Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Google Android

2011-03-30T21:36:24Z

Luke314: Update

'''Google Android''' is an [[operating system]] developed for use on mobile cell phones and is a joint effort of the [[Open Handset Alliance]] and [[Google]]. Anybody can create applications using the Android Software Development kit and Google has held contests for best applications. Many applications can be freely downloaded through the online Android Market and other online repositories.

[[Image:G1 dec182008 029.jpg|bottom|thumb|250px| Google Android G1 HTC Dream Phone]]

HTC, a smartphone manufacturer based in [[Taiwan]], was the first to market a [[Google]] Android phone in the [[United States]], called the HTC Dream. October 2008 was the launch date on the T-Mobile network, the only carrier offering the service. Branded by Google and marketed as the G1, it is a 3G phone and will also work seamlessly on a Wi-fi wireless networks. The phone and operating system have gained a reputation as an [[Apple]] iPhone competitor. Many more Android phones were developed in later.

T-Mobile has sold over 1 million G1 Android phones. <ref>[http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/15_million_g1_mobile_phones_pre-sold.php]</ref>

==Netbooks/Tablets==
The Android operating system is also preinstalled in some netbooks and tablets. In fact, Android 3.0 is specifically designed for tablets.<ref>[http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-3.0-highlights.html]</ref>

==Spyware/Privacy Concerns==
The Google Market app is the most popular way to install new applications on Android. Some of these uploaded applications have been spyware<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/pcworld/20110228/tc_pcworld/moremobilespywarehitsandroid_1]</ref>. In response to apps like this, Google has enabled the "killswitch", which allows Google Market to uninstall, or even install programs on the user's device, to fix the offending apps. While many have applauded this as a good anti-malware procedure, many have also expressed concern over Google's ability to install and remove software on all phones through the Google Market system.<ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2011/03/06/google-flips-android-kill-switch-destroys-a-batch-of-malicious/]</ref>

Another recent vulnerability was found in the online Market system, which allowed installing software simply by clicking a malicious link. According to Chief Technology Officer Kevin Mahaffey, "When the malware gets on your phone it basically issues a blank check for additional apps to be downloaded"<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20040246-245.html]</ref>

==See Also==
*[[Google]]
*[[IGoogle]]

==External Links==
*[http://code.google.com/android/ Google Android Homepage]
*[http://www.android.com/market/ Google Android Market]
*[http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/ Open Handset Alliance]
*[http://www.t-mobile.com/shop/phones/Cell-Phone-Detail.aspx?cell-phone=T-Mobile-G1-with-Google-Black HTC Dream T-Mobile G1 Google Phone]
*[http://www.htc.com HTC Homepage]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Google]]
[[Category:Operating_Systems]]

Talk:Planned obsolescence

2011-03-30T20:58:19Z

Luke314: Created page with ""This strategy is even readily admitted by the product developers themselves;" I wouldn't call it a "strategy" of planned obsolescence to warn that a battery will not last for an..."

"This strategy is even readily admitted by the product developers themselves;"
I wouldn't call it a "strategy" of planned obsolescence to warn that a battery will not last for an infinite number of charge/discharge cycles. This should be reworded...

Talk:Bible Retranslation Project

2011-03-18T22:22:56Z

Luke314: /* Alternative Procedure */

==Word==
I admit that I am not as great a linguist, translator and biblical scholar as Andy is, so pardon my question, but when did "word" ''not'' mean "a short expression of a single concept, which can include a vulgarity or a falsehood"? From what I see, the issue at hand seems to be rather how you actually translate "Logos" (a.k.a. "the '''W'''ord", as opposed to "a '''w'''ord"). If you just want to directly translate it to "Truth", that would sound plausible to me, but redefining "word" to ''really'' mean "Truth" is somewhat pushing it in my eyes.

But like I said in the beginning, this isn't exactly my special field of study, so I'm open for any source Andy or somebody else can show me to understand things better. --[[User:AlanS|AlanS]] 15:04, 25 December 2008 (EST)

:AlanS, the more you rely on silly sarcasm, the less likely you will be insightful. In response to your comment, the primary meaning of "word" in English at the time of its incorporation in translating John 1:1 was a "command" or series of speech sounds, not false or vulgar. Today its primary meaning in English is quite different from about 400 years ago, as in "he had a word with so-and-so" or "password".--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 17:07, 25 December 2008 (EST)

::Aschlafly, the less you rely on belittling and dismissing other people and posts ("the more you rely on silly sarcasm, the less likely you will be insightful", "I'm not interested in wasting my time with someone suffering from [[evolution syndrome]]"), the more respect people will give you. I assume/hope you don't treat your students like this, so why your fellow editors? I came to this talk page to learn, not to get the wagging finger treatment from you. And I assumed that you, somebody who is going to ''retranslate the Word Of God'', have some experience as a linguist, translator and biblical scholar - no sarcasm intended. Because otherwise, I'd seriously ask what you were thinking when you started this. No offense, but this is a task more talented people than you and I have to study years for, so the thought of somebody with ''no'' experience or training in this field translating the Bible makes me frown to say the least.
::More on-topic, I find your explanation interesting, but I would welcome a source for your claim because I couldn't find any. I'm not here to doubt the you, but I want to verify it. Also, what is your explanation for the newer translations not having updated that word? --[[User:AlanS|AlanS]] 08:27, 26 December 2008 (EST)

::: AlanS, don't rant on these pages. Contribute, or please leave.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 08:39, 26 December 2008 (EST)

"Word" sounds better in my opinion. Also, which editions are you using as a source for your translating, the original Hebrew and Greek, or one of the many English versions? And how far do you plan on taking this? I personally find it superfluous, but since linguistically I am a prescriptionist, that may just be me.[[User:ENorman|ENorman]] 22:49, 25 December 2008 (EST)

: I don't think "Word" means the same to people anymore as it did a generation ago. As to your second sentence, all early manuscripts were in Greek, and the term used was "logos" as stated.

: I think the table is merely scratching the surface. The English language is devolving quickly, and retranslation of many key terms is worth considering. This exercise itself is illuminating. I'm confident we've all learned something new just from reading the first three examples.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 22:53, 25 December 2008 (EST)

: But evolution isn't real, right? :)

: Joking aside, I'll help you with my basic knowledge of linguistics if you honestly want it. Just want to avoid this degenerating into an exercise in Newspeak or playing with deeper meanings. [[User:ENorman|ENorman]] 22:58, 25 December 2008 (EST)

:: Wow, that's bizarre: where did your comment on evolution come from? No, I'm not interested in wasting my time with someone suffering from [[evolution syndrome]]. If you have an open mind, then I do welcome your efforts; if not, then maybe Wikipedia is a better place for you.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 23:05, 25 December 2008 (EST)

==Logos==
ASchlafly: The word "Logos" does not translate to truth. It is generally translated to "word, thought, principle, or speech." Good luck on rewriting the Bible! [[User:MReynolds|MReynolds]] 22:20, 25 December 2008 (EST)

== Alternative Procedure ==

This project is quite ambitious, and generally, I'd say it is out of the reach of the high-school pupils you're addressing.
Wouldn't it be more effective to write a commentary to the ''gold standard of Biblical translations'', i.e., KJB, to explain its verses to the contemporary audience? The language of the KJB is so vigorous that any alteration just weakens it.
Of course, I'm coming from a German perspective: It took a genius like Martin Luther to come up with a usable German translation for the Bible. He introduced numerous metaphors and proverbs into the German language which still live on. Granted, there are more modern translation - esp. the ''Einheitsübersetzung'' of the EKD (Protestant churches in Germany) and the German Conference of Catholic Bishops. But though it's more exact historically, it lacks the power of Luther's language.
Another thought: The Bible in its old translations has inspired or at least influenced countless works of literature. This influence is more easily spotted using the traditional translations.
[[User:BRichtigen|BRichtigen]] 08:59, 26 December 2008 (EST)

: Agreed. Seriously, retranslating the Bible on a WIKI!? I have edit privilege to "help" translate, even if I don't have any knowledge of the original languages?

: BRichtigen, with all due respect, the greatest works throughout history have been produced by teenagers like my students. Moreover, many of my students likely have a better command of history and linguistics than you do. Try your hand at [[American_History_Midterm_Exam_-_Boys]] and see how you stack up.

: Your put-down aside, your approach does not address the problem of how culture changes the meaning of modern terms used by ''all'' translations of the [[Bible]]. An accurate translation using terms "x, y, and z" becomes inaccurate when culture modifies the meaning of "x, y, and z" to listeners.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 09:27, 26 December 2008 (EST)

::"the greatest works throughout history have been produced by teenagers like my students" A closer examination of the greatest work of history (perhaps we could agree on a list of the TOP 100) will show that the statement is just wrong. In fact, the few cases of teenagers who excelled in their fields are so well known as they '''were''' rare. (There is only ''one'' Mozart...)

::I'm sure that your students have a better command of '''American''' history than I do. And they should speak better English than I do. I don't know about their German, Latin, Dutch or French...

:: ''An accurate translation using terms "x, y, and z" becomes inaccurate when culture modifies the meaning of "x, y, and z" to listeners.'' A reasonable thing would be to explain the meaning of ''x, y, and z'' to the listeners as used in the translations.

:: The Greek originals were in use for a couple of centuries while Ancient Greek was still a living language. Somehow, no one so the necessity to rewrite the originals...

::[[User:BRichtigen|BRichtigen]] 09:41, 26 December 2008 (EST)

:::BRichtigen, you're welcome to start a list of the greatest works in history, but I'm confident most will be accomplished by people who were teenagers. Your point about x, y, z, is not clear; the retranslation is precisely designed to explain x, y, z in a more accurate way as culture changes language. Ancient Greek, which I have studied (have you?) was not as vulnerable to cultural changes to language as today's society is.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 10:30, 26 December 2008 (EST)

::::I looked into the claim ''most of the greatest works in history were accomplished by people who were teenagers'', and the more I research, the more absurd it becomes.
::::Take for instance mathematics, one of the fields were prodigies are said to be found quite often. Granted, there are accomplishments by young men (Abel, Galois), and Gauss constructed the regular heptadekagon age 18. But these examples are few, and most times, the works of the teenage mathematician will be overshadowed by the works of the matured one - if he is allowed to life long enough.
::::Another area: Music. Mozart is the child prodigy par excellence, and others tried to imitate his success (Beethoven's father lied about the age of his son...). But there are only few works of teenagers worth listening to...
::::Which ''accomplishments in history'' are you thinking about?
::::And my Greek is negligible, I'm afraid... --[[User:BRichtigen|BRichtigen]] 11:07, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::::Addendum: Your class voted on the [[Voted_Most_Influential_Person_in_American_History|most influential person in American history]]. None of the top four made his most important attributions to American history as a teenager... [[User:BRichtigen|BRichtigen]] 11:39, 26 December 2008 (EST)
:::::[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=496962 This] paper examines the age at which Nobel-winning economists published their important works, and also the ages at which they began their Nobel-related research. Table 1 lists the age at which they began their Nobel work; the youngest was 21, and the average was 29.3. They also briefly examine other fields: the mean "beginning age" for Nobel-winning physicists was 33.6, for chemists it was 31.6, and for physiology/medicine it was 33.2. Note that these are the ages when they began the work, not when the Nobel prize was awarded, as it often takes a number of years for the true importance of significant work to be recognised. [[User:BrianW|BrianW]] 11:57, 26 December 2008 (EST)

