressional Democrats after taking control of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] and [[U.S. Senate|Senate]] in the 2006 Congressional Midterm elections, Democrats retreated on their pledge to end the [[Iraq War]] early and bring the troops home. Democrats had threatened to withhold funding for the troops unless a date certain for withdrawal was set. After the final vote, 280-142 in the House and 80-14 in the Senate, the anti-War movement was defeated. The deal cut with Democratic leaders in exchange for their acquiescing to fund the troops calls for the President to sign legislation raising the [[minimum wage]]. <ref>[http://washingtontimes.com/national/20070525-122215-4854r.htm Congress OKs war bill sans time-line,] By S.A. Miller, The Washington Times'', May 25, 2007. </ref> One commentator remarked, "Despite all the talk of standing up to George W. Bush, despite all the bravado about taking control of Congress, despite the so-called mandate to change direction, Democrats caved....They claim that the majority of Americans are with them on the Iraq issue, but...President Bush, at the weakest moment of his presidency, still bested his Democratic rivals." <ref>[http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/phyrillas/05292007.htm Democrats Show True Colors], Tony Phyrillas, ''New Media journal'', May 29, 2007, </ref>

===2007 Troop Surge===

[[Image:20061228-1_p122706pm-0144-515h.jpg‎|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush meets with National Security team, from left to right, Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Peter Pace Thursday, Dec. 28, 2006, at Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas. White House photo by Paul Morse]]
On January 23, 2007 President Bush ordered an additional 30,000 troops to Iraq.

<blockquote>
In order to make progress toward this goal, the Iraqi government must stop the sectarian violence in its capital. But the Iraqis are not yet ready to do this on their own. So we're deploying reinforcements of more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq. The vast majority will go to Baghdad, where they will help Iraqi forces to clear and secure neighborhoods, and serve as advisers embedded in Iraqi Army units. With Iraqis in the lead, our forces will help secure the city by chasing down the terrorists, insurgents, and the roaming death squads. And in Anbar Province, where al Qaeda terrorists have gathered and local forces have begun showing a willingness to fight them, we're sending an additional 4,000 United States Marines, with orders to find the terrorists and clear them out.
</blockquote> <ref>http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/603653/the_iraq_war_troop_surge_one_year_later.html</ref>

The surge was opposed by a majority of the United States Congress. However, it has resulted in significantly reduced sectarian violence. According to U.S. Central Command [[General]] [[David Petraeus]], violence in Iraq by December 2008 was at a 5 year low. <ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE4B86G720081209</ref>

===Humanitarian aid===
President Bush has worked to stop the spread of the [[HIV/AIDS]] epidemic in [[Africa]]. In the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) $15 billion dollars over five years (2003–2008) was spent on fighting global HIV/AIDS and improving treatment.

===Economy===

Upon gaining office in 2001, Bush signed into law a $1.35 trillion cut in [[taxation]] over 10 years. The plan included the objectives of doubling the child tax credit from $500 to $1,000, reducing the tax penalty on [[marriage|married couples]] and fully repealing the [[Estate tax|tax on estates]]. A [[United States Senate]] Finance Committee Report estimated that with all the planned reductions fully phased in, the average family of four making $50,000 would save $1,825 per year.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/07/bush.taxes/ $1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law], CNN, 21 June 2001</ref>

[[Image:20080919-2_p091908jb-0025-1-515h.jpg‎|Right|thumb|300px|President George W. Bush stands with Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, left, SEC Chairman Chris Cox, right, and Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson as he delivers a statement on the economy Friday, Sept. 19, 2008, in the Rose Garden. White House photo by Joyce N. Boghosian]] Since the tax cuts, [[IRS]] revenues increased from $1.78 trillion in 2003 to $2.56 trillion in 2007 with a 46.3% increase of individual income tax receipts. Surging $785 billion since the 2003 investment tax cuts, it is the largest four-year revenue increase in U.S. history<ref>http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119189497675953035.html?mod=googlenews_wsj</ref>

During this same time period, spending mandated by Congress has also increased by more than 29 percent in inflation-adjusted dollars, representing an 11.4 percent increase in federal spending as a percentage of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. This spending has doubled the federal debt, increasing it from 58 to 66 percent of GDP. Defense spending increased 61 percent, and non-defense by 23 percent during the eight years since 2000. The largest non-defense spending increase has been for federally-funded medical expenses, at 54 percent.<ref>[http://www.aier.org/research/commentaries/750-big-government-under-the-bush-administration Big Government Under The Bush Administration], AIER, 16 November 2008</ref> In total, Bush has increased government expenditures by the largest percentage of any president since [[Lyndon Johnson]]. However, this appears likely to be eclipsed by the spending plans of [[Barack Obama]], who pledged on 6 December 2008 to invest "record amounts of money" in infrastructure, a plan which some members of Congress are estimating at $400 to $700 billion.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/us/politics/07radio.html?ref=us Obama Pledges Public Works on a Vast Scale], New York Times, 6 December 2008</ref>.

Bush has presided over a period of general economic growth. This is partially due to changes in the stock market that lead to a record high in 2007, although the [[NASDAQ]] is still down considerably from the levels it was at before the Dot-com bubble burst. Corporations showed profits growing by double digits growth.<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/money/markets/us/2006-05-08-mart-usat_x.htm</ref> Even the working class benefited from the Bush economy, as unemployment hit an all time low in March 2007.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/economy</ref> Bush signed into law a minimum wage increase, one of the platforms for the Democrats in the 2006 Congressional elections, after the House and Senate included Bush's request of provisions for small-business tax breaks.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/20/AR2006122001784.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011001666.html</ref> Tax policies have been favorable to reducing the [[Capital Gains Tax]], with a subsequent surge in investment.

===Supreme Court Appointments===

After the death of Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]], President Bush nominated U.S. Court of Appeals Judge [[John Roberts]] to fill the vacancy. He was confirmed on September 29, 2005 by a 78-22 vote. To replace the retiring Associate Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] Bush nominated Judge [[Samuel Alito]], after his original nomination of Chief White House Council [[Harriet Miers]] was withdrawn because of widespread opposition due to lack of experience. After an unsuccessful filibuster attempt from [[Senate]] [[liberal]]s, Alito was confirmed on a 58-42 vote and was sworn in on January 31, 2006. <ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5181091</ref>

===Involvement in the 2008 Presidential election===
In March 2008, Bush endorsed his one-time rival [[John McCain]] as the Republican candidate for President of the United States. However, due to the President's declining popularity in polls, McCain appeared to distance himself from Mr. Bush on the campaign trail. At the same time, [[Democratic]] candidiate [[Barack Obama]] tried to portray a McCain presidency as four more years of George W. Bush. The President spoke by videolink at the 2008 [[Republican National Convention]], while his wife Laura appeared on stage with McCain's wife [[Cindy McCain|Cindy]].
[[Image:George Laura Bush2008.jpg|thumb|left|300px|President George W. Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush pose for their last official holiday portrait, Dec. 7, 2008, in the Blue Room of the White House.]]

==Future Plans==
John McCain lost the election to Senator Obama, and President Bush met with the new president-elect to discuss the presidential transition between his administration and Obama's, which he promised would be efficient and without problems. George W. Bush's term ends at noon on January 20, 2009, at which point President-elect Obama will be inaugurated. In an interview with ABC's [[Charles Gibson]] in December 2008, Bush said his retirement plans included moving back to his home state of Texas and writing a book. He also wants to build an institute at the Southern Methodist University to serve as a non-partisan public policy forum, to debate issues and run volunteer projects from.

== Family ==
George W. Bush is the son of [[George H. W. Bush]], who served as vice-president from 1981 to 1989 and as president from 1989 to 1993, and [[Barbara Bush]]. President Bush is married to [[Laura Bush|Laura Welch Bush]], a former teacher and librarian, and they have twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna. John Ellis "Jeb" Bush, Neil Bush and Marvin Bush are his brothers. Dorothy Bush Koch is his only surviving sister, as Pauline Robinson Bush died at age four of [[leukemia]].

==Faith==

George W. Bush is a member of the [[United Methodist Church]], and most people feel that George W. Bush's faith is sincere and profound. ''The Faith of George W. Bush'', a non-political book by author Stephen Strang, made the [[New York Times]] best-sellers list. <ref>http://www.christianlifemissions.org/ministries/georgewbush.htm</ref>
When asked where he would be without the influence of family friend [[Billy Graham]], George W. Bush said "I wouldn't be president." "It was just a conversation," said the younger Bush about a talk with Graham in the mid-'80s that changed his life. During the pivotal conversation Bush recalled saying, "'You know, Billy, I'm longing for something.' And I know that he sent me a [[Bible]] I still have. All I can tell you is that as a result of being inspired by Billy Graham, I started reading the Bible and shortly after, I quit drinking." <ref>Billy Graham and the White House [http://religion.beloblog.com/archives/2007/08/billy_graham_and_the_white_hou_1.html]</ref> Bush's faith led him to veto a bill which would have provided for [[federal funding]] of immoral embryonic stem cell research.