:::::: Well, fine, but few or none of those examples would rank as the greatest "works" in history. And as to BRichtigen's comment above, the issue of the "most influential person" is obviously very different from the issue of the "greatest works."--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 12:22, 26 December 2008 (EST)

::::::: Could you give a few examples of the greatest works in history, preferably done by teenagers? Thanks, [[User:BRichtigen|BRichtigen]] 15:58, 26 December 2008 (EST)

== Unique and useful project ==

Whatever the claims of your distractors and critics be, I believe it is a great project and quite suitable to the intended audience of the encyclopedia. You are quite right in spotting that the meaning of words change as the language evolves or change. This is especially true for English which has become the universal language and the de facto official language of the internet.I wonder whether any one has done this before. It may also be beneficial to recruit some one with special expertise in this field. --[[User:MRain|MRain]] 12:06, 26 December 2008 (EST)

: Thanks for your encouragement. I'm not aware of anyone else doing this (or anyone who has "special expertise" in the devolution of modern English). We welcome contributions to the project ... starting with yourself! I'll be adding new items as I discover them.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 12:19, 26 December 2008 (EST)

: I think that this is an interesting project, and a good opportunity to try and get across some of the wordplay in the original language that the KJV and most other translations just lack; things like Gen 15:2 or Num 21:9 to give a couple of simple examples - also there's very often the case when words are conflated - like the "kill" example - it's good you want to distinguish the more murderous הרג from נכה- there are a number of separate roots that get translated inconsistently as "kill" and "slay", but you'll perhaps want also to distinguish הרג from רצח and נכה from שחט? Also the names are often clumsily translated as footnotes, if at all, rather than elegantly worked in - sometimes the transliteration of a name is inferior to its translation (IMHO, naturally). Added to that, the KJV (which is very bad in this respect) is incredibly inaccurate when it comes to plants and animals, and it'd be nice to see a scholarly yet poetic translation that is sensibly consistent. I look forward to seeing the results of this! [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 16:23, 26 December 2008 (EST)

:: Thanks for your insights, Denise, and I look forward to your contributions to this project!--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 16:26, 26 December 2008 (EST)

::: Sadly I'm rather busy these days (and my Greek is not much good compared to my Hebrew, and my Aramaic is near non-existent), but I'll try and make some helpful suggestions. Do you mind if I add my twopennyworth to the project page, as far as examples of things I'd like to see included or avoided? I'm not necessarily always able to talk with reference to the KJV, and my interests (as you'll have gathered) are linguistic, aesthetic, and exactitude-focused rather than centred around political considerations. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 16:33, 26 December 2008 (EST)

==Divine Right==

Sorry if I offended with the Divine Right translation. My intent was to say that only Christ has the ultimate authority to rule, not to suggest that claims of Divine Right by kings and despots had and validity. [[User:QWest|QWest]] 14:19, 26 December 2008 (EST)

== Bearing arms ==

The text reads: "In Biblical times, as today, the bearing of arms to defend ones family and society was the hallmark of civilisation."

First, I corrected the British spelling in compliance with the MoS. Second, this description of the culture of arms is against the evidence, at least as far as the Greeks. In "History of the Peloponnesian War," Thucydides [http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.1.first.html spoke] of wearing arms as a custom of the barbarians, and waxes poetic about the lack of necessity of bearing arms in Greece:
{{cquote|And even at the present day many of Hellas still follow the old fashion, the Ozolian Locrians for instance, the Aetolians, the Acarnanians, and that region of the continent; and the custom of carrying arms is still kept up among these continentals, from the old piratical habits. The whole of Hellas used once to carry arms, their habitations being unprotected and their communication with each other unsafe; indeed, to wear arms was as much a part of everyday life with them as with the barbarians. And the fact that the people in these parts of Hellas are still living in the old way points to a time when the same mode of life was once equally common to all. The Athenians were the first to lay aside their weapons, and to adopt an easier and more luxurious mode of life.}}

Should I correct it?-[[User:AlexanderM|AlexanderM]] 15:56, 26 December 2008 (EST)
:The Greeks believed in false Gods. Surely the correctness of Judaeo-Christian beliefs is obvious? Also, your reference to 'improper' spellings is unnecessary. [[User:Bugler|Bugler]] 16:00, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::You know I agree with you on that first point Bugler, but I don't think their being pagans affects their beliefs towards weapons. And I'm sorry, I didn't mean "improper" in the pejorative: it's just that the Manual of Style says not to use British spellings.-[[User:AlexanderM|AlexanderM]] 16:01, 26 December 2008 (EST)
:::Alex, I'm not that hung up about the spellings so if you wish to copy-edit go ahead. As for the other thing, how about 'hallmark of Judaeo-Christian civilization'? [[User:Bugler|Bugler]] 16:07, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::::Good idea! I'll change it, thanks Bugler. Good to see you again.-[[User:AlexanderM|AlexanderM]] 17:47, 26 December 2008 (EST)

== Kill vs Murder ==

One of the differences cites Ex. 20:13 and the clarification is to use "murder" instead of "kill". I agree with this clarification. I use the KJV with explanatory notes from the LDS church and the reference for Ex. 20:13 for the word "kill" says in an alternate translation from the Hebrew it means "murder". --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 15:59, 26 December 2008 (EST)

: Wow, I never knew that. By the way, Dean, does the standard LDS Bible use the [[KJV]] plus explanatory footnotes?--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 16:27, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::Yes, it's a KJV with explanatory footnotes. The title page says it's the "Authorized King James Version with explanatory notes and cross references to the standard works of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints". There are also footnotes and appendix referring to the "JST" which is the ''Joseph Smith Translation''. These are excerpts from the Prophet Joseph Smith's translation of the Bible. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 16:43, 26 December 2008 (EST)

: Hebrew has two distinct words for killing (הרג) and murder (רצח). The Commandment is unambiguously referring to murder.—[[User:JCSalomon|JCSalomon]] 11:16, 23 February 2009 (EST)

Is this suggesting that Christianity isn't a pacifistic religion, and that killing was ok with Jesus? Because although the commandment says "thou shall not murder", there are numerous instances in the New Testament of pacifism being not only approved of, but required to be a Christian. Acts 14:19-22, 1 Corinthians 4:9-13, Acts 7:59-60, Matthew 5:9,21-25 and 38-41 are just a few of the biblical examples that I could find promoting pacifism.--[[User:Bixnood|Bixnood]] 22:54, 5 June 2009 (EDT)

== Rich ==

The entry is blatantly false. You have to look it up. You cant take someone's word for it. Just because it sounds interesting does not make it true. see [http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G4145&t=KJV here]. --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 17:00, 26 December 2008 (EST)

: Your link does not explain the meaning of the Greek term, but only its view of the Biblical meaning.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 17:05, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::What about [http://www.searchgodsword.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=4145 this] and [http://biblestudy.crosswalk.com/mybst/default.aspx?type=library&contentid=114459&category=REF this] and [http://www.biblestudytools.net/Lexicons/Greek/grk.cgi?number=4145&version=kjv this]? --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 17:12, 26 December 2008 (EST)
:::The problem here is that the statement is being assumed true, even though there is no reason to believe that it is, aside from the claim of one user who has agreed to the removal of the item. --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 17:21, 26 December 2008 (EST)

:::: The underlying insight is promising, given the very different nature of the "rich" then compared to now. Improvement rather than [[censorship]] is the better approach here. My research reveals that the Greek term really means "fully supplied,"[http://time2changechurches.blogspot.com/2008_02_01_archive.html] as in being pampered or lazy.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 17:33, 26 December 2008 (EST)
:::::Your source is a blog. I gave 4 separate sources that are greek lexicons. Which do you think is more reliable? --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 17:40, 26 December 2008 (EST)
:::::::a footnote to the CP commandments says "Sources should be authoritative works, not merely published opinions by others."--[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 18:09, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::::::Also, Aschlafly, while I share your concern with CPAdmin1's edits, I have to point out that he's right, it's not censorship to remove information because you think it's incorrect. Censorship requires (1) state or state-like action, and (2) removal of information (3) for subjective, viewpoint-discriminatory reasons. Even if he's wrong, it's assuming bad faith to call his deletions censorship.-[[User:AlexanderM|AlexanderM]] 17:49, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::::::::Someone please provide a linguistic source that backs up the claim, or I will remove it. --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 18:50, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::::::::: Having checked in my Liddell & Scott, I think it's safe to remove it pending a scholarly source that supports the variant reading. This is a wiki, we can always put it back if more research turns up such a reference. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 18:59, 26 December 2008 (EST)

:::::::::: Not so fast, folks. There is a key insight here that I've just learned from, as have others. The term "rich" DOES change in meaning over time, and the Greek term could not possibly mean what is meant today by "rich". Instead, the Greek term means "fully supplied." Perhaps "idle rich" would be a better translation or, in modern terms, the "complacent" or "lazy miser."--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 19:03, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::::::::::::The experts say that it means rich. Do you know better than the experts? --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 19:11, 26 December 2008 (EST)
:::::::::::: I still don't quite see how your reading squares with the Joseph of Arimathea citation. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 19:18, 26 December 2008 (EST)

::::::::::::: Tim, that is such a liberal argument: "the experts say that it means ...." The "experts" also say that [[global warming]] is a crisis and that more government spending is needed. God gave us all the ability to think for ourselves. Let's use it. Denise, I don't know what you're referencing specifically. If you mean a reference that Joseph of Arimathea was "rich" and yet a follower of Jesus, that would not disprove the translation of "idle rich" or "complacent" or "lazy miser." Indeed, Joseph had the time to intervene as needed.
::::::::::::::What? It is a liberal argument to say that people who have spent their life studying a language know that language better than someone who does can not even speak it. That argument sounds good to me. Are you saying that you have a better understanding of biblical greek than the people who have written those lexicons? --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 21:54, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::::::::::::: Everyone today is "rich" by the standards of Jesus' time, so presumably the term is more nuanced than that common term.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 19:26, 26 December 2008 (EST)
:::::::::::::: Since when is consulting people who have dedicated themselves to studying a subject and trusting them over the layman liberal? That is equivalent to me, having no ability in building anything whatsoever, designing and constructing my house myself as opposed to hiring people who make their living doing that because getting their help is liberal. Your definition of liberal is a bit silly Andy, and seems to fall along the lines of "whoever does not wholly agree with what you, Andy Schalfly, believe. If trusting experts makes somebody a liberal, then I'd rather be a liberal than blindly rush into something as major as translating God's Word passed down to mankind without somebody who knows what they are talking about.[[User:ENorman|ENorman]] 22:15, 26 December 2008 (EST)

::::::::::::::: Folks, blindly follow your chosen "experts" somewhere else. This is a wiki devoted to the pursuit of knowledge. Understand? That means opening your mind and actually using it. Parroting what you perceive to be an "expert" view might help you win the favor of some liberals, but our project is at a higher level than that.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 22:35, 26 December 2008 (EST)

:::::::::::::::::So we should not listen to any experts because to do so would be liberal. In that case, how are we supposed to learn anything. Are we supposed to make up our own facts because we can't trust anyone else's? Should we automatically contradict any expert because to agree with them would be "liberal"? Should I disagree with you because it would be "liberal" to trust your knowledge? If you do not rely on the knowledge of others, it is impossible to progress very far in the area of knowledge. A faulty appeal to authority is a fallacy. That does not mean that every appeal to authority is a fallacy. It is only a fallacy when the subject at hand is not the same subject that the person is an authority on. Obviously an authority can be wrong, but that is the exception rather than the rule. Should I not believe that 2+2=4 because some expert said that it is? If you discredit all authority, then how can you gain knowledge? --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 22:53, 26 December 2008 (EST)

::::::::::::::::::All of your "experts" are simply sites citing the exact same source, Thayer's Greek-English lexicon. To suggest that questioning that ''single'' definition is rejecting all authority is absurd. Healthy skepticism is necessary to any intellectual project such as this. Relying on a single authority as definitive is absurd. The biblical concept of "rich" is far different than the present. Denying that is patently ridiculous, and ignores millenia of economic and social change. That is why this project is necessary. Like Luther's 500 years ago, it is an attempt to ground our knowledge in the original ''meaning'' of God's word. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 23:01, 26 December 2008 (EST)

(moved discussion here below to "Rich" Issue for easier editing and comment.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 16:13, 28 December 2008 (EST))

:::::::::::::::: Tim, the essence of this project is to open your mind and think for yourself, and not rely on an argument that "the experts say such-and-such." Yes, some and perhaps all of the unnamed experts are liberals. The process of inducing people to rely on "the perceived view of experts is a misleading one. In courts of law it is generally not allowed without also hearing from an expert with the opposite view.

:::::::::::::::: Most "experts" say there is [[global warming]]. Most experts say that government should raise taxes. Most experts say that government should increase spending. In fact, you can go down the entire list of liberal viewpoints and find that most "experts" support them. Give up your ability to think for yourself, just a little, and you will probably never get it back.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 23:00, 26 December 2008 (EST)

::::::::::::::::: But those are experts in other fields. These are experts IN THE LANGUAGE. This is less being open-minded, and has now been degraded to Ostrich theory. What does the meaning of ONE WORD have to do with what Dr. John Q. Scientist has to say about [[global warming]]? You are basically saying "disregard all science, all research, all facts, make junk up as you go along."[[User:ENorman|ENorman]] 23:07, 26 December 2008 (EST)

The interpretation of "miserliness to the point of laziness and being unproductive" for plousios has implications at Ephesians 2:4 "But God, who is rich (plousios) in mercy, for his great love wherewith he loved us"[http://www.blueletterbible.org/Bible.cfm?b=Eph&c=2&v=4&t=KJV#conc/4] . Applying miserly and lazy to God is near blasphemy. The original interpretation of simply 'wealthy' is likely the intended and best interpretation. A benevolent God would never be miserly with His mercy, and He certainly isn't lazy or unproductive. --[[User:JohnnyS|JohnnyS]] 21:38, 26 December 2008 (EST)

: "plousios" means "abundantly supplied," not "rich". "Rich in mercy" is an awkward translation at best. The context must be considered to find the right English word for "abundantly supplied."

: Your comment on "unicorn" was silly.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 22:04, 26 December 2008 (EST)

:: I'm happy with "abundantly supplied" as a translation in this case, though it seems a little prolix. Perhaps we could work on a more mellifluous alternative - possibly "over-replete" or something of that ilk, maybe even something with a nuance of luxury rather than mere adequacy. As a side question, does the "abundantly supplied" gloss apply to `ashir as well as to plousios, and if so, why? [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 10:13, 27 December 2008 (EST)

::: I think you are right that "abundantly supplied" is prolix. I think the nuance that needs to be added is the laziness when some humans are abundantly supplied with food and entertainment. I'm not familiar with `ashir but look forward to learning more. Thanks.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 10:40, 27 December 2008 (EST)

:::: In general, I can recommend Weingreen's excellent work ''[http://www.amazon.com/Practical-Grammar-Classical-Hebrew/dp/0198154224?tag=1672411-20&ie=UTF8 A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew]'' for the novice to Biblical Hebrew grammar. It's not a guide to vocabulary, obviously, and it's not in itself sufficient to give the experience and fluency necessary to attempt a translation project of this magnitude, but it's a good place to start. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 10:52, 27 December 2008 (EST)
:::: For vocabulary, [http://www.amazon.com/Brown-Driver-Briggs-Hebrew-English-Lexicon-Francis/dp/1565632060?tag=1672411-20&ie=UTF8 Brown/Driver/Briggs] is the standard reference work, as far as I know. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 11:01, 27 December 2008 (EST)

:::::I think what is needed are more nuanced definitions. The Bible uses the term rich as a blanket reference to those of monetary as well as spiritual wealth, and I think having cotextual definitions for each occurrence would be a generally good idea - such as avaricious (ie desire for riches beyond one's needs) for the cited example and others, and e.g. rich-spirited (or similar) for other occurrences. Plus further definitions as appropriate --[[User:J00ni|J00ni]] 11:49, 27 December 2008 (EST)

== Tetragrammata ==

What is the planned translation of the tetragrammaton? In English translations it's often been rendered as 'Lord', sometimes with all-caps, based on the Jewish custom of the pronunciation "Adonai", used to avoid saying the name; others use YHWH/YHVH/JHWH based on the unvowelled consonants; others go with "Jehovah" based on a Latin form, fairly discredited now, I understand. Still others try and capture the "to be" root of it, opting for "the one who is" or "the eternal". Thoughts? I personally prefer one of the latter forms, though I think there is room for innovation here! [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 17:46, 26 December 2008 (EST)

==Grace==
I think the translation of grace is overly simplistic. To me grace is not merely generosity, but generosity towards those in whom it is undeserved. And is a gift specifically ftom the Lord to mankind, and allows for forgivness of the unrepentant sinner and ultimately is the reason God loves each and every one of His creation irrespective of whether they honour His word.

I appreciate what you are trying to achieve, and it is an honourable cause, it's just that IMO grace has always been a concept requiring more understanding than the word itself conveys, and is a central concept to Christianity itself, and by changing it to 'generosity' may hinder people from seeking its true, deeper meaning.

Grace is one of my favourite concepts to learn about and (attempt to) explain to others as I feel not only the concept, but the word itself, has a beauty to it that shouldn't be tampered with --[[User:J00ni|J00ni]] 19:49, 26 December 2008 (EST)

: Thanks, J00ni, this is a lovely explanation! [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 10:26, 27 December 2008 (EST)

:J00ni, your point is well taken, but the fact remains that there are millions who are misled by the term "grace" in many instances of its use. They may like the sound, but they think it is something other than what was intended.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 22:10, 27 December 2008 (EST)

== Peace ==

The retranslation of "peace" is based on the Greek word. Why is there a citation to the Old Testament on this point? The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, not Greek.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 22:10, 27 December 2008 (EST)

: cf LXX: ''καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς εἰ εἰς '''εἰρήνην''' οὗτοι ἐκπορεύονται συλλάβετε αὐτοὺς ζῶντας καὶ εἰ εἰς πόλεμον ζῶντας συλλάβετε αὐτούς'' - your Greek is likely better than mine, but I don't see the issue with this translation. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 06:35, 28 December 2008 (EST)

: I don't dispute at all εἰρήνη has a meaning of tranquility, but it ''also'' has a meaning of absence-of-war - much as ''peace'' does in English. See also [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/vor?lookup=ei)rh%2Fnh&lang=greek&group=bilevel these sources] - e.g. “ἢ μέγα φρονει̂ς,” ἔφη, “ἐπὶ ται̂ς ἐψηφισμέναις μὲν πεντήκοντα ναυσίν, οὐδέποτε δὲ πληρωθησομέναις; οὕτω γὰρ ἠρέθικας Φίλιππον καὶ τοιαυ̂τα εἴρηκας, '''ἐξ ὡ̂ν οὐκ εἰρήνη γένοιτ' ἂν ἐκ πολέμου, ἀλλ' ἐξ εἰρήνης πόλεμος ἀκήρυκτος'''.” ([[Aeschines]]) [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 06:46, 28 December 2008 (EST)

:: Wow, you link to a superb online source! It's amazing what is available now on the internet!

:: The point is that "peace" in English is increasingly taken to mean an absence of war, thanks (or "no thanks") to the influence of the media and politics on culture. Very few people take "peace" to mean "tranquility" any more. But Jesus was not telling the Apostles to oppose Roman wars when He said, "peace be with you." He was speaking about an inner tranquility and lack of fear or anxiety. That's a meaning that needs to be restored against the ravages of the [[devolution of language]], particularly with the rise in anxiety disorders.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 07:16, 28 December 2008 (EST)

::: I don't doubt your assertion that at the moment, the primary meaning of the English "peace" is as you say. However, I do question the recency of this semantic position, and also whether this was not the case with eirene. I'd assume that someone listening to Jesus would have understood the Aramaic term he used to have a hefty flavour of non-war about it (in general, if not necessarily in context). In the same way, a reader of the English would understand that "peace" has multiple shades of meaning, and will select as appropriate. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 07:29, 28 December 2008 (EST)

:::: But virtually no one today understands "peace" to mean "anxiety free," and Jesus never spoke about foreign policy in His time. It's a complete mismatch, I think, due to the cultural changes in the meaning of "peace" to most people.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 08:02, 28 December 2008 (EST)

::::: An absence of interpersonal strife is not just foreign policy. Also, I think that virtually ''everyone'' today uses the adjective "peaceful" to mean "without anxieties or distractions"; it's easy to underestimate people in general. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 08:08, 28 December 2008 (EST)

== Relinquish or Release ==

The term "relinquish" has negative connotations: it means giving up something that may not have been properly yours. I don't see how that is an improvement over "release", which has positive connotations of resulting in a greater good.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 07:21, 28 December 2008 (EST)

: yes, good point, but "release" sounds too much like what one does to a captive. I think possibly something more like "hand over" or "give away" is in line with paradidomi - am I reading it too literally? [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 07:29, 28 December 2008 (EST)

:: "Release" does have that political/legal connotation, but I don't see that as causing a problem in the context. "Hand over" has a negative connotation, and requires a recipient who does not exist in this context; "give away" implies an inappropriate abandonment of something typically having little value, and that doesn't fit.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 08:00, 28 December 2008 (EST)

==Question about implementation==

This is an interesting and worthwhile project - I'm learning a lot from reading about the various interpretations of the terms in question. What I'm wondering, though, is how to best implement the outcome for others to use. My first thought would be to choose a "baseline" version of the Bible as a starting point, like the King James Version, then apply the revised translations that are approved and publish this as a "New Conservative Bible" (since calling it the "Conservapedia Bible" would be immodest, I'd think). This could be done as a searchable electronic copy under a dedicated namespace on the CP site. The text itself would be protected, of course, but the talk pages would allow for background, commentary and suggestions for other improved translations. Does this proposal make sense? --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 15:08, 28 December 2008 (EST)
::::I think that this project could be a good project if it was done better. Currently, I think this project is overreaching. I think in order to do proper Bible translating you need to understand Greek/Hebrew and ANE culture at a bare minimum. I also reasonably believe that in order to do a conservative translating of the Bible you need to understand the Bible exegesis method of Historico-grammatical exegesis which is given here: http://www.godward.org/archives/BS%20Notes/Basic%20rules%20for%20NT%20exegesis.htm So far, I don't see see aforementioned being done in any great depth. That is why I don't think the "New Conservative Bible" will catch on. I think Protestant Christian conservatives will stick with their KJV, NKJV, and NASB Bibles for some time to come. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 15:44, 28 December 2008 (EST)
:::::Conservative, is it 'overreaching' to have a vision? I don't think so. And can man achieve great aims without vision? No. Throughout history, those who have achieved mighty things have been accused of 'overreaching themselves' at the outset. We should have confidence and Hope, and lend support. [[User:Bugler|Bugler]] 15:53, 28 December 2008 (EST)