In an interview with ABC's "Nightline" on 12/8/08, the president also said he probably is not a literalist when reading the Bible although an individual can learn a great deal from it, including the New Testament teaching that [[God]] sent his only son.

Asked about creation and evolution, Bush said: "I think you can have both. I think evolution can -- you're getting me way out of my lane here. I'm just a simple president. But it's, I think that God created the earth, created the world; I think the creation of the world is so mysterious it requires something as large as an almighty and I don't think it's incompatible with the scientific proof that there is evolution."<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=6418908</ref> <ref>http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2008/12/09/bush-says-creation-incompatible-evolution/</ref> <ref>http://www.onenewsnow.com/Business/Default.aspx?id=347242</ref>
He added:
{{cquote|<big><big>'''''I happen to believe that evolution doesn't fully explain the mystery of life.'''''</big>}}

==Polls==
When President George W. Bush entered office, his popularity rating was near 50%. However, after the [[September 11]] attacks, his popularity rose significantly, reaching an all-time high of 90%.<ref>[http://blogs.usatoday.com/onpolitics/2007/07/usatgallup-po-1.html USAT Gallup Poll]</ref> Since, then, though, it declined as some of his policies have become unpopular (largely due to the media's persistently negative -- and [[liberal bias|biased]] -- reporting on the [[Iraq War]] and misrepresentation of his policies).<ref> Historical Bush Approval Ratings from University of Minnesota [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~ruggles/Approval.htm] </ref> In 2007, George had an approval rating of only 24%. <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1624620720071017?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&rpc=22&sp=true Voters unhappy with Bush and Congress], Reuters, October 17 2007</ref> The same poll gave the Democratic controlled Congress an approval rating of only 11%). <ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews]</ref>

==See Also==

*[[Previous Breaking News/George W. Bush|Articles about '''George W. Bush''' from previous "Breaking News"]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bush, George W.}}
{{USPresidents}}

Data

2009-01-10T03:02:02Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606559 by Dingaling (Talk)

'''Data''' (singular datum) consist of a group of quantified facts, usually in a context of conducting an [[experiment]] or observing things or events.

'''Data''' was also an android character on the sci-fi television series ''Star Trek: The Next Generation''.
[[category:science]]
[[Category:Computers]]

Water table

2009-01-10T03:01:49Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606541 by Dingaling (Talk)

The '''water table''' is the point in the soil marking the [[water]]-saturated [[soil]] and the soil not saturated with water. The water table for any given area will change over time due to seasonal differences, amount of precipitation in an given year, and other sources of trapped local water.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Physical Science''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000</ref>

It is critical to know the local water tables when building new construction to allow for sufficient drainage for foundations. Studying the changes in local water tables can also indicate the amount of available water for a given season's use in domestic and agriculture.

==References==
<references/>

{{stub}}

[[Category:Geology]]

Zygospore

2009-01-10T03:01:36Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606557 by Dingaling (Talk)

A '''zygospore''' is a [[zygote]] surrounded by a hard, protective covering.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Biology''. Apologia
Educational Ministries, Inc. 1998</ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Biology]]

Walter B. Jones

2009-01-10T03:00:47Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606550 by Dingaling (Talk)

'''Walter B. Jones''' is a [[Republican]] Congressman currently representing [[North Carolina]]'s 3rd congressional district.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Walter B.}}
[[Category:United States Representatives]]

Electoral fraud

2009-01-10T03:00:34Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606547 by Dingaling (Talk)

'''Electoral fraud''' is the criminal manipulation of elections to secure the supposed victory of a candidate who, had the election been conducted legally and fairly, would not have won.

Many forms of electoral fraud have been recorded. These include:

* 'personation': voters assuming the identity of another registered voter (sometimes a recently deceased voter)
* registration of non-existent voters (e.g. "Mickey Mouse")
* multiple voting by the same individual (for example by using a postal vote as well as voting on election day)
* interference with ballot boxes
* fraudulent voting by non-citizens or felons
* bribery of election officials or poll workers
* intentional miscounting of votes by biased election officials



Election fraud is rampant under [[dictatorship]]s, which use rigged elections to consolidate their leaders' power. Examples include the re-election of [[Robert Mugabe]] in [[Zimbabwe]] in 2008, and the sham elections for [[Saddam Hussein]] as president of [[Iraq]] in the 1990s.

[[Category:Politics]]

Tamper

2009-01-10T03:00:23Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606545 by Dingaling (Talk)

To '''tamper''' means to interfere with [[something]].

[[Category:Dictionary]]

Conservapedia:Desk/afd

2009-01-10T02:38:44Z

Kuyper: add link to Ainsley hayes

* [[Polyphymnia]] (test)
* [[Ode on the Mammoth Cheese]]
* [[:Category:Geological time periods]]
* [[How Old is the Earth According to the Bible?]] ([[talk:How Old is the Earth According to the Bible%3f|Talk page]])
* [[Examples of Absurdities in Wikipedia]] ([[talk:Examples of Absurdities in Wikipedia|talk page]])
* [[Atheistic Style]]
* [[Christian Style]]
* [[Gerin Oil]]
* [[Ainsley hayes]]

Conservapedia:AFD Ainsley hayes

2009-01-10T02:37:40Z

Kuyper: proposing Ainsley hayes for deletion.

'''I propose the article [[Ainsley hayes]] for deletion.'''

This article must be referring to the 'Ainsley hayes' from [[The West Wing (TV show)]].

I don't think that this fictional character is important enough to have an entry on Conservapedia, if developed it would be mostly pop culture gossip which is forbidden by the [[Conservapedia:Commandments]]. The article is also very poorly written. [[User:Kuyper|Daniel_Kuyper]] 21:37, 9 January 2009 (EST)

User talk:HAdams

2009-01-10T02:19:34Z

Kuyper: welcome

<div style="background: #FFFFFF; width:95%; border: 3px solid blue; padding:0.5em;">
{{useful links|background=#FF6666|float=right}}
'''<big><font color="red">Welcome!</font></big>'''

Hello, HAdams, and '''''welcome''''' to [[Conservapedia]]!

We're glad you are here to edit. '''We ask that you read our [[Conservapedia:Editor's guide|Editor's Guide]] as soon as you can.'''

At the right are some useful links for you. You can include these links on your user page by putting "{{tl|Useful links}}" on the page.

Thanks for reading, HAdams!

:[[User:Kuyper|Daniel_Kuyper]] 21:19, 9 January 2009 (EST)
{{clear}}</div>

Glycoprotein

2009-01-10T01:55:26Z

Kuyper: New page: A '''glycoprotein''' is a macromolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (a sugar). The carbohydrate is usually attached to the protein in a [[posttranslational modific...

A '''glycoprotein''' is a macromolecule composed of a [[protein]] and a [[carbohydrate]] (a [[sugar]]). The carbohydrate is usually attached to the protein in a [[posttranslational modification]], at either [[asparagine]], [[hydroxylysine]], [[serine]], or [[threonine]].

Possible carbohydrates include [[glucose]], [[glucosamine]], [[galactose]], [[galactosamine]], [[mannose]], [[fucose]], and [[sialic acid]].

Frigatebird

2009-01-10T01:53:22Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606478 by JillH (Talk)

The '''Frigatebirds''' are large [[seabird]]s found in tropical waters. There are five species, all very similar. They are related to [[gannet]]s, [[cormorant]]s and [[pelican]]s.

In the breeding season the [[male]] takes on a startling appearance, when its red throat pouch swells up almost to the end of its bill, in order to attract a [[female]].

Frigatebirds are [[pirate]]s on other birds; they attack smaller birds and force them to give up their catch of fish.<ref>"Frigatebirds are pirates who harass incoming birds, especially boobies until the victim is so upset that it disgorges its catch" in [http://www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/Frigatebirds.html]</ref>

One species, the Magnificent Frigatebird, nests in North America, in the [[Dry Tortugas]] off [[Florida]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[category:birds]]

142857

2009-01-10T01:52:39Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 606475 by JillH (Talk)

The number '''142857''' has the curious property that, if it is multiplied by any number from 1 to 6, the result is a number with the same digits in the same order (a [[cyclic permutation]]).

For example:
:142857 × 1 = 142857
:142857 × 2 = 285714
:142857 × 3 = 428571
:142857 × 4 = 571428
:142857 × 5 = 714285
:142857 × 6 = 857142

This property is closely related to the facts that
:1/7 = 142857/999999

and that 1/7 expressed as a [[decimal]] is

:0.142857142857142857142857142857...

Investigating the number 142857 can lead a student into an understanding of repeating decimals and [[rational numbers]].