:::::: The efficiency of the learning from this project is far greater than in any other medium, much higher than reading a book, attending a seminar, watching television, discussing with people, etc. In merely a few spare minutes or hours, the participants in this project have learned more than they could have after spending 10x or 100x many hours in any other medium. For that reason alone, I feel this project has been more than worthwhile. As Bugler says, let's see where it goes from here. What's there to lose? Nothing, but there is everything to gain in greater [[faith]].--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 16:05, 28 December 2008 (EST)

::::::: Exactly. Learning about just ''one'' of these misconceptions/mistranslations allows you to better understand tens, hundreds, or even ''thousands'' of biblical passages and principles which use the words under examination. "Logos" is a good example, since it's the basis of all creation in John 1:1. "Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ Λόγος, καὶ ὁ Λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν Θεόν, καὶ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Λόγος." Better understanding that one word educates a reader enormously about God, his word, and his creation. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 16:20, 28 December 2008 (EST)

:::::::: I agree completely. Just one of the insights in the table in this entry can be worth hundreds of hours of personal effort in value. A stronger understanding of these concepts is priceless. Yet it is freely available here for merely the click of the mouse. Can you imagine the value when this table is two or three times as long?--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 16:35, 28 December 2008 (EST)
::::::::::::Bugler, you are setting up a false dilemma. If you were more aware of exegesis you would know that. One of the principles of sound exegesis is to set the limits of the passage as can be seen by the link I offered before. With that in mind, I certainly did not say I was against having a vision. At the same time, often without adequate preparation the visions people have often fail. I doubt the Normandy invasion would have been successful if the generals merely had a vision apart from adequate preparation. The Normandy invasion was successful though because the generals had a vision which also had sufficient preparation. Now if you think you can retranslate the Bible without being knowledgeable in Greek/Hebrew, Ancient Near East culture, and exegetical principles then go right ahead, but I reasonably think your quest is rather quoxitic as can be seen by your rather poor exegesis of my previous post. [[User:Conservative|conservative]] 17:17, 28 December 2008 (EST)

: I'd suggest that first we establish what sort of a translation we want; then we start with a smallish book with fairly simple language, and move to another book when that's completed and polished. I'd suggest Esther as a nice place to start - it's got a good consistent narrative, the Hebrew is not overcomplicated or overpoetic, and we don't want to get any "teething problems" in something like one of the Gospels. An interlinear approach might be best; and I'd really suggest we do our best to work ''in vacuo'' without too much reference to established translations. Do people prefer working with the Masoretic vowels, notes, and breaks, or just from the plain text, allowing for wider interpretation as to the vocalization? How do we arrrange dealing with disputes and variation in text? One talk-page per chapter? I'd like to be able to suggest that we take an LXX approach and work individually and have the translations miraculously agree, but the evidence above suggests this might not be the best plan ;) [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 09:00, 29 December 2008 (EST)

: This is not to say that there won't be opportunities to discuss the translation issues - right from the start there's some interesting questions. As a test run, how do people here render ''ויהי בימי אחשורוש הוא אחשורוש המלך מהדו ועד כוש שבע ועשרים ומאה מדינה''? The word ויהי is not easy to make smooth in English, there are at least two or three standard renditions for אחשורוש, and the country (or province, or state) names are always something of a point of contention. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 09:25, 29 December 2008 (EST)

: (and, with all respect, I think we should leave Daniel and Ezra/Nehemia until we know we have someone who's properly competent in Aramaic). [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 09:42, 29 December 2008 (EST)

::Denise raises an interesting question. While the table-format in the article is educational, is the purpose of this project to begin an all-new translation of the Bible "from scratch", i.e. from the original ancient texts, or is it to start with a pre-compiled baseline like the King James Version and look to bring clarity to selected phrases by reinterpreting them? Conservapedia's own article on the Bible points out differences in the layout and naming of the Old Testament books between the Jewish and Christian collections, so is the scope of this project to look at that as well? I'm totally out of my league here, but asking so that the people who are contributing have a consistent plan to follow. Thanks. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 10:52, 29 December 2008 (EST)

::: Personally, I have no objection to either - but if we're going to have a retranslation as Aschlafly originally proposed I think it's intellectually sterile to re-translate a translation, taking all but one or two assumptions of the translators for granted. If we wanted to do that, I think that he would have suggested a commentary or gloss. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 10:55, 29 December 2008 (EST)

== "Rich" Issue ==

(Undent) Well I have 2 more (different) in hard copy. ''The Complete Word Study New Testament'' Spiros Zodhiates, which says it means "rich" And the ''Linguistic Key to the Greek New Testament'' Rienecker and Rogers. which says it means "rich" --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 23:14, 26 December 2008 (EST)
:That doesn't change the obvious fact that "wealth" in Jesus' time is worlds away from "wealth" in the present, and thus its implications and connotations when used in God's word. What confuses me is your motive in attempting to censor this obvious information. [[User:RodWeathers|- Rod Weathers]] 23:17, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::Yes, the specific things that we have are completely different, but that doesn't mean that "wealth" was any different. It just means that a person has "an abundance" of material possessions. It doesn't matter whether those possessions are sheep and goats, or if they are gold and silver, or cars and televisions, or lots of digits that represent money in a bank. The point is that the person has many more possessions than they need. The concept is not bounded by time. Solomon had great wealth. Possibly greater than anyone since. --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 23:23, 26 December 2008 (EST)
::Anyone care to respond?--[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 11:41, 27 December 2008 (EST)
::Anyone? --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 23:31, 27 December 2008 (EST)

::: Sorry, Tim, I didn't notice your edits in the middle here. The Greek word does not mean "many more possessions than they need" as you suggest. Rather, it means "fully supplied" or "abundantly supplied." The term refers equally well to the person who has just what he needs and no more. In short, it applies to virtually everyone in developed nations, fully fed and entertained. That's why the term "rich" no longer works because very few of the "abundantly supplied" view themselves as "rich" today, yet Jesus is addressing them. The key to the Greek term and the translation is to capture the vice of an unwillingness to try harder due to the complacently of being fully fed and entertained.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 08:11, 28 December 2008 (EST)

::::The word also means rich, the 2 definitions are very close in meaning. Abundantly supplied means more than enough. I agree that many or most of the "abundantly supplied" would not consider themselves rich, but I don't think that they'd consider themselves abundantly supplied either. You say that the greek term is about unwillingness to "try harder," and complacency. That is not true. The word means rich, and abundantly supplied. --[[User:CPAdmin1|Tim]] (CPAdmin1)[[User talk:CPAdmin1|talk]] 09:57, 28 December 2008 (EST)

::::: There are many people who are "abundantly supplied" who do not consider themselves "rich". So I disagree that the "2 definitions are very close in meaning" in today's culture. Today nearly all Americans and Europeans are "abundantly supplied" in food, entertainment and other comforts. But very few of them consider themselves "rich". And that's what matters in translating the Bible in a meaningful way. If they have the same misconception about being "abundantly supplied," then that's a good reason to reject that translation also.

::::: When this passage is compared with the Parable of the Talents, see [[Essay:Rich Man and Parable of Talents]], the real meaning of the term translated as "rich" sharpens into focus: it is the person who has what he needs, but buries it in the ground and does not produce more. "Idle miser" fits both insights well.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 16:13, 28 December 2008 (EST)

:::::: If someone says A, meaning to imply B (what Aschlafly calls the "real meaning" - because A is an exaggeration, an ironic contradiction, hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, or parable), I think that it's better to translate it as A rather than B - then someone reading the translation will have as close a thought-process as possible to someone reading the original and be able to appreciate the devices used. We're not trying to produce a commentary (beyond that which is inevitable). I think that Aschlafly may have in mind more of a commentary - a guide to interpretation and background - rather than a translation; and there's nothing wrong with that. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 05:50, 29 December 2008 (EST)

::::::: I'm unsure what you mean by your comment, Denise. "A" is "fully supplied" rather than "rich", which is a relative term today. The issue is expressing "fully supplied" in a way that avoids awkward and misleading connotations of that phrase, which to most people today would falsely make them think of a retail store.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 08:24, 29 December 2008 (EST)

:::::::: Ah, yes, sorry - I should have been more explicit. A is whatever term meaning ''"having enough" or "having a lot" or "rich" or "not poor" (the choice of which is a linguistic issue)''. B is the implication of laziness, stinginess, or whatever personal qualities, which while they may be conjectured from context and from theological exgesis, are not inherent in the word itself. B is a very interesting thing to have in a commentary, especially if one has useful proof-texts for it from elsewhere that support the point being made. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 08:41, 29 December 2008 (EST)

::::::::: Denise, you make an excellent point, and thanks for your insight. I continue to learn from your comments and contributions.

::::::::: I guess I need to determine if the Greek term was ever used anywhere to describe an "idle miser" before recommending that as a translation. Maybe I could search for the general usage of the word somehow and see if "idle miser" (or an equivalent) shows up.--[[User:Aschlafly|aschlafly]] 09:04, 29 December 2008 (EST)

:::::::::: If you're happy to have ancient greek in with your koine (which is probably OK), the Perseus project is a good place to look. Also searching the Septuagint is a good source of ideas. I get annoyed when people ''unthinkingly'' conflate translation and intepretation - the two are linked and every translator is ''ipso facto'' his own exegete, but it must be done consciously - there are many levels of what ''means'' means, and they must be artistically layered to create a well-reading product. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 09:10, 29 December 2008 (EST)

== אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ ==

I've seen in a few places that this is the general name used for the various forms of Xerxes that ruled Persia. This source cites the one in the Book of Esther as Xerxes I [http://www.answers.com/topic/ahasuerus-1], but I think I've seen him cited as Artaxerses II. He's probably one of the Xerxes or Artaxerxes in the 4th or 5th century, BC (300's-400's). [[User:Mikek|Mikek]] 11:00, 29 December 2008 (EST)

: Oh, interesting - thanks! I'm surprised that Artaxerxes and Xerxes should have similar versions in Hebrew, though - I wish there were more extrabiblical Hebrew historical/political texts. [[User:DeniseM|DeniseM]] 12:20, 29 December 2008 (EST)

==Great article==
Just read it all the way through. It's superb. Thank you Mr. Schlafly! --[[User:RickD|RickD]] 19:20, 1 January 2009 (EST)
:And to Denise and whoever helped put it together. --[[User:RickD|RickD]] 19:20, 1 January 2009 (EST)

== Want to help ==
Hi I'm a long time reader and first time poster. I'm very much interested in your bible revisionism project and would like to know how I could contribute?--[[User:JesseC|JesseC]] 18:53, 5 January 2009 (EST)

: You're not off to a promising start. This is not a Bible (note capital "B") "revisionism" project at all. Try Wikipedia, perhaps, if you want to revise the Bible.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 19:10, 5 January 2009 (EST)
::Revising it into modern English. Poor choice of words. Still how can I help good sir?--[[User:JesseC|JesseC]] 19:14, 5 January 2009 (EST)

::: Just add to a substantive entry, such as this one! You might also find [[Disputed Biblical Translations]] to be of great interest.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 19:38, 5 January 2009 (EST)

==Powerful new terms==
What an excellent idea! Language changes and develops, and as you point out, crystallising ideas have given rise to many expressions which the Bible expresses, but (in current translations) in an ambiguous, circumlocutory manner. I shall be racking my brains for some more. [[User:MikeSalter|MikeSalter]] 09:24, 8 January 2009 (EST)

: Thanks. This is tremendous potential.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 09:33, 8 January 2009 (EST)
::Two I'm struggling with a proper term for, which you might think worthwhile, are socialism and gun control. The term socialism might seem anachronistic in a Biblical context, but the meaning - anti-freedom, anti-enterprise, enslaving of human values - will surely be relevant as an example of everything Christ was fighting against. On the other hand, if the term Socialism sums it up best, why not use ity? As for socialistic gun control, might 'weapon control' cut it? I'd value your opinion. [[User:MikeSalter|MikeSalter]] 09:41, 8 January 2009 (EST)

::: Good ideas, but I think we need first to find (or imagine) a biblical passage where a specific issue came up, and thus a proper term could be used. Offhand, I can't think of one yet for "weapon control," but "socialism" is more germane to the Bible and should be added to the table.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 09:53, 8 January 2009 (EST)

::::Andy, it looks like "censor" is from 1526, according to Merriam-Webster online. See [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/censor here]. Not detrimental to the point, just a minor correction! [[User:JLauttamus|Jeffrey W. Lauttamus]][[User_talk:JLauttamus|Discussion]] 11:39, 8 January 2009 (EST)
:::::In additon, the word [http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/412 censor (or censur)] appears in Latin as well, although I can't find an origin date for this, although the Romans did use the word Censor as a title for [http://www.bartleby.com/61/57/C0195700.html Roman officials] with a particular duty (such as the census)--[[User:Ieuan|Ieuan]] 11:46, 8 January 2009 (EST)

== Translation suggestions ==

I didn't want to change the main page without asking here first. I think it would make more sense to replace "Meek" with "Humble" instead of "God Fearing". The former is much closer to the intent of what Meek meant in this context, and ties better with other phrases such as "the last shall be first". I'd also suggest using using "Leadership" to replace "Government", since it fits the context, and because his actions in New Testament showed the characteristics af a leader inspiring others than a ruler expecting compliance by authority. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 11:18, 10 January 2009 (EST)

== "Cast Lots" ==

The page suggests "gambled" as a correction for "cast lots". Might I suggest "rolled dice" instead? That's pretty much the modern equivalent of casting lots, to my knowledge, and more specific than "gambled". Plus, "gambled" has modern connotations of a trip to Vegas or some such, with all the wildness that entails, and also leaves the reader wondering "what did they do? play blackjack?" [[User:ArthurA|ArthurA]] 14:47, 6 February 2009 (EST)
:When I was young I was told that when it said 'cast lots' it actually meant they played dice as well. It's still gambling, of course, but it's more specific. [[User:ETrundel|ETrundel]] 15:24, 6 February 2009 (EST)

::The modern translation should say "gambling", a word that did not exist for the [[King James Version]] translators.

::"Cast lots" is meaningless to people today. I can't even tell what is meant by it. No, it wasn't modern dice they were tossing either. What did happen was the soldiers gambled for personal gain, just like visitors to a casino today. The word gambling should be used so people see what it was, and how the evil practice is widespread today also.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 22:43, 6 February 2009 (EST)
:::Actually Andy the Romans did have "modern" dice, and throwing dice was common. But throwing dice is gambling!--[[User:IScott|IScott]] 20:23, 18 July 2009 (EDT)

::::Well, fine, then do you agree the passage should be translated as "gambling"?--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 20:27, 18 July 2009 (EDT)
::Personally I prefer the "cast dice", because it is closer to the "casts lots" and is far more specific than just stating "gambling". I feel that any half-intelligent person would infer that casting dice refers to gambling, but perhaps I think the general public is smarter than they are HaHa!--[[User:IScott|IScott]] 20:34, 18 July 2009 (EDT)

:::"Cast dice" doesn't carry the impact of "gambling" for me. "Cast dice" strikes me as odd, puzzling me as to whether they had modern dice. Would they have rolled the dice on an uneven, earthy surface? Seems difficult to imagine, and thus not as effective. "Gambled" gets the point across without raising questions of how.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 20:48, 18 July 2009 (EDT)

::Interesting interpretation. However for me at least (and perhaps for others) simply saying "gambling" raises the question of how did they gamble, in what way did they gamble? For me at least the "dice" translation allows a person to infer that they were gambling via dice (it is well known Romans had dice). More interesting is that other versions of The Bible have translated Matthew 27:35 as "After they had crucified HIM, they determined who would get his clothes by throwing dice for them" ISV and GOD'S WORD. --[[User:IScott|IScott]] 21:11, 18 July 2009 (EDT)

:::"casting lots" is the phrase used by NIV and Holman, the two most respected recent translations. "Lots" is different from "dice", and given the distinction why not resolve it by using "gambled"?--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 22:14, 18 July 2009 (EDT)

== Love ==

Hello all;

While I'm hesitant about this project as a whole (in Burma, any vernacular Bible at all was pretty amazing - and I was lucky enough to have a teacher who taught me to read it in Greek), there's one thing which I think would be really helpful.

That's the issue of 'love', or 'αγαπη'. It's a beautiful concept, and very famously explored by Paul in 1 Corinthians 13.

If any word has a difficult to pin-down/changed meaning, I'd say it's this one - ever since people started translating Greek into English, four Greek words with very different meanings (storge, eros, philia, agape - as CS Lewis outlined) have been kludged together into the word 'love', which means that we miss a lot of the subtlety of passages like John 3:16, Matthew 22:37-41, 1 John 4:7-22, and the aforementioned 1 Corinthians 13.

I don't exactly know how one would deal with this - if 'love' is too broad, then the KJV's 'charity' is too narrow (charity is more of an act, an expression of agape), and just romanising 'agape' into the text would run counter to its efforts towards clarity. My NRSV (yes, I know, problematic around Isaiah, but I still feel it points towards Jesus in prophecy - it's also got a very handy set of 'textual links') approaches this in what I think is a helpful way - it uses the normal word, then has a little explanation of the Greek and other authorities in the footnote. I think the NIV and many other Bibles do a similar thing.

In this case, it would be -

'For God so loved1 the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.'

1Greek - 'agape'.

Thoughts? I realise that it adds a potential layer of complexity, and detracts from the flow of the text, but I feel it's a nice compromise between ease of understanding and scriptural subtlety - it's a good way of drawing attention to what Paul calls 'the most special way'. [[User:AungSein|AungSein]] 08:58, 22 November 2009 (EST)

IPhone

2011-03-18T22:00:55Z

Luke314:

{{lowercase}}

The [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] '''iPhone''' is a next-generation [[cell phone]] built with [[internet|web]] capability in "true-web" fashion: rather than viewing "mobile" versions of web-pages, as common on other mobile devices, using a [[touch screen]] panel, the iPhone enables the user to navigate a full-size [[web page]]. In the United States, the iPhone has been exclusive to the [[American Telephone and Telegraph|AT&T Mobility]] network, but the latest version of the iPhone is scheduled to be made available for the [[Verizon Communications|Verizon Wireless]] network in February 2011.

== Other Applications ==
Aside from cellular phone capabilities, and web-viewing, the iPhone also offers (through partnership with [[Google|Google Maps]]), a full-featured map application that users can use anywhere in the [[United States]], over AT&T's [[EDGE]] data network. Other standard [[Personal Digital Assistant|PDA]] capabilities were included, too, such as [[Microsoft Outlook]] synchronization capability.

== Release and Price Controversy ==
The iPhone was release in the United States on 29 June 2007 in the [[United States]], to wide acclaim. At release the iPhone was capable only of usage on the [[AT&T]] network, and retailed (depending on hard disk size) for $500 and $600. The pricing of the device made it a quick luxury and status symbol, although it restricted availability to most other users.

Only 69 days after the release, though, on 5 September 2007, Apple slashed the prices of the device to $400 for the model formerly priced at $600, and discontinued selling the lower-capacity $500 model. This quick price cut - aside from being very uncommon in Apple's tradition of delayed price cuts - inflamed the tempers of so-called "early adopters," or those who had purchased the iPhone in the preceding two months, and now had no recourse against Apple's seemingly capricious price cut. Apple founder [[Steve Jobs]], conscious of his company's image, quickly offered a $100 credit to the [[iTunes]] Music Store to every early adopter who could not otherwise obtain price relief from a return or exchange.

== Notable Oversights ==
Despite the iPhone's technological breakthroughs, it initially lacked several features that users have come to expect of [[Personal Digital Assistant|PDAs]], such as a copy and paste feature, [[Bluetooth]] synchronization capability, and a customizable ringtone. The latter of these two features, within one week of the iPhone's release, was available to users who were willing to "[[hack]]" their device to add such functionality, a practice known as "jailbreaking." Copy and paste functionality and bluetooth have been announced for iPhone OS 3.0, and ringtones are now available via the [[iTunes]] store.

Also, many AT&T customers were befuddled that the iPhone's designers had not taken the chance to use AT&T's [[3G]] mobile data network, a considerably faster and more usable framework than the included EDGE compatibility. Apple stated that the EDGE network was used to prolong battery life, as the battery on the original iPhone would not last long on 3G. The newer version of the iPhone is now capable of utilizing the 3G network.

At release, the iPhone sorely disappointed consumers because it lacked an [[Adobe]] Flash Player. Since November 2010 the Skyfire browser, which is available in iTunes app store for an additional charge, plays Flash. <ref>www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/11/skyfire-iphone-app/</ref>

===Privacy and Spyware Concerns===
The iOS app store offers many free and paid apps, although some have been found to be spyware.<ref>[http://blogs.computerworld.com/14568/iphone_apps_are_spyware_panic iPhone Spyware] [http://blogs.wsj.com/wtk-mobile/ What they know mobile]</ref>
Furthermore, some have expressed concern over Apple's new tracking patent, which describes a system that could:
* Take pictures of the user
* Record user's voice, even when not calling
* Determine user's heartbeat "signature"
* Determine if the device has been hacked
* Monitor internet activity
While this is said to be an innovation on anti-theft software, identifying unauthorized users, some have called this spyware.<ref>[https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/08/steve-jobs-watching-you-apple-seeking-patent-0 EFF IPhone article]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Apple Inc.]]
[[category:technology]]

Talk:Facebook

2011-03-13T20:27:38Z

Luke314:

Has anyone ever thought to create a Conservapedia Facebook account? [[User:JY23|JY23]] 20:57, 20 September 2008 (EDT)

== Concerns ==

Wouldn't it be appropriate to mention that the privacy controls on Facebook are much better than on other networking sites? The article as it stands makes it sound like anyone's personal information will be available for everyone on the internet to see (as with MySpace), but in truth under the default privacy settings it would only be viewable by people in the same university or network, and privacy levels for every item can be customized. The Bob Jones article about employers using Facebook to research applicants does not seem to take this into consideration either, which makes me question its reliability as a source. The article is completely devoid of details (which employers are doing it), and seems not to notice that it would be mostly impossible for an employer to do this on Facebook. 
I'm giving this one 48 hours for debate, and will trim the "concerns" section accordingly if no one objects. [[User:JDWpianist|JDWpianist]] 17:49, 17 May 2009 (EDT)
::Done. [[User:JDWpianist|JDWpianist]] 16:50, 20 May 2009 (EDT)

:::Okay, but that's like saying using a condom while being promiscuous is less risky than not using one. It's still risky (among other things).