== Similar Numbers ==
142857 is the only multi-digit decimal number with this property. However, if leading zeros are allowed on a number, some other examples are:
:0588235294117647 (16 digits)
:052631578947368421 (18 digits)
:0434782608695652173913 (22 digits)
:0344827586206896551724137931 (28 digits)
:0212765957446808510638297872340425531914893617 (46 digits)

In octal (base-8 notation), the numbers 25 and 1463 have this property. There are no examples in hexadecimal (base-16).

[[Category:Mathematics]]

Tandoori

2009-01-10T01:51:40Z

Kuyper:

Tandoori is a [[clay]] oven of Indian origin used in making [[Naan]]s, [[Roti]]s and [[kebab]]s.

[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Art]]

New York Trust Co. v. Eisner

2009-01-10T01:02:36Z

Kuyper: link

In '''''New York Trust Co. v. Eisner''''', the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the constitutionality of a [[federal]] [[estate tax]] and denied a claim for deduction of state estate taxes paid.

Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] wrote the opinion for the unanimous court, in which he famously declared: "a page of history is worth a volume of logic."

Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] is found of quoting that phrase, as he did in dissent in ''[[Lee v. Weisman]]'':

:Justice Holmes' aphorism that "a page of history is worth a volume of logic," New York Trust Co. v. Eisner, 256 U.S. 345, 349, 65 L. Ed. 963, 41 S. Ct. 506 (1921), applies with particular force to our Establishment Clause jurisprudence. As we have recognized, our interpretation of the Establishment Clause should "comport with what history reveals was the contemporaneous understanding of its guarantees." Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 673, 79 L. Ed. 2d 604, 104 S. Ct. 1355 (1984). "The line we must draw between the permissible and the impermissible is one which accords with history and faithfully reflects the understanding of the Founding Fathers." School Dist. of Abington v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 294, 10 L. Ed. 2d 844, 83 S. Ct. 1560 (1963) (Brennan, J., concurring). "Historical evidence sheds light not only on what the draftsmen intended the Establishment Clause to mean, but also on how they thought that Clause applied" to contemporaneous practices. Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783, 790, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1019, 103 S. Ct. 3330 (1983). Thus, "the existence from the beginning of the Nation's life of a practice, [while] not conclusive of its constitutionality ...[,] is a fact of considerable import in the interpretation" of the Establishment Clause. Walz v. Tax Comm'n of New York City, 397 U.S. 664, 681, 25 L. Ed. 2d 697, 90 S. Ct. 1409 (1970) (Brennan, J., concurring).
[[category:United States Supreme Court Cases]]

User talk:GregB

2009-01-09T18:02:37Z

Kuyper: welcome

<div style="background: #FFFFFF; width:95%; border: 3px solid blue; padding:0.5em;">
{{useful links|background=#FF6666|float=right}}
'''<big><font color="red">Welcome!</font></big>'''

Hello, GregB, and '''''welcome''''' to [[Conservapedia]]!

We're glad you are here to edit. '''We ask that you read our [[Conservapedia:Editor's guide|Editor's Guide]] as soon as you can.'''

At the right are some useful links for you. You can include these links on your user page by putting "{{tl|Useful links}}" on the page.

Thanks for reading, GregB!

:[[User:Kuyper|Daniel_Kuyper]] 13:02, 9 January 2009 (EST)
{{clear}}</div>

Evidence of evolution

2009-01-09T17:56:20Z

Kuyper: Category:Evolution

'''Evidence of evolution''' consist of all historical and modern facts which confirm the [[theory of evolution]]. The three aspects which must be proven are first, that the various species of life have appeared gradually over the course of time (i.e., hundreds of millions of years); second, that all forms of life have a common ancestor (see [[common descent]]); third, that the cause of the first two aspects can be accounted for entirely by natural means (see [[theory of evolution by natural selection]]).

Creationism, particularly the religious idea generally called [[Young Earth Creationism]], rejects the latter two aspects of evolution on Biblical grounds. Creationists approach the problem with the faith that God created every important form of life. Just over half of creationists agree with the first aspect of evolution (gradual appearance); see [[Old Earth Creationism]].

The mainstream of physical science, however, has accepted all three aspects since at least the 20th century. Evolution proponents put forth evidence as follows.

==Gradual appearance==

Mainstream geologists and biologists believe that [[fossil]]s show the body plans of dead animals and plants, and that these can be assign ages ranging from hundreds of thousands to hundreds of millions of years (see [[carbon dating]]). This evidence is disputed by [[Creation science|Scientific Creationism]], primarily on the premise that the [[Earth]] is less than 10,000 years old; mainstream scientists in turn reject "creation science" on the grounds that it begins with religious premises.

[[Category:Evolution]]

Conjugate base

2009-01-08T17:22:57Z

Kuyper: link

A '''conjugate base''' is the negatively charged [[ion]] which results from an [[acid]] donating a [[proton]] (H<sup>+</sup>). This ion acts as a [[base]], with a strength inverse to the strength of the original acid. An example conjugate base is a [[nitrate]] ion (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), which is formed when [[nitric acid]] (HNO<sub>3</sub>) gives up its proton.

==See Also==
*[[Conjugate acid]]
*[[Acid-base reaction]]

[[Category:Chemistry]]

User talk:JustSayin

2009-01-08T17:20:54Z

Kuyper: welcome

<div style="background: #FFFFFF; width:95%; border: 3px solid blue; padding:0.5em;">
{{useful links|background=#FF6666|float=right}}
'''<big><font color="red">Welcome!</font></big>'''

Hello, AaronJ, and '''''welcome''''' to [[Conservapedia]]!

We're glad you are here to edit. '''We ask that you read our [[Conservapedia:Editor's guide|Editor's Guide]] as soon as you can.'''

At the right are some useful links for you. You can include these links on your user page by putting "{{tl|Useful links}}" on the page.

Thanks for reading, AaronJ!

:[[User:Kuyper|Daniel_Kuyper]] 12:20, 8 January 2009 (EST)
{{clear}}</div>

Cambridge University Press

2009-01-08T17:06:43Z

Kuyper: new article, a wanted page

The '''Cambridge University Press''' is a [[publisher]] given a [[Royal Charter]] by [[Henry VIII]] in 1534, and one of the two [[privileged presses]]. It published its first book in [[1584]], making it the longest-established printing house in the world. It is both an academic [[publisher|publishing house]], and the printer for official documents for the [[University of Cambridge]].

Authors published by CUP have included [[John Milton]], [[William Harvey]], [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Stephen Hawking]]. It currently produces around 200 journals and 2000 books per year.

My Muslim faith

2009-01-07T18:33:21Z

Kuyper: links

The words '''"my Muslim faith"'''
were uttered by [[Barack Obama]]
in an [[ABC News]] interview, excerpted on YouTube.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQqIpdBOg6I ABC News] interview</ref>

*Obama: Let's not play games. What I was suggesting - you're absolutely right that John McCain has not talked about my Muslim faith, and you're absolutely right that that has not come at my ...
*Interviewer: [breaking in] Christian faith
*Obama: [stuttering] ma - my Christian faith ... and what I am saying is that he hasn't suggested that I'm a Muslim ...
*Interviewer: [speaking over] the connection, right
*Obama: ... and I think that his campaign upper echelons have not either. What I think <u>is</u> fair to say is that coming out of the Republican camp there have been efforts to suggest that perhaps I'm not who I say I am when it comes to my faith, something that I find deeply offensive and that has been going on for a pretty long ... [end of clip]

Supporters of Obama have suggested that Obama was talking about a false allegation of Obama's "Muslim faith," but that still does not explain his comfortable use of the phrase.
A Christian is not likely to refer to "my Muslim faith," and Obama's comfortable use of the phrase "my Muslim faith" suggests he is a [[Muslim]] rather than a [[Christian]].

The ''[[Washington Times]]'', founded by [[ecumenical]] religious leader [[Rev. Moon]], said the phrase was a slip of the tongue.<ref>[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/sep/07/obama-verbal-slip-fuels-his-critics/ Obama's verbal slip fuels his critics] Sunday, September 7, 2008 </ref>

==See also==
*[[Fifty-seven states]]
*[[The bomb that fell on Pearl Harbor]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Barack Obama]]

Belmont-I

2009-01-07T18:29:33Z

Kuyper:

The first '''Belmont'''—a wooden hulled, non self propelled barge—was acquired by the Navy from the Moran Towing and Transportation Co., Brooklyn, N.Y., after being inspected in the 3d Naval District on 21 November 1917; assigned the identification number (Id. No.) 2017; and was operated in an “in service” status into 1919. The exact nature of her service was not documented. She was returned to her owner on 3 October 1919.<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b4-list.htm Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]</ref>

See also [[Belmont-II]].

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Ships]]

Belmont-I

2009-01-07T18:29:08Z

Kuyper: dashes

The first Belmont—a wooden hulled, non self propelled barge—was acquired by the Navy from the Moran Towing and Transportation Co., Brooklyn, N.Y., after being inspected in the 3d Naval District on 21 November 1917; assigned the identification number (Id. No.) 2017; and was operated in an “in service” status into 1919. The exact nature of her service was not documented. She was returned to her owner on 3 October 1919.<ref>Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b4-list.htm]</ref>

See also [[Belmont-II]].