:::If there's a social networking website with less risk (and higher morals), let's identify and promote it. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 15:20, 5 August 2009 (EDT)

See Main Page news item I just placed. The Marine Corps has identified all major social networking sites as too vulnerable to malware and other malicious problems, and blocked them from its entire network..... --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 15:25, 5 August 2009 (EDT)

===Privacy===
The Privacy Issues section only has ''one'' source, and that AllExperts page looks out of date... For example, it says only people with a valid school-email address (or from certain other organizations) may sign up, not true anymore... Also un-sourced: "Facebook refuses to admit that its privacy settings that apparently allow only "friends" to see certain information are completely bogus and can easily be cracked by people with little to no hacking experience. Instead, Facebook actually encourages young users to only allow "friends" to see certain information, rather than just warning them that what they post can be seen by the world and to not post what they wouldn't want people to see."

Microsoft

2009-08-24T02:52:35Z

Luke314:

[[Image:Microsoft logo.svg|right|frame]]
'''Microsoft''' is an American corporation founded by [[Bill Gates]] and [[Paul Allen]] in 1975 and headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA. Its current CEO is [[Steve Ballmer]]. Microsoft focuses on developing and manufacturing [[software]], [[hardware]] and other technology oriented products and services.

Microsoft was investigated for antitrust violations by the [[Department of Justice]], and in 2001 the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit affirmed the finding of the trial court that monopolization by Microsoft had violated the [[Sherman Act]].<ref>United States v. Microsoft Corp., 346 U.S. App. D.C. 330 (D.C. Cir. 2001).</ref> The appellate court, however, overturned the lower court ruling to break Microsoft up and instead remanded the case to a new trial judge with instructions suggesting a less drastic remedy. By then, President [[George W. Bush]] had replaced [[Bill Clinton]] and the Bush Administration dropped the demand of the Clinton Administration for a break-up of Microsoft.

==Software Products==
:[[Windows Vista]] operating system
:[[Windows XP]] operating system
:[[DOS]] Microsoft's first operating system
:[[Windows 2000]] operating system
:[[SQL Server]]
:[[Dynamics]]
:[[Windows Server 2003]]
:[[Windows CE]]
:[[Internet Explorer]] HTML viewer
:[[Office]] word processor, spreadsheet editor, slide-show creator, etc.
:[[Expression]] vector graphics editor
:[[Windows Media Player]]
:[[Virtual PC]] PC emulator
:[[Windows Defender]] [[anti-virus software|anti-virus]] and anti-spyware software
:[[Windows Live Writer]] blog publishing software
:[[XNA]] game development tool
:[[Visual Studio]] integrated development environment for C++, Visual Basic, C#, etc.
:[[Windows Live Messenger]] instant messenger
:[[DirectX]] multimedia API
:[[Money (software)|Money]] personal finance software

==Publishing==
:[[Microsoft Press]] releasing books dealing with various computer technologies.

==Video Games==
:The [[Halo (game)|Halo]] series
:[[Microsoft Flight Simulator]]
:[[Microsoft Golf]]
:[[Microsoft Baseball]]
:[[Age of Empires]]
:[[Age of Mythology]]
:[[Halo Wars]] real-time strategy game in the Halo universe
:[[Fable (video game)|Fable]] and Fable 2
:[[Perfect Dark Zero]]
:[[Kameo: Elements of Power]]
:[[Perfect Dark: Initial Vector]]
:[[Crimson Skies]]
:[[Mechwarrior]]
:[[Combat Flight Simulator]]
:[[Microsoft Train Simulator]]
:[[Banjo-Kazooie 3]]
:[[Black & White]]
:[[The Movies]]

==Services==
:[[MSN]] internet service provider
:[[Encarta]] encyclopedia
:[[Hotmail]] free internet e-mail service
:[[Windows Live]] web portal
:[[XBOX Live]] Xbox online multiplayer service
:[[MSNBC]] news service
:[[Windows Marketplace]] online shopping service
:[[Windows Live Spaces]] social-networking service
:[[Windows Live ID]] online ID and password storage service
:[[LIVE Anywhere]] cross-platform multiplayer gaming service
:[[Microsoft Ignition]] online digital music service

==Hardware Products==
:[[Xbox]] gaming console
:[[Xbox 360]] gaming console
:[[Microsoft Surface|Surface]] touch-interface computer
:[[Zune]] portable media player
:[[Natural keyboard]]
:[[LifeCam]] webcam
:[[SideWinder]] game-pad and joystick
:[[Ultra-Mobile PC]] tablet computer
:[[Fingerprint Reader]] reads fingerprint as password
:[[IntelliPoint Mouse]] optical mouse
:[[MSN TV]] TV that allows web browsing

==Corporate Slogan==
:''Your potential. Our passion.''

==See Also==
:[http://conservapedia.com/Previous_Breaking_News/Bill_Gates Previous News]
:[http://www.microsoft.com/en/us/default.aspx Microsoft official site]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:computers]]
[[Category:Companies]]
[[Category:Microsoft]]

Pi Day

2009-08-24T02:37:29Z

Luke314:

'''Pi Day''' is a national<ref>http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-10194354-38.html</ref> [[holiday]] celebrating the [[mathematics | mathematical]] constant [[Pi]]. It is observed on March 14. The date comes from the first three digits of Pi (3.14), with some people beginning their celebration at 1:59:26 (the following digits 3.1415926). Celebrations often involve eating pie, cookies or some other circular delicacy. Many Elementary and Middle School teachers use March 14 to introduce their students to the concept of Pi. People also hold pi memorization contests to see who can recite the most digits of pi from memory. The world record for memorization is over 67,000 digits!

Pi Approximation Day is a similar holiday, celebrated on July 22 (from the approximation 22/7 which comes close to the value for Pi - the European dating method is used in this case.

[[Category:Mathematics]]

Dan Brown

2009-08-24T02:30:14Z

Luke314:

[[Image:Left.jpg|right|thumb]]
'''Dan Brown''' (1964 - ) is an American [[author]] of thriller fiction novels. He is the author of the popular book ''The [[Da Vinci Code]]''.

His other novels are ''Angels and Demons'', ''Deception Point'' and ''Digital Fortress''. He is currently working on a new novel, ''The Lost Symbol'', which is to be released in 2008.

Dan Brown has been criticised for the controversial nature of his novels, as well as for ending all of them in exactly the same way.

== See also ==

*[[Famous artists]]

[[Category:Authors|Brown, Dan]]

Derivative (calculus)

2009-08-24T02:22:51Z

Luke314:

A '''derivative''' is a measure in [[calculus]] of how functions change based on how their input values change. Given a graph of a [[real]] curve, the derivative at a specific point will equal the [[slope]] of the line [[tangent]] to that point. If a function has a derivative at some point, it is said to be '''differentiable''' there, and in general we call a function differentiable whenever it has a derivative at every point at which it is defined. Differentiability implies [[continuous|continuity]] as well as [[integral|integrability]] on bounded [[subset]]s of the [[domain]].
To calculate the derivative of a function, one must use techniques from the differential branch of calculus. This branch of calculus is related to the integral branch by the first [[Fundamental Theorem of Calculus]]: ''differentiation'' (the process of finding a derivative) ''is the reverse process of [[integration]]'' (the process of finding an integral).

In mathematics, derivatives are helpful in determining the [[maxima|maximum]] and [[minima|minimum]] of a function. For example, taking the derivative of a [[quadratic]] function will yield a linear function. The points at which this function equals zero are called [[critical point]]s. Maxima and minima can occur at critical points, and can be verified to be a maximum or minimum by the ''second derivative test''. The second derivative is used to determine the [[concavity]], or curved shape of the graph. Where the concavity is positive, the graph curves upwards, and could contain a relative minimum. Where the concavity is negative, the graph curves downwards, and could contain a relative maximum. Where the concavity equals zero is said to be a point of ''inflection,'' meaning that it is a point where the concavity could be changing.

Derivatives are also useful in [[physics]], under the "rate of change" concept. For example, [[acceleration]] is the derivative of [[velocity]] with respect to time, and velocity is the derivative of [[distance]] with respect to time.

==Useful rules for finding derivatives==
*[[Power rule]]
*[[Constant-multiple rule]]
*[[sum rule]]
*[[Chain rule]]
*[[Product rule]]
*[[Quotient rule]]

[[Category:Calculus]]
[[Category:Differentiation]]

Derivative (calculus)

2009-08-24T02:19:57Z

Luke314:

A '''derivative''' is a measure in [[calculus]] of how functions change based on how their input values change. Given a graph of a [[real]] curve, the derivative at a specific point will equal the [[slope]] of the line [[tangent]] to that point. If a function has a derivative at some point, it is said to be '''differentiable''' there, and in general we call a function differentiable whenever it has a derivative at every point at which it is defined. Differentiability implies [[continuous|continuity]] as well as [[integral|integrability]] on bounded [[subset]]s of the [[domain]].
To calculate the derivative of a function, one must use techniques from the differential branch of calculus. This branch of calculus is related to the integral branch by the first [[Fundamental Theorem of Calculus]]: ''differentiation'' (the process of finding a derivative) ''is the reverse process of [[integration]]'' (the process of finding an integral).

In mathematics, derivatives are helpful in determining the [[maxima|maximum]] and [[minima|minimum]] of a function. For example, taking the derivative of a [[quadratic]] function will yield a linear function. The points at which this function equals zero are called [[critical point]]s. Maxima and minima can occur at critical points, and can be verified to be a maximum or minimum by the ''second derivative test''. The second derivative is used to determine the [[concavity]], or curved shape of the graph. Where the concavity is positive, the graph curves upwards, and could contain a relative minimum. Where the concavity is negative, the graph curves downwards, and could contain a relative maximum. Where the concavity equals zero is said to be a point of ''inflection,'' meaning that it is a point where the concavity could be changing.

Derivatives are also useful in [[physics]], under the "rate of change" concept. For example, [[acceleration]] is the derivative of [[velocity]] with respect to time, and velocity is the derivative of [[distance]] with respect to time.

==Useful rules for finding derivatives==
[[Power rule]]
[[Constant-multiple rule]]
[[sum rule]]
[[Chain rule]]
[[Product rule]]
[[Quotient rule]]

[[Category:Calculus]]
[[Category:Differentiation]]

Derivatives (finance)

2009-08-24T02:14:55Z

Luke314:

'''Derivatives''' are financial instruments that derive their value from underlying assets. Derivatives can be traded (bought and sold) in a manner similar to [[stock]]. Derivatives include [[futures]], [[options]] and [[swaps]].

The value and prices of derivatives depends on the fluctuating value of the underlying asset. But as derivatives become more important, their trading can influence the underlying asset pricing.

Derivatives range from the exotic to the mundane. Famously, Barclay's Bank trading in derivatives almost lead to their bankruptcy, but the purchase of a simple forward currency contract is also dealing in a derivative.

Derivatives can be traded on a financial exchange, or in an over-the-counter (OTC) market.
[[category:finance]]
[[category:calculus]]

== Math ==
''(main article: [[Derivative]])''

In [[calculus]], a derivative is an operation on a function that shows the rate at which the output of the function is changing. The classic example of this is position with respect to time. Say some function f(t) is the position of an object at time t, then the derivative of f(t) would be the velocity of the object at time t, and further, the derivative of the velocity function would be the acceleration of the object at time t. The typical way of writing the derivative of a function f(t) would be f'(t).

Calculator

2009-08-24T02:09:16Z

Luke314:

A '''calculator''' is a device for performing arithmetical operations, such as [[addition]] or [[multiplication]]. Most present-day calculators are [[electronics|electronic]] devices, but the first calculators were mechanical. One of the first calculators was designed by [[Blaise Pascal]].

Later, electromechanical calculators were constructed. Electronic calculators, first using [[vacuum tube]]s, then [[transistor]]s, and finally [[integrated circuit]]s ("chips"), have become small, cheap devices, that often have many of the capabilities of a full-fledged [[computer]].

[[Category:technology]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

HP

2009-08-24T01:55:04Z

Luke314: Redirected page to Hewlett Packard

#REDIRECT [[Hewlett Packard]]

Apple Inc.

2009-02-16T23:18:01Z

Luke314:

[[Image:Apple-logo.png|right|thumb|150px|Apple Inc. logo]]
'''Apple Inc.''' is a liberal <ref>http://www.osnews.com/story/20432/Google_Apple_Openly_Support_Fight_Against_Proposition_8_</ref> corporation based out of Cupertino, California, that deals primarily in computer hardware, software, and their line of [[MP3]] players, [[iPod]]s. Founded on April 1st, 1976, by [[Steve Wozniak]] and [[Steve Jobs]], its first product was the Apple I. The two Steves founded the company in their garage and have since became one of the biggest tech companies around. On January 9th, 2007, Apple Computer Inc. officially changed its name to Apple Inc to include their other non computer products. That same day, they announced the revolutionary [[iPhone]], which according to Apple, combines "a revolutionary mobile phone, a widescreen iPod with touch controls, and a breakthrough Internet communications device with desktop-class email, web browsing, maps, and searching." <ref>http://www.apple.com/iphone/</ref>

==Politics==
Apple supported the [[homosexual agenda]]<ref>http://www.osnews.com/story/20432/Google_Apple_Openly_Support_Fight_Against_Proposition_8_</ref> and named its operating system [[Darwin]].<ref>http://www.opensource.apple.com/darwinsource/</ref>
[[Al Gore]] was appointed to Apple's Board of Directors in 2003.<ref>http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2003/mar/19gore.html</ref>

==Original computers==
===The Apple I===
The Apple I was the first apple computer. The Apple I started out with just being a circuit sold to computer hobbyists. Later Apple realized that they could make more money by selling the Apple I all developed and put together instead of having the consumer build it themselves.
=== The [[Apple II]] ===

In 1977, however, Apple released the [[Apple II]], which was one of the first computers that came completely contained within a plastic case, motioning towards ''user-friendliness''. The main difference, however, was the screen display. Instead of just being able to display text, it would display graphics, charts, and eventually, color. Many small companies were buying these for use in their offices, but Steve Jobs had ambitions to expand.

=== The Apple III ===

The Apple III was created in response to Steve Jobs' wanting to move ahead with new innovations. He wanted to innovate, and as such, provided some questionable designs to the employees, such as it being shipped without a cooling fan, because Steve Jobs felt that having a loud obnoxious fan would interfere with his meditation. This particular defect caused the computer to break down, usually before it had reached its destination. Thousands were recalled.

===The Lisa===
The Lisa was named after Steve Job's illegitimate daughter Lisa. The company had contests to come up for a computer acronym using the letters LISA. The Lisa was a failure because it was more expensive and not as powerful as the Macintosh.

=== The [[Macintosh]] ===

In 1984, the next huge Apple computer was released. Apple paired with Adobe to create Adobe [[PageMaker]], the first [[desktop publishing|Desktop Publisher]] ever created. Using it, small companies could make official-looking documents, a milestone in technology history. The application ran exclusively on the Macintosh. The Macintosh was famous for it's "1984" [[Super Bowl]] advertisement. The Macintosh was the first device to have a Graphic User Interface (GUI). The name of the device was taken from Steve Job's favorite type of apples the McIntosh apples. Despite the difference in spelling the name was also used by McIntosh Labs who brought certain legal problems into play. <ref> iCon: Steve Jobs </ref> The Macintosh was a great computer but there were three major flaws. First, it only had six applications. Secondly the Macintosh did not have an internal hard drive to save to, so users constantly had to do the "Floppy disk Olympics." Lastly, the device was not expandable.

=== The Apple IIg ===

The Apple IIg was a mix between the two, but its main feature was that it was mouse driven. This was an amazing and unheard of innovation.

==John Scully==
[[John Scully]] was appointed CEO of Apple by Steve Jobs because they would not let him run the company. Jobs picked Scully because he knew nothing about computers and would need to depend on Jobs for all decisions. This backfired on Jobs when he was forced to leave the company leaving control into the hand of a man who knew nothing about computers. When Jobs left the company was sent into despair. There was no vision and Scully was barely able to keep the company alive.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:information technology]]
[[Category:Computers]]

Apple Inc.

2009-02-16T23:16:58Z

Luke314:

[[Image:Apple-logo.png|right|thumb|150px|Apple Inc. logo]]
'''Apple Inc.''' is a liberal <ref>http://www.osnews.com/story/20432/Google_Apple_Openly_Support_Fight_Against_Proposition_8_</ref> corporation based out of Cupertino, California, that deals primarily in computer hardware, software, and their line of [[MP3]] players, [[iPod]]s. Founded on April 1st, 1976, by [[Steve Wozniak]] and [[Steve Jobs]], its first product was the Apple I. The two Steves founded the company in their garage and have since became one of the biggest tech companies around. On January 9th, 2007, Apple Computer Inc. officially changed its name to Apple Inc to include their other non computer products. That same day, they announced the revolutionary [[iPhone]], which according to Apple, combines "a revolutionary mobile phone, a widescreen iPod with touch controls, and a breakthrough Internet communications device with desktop-class email, web browsing, maps, and searching." <ref>http://www.apple.com/iphone/</ref>

==Politics==
Apple supported the [[homosexual agenda]]<ref>http://www.osnews.com/story/20432/Google_Apple_Openly_Support_Fight_Against_Proposition_8_</ref> and named its operating system [[Darwin]].<ref>http://www.opensource.apple.com/darwinsource/</ref>
[Al Gore] was appointed to Apple's Board of Directors in 2003.<ref>http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2003/mar/19gore.html</ref>

==Original computers==
===The Apple I===
The Apple I was the first apple computer. The Apple I started out with just being a circuit sold to computer hobbyists. Later Apple realized that they could make more money by selling the Apple I all developed and put together instead of having the consumer build it themselves.
=== The [[Apple II]] ===

In 1977, however, Apple released the [[Apple II]], which was one of the first computers that came completely contained within a plastic case, motioning towards ''user-friendliness''. The main difference, however, was the screen display. Instead of just being able to display text, it would display graphics, charts, and eventually, color. Many small companies were buying these for use in their offices, but Steve Jobs had ambitions to expand.

=== The Apple III ===

The Apple III was created in response to Steve Jobs' wanting to move ahead with new innovations. He wanted to innovate, and as such, provided some questionable designs to the employees, such as it being shipped without a cooling fan, because Steve Jobs felt that having a loud obnoxious fan would interfere with his meditation. This particular defect caused the computer to break down, usually before it had reached its destination. Thousands were recalled.

===The Lisa===
The Lisa was named after Steve Job's illegitimate daughter Lisa. The company had contests to come up for a computer acronym using the letters LISA. The Lisa was a failure because it was more expensive and not as powerful as the Macintosh.

=== The [[Macintosh]] ===

In 1984, the next huge Apple computer was released. Apple paired with Adobe to create Adobe [[PageMaker]], the first [[desktop publishing|Desktop Publisher]] ever created. Using it, small companies could make official-looking documents, a milestone in technology history. The application ran exclusively on the Macintosh. The Macintosh was famous for it's "1984" [[Super Bowl]] advertisement. The Macintosh was the first device to have a Graphic User Interface (GUI). The name of the device was taken from Steve Job's favorite type of apples the McIntosh apples. Despite the difference in spelling the name was also used by McIntosh Labs who brought certain legal problems into play. <ref> iCon: Steve Jobs </ref> The Macintosh was a great computer but there were three major flaws. First, it only had six applications. Secondly the Macintosh did not have an internal hard drive to save to, so users constantly had to do the "Floppy disk Olympics." Lastly, the device was not expandable.

=== The Apple IIg ===

The Apple IIg was a mix between the two, but its main feature was that it was mouse driven. This was an amazing and unheard of innovation.

==John Scully==
[[John Scully]] was appointed CEO of Apple by Steve Jobs because they would not let him run the company. Jobs picked Scully because he knew nothing about computers and would need to depend on Jobs for all decisions. This backfired on Jobs when he was forced to leave the company leaving control into the hand of a man who knew nothing about computers. When Jobs left the company was sent into despair. There was no vision and Scully was barely able to keep the company alive.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:information technology]]
[[Category:Computers]]

Al Jazeera

2009-01-15T21:12:04Z

Luke314: Redirecting to Al-Jazeera

#REDIRECT [[Al-Jazeera]]

School

2008-06-13T20:57:57Z

Luke314:

A '''school''' is an educational institution. Schools can be either publicly- or privately-owned, funded by public or private sources or a combination of both, and may have a secular or a religious mandate.

As of 1995 in the [[United States of America]], 89% of children attend taxpayer-funded [[atheistic]] schools that censor classroom [[prayer]].<ref>http://www.eagleforum.org/psr/1995/psroct95.html</ref> But the "percentage of white children enrolled in America's public schools -- 60 percent in 2001-2002 -- is 7 percentage points less than a decade before, according to the National Center for Education Statistics."<ref>Kevin Drew, "Today's battle in classrooms: Resegregation," CNN.com (May 15, 2004).</ref> Public school teachers decide against sending their own children to public schools in higher percentages than the general population.<ref>"An analysis of 2000 Census data by the Fordham Institute showed that 21.5% of public school teachers nationwide choose private schooling for their children vs. 17.5% for other families." "Class Warfare," Investor's Business Daily A16 (July 7, 2005).</ref> "Of the eight million youngsters in grades K-12 who come from families with annual incomes of $100,000 or more, 80 percent (6.4 million) attend public schools and 20 percent (1.6 million) attend private schools."<ref>Council for American Private Education[http://www.capenet.org/facts.html]</ref> $489.4 billion in taxpayer dollars<ref>http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372</ref>, or about $10,000 per student<ref>Using numbers referenced elsewhere in this article, $489.4 billion dollars divided by 49.6 million public school students = $9867 per student.</ref>, will be spent on [[American]] elementary and secondary [[public schools]] for the 2007-2008 school year, and that figure may not include costly pensions. In comparison, the average non-sectarian private school costs $10,992 per year. <ref>Council for American Private Education[http://www.capenet.org/facts.html]</ref>

An increasingly popular alternative to [[public school]] is [[homeschooling]].<ref>[http://nces.ed.gov/nhes/homeschool/ 1.1 Million Home-schooled Students in the United States in 2003], Nation Institute for Education Statistics</ref>

== Types of schools ==

Terms used to describe schools vary from place to place. Some of the following descriptions overlap with each other.

=== State school ===

A '''state school''' is one that is owned and funded by the state.

In the United States, government-controlled schools are supported by taxpayers, often in the form of a school tax on property. Prior to the 20th century, school attendance was only part-time, consuming only about half or less of the year.

In some states of [[Australia]], although the curriculum is secular, religious education by volunteers associated with the Council for Christian Education is permitted. This takes place in class time, but parents can choose that their children not attend this class.