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Ships]]

Abraham Kuyper

2009-01-07T17:40:47Z

Kuyper: birth and death years

'''Abraham Kuyper''' was a [[netherlands|Dutch]] [[calvinist|Calvinist]] theologian, scholar, and statesman. He was born in 1837. He was a professor of [[theology]] and also a major force behind the start of the [[Vrije Universiteit| Vrije Universiteit (Free University)]] in Amsterdam. He was the founder of two newspapers, ''De Standaard'' (''The Standard'') and ''De Heraut'' (''The Herald''). He served as editor for ''De Standaard'' and wrote often for ''De Heraut''. He was also the founder of the [[Anti-Revolutionaire Partij|Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (Anti-Revolutionary Party)]] and served as [[prime minister]] of the [[Netherlands]] for four years (1901-1905).

At the invitation of [[Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield|B.B. Warfield]], Kuyper delivered the Stone Lectures at [[Princeton Theological Seminary|Princeton Seminary]] in 1898, which was his first widespread exposure to a North American audience. During his time in the United States, he also traveled to address Dutch reformed congregations in several states.

He is considered the father of Dutch [[Neo-Calvinism]] and had considerable influence on the thought of [[Herman Dooyeweerd]]. Others that have been influenced by Kuyper include: [[Francis Schaeffer]], [[Cornelius Van Til]], [[Alvin Plantinga]], [[Nicholas Wolterstorff]], and [[Chuck Colson]].

He died in 1920.

[[Category:Theologians]]

Abraham Kuyper

2009-01-07T17:39:25Z

Kuyper: Category:Theologians

'''Abraham Kuyper''' was a [[netherlands|Dutch]] [[calvinist|Calvinist]] theologian, scholar, and statesman. He was a professor of [[theology]] and also a major force behind the start of the [[Vrije Universiteit| Vrije Universiteit (Free University)]] in Amsterdam. He was the founder of two newspapers, ''De Standaard'' (''The Standard'') and ''De Heraut'' (''The Herald''). He served as editor for ''De Standaard'' and wrote often for ''De Heraut''. He was also the founder of the [[Anti-Revolutionaire Partij|Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (Anti-Revolutionary Party)]] and served as [[prime minister]] of the [[Netherlands]] for four years (1901-1905).

At the invitation of [[Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield|B.B. Warfield]], Kuyper delivered the Stone Lectures at [[Princeton Theological Seminary|Princeton Seminary]] in 1898, which was his first widespread exposure to a North American audience. During his time in the United States, he also traveled to address Dutch reformed congregations in several states.

He is considered the father of Dutch [[Neo-Calvinism]] and had considerable influence on the thought of [[Herman Dooyeweerd]]. Others that have been influenced by Kuyper include: [[Francis Schaeffer]], [[Cornelius Van Til]], [[Alvin Plantinga]], [[Nicholas Wolterstorff]], and [[Chuck Colson]].

[[Category:Theologians]]

Abraham Kuyper

2009-01-07T17:38:54Z

Kuyper: New page: '''Abraham Kuyper''' was a Dutch Calvinist theologian, scholar, and statesman. He was a professor of theology and also a major force behind the start of ...

Utopian

2009-01-07T17:31:14Z

Kuyper: Redirecting to Utopia

#REDIRECT [[Utopia]]

The New Atlantis

2009-01-07T17:30:53Z

Kuyper: Category:Books

[[Francis Bacon]]'s [[utopian]] novel '''''The New Atlantis''''', written in 1626, depicts a mythical land, Bensalem, to which he sailed. He recounts the description by one of its wise men, of its system of experimentation, and of its method of recognition for inventions and inventors. In Bensalem, marriage and family are the basis of society and family ties are celebrated in state-sponsored holidays.

The best and brightest of Bensalem's citizens attend a college called Salomon's House, in which scientific experiments are conducted in [[Baconian method]] in order to understand and conquest nature, and to apply the collected knowledge to the betterment of society.

[[Category:Books]]

The New Atlantis

2009-01-07T17:30:32Z

Kuyper: New page: Francis Bacon's utopian novel '''''The New Atlantis''''', written in 1626, depicts a mythical land, Bensalem, to which he sailed. He recounts the description by one of its wise men...

User talk:Mv117

2009-01-07T16:48:30Z

Kuyper: welcome

<div style="background: #FFFFFF; width:95%; border: 3px solid blue; padding:0.5em;">
{{useful links|background=#FF6666|float=right}}
'''<big><font color="red">Welcome!</font></big>'''

Hello, Mv117, and '''''welcome''''' to [[Conservapedia]]!

We're glad you are here to edit. '''We ask that you read our [[Conservapedia:Editor's guide|Editor's Guide]] as soon as you can.'''

At the right are some useful links for you. You can include these links on your user page by putting "{{tl|Useful links}}" on the page.

Thanks for reading, Mv117!

:[[User:Kuyper|Daniel_Kuyper]] 11:48, 7 January 2009 (EST)
{{clear}}</div>

Brain cancer

2009-01-07T16:05:20Z

Kuyper: Category:Cancer

'''Brain cancer''' is [[cancer]] in the [[brain]]. There are two main types of brain cancer. Primary brain cancer starts in the brain. [[Metastatic]] brain cancer starts somewhere else in the body and moves to the brain. Brain [[tumor]]s can be benign, with no cancer cells, or malignant, with cancer cells that grow quickly.

Brain tumors can cause many symptoms. Some of the most common are

* Headaches, usually worse in the morning
* Nausea and vomiting
* Changes in ability to talk, hear or see
* Problems with balance or walking
* Problems with thinking or memory
* Muscle jerking or twitching
* Numbness or tingling in arms or legs

No one knows the exact causes of brain tumors. Doctors can seldom explain why one person develops a brain tumor and another does not.<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braincancer.html</ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Cancer]]

Backmasking

2009-01-07T16:02:38Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 604529 by BillyDWilliams (Talk)

'''Backmasking''' is a method of recording a sound or section of [[music]] backwards with the intention of having the part played forwards. Backmasking requires intention on the part of the recorder. Hearing a backward message where none is intended is an example of [[pareidolia]].

Accusations of backmasking have created numerous controversies. It was believed that some bands implanted hidden [[satan]]ic messages in their music, although in most cases evidence is only anecdotal or the result of pareidolia. The most famous example of mistaken accusations of backmasking is the "Paul is dead" [[urban legend]], in which The Beatles were accused of planting hidden messages in their songs, such as "Turn me on, dead man" and "Paul is dead", to reveal that their lead singer [[Paul McCartney]] had died and that they were covering it up.

[[Category:Musical terms]]

M16 rifle

2009-01-07T16:02:26Z

Kuyper: Undo revision 604528 by BillyDWilliams (Talk)

[[Image:USM16.jpg|thumb|right|A US Army Soldier fires an M16 rifle.]]

The '''M16''', formally the '''United States Rifle, Caliber 5.56 mm, M16''', is an [[assault rifle]] developed by [[Eugene Stoner]]. The rifle is based on the ArmaLite [[AR-15]] series of rifles. The M16 was originally designed for US soldiers as a replacement for the [[M14 rifle]].

Unfortunately, many problems with the M16 were exposed during the Vietnam war. Due to their cheap manufacture, M16s were prone to jamming, had notoriously bad firing consistency, and would also occasionally explode, due to two rounds entering the chamber at once. Eventually, they were phased out of use by soldiers in Vietnam, who opted for more reliable weapons. Recent remodels of the M16 has yielded the M16A2, M16A3, and the M16A4, which have corrected the many problems that their predecessor encountered.
[[Category:Guns]]

Bahrain

2009-01-07T15:58:44Z

Kuyper: /* Geography */ link

{{Country
|name = مملكة البحرين <br/>''Mamlakat al-Barayn''
|map =Bahrain pol 2003.jpg
|flag =Flag of Bahrain.jpg
|arms =Arms of Bahrain.png
|capital =Manama
|capital-raw =
|government =Constitutional monarchy
|government-raw =
|language =Arabic
|king =Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa
|queen =
|monarch-raw =
|president =
|president-raw =
|chancellor =
|chancellor-raw =
|pm =Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah
|pm-raw =
|area =253 sq mi
|pop =708,573 (2007)
|pop-basis =
|gdp =
|gdp-year =$17,68 billion (2007)
|gdp-pc =$23,604 (2007)
|currency =Bahraini dinar
|idd =
|tld =
}}
The '''Kingdom of Bahrain''' (commonly called '''Bahrain''') is an [[island]] nation in the [[Persian Gulf]]. The capital of Bahrain is [[Manama]].

==Geography==
Bahrain is an archipelago of 36 islands located off the eastern coast of [[Saudi Arabia]]. The four main islands are joined by causeways, and make up about 95% of the total land area.

==People==
Bahrain is one of the most densely populated countries in the world; about 89% of the population lives in the two principal cities of Manama and Al Muharraq. Approximately 66% of the indigenous population is originally from the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Bahrain currently has a sizeable foreign labor force (about 34% of the total population). The government's policies on naturalization remain controversial. In June 2002, the King issued a decree allowing citizens of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to take up dual Bahraini nationality. Opposition political groups charge that the government is granting citizenship to foreign nationals who have served in the Bahraini armed forces and security services to alter the demographic balance of the country, which is primarily Shi'a. According to passport officials, about 40,000 individuals have been naturalized over the past 50 years (about 10% of the total population).

The indigenous population is 98% Muslim. Although some two-thirds of the indigenous population is Shi'a Muslim, the ruling family and the majority of government, military, and corporate leaders are Sunni Muslims. The small indigenous Christian and Jewish communities make up the remaining 2% of the population. Roughly half of foreign resident community are non-Muslim, and include Christians, Hindus, Baha'is, Buddhists and Sikhs.

Bahrain has invested its oil revenues in developing an advanced educational system. The first public schools for girls and boys were opened in the 1920s. The government continues to pay for all schooling costs. Although school attendance is not compulsory, primary and secondary attendance rates are high, and literacy rates are currently among the highest in the region. Higher education is available for secondary school graduates at the Bahrain University, Arabian Gulf University and specialized institutes including the College of Health Sciences--operating under the direction of the Ministry of Health--which trains physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and paramedics. The government has identified providing educational services to the Gulf Cooperation Council as a potential economic growth area, and is actively working to establish Bahrain as a regional center for higher education.
*Population (July 2007 est.): 708,535, including about 235,108 non-nationals.
*Annual growth rate (2007 est.): 1.39%.
*Ethnic groups: Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%.
*Religions: 98% Muslim (approximately Shi'a 70%, Sunni 30%), with small Christian, Jewish and Hindu communities.
*Languages: Arabic (official), English, Farsi, and Urdu are also widely spoken.
*Education: Education is not compulsory, but is provided free to Bahrainis and non-nationals at all levels, including higher education. Estimated net primary school attendance (1991-2001)--84%. Adult literacy, age 15 and over (2003 est.)--89.1% for the overall population (male 91.9%, female 85%).
*Health: Infant mortality rate (2007 est.)--16.18 deaths/1,000 live births. Life expectancy--72 yrs. males, 77 yrs. females.
*Work force (2006 est.): 352,000 of which 44% are foreigners.

==Government and Political Conditions==
Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa succeeded the throne in March 1999, after the death of his father Shaikh Isa bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Bahrain's ruler since 1961. He championed a program of democratic reform shortly after his succession. In November 2000, Shaikh Hamad established a committee to create a blueprint to transform Bahrain from a hereditary emirate to a constitutional monarchy within 2 years. The resulting "National Action Charter" was presented to the Bahraini public in a referendum in February 2001. In the first comprehensive public vote in Bahrain since the 1970s, 94.8% of voters overwhelmingly endorsed the charter. That same month, Shaikh Hamad pardoned all political prisoners and detainees, including those who had been imprisoned, exiled or detained on security charges. He also abolished the State Security Law and the State Security Court, which had permitted the government to detain individuals without trial for up to 3 years.

On February 14, 2002, one year after the referendum endorsing his National Action Charter, Shaikh Hamad pronounced Bahrain a constitutional monarchy and changed his status from Amir to King. He simultaneously announced that the first municipal elections since 1957 would be held in May 2002, and that a bicameral parliament, with a representative lower house, would be reconstituted with parliamentary elections in October 2002. As part of these constitutional reforms, the government also created an independent financial watchdog empowered to investigate cases of embezzlement and violations of state expenditure in July 2002.

Turnout for the May 2002 municipal elections was 51%, with female voters making up 52% percent of voters. Turnout for the 2002 parliamentary elections--the first in almost three decades--was 53% in the first round and 43% in the second round, despite the fact that four political societies, including the largest Shi'a society, organized a boycott to protest constitutional provisions enacted by the King that gave the appointed upper chamber of parliament voting rights equal to the elected lower chamber. The new parliament held its first joint sitting in December 2002. Bahrain held its second set of parliamentary and municipal elections in November and December 2006. All registered political societies participated in the elections and a Shia society, Al Wifaq, now represents the largest single bloc inside the Council of Representatives. Thirty-two of the Council's 40 members represent Sunni and Shia Islamist societies. One woman, Lateefah Al-Qauod, ran uncontested and became the first woman elected to parliament in Bahrain.

Bahrain has a complex system of courts, based on diverse legal sources, including Sunni and Shi'a Sharia (religious law), tribal law, and other civil codes and regulations created with the help of British advisers in the early 20th century. In 2001, Shaikh Hamad created the Supreme Judicial Council to regulate these courts and separate the administrative and judicial branches of government.

===Principal Government Officials===
*King--Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
*Crown Prince and Commander in Chief of the Bahrain Defense Force--Shaikh Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
*Prime Minister--Shaikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
*Deputy Premier--Jawed bin Salem Al Arrayed
*Deputy Premier--Shaikh Mohammad bin Mubarak Al Khalifa
*Deputy Premier--Shaikh Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa
*Foreign Minister--Shaikh Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa
*Ambassador to the United States--Dr. Naser M.Y. Al-Belooshi
*Ambassador to the United Nations--Tawfeeq Al-Ahmed Al-Mansoor

===Foreign Relations===
Since achieving independence in 1971, Bahrain has pursued a policy of close consultation with neighboring states. Bahrain became a member of the United Nations and the Arab League in 1971. In 1981 it joined its five neighbors--Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, the U.A.E. and Qatar--to form the strategic Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Bahrain has complied with GCC efforts steps to coordinate economic development and defense and security planning. In December 1994, for example, Bahrain concurred with the GCC decision to drop secondary and tertiary boycotts against Israel. Bahrain also responded positively to Kuwait's request to deploy the GCC collective defense force, "Peninsula Shield," during the build up and execution of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in 2003.

In addition to maintaining strong relations with its largest financial backers, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the U.A.E., Bahrain has worked to improve its relations with Qatar and has proper, but not warm, relations with Iran. Bahrain-Iran relations have been strained since the discovery in 1981 of an Iran-sponsored coup plot in Bahrain. Bahraini suspicions of the Iranian role in local unrest in the mid-1990s remain. On March 16, 2001, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) announced its judgment on the long-standing maritime delimitation and territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar. The binding judgment awarded sovereignty over the Hawar Islands and Qit'at Jaradah to Bahrain and sovereignty over Zubarah (part of the Qatar Peninsula), Janan Island and Fasht ad Dibal to Qatar. The peaceful settlement of this dispute has allowed for renewed co-operation, including plans to construct a causeway between the two countries.

Bahrain's strategic partnership with the U.S. has intensified since 1991. Bahraini pilots flew strikes in Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War, and the country was used as a base for military operations in the Gulf. Bahrain also provided logistical and basing support to international Maritime Interdiction efforts to enforce UN sanctions and prevent illegal smuggling of oil from Iraq in the 1990s. Bahrain also provided extensive basing and overflight clearances for a multitude of U.S. aircraft operating in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Bahrain also deployed forces in support of Coalition operations during both OEF and OIF. Bahrain has delivered humanitarian support and technical training to support the reconstruction of the Iraqi banking sector, and has offered support for each stage of Iraq's political transformation. Bahrain has also cooperated effectively on criminal investigation issues in support of the campaign on terrorism; the Bahrain Monetary Agency (which became the Central Bank of Bahrain in September 2006) moved quickly to restrict terrorists' ability to transfer funds through Bahrain's financial system. In October 2006, Bahrain joined the U.S. and 23 other countries in a Proliferation Security Initiative interdiction exercise in the Persian Gulf.

==Defense==
The Bahrain Defense Force (BDF) numbers about 12,000 personnel and consists of army, navy, air force, air defense, and royal guard units. The public security forces and the coast guard are separate from the BDF and report to the Ministry of the Interior. Bahrain also has a national guard that consists of about 1,200 personnel. Bahrain's defense spending since 1999 has been steady. The government spends around $630 million annually on the military, about 20% of current expenditures. The parliamentary process has produced spirited debate over government spending, particularly defense spending, but no actual reductions.

With the help of the U.S. and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Bahrain has made significant efforts to upgrade its defense systems and modernize its armed forces over the last 20 years. In 1982, the GCC gave Bahrain $1.7 billion for this purpose. Since the 1991 Gulf War, the U.S. has provided military and defense technical assistance and training to Bahrain from Foreign Military Sales (FMS), commercial sources, excess defense article sales (EDA) and under the International Military and Education Training (IMET) program. The U.S. Office of Military Cooperation in Bahrain is attached to the U.S. Embassy and manages the security assistance mission. U.S. military sales to Bahrain since 2000 total $608.9 million. Principal U.S. military systems acquired by the BDF include eight Apache helicopters, 54 M60A3 tanks, 22 F-16C/D aircraft, 20 Cobra helicopters, 20 M109A5 Howitzers, 1 Avenger AD system, and the TPS-59 radar system. Bahrain has received $410 million in U.S. EDA acquisition value delivered since the U.S.-Bahraini program began in 1993.

Military exercises are conducted on a regular basis to increase the BDF's readiness and improve coordination with the U.S. and other GCC forces. The BDF also sends personnel to the United States for military training. This training includes courses from graduate level professional military education down to entry level technical training.

==Economy==
The first Gulf state to discover oil, Bahrain's reserves are expected to run out in 10-15 years. Accordingly, Bahrain has worked to diversify its economy over the past decade and has stabilized its oil production at about 40,000 barrels per day (b/d). Revenues from oil and natural gas currently account for 11.1% of GDP yet currently provide about 76% of government income. The state-owned Bahrain Petroleum Company refinery built in 1935, the first in the Gulf, has a capacity of about 260,000 b/d. Saudi Arabia provides most of the crude for refinery operation via pipeline. Through an agreement with Saudi Arabia, Bahrain also receives half of the net output and revenues from Saudi Arabia's Abu Saafa offshore oilfield.

The Bahrain National Gas Company operates a gas liquefaction plant that utilizes gas piped directly from Bahrain's oilfields. Gas reserves should last about 50 years at present rates of consumption. However, rising domestic demand spurred by a recent development boom has highlighted the need to increase gas supplies. The Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company is a joint venture of the petrochemical industries of Kuwait, the Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, and the Government of Bahrain. The plant, completed in 1985, produces ammonia and methanol for export. Growth in the hydrocarbons sector will be contingent upon new discoveries--Bahrain awarded exploration rights to Malaysia's Petronas and the U.S.'s Chevron Texaco after the resolution of Bahrain's long-standing territorial dispute with Qatar, but no meaningful finds have been announced to date. Bahrain's other industries include the majority state-owned Aluminum Bahrain (Alba)--which operates the largest aluminum smelter in the world outside Eastern Europe with an annual production of about 843,000 metric tons (mt) in 2005 after the completion of an expansion program--and related factories, such as the Aluminum Extrusion Company and the Gulf Aluminum Rolling Mill. Other plants include the Arab Iron and Steel Company's iron ore pelletizing plant (4 million tons annually) and a shipbuilding and repair yard.

Bahrain's development as a major financial center has been the most widely heralded aspect of its diversification effort. Bahrain is a regional financial and business center; international financial institutions operate in Bahrain, both offshore and onshore, without impediments, and the financial sector is currently the largest contributor to GDP at 27.6%. Some 370 offshore banking units and representative offices are located in Bahrain, as well as 65 American firms. Bahrain has also made a concerted effort to become the leading Islamic finance center in the Arab world, standardizing regulations of the Islamic banking industry. It currently has 32 Islamic commercial, investment and leasing banks as well as Islamic insurance (takaful) companies--the largest concentration of Islamic financial institutions in the Middle East. <ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ba.html</ref>

Bahrain is working to develop other service industries such as information technology, healthcare and education. The government has used its oil revenues to build an advanced infrastructure in transportation and telecommunications. The state monopoly--Batelco--was broken in April 2003 following the establishment of the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). Since that time, the TRA has granted some 63 licenses in the interest of promoting healthy industry competition.

Bahrain plans to expand its airport, one of the busiest in the Gulf. More than 4.8 million passengers transited Bahrain International Airport in 2005. A modern, busy port offers direct and frequent cargo shipping connections to the U.S., Europe, and the Far East. To boost its competitiveness as a regional center, Bahrain is building a new port and has privatized port operations.

The government of Bahrain moved toward privatizing the production of electricity and water by licensing Al Ezzal to construct an independent power plant at a cost of $500 million. The company commenced operations in May 2006. In January 2006, the government announced the sale of the Al Hidd Power Plant for $738 million to Hidd Power Company, a consortium of British, Japanese, and Belgian companies.

Regional tourism is also a significant source of income. The government continues to favor large-scale tourism projects. It opened the only Formula One race track in the Middle East in 2004, and has awarded tenders for several tourist complexes. New hotel and spa projects are progressing within the context of broader real estate development, much of which is geared toward attracting increased tourism.

Government revenues continue to be largely dependent on the oil industry. Bahrain has received significant budgetary support and project grants from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. Buoyed by rising oil revenues, the 2007-2008 budget approved by the parliament in July 2006 provides for sizable increases in urban development, education, and social spending. Ministry of Defense spending will account for 13% of current spending in 2007 and 2008 based on the new budget. The Ministry of Education and Ministry of the Interior also receive substantial budget allocations. Significant capital outlays have been allocated to improving housing and infrastructure in line with government efforts to raise the standard of living of the Shi'a population and to attract foreign investment.

The government has also started to extend protections to workers. Private sector employees won permission to form unions in late 2002; King Hamad has given his tentative approval for the formation of unions in government departments. In June 2006, Bahrain passed laws legalizing the existence of multiple trade federations and codifying several protections for workers engaged in union activity. As part of the government's labor reform program, it has formed a Labor Market Regulatory Authority and established a fund to support the training of Bahraini workers

In 2006, bilateral trade exceeded $1 billion for the first time, representing almost 50% growth over 2005. The U.S.-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement took effect on August 1, 2006 and is generating increased U.S. commercial interest in Bahrain.
*GDP (2006 est.): $12.07 billion.
*Real GDP growth rate (2006 est.): 7.1%.
*Per capita GDP (2006 est.): $20,600.
*Natural resources: Oil, aluminum, textiles, natural gas, fish, pearls.
*Agriculture (less than 1% of GDP): Products--fruit, vegetables, poultry, dairy products, shrimp, fish.
*Industry: Types--oil and gas (13.1% of GDP), manufacturing (12.4% of GDP), aluminum.
*Services: Finance (24.2% of GDP), transport and communications (8.9% of GDP), real estate (9.2% of GDP); government services (14.8% of GDP).
*Trade (2006 est.): Exports--$12.62 billion: oil and other mineral products, aluminum, textiles. Major markets-- Saudi Arabia (3.2%), U.S. (3%), Japan (2.3%). Imports--$9.04 billion: crude oil, machinery and appliances, transport equipment, foodstuffs. *Major suppliers--Saudi Arabia (37.3%), Japan (6.8%), U.S. (6.2%), U.K. (6.2%), Germany (5%), U.A.E. (4.2%).

==History==
The site of the ancient Bronze Age civilization of Dilmun, Bahrain was an important center linking trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley as early as 5,000 years ago. The Dilmun civilization began to decline about 2,000 B.C. as trade from India was cut off. From 750 B.C. on, Assyrian kings repeatedly claimed sovereignty over the islands. Shortly after 600 B.C., Dilmun was formally incorporated into the new Babylonian empire. There are no historical references to Bahrain until Alexander the Great's arrival in the Gulf in the 4th century B.C. Although Bahrain was ruled variously by the Arab tribes of Bani Wa'el and Persian governors, Bahrain continued to be known by its Greek name Tylos until the 7th century, when many of its inhabitants converted to Islam. A regional pearling and trade center, Bahrain came under the control of the Ummayad Caliphs of Syria, the Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad, Persian, Omani and Portuguese forces at various times from the 7th century until the Al Khalifa family, a branch of the Bani Utbah tribe that have ruled Bahrain since the 18th century, succeeded in capturing Bahrain from a Persian garrison controlling the islands in 1783.

In the 1830s the Al Khalifa signed the first of many treaties establishing Bahrain as a British Protectorate. Similar to the binding treaties of protection entered into by other Persian Gulf principalities, the agreements entered into by the Al Khalifa prohibited them from disposing of territory and entering into relationships with any foreign government without British consent in exchange for British protection against the threat of military attack from Ottoman Turkey. The main British naval base in the region was moved to Bahrain in 1935 shortly after the start of large-scale oil production.

In 1968, when the British Government announced its decision (reaffirmed in March 1971) to end the treaty relationships with the Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Bahrain initially joined the other eight states (Qatar and the seven Trucial Sheikhdoms now the United Arab Emirates) under British protection in an effort to form a union of Arab emirates. The nine sheikhdoms still had not agreed on terms of union by 1971, however, prompting Bahrain to declare itself fully independent on August 15, 1971.

Bahrain promulgated a constitution and elected its first parliament in 1973, but just two years later, in August 1975, the Amir disbanded the National Assembly after it attempted to legislate the end of Al-Khalifa rule and the expulsion of the U.S. Navy from Bahrain. In the 1990s, Bahrain suffered from repeated incidents of political violence stemming from the disaffection of the Shi'a majority. In response, the Amir instituted the first Bahraini cabinet change in 20 years in 1995 and also and increased the membership of the Consultative Council, which he had created in 1993 to provide advice and opinion on legislation proposed by the cabinet and, in certain cases, suggest new laws on its own, from 30 to 40 the following year. These steps led to an initial decline in violent incidents, but in early 1996 a number of hotels and restaurants were bombed, resulting in several fatalities. Over 1,000 people were arrested and held in detention without trial in connection with these disturbances. The government has since released these individuals (see Government and Political Conditions Section above for details).

{{License|license = This work is in the [[public domain]] in the United States because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.| source = [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26414.htm]}}

[[Category:Asian Countries]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern Countries]]
[[Category:Muslim-Majority Countries]]
[[Category:Islands]]

Mark Hanna

2009-01-07T15:53:27Z

Kuyper: /* Election to U.S. Senate */ remove non existent picture

'''Mark Hanna''' (Marcus Alonzo Hanna, September 2, 1837 – February 15, 1904) was a leader of the [[Republican Party]] who rose to fame as the campaign manager of the successful Republican presidential candidate [[William McKinley]] in the realigning Presidential election of 1896. Hann thus supervised the first modern political campaign. A conservative businessman who got along well with labor unions, Hanna became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate, supporting McKinley and promoting harmony between capital and labor.
==Early life==
Hanna was born of Scotch-Irish [[Quaker]] stock in New Lisbon, Ohio, where his father Leonard was a country physician, Leonard Hanna who brought the family to the boom town of Cleveland in 1852 and prospered in the grocery business. Mark attended the Cleveland Central High School, where he knew the young [[John D. Rockefeller]] and briefly attended Western Reserve College. After working for his father's grocery business, the young Hanna tried his hand in numerous business ventures, mostly without luck. He served briefly as a quartermaster in the Union Army during the [[Civil War]]; he remained a lifelong activist in veterans' organizations. (It is not true that he was awarded the Medal of Honor--that was an unrelated Marcus Hanna.) After 1867 he became rich as a shipper and broker serving the coal and iron industries. Cleveland was emerging as a major transshipping point between the [[Great Lakes]] ore deposits and the mills of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, and Hanna loved making deals and bargains on a daily basis over a wide range of products and services. Hanna was one of the few industrialists fascinated less by profits than by the outdoor spectacle and indoor bargaining of politics.

Hanna was a long time member of St. John's Episcopal Church in Cleveland.
==Manager of campaigns==
Shoemaker (1992) shows during the 1870s and 1880s Hanna was one of several Midwestern Republicans who shifted their local and state parties from a focus on social issues like prohibition to economic issues. Hanna made the Ohio GOP an instrument for government promotion and protection of business in the 1890s. Hanna was a major advocate of the "Commonwealth Idea," a [[Alexander Hamilton|Hamiltonian]] Whiggish political philosophy which encouraged direct government action to speed up economic modernization and benefit the general interest.

Hanna made a transition into politics during the 1880s and in 1888, he managed Ohio Senator [[John Sherman]]'s unsuccessful effort to gain the Republican presidential nomination. Rep. William McKinley had been defeated for reelection to the House in 1890 on the issue of the high McKinley Tariff, but campaigned so well the GOP nominated him for governor of Ohio. Hanna helped McKinley win the 1891 and 1893 elections and became his chief advisor.

McKinley's only competition for the Republican nomination in 1896 was Speaker Thomas Reed of Maine, but McKinley was the better campaigner and Hanna had built a network of support especially in corrupt southern state conventions. With McKinley as the 1896 Republican nominee Hanna became Chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]], raised an unprecedented $3.5 million for McKinley's campaign for the [[gold standard]], high tariffs, high wages, [[pluralism]] and renewed prosperity. Most of the money came from corporations who feared that [[William Jennings Bryan]]'s more radical [[Free Silver]] policy would ruin the entire economy.

By October the [[U.S. Democratic Party, History|Democrats]] realized they were losing on Bryan's favorite issue (free silver to cause inflation) and targeted Hanna as the arch-villain who threatened to put corporate interests ahead of the national interest. As McKinley was highly likable, Hanna became a target of Bryanites, especially [[William Randolph Hearst]] and his ''[[New York Journal]]'', with cartoonists like Davenport portraying him as a bloated sinister figure with a cruel face, wearing a suit decorated with dollar signs.<ref> Jeansonne, 1988 </ref>

Hanna's campaign employed 1,400 people, who unleashed a flood of 250 million pamphlets, leaflets, posters, and stump speakers who reached every precinct warning of the dangers of Free Silver and Bryan's radicalism, while promising prosperity and pluralism for all if McKinley won. McKinley scored a landslide with an electoral vote of 271 to 176.

It was the most expensive campaign ever in U.S. politics, with the McKinley campaign outspending Bryan's by nearly 12 to 1. It set the standard for 20th century campaign tactics and funding, especially for its adroit use of publicity, its overall national plan, its strategic use of issues, and especially the candidate's own speech making.

Most important, Hanna nationalized presidential elections. No longer would candidates passively allow the state organizations to dominate the campaign; in conjunction with Bryan's unprecedented whistle-stop campaign that delivered over 500 speeches in 90 days, American election campaigning was permanently revolutionized.<ref> Jensen, (1971)</ref> See [[American election campaigns, 19th century]]

==Election to U.S. Senate==

President McKinley appointed elderly Senator [[John Sherman]] to the cabinet, opening the way for the Ohio legislature to elect Hanna to the senate seat in March 1897. As the economy recovered and the triumph of the Spanish-American War bolstered McKinley's popularity, the 1900 rematch was a decisive victory and guaranteed Republican dominance of the [[Fourth Party System]].

In the Senate Hanna became a leader in policy formation. Emerging from McKinley's shadow he played an key role in selecting the Panama route for the trans-oceanic canal. Senator Hanna was, however, disappointed at his failure to resurrect the Commonwealth Idea in support of granting governmental subsidies to the merchant marine.

Hanna's role as president of the [[National Civic Federation]], a major national interest group dedicated to arbitrating labor disputes outside of politics or the courts, demonstrated that Hanna anticipated the key policymaking role extra-party bureaucracies would assume in the emerging administrative state of the twentieth century. He succeeded to a considerable extent in attracting labor unions into the Republican coalition and heading off major strikes that would be not only economically damaging but politically and socially divisive.

==Hanna and Roosevelt==
Hanna and [[Theodore Roosevelt]] had been allies in the 1890s, but they became rivals, initially due to their disagreement about the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt strongly favored war with Spain; Hanna resisted war until public opinion demanded it. In 1900, New York politicians wanted Governor Roosevelt to become vice president. Hanna was dubious but had no alternative candidate to stop it. One of the leading powers in the conservative faction of the Republican party, Hanna lost influence when McKinley was assassinated. Upon hearing the news, Hanna reputedly remarked that "Now that damn cowboy is president." Hanna and Roosevelt worked together (particularly on the Panama Canal) and although they remained personally cordial, they considered each other political rivals.

==Death and legacy==
Hanna was expected to run against Roosevelt for the Republican nomination for president in 1904 election, but Roosevelt's popularity and Hanna's ill health caused him to drop out of the contest in 1902. The rivalry was cut short by Hanna's death of typhoid fever, at the peak of his power. [[Karl Rove]] in 2000 and especially 2004 was influenced by the Hanna model in shaping the [[George W. Bush]] election campaigns.

Hanna's daughter Ruth married into the McCormick family in [[Chicago]]. As [[Ruth Hanna McCormick]] she served as a Republican in the [[United States House of Representatives]].

==Bibliography==
* Cole, Arthur C. "Hanna, Marcus Alonzo," ''Dictionary of American Biography'' (1932), Volume 4
* Croly, Herbert. ''Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work'' (1912), still the leading biography [http://books.google.com/books?id=843LWVTdC00C&pg=PA84&dq=%22mark+hanna%22&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Dick, Charles N. W. "Marcus A. Hanna" ''Ohio Archaeological and Historical Collections'' (1904) v 13 pp 355-74 [http://books.google.com/books?id=V_nwbcNHyMAC&printsec=toc&dq=%22mark+hanna%22&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=gd6sEUbZOvFG2nMQ2-Fxx6leako#PPA355,M1 online edition]
* Glen Jeansonne, "Goldbugs, Silverites, and Satirists: Caricature and Humor in the Presidential Election of 1896." ''Journal of American Culture'' 1988 11(2): 1-8. Issn: 0191-1813
* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)
* Jones, Stanley L. ''The Presidential Election of 1896.'' the standard history.
* Morris, Edmund ''Theodore Rex'' 1901-1909. (2001); Biography of Roosevelt.
* Rhodes, James Ford. ''The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations, 1897-1909'' (1922), Rhodes was Hanna's brother-in-law
* Shoemaker, Fred Chester. "Mark Hanna and the Transformation of the Republican Party." (Vol. 1-2) PhD dissertation, Ohio State U. 1992. 451 pp. DAI 1992 53(5): 1644-A. DA9227379

====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:United States History]]

Mark Hanna

2009-01-07T15:52:59Z

Kuyper: remove pictures that do not exist

'''Mark Hanna''' (Marcus Alonzo Hanna, September 2, 1837 – February 15, 1904) was a leader of the [[Republican Party]] who rose to fame as the campaign manager of the successful Republican presidential candidate [[William McKinley]] in the realigning Presidential election of 1896. Hann thus supervised the first modern political campaign. A conservative businessman who got along well with labor unions, Hanna became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate, supporting McKinley and promoting harmony between capital and labor.
==Early life==
Hanna was born of Scotch-Irish [[Quaker]] stock in New Lisbon, Ohio, where his father Leonard was a country physician, Leonard Hanna who brought the family to the boom town of Cleveland in 1852 and prospered in the grocery business. Mark attended the Cleveland Central High School, where he knew the young [[John D. Rockefeller]] and briefly attended Western Reserve College. After working for his father's grocery business, the young Hanna tried his hand in numerous business ventures, mostly without luck. He served briefly as a quartermaster in the Union Army during the [[Civil War]]; he remained a lifelong activist in veterans' organizations. (It is not true that he was awarded the Medal of Honor--that was an unrelated Marcus Hanna.) After 1867 he became rich as a shipper and broker serving the coal and iron industries. Cleveland was emerging as a major transshipping point between the [[Great Lakes]] ore deposits and the mills of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, and Hanna loved making deals and bargains on a daily basis over a wide range of products and services. Hanna was one of the few industrialists fascinated less by profits than by the outdoor spectacle and indoor bargaining of politics.

Hanna was a long time member of St. John's Episcopal Church in Cleveland.
==Manager of campaigns==
Shoemaker (1992) shows during the 1870s and 1880s Hanna was one of several Midwestern Republicans who shifted their local and state parties from a focus on social issues like prohibition to economic issues. Hanna made the Ohio GOP an instrument for government promotion and protection of business in the 1890s. Hanna was a major advocate of the "Commonwealth Idea," a [[Alexander Hamilton|Hamiltonian]] Whiggish political philosophy which encouraged direct government action to speed up economic modernization and benefit the general interest.

Hanna made a transition into politics during the 1880s and in 1888, he managed Ohio Senator [[John Sherman]]'s unsuccessful effort to gain the Republican presidential nomination. Rep. William McKinley had been defeated for reelection to the House in 1890 on the issue of the high McKinley Tariff, but campaigned so well the GOP nominated him for governor of Ohio. Hanna helped McKinley win the 1891 and 1893 elections and became his chief advisor.

McKinley's only competition for the Republican nomination in 1896 was Speaker Thomas Reed of Maine, but McKinley was the better campaigner and Hanna had built a network of support especially in corrupt southern state conventions. With McKinley as the 1896 Republican nominee Hanna became Chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]], raised an unprecedented $3.5 million for McKinley's campaign for the [[gold standard]], high tariffs, high wages, [[pluralism]] and renewed prosperity. Most of the money came from corporations who feared that [[William Jennings Bryan]]'s more radical [[Free Silver]] policy would ruin the entire economy.

By October the [[U.S. Democratic Party, History|Democrats]] realized they were losing on Bryan's favorite issue (free silver to cause inflation) and targeted Hanna as the arch-villain who threatened to put corporate interests ahead of the national interest. As McKinley was highly likable, Hanna became a target of Bryanites, especially [[William Randolph Hearst]] and his ''[[New York Journal]]'', with cartoonists like Davenport portraying him as a bloated sinister figure with a cruel face, wearing a suit decorated with dollar signs.<ref> Jeansonne, 1988 </ref>

Hanna's campaign employed 1,400 people, who unleashed a flood of 250 million pamphlets, leaflets, posters, and stump speakers who reached every precinct warning of the dangers of Free Silver and Bryan's radicalism, while promising prosperity and pluralism for all if McKinley won. McKinley scored a landslide with an electoral vote of 271 to 176.

It was the most expensive campaign ever in U.S. politics, with the McKinley campaign outspending Bryan's by nearly 12 to 1. It set the standard for 20th century campaign tactics and funding, especially for its adroit use of publicity, its overall national plan, its strategic use of issues, and especially the candidate's own speech making.

Most important, Hanna nationalized presidential elections. No longer would candidates passively allow the state organizations to dominate the campaign; in conjunction with Bryan's unprecedented whistle-stop campaign that delivered over 500 speeches in 90 days, American election campaigning was permanently revolutionized.<ref> Jensen, (1971)</ref> See [[American election campaigns, 19th century]]

==Election to U.S. Senate==

President McKinley appointed elderly Senator [[John Sherman]] to the cabinet, opening the way for the Ohio legislature to elect Hanna to the senate seat in March 1897. As the economy recovered and the triumph of the Spanish-American War bolstered McKinley's popularity, the 1900 rematch was a decisive victory and guaranteed Republican dominance of the [[Fourth Party System]].

[[Image:1900Hanna2.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Farmer Hanna prepares for the 1900 campaign by loading up with with patronage, money and promises]]

In the Senate Hanna became a leader in policy formation. Emerging from McKinley's shadow he played an key role in selecting the Panama route for the trans-oceanic canal. Senator Hanna was, however, disappointed at his failure to resurrect the Commonwealth Idea in support of granting governmental subsidies to the merchant marine.

Hanna's role as president of the [[National Civic Federation]], a major national interest group dedicated to arbitrating labor disputes outside of politics or the courts, demonstrated that Hanna anticipated the key policymaking role extra-party bureaucracies would assume in the emerging administrative state of the twentieth century. He succeeded to a considerable extent in attracting labor unions into the Republican coalition and heading off major strikes that would be not only economically damaging but politically and socially divisive.

==Hanna and Roosevelt==
Hanna and [[Theodore Roosevelt]] had been allies in the 1890s, but they became rivals, initially due to their disagreement about the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt strongly favored war with Spain; Hanna resisted war until public opinion demanded it. In 1900, New York politicians wanted Governor Roosevelt to become vice president. Hanna was dubious but had no alternative candidate to stop it. One of the leading powers in the conservative faction of the Republican party, Hanna lost influence when McKinley was assassinated. Upon hearing the news, Hanna reputedly remarked that "Now that damn cowboy is president." Hanna and Roosevelt worked together (particularly on the Panama Canal) and although they remained personally cordial, they considered each other political rivals.

==Death and legacy==
Hanna was expected to run against Roosevelt for the Republican nomination for president in 1904 election, but Roosevelt's popularity and Hanna's ill health caused him to drop out of the contest in 1902. The rivalry was cut short by Hanna's death of typhoid fever, at the peak of his power. [[Karl Rove]] in 2000 and especially 2004 was influenced by the Hanna model in shaping the [[George W. Bush]] election campaigns.

Hanna's daughter Ruth married into the McCormick family in [[Chicago]]. As [[Ruth Hanna McCormick]] she served as a Republican in the [[United States House of Representatives]].

==Bibliography==
* Cole, Arthur C. "Hanna, Marcus Alonzo," ''Dictionary of American Biography'' (1932), Volume 4
* Croly, Herbert. ''Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work'' (1912), still the leading biography [http://books.google.com/books?id=843LWVTdC00C&pg=PA84&dq=%22mark+hanna%22&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
* Dick, Charles N. W. "Marcus A. Hanna" ''Ohio Archaeological and Historical Collections'' (1904) v 13 pp 355-74 [http://books.google.com/books?id=V_nwbcNHyMAC&printsec=toc&dq=%22mark+hanna%22&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=gd6sEUbZOvFG2nMQ2-Fxx6leako#PPA355,M1 online edition]
* Glen Jeansonne, "Goldbugs, Silverites, and Satirists: Caricature and Humor in the Presidential Election of 1896." ''Journal of American Culture'' 1988 11(2): 1-8. Issn: 0191-1813
* Jensen, Richard. ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (1971)
* Jones, Stanley L. ''The Presidential Election of 1896.'' the standard history.
* Morris, Edmund ''Theodore Rex'' 1901-1909. (2001); Biography of Roosevelt.
* Rhodes, James Ford. ''The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations, 1897-1909'' (1922), Rhodes was Hanna's brother-in-law
* Shoemaker, Fred Chester. "Mark Hanna and the Transformation of the Republican Party." (Vol. 1-2) PhD dissertation, Ohio State U. 1992. 451 pp. DAI 1992 53(5): 1644-A. DA9227379

====notes====
<references/>
[[Category:Former United States Senators]]
[[Category:United States History]]

Japanese Empire

2009-01-07T15:48:43Z

Kuyper: Redirecting to Japan

#REDIRECT [[Japan]]