In [[Norway]] there are virtually no schools other than government schools.<ref>[http://www.rhpeo.org/ijhp-articles/1998/15/1.htm Case Studies On Health Promotion Initiatives From The Nordic Countries]</ref>

=== Private school ===

A '''private school''' is one that is owned by some body other than the state. Private schools are generally funded by fees levied on the parents of the students, which usually means that the parents are paying twice, once in direct fees, and once in taxes for state schools.

In Australia, the Federal government provides some funding to private schools, although the parents of the students provide most of the income of the school.

Some private schools aspire to very high standards, some specialize in certain modes and topics of instruction (such as a military school), and yet others provide a place for children who need curricula not available in the state systems.

=== Public school ===

In America, a '''public school''' is a ''state school''. In some [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, a '''public school''' is a church-run (i.e. run by a church denomination) school that is open to the general public. In the [[United Kingdom]] a public school is a private school (as opposed to a 'state school', funded by the government through Local Education Authorities and free of charge to pupils) whose head teacher is a member of the Headmasters' Conference.

In America, the curriculum in public schools is dictated by state governments and increasingly by the federal government under the "No Child Left Behind" legislation. Federal courts generally prohibit any type of prayer led by school officials, and even forbid the display and teaching of the [[Ten Commandments]].

In America, there are an estimated 49.6 million students enrolled in 97,000 public elementary and secondary schools. <ref>U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public school enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12, by grade level and region, with projections: Various years, fall 1965–2016 [http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2007/section1/table.asp?tableID=663]</ref> <ref>U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Number of operating public elementary and secondary schools, by school type, charter, magnet, Title I and Title I school wide status, and state or jurisdiction: School year 2005–06 [http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/pesschools06/tables/table_2.asp]</ref> In addition, 6.1 million students are enrolled in about 28,000 private schools, and 1.1 million are homeschooled. <ref>U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected years, 1869–70 through fall 2015 [http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d06/tables/dt06_003.asp?referrer=list]</ref> <ref>U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Number of educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected years, 1980–81 through 2004–05 [http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d06/tables/dt06_005.asp?referrer=list]</ref>

Compulsory 5-days a week, nearly 8-hours a day attendance at public school only began nationwide in the [[United States]] during the 20th century. Compulsory schooling laws were not universal throughout the [[United States]] until 1917, and even then the school year was often less than a half year.<ref>http://www.renewamerica.us/columns/kellmeyer/050428</ref> There have been few, if any, long-term studies on the effects of the modern approach of full-time attendance at school from age 6 and younger to age 21 and older.

=== Faith school ===

A '''faith school''' in the [[United Kingdom]] is partially controlled by religious groups and have a predominance of pupils from that religious group. The government funds or partially funds faith schools.

=== Parent-controlled schools ===

'''Parent-controlled schools''' (in Australia) are private schools usually owned by churches, but with control being in the hands of a parent-appointed board.

=== Church schools ===

'''Church schools''' (in Australia) are the older denominationally-owned and run public schools which generally provide a secular education.

=== Christian schools, Muslim schools, etc. ===

What are known as ''Faith schools'' in the United Kingdom are known as '''Christian schools''', '''Catholic schools''', or similar in Australia.

== Alternatives ==

For most parents, [[homeschooling]] is the primary alternative education to schools. Increasing numbers of parents choose homeschooling due to a declining quality and culture in traditional schools and the perceived hostility of established schools to religion and morality.<ref>Mankins, Dave, [http://park.org/Guests/Educate/HTALK/faq.htm Home Education Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
*[[Homeschooling]]

[[Category:Education]]

Thomas Heyward Jr.

2008-05-25T23:31:10Z

Luke314:

'''Thomas Heyward''' was a early American statesman and a signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]]. He was born in Saint Luke's parish, [[South Carolina]] in 1746.
[[category:Biographies]][[Category:Signers of the Declaration of Independence]][[category:United States History]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heyward, Thomas}}

Dysprosium

2008-05-25T23:26:39Z

Luke314:

{{Element | name=Dysprosium | symbol=Dy | anumber=66 | amass=162.5 amu | noe=66 | class=Inner Transition metal | cstructure=Hexagonal | color=Bright Silver | date=1886 | discname=[[Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran]] | origname=From the Greek ''dysprositos'', 'hard to obtain'. | uses=Nuclear reactors. | obtained=erbium or holmium }}

===References===
http://www.webelements.com/dysprosium/

[[Category:Elements]]

Creativity

2008-05-22T23:30:11Z

Luke314:

'''Creativity''' is the God-given faculty of coming up with new ideas, new music, new inventions and stories, new ways of doing things. It generally involves combining two things together, especially in a novel way.

Along with individual initiative, creativity is one of the two outstanding characteristics of Americans. More patented inventions, especially useful ones, were invented by Americans than by people of any other country, although sometimes people of other countries have been able to put the finishing touches on them or market them better. For example, the [[fax machine]].

[[category:religion]]
[[category:Psychology]]

TI-84 Plus (calculator)

2008-05-22T23:25:44Z

Luke314:

The '''TI-84 Plus''' is a popular model in the line of [[Texas Instruments]] [[calculator|graphing calculators]], released in 2004. The Ti-84 Plus also comes in a "Silver" edition, uses recursive categorical syntax and has the [[TI-BASIC]] [[programming language]] built-in. It can also use the [[Z80]] assembly language. <ref>http://education.ti.com/</ref>.

==References==
<references/>
[[category:electronics]]
[[category:mathematics]]

Texas Instruments

2008-05-22T23:23:40Z

Luke314:

'''Texas Instruments''' (TI) is a [[semiconductor]] manufacturing company based in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] that is best known for the commercialization of the transistor.

The company was founded in 1941 as the electronics manufacturing division of the [[seismic exploration]] company [[Geophysical Service Incorporated]] (GSI). Benefiting from government contracts for submarine detection during [[World War II]], the electronic equipment division outgrew its parent and performed a reverse take-over of GSI in 1951, whereupon it adopted the name of Texas Instruments and GSI became its subsidiary.

TI was the first company to commercialize the transistor which had been developed at [[Bell Laboratories]]. In 1954 TI designed the first transistor radio and in 1958 filed a patent for the first [[integrated circuit]].

TI invented the hand-held [[calculator]] in 1967, the single-chip microcomputer in 1971, and in 1973 obtained the first patent on a single-chip microprocessor. As a pioneering company TI frequently had to develop products that made use of its electronics. Unfortunately, competitors often fared better in marketing consumer products and in the 1990s TI largely withdrew from the consumer electronics market with the notable exception of its hand-held calculator business.

Until GSI was sold to [[Halliburton]] in 1988, TI continued to manufacture geophysical equipment. TI's main focus is on semiconductor manufacturing<ref>It ranks third in the world behind [[Intel]] and [[Samsung]]. {{fact}}</ref> and is a major player in making chips for Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and Digital Light Processors (micro-mirrors on a chip for projectors and televisions).

==Notes & References==

<references/>

[[category:industry]]

TI 84

2008-05-22T23:21:57Z

Luke314: Redirecting to TI-84 Plus (calculator)

#REDIRECT [[TI-84 Plus (calculator)]]

False accusation

2008-05-10T04:10:38Z

Luke314:

{{stub}}'''False accusation''' is contrary to God's will, according to [[Judeo-Christian]] tradition. "Thou shalt not bear false witness" is the ninth of the [[Ten Commandments]].
[[Category:law]]
[[category:religion]]

Adventures in Odyssey

2008-05-10T04:06:34Z

Luke314:

'''Adventures in Odyssey''' is a [[radio]] program produced by [[Focus on the Family]]. Its stories take place in a fictional town called Odyssey and especially at a place called [[Whit's End]]. It commonly teaches biblical and moral truths. Main characters on the program are John Avery Whittaker, Connie Kendall, Eugene Meltsner, Bernard Walton, and Tom Riley. Many talented voice actors such as Hal Smith, Will Ryan, Dave Madden, Walker Edmiston, and Katie Leigh have appeared on this program. The program has been on radio, released on video, and sold as novels.<ref name="Complete"> The Complete Guide to Adventures in Odyssey, Focus on the Family Publishing, 1997. </ref>

==Creation of Odyssey==
The show was originally created by Steve Harris and Phil Lollar. The idea for the show came about when Dr. Dobson, President of [[Focus on the Family]], met with [[Bruce Wilkinson]] in spring, 1986. Wilkinson told Dr. Dobson that to attract people away from the programming he was denouncing he would have to provide alternate entertainment. Harris and Lollar, after having decided to create a 30-minute radio drama, that it should happen in a small town called Odyssey. The name Odyssey was chosen because means "a long voyage, especially one filled with notable experiences." It was just what the writers wanted Adventures in Odyssey to bring from a Christian perspective. The central character was chosen as John Avery Whittaker (nicknamed "Whit") and actor [[Hal Smith]] was chosen to portray the character. Lollar says "Whit needed a place to call his own." Whit's End came about as a ice cream shop and discovery emporium where "kids could just be kids."<ref name="Complete" />

==1987-1996==
During this time the program developed and became well known. It was popular among Christians who wanted quality entertainment. Several pleasant characters such as Tom Riley, Eugene Meltsner, Connie Kendall, and Bernard Walton were created. Several unpleasant characters such as Bart Rathbone, Rodney Rathbone, Philip Glossman, and Dr. Regis Blackaard were also developed here. The show did well and also had setbacks (the original actor for Whit died in 1994.) They nevertheless continued the radio program until the break during 1996.<ref name="Complete" />

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Entertainment]]

Code

2008-05-10T01:28:52Z

Luke314:

A '''code''' is an apparently meaningless sequence that has a special meaning for those knowledgeable of the code.

In [[computer science]], the word "code" often refers to portions of a [[computer program]].

Codes have been in existence since before the founding of [[Rome]].
[[category:software]]

Solar System

2008-05-10T01:27:40Z

Luke314:

Our '''Solar System''' includes the [[Sun]] and all the objects in orbit around the sun.<ref>Freedman, Kaufmann: ''Universe'', 7th edition</ref> Objects orbiting the sun include planets, moons, asteroids, and comets.

==Planets==
A [[planet]] is defined as an object that orbits the [[sun]], is massive enough that its own gravity pulls it into a nearly round shape, and is dominant enough to clear away objects in its neighborhood. <ref>http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/planetsf-20060824.html</ref> There are 8 planets in the solar system. They are, in order of increasing distance from the sun:<ref>The third grade</ref>
*[[Mercury]]
*[[Venus]]
*[[Earth]]
*[[Mars]]
*[[Jupiter]]
*[[Saturn]]
*[[Uranus]]
*[[Neptune]]

The first four planets are [[terrestrial planets]], the last 4 planets are [[jovian planets]]. Terrestrial planets are small in size, have high densities, and consist of rocky materials. Jovian planets are large in size, have low densities, and consist of gaseous materials.

==Dwarf Planets==
A [[dwarf planet]] is an object that orbits the sun and has a round shape. The crucial difference between a planet and a dwarf planet is that a dwarf planet is not large enough to clear the neighborhood of its orbit. Currently recognized dwarf planets are:<ref>http://www.answers.com/topic/dwarf-planet</ref>
*[[Pluto]][[#Note|[1]]]
*[[Eris]]
*[[Ceres]]
===Note===
[1]Pluto was considered a planet until 2006.<ref>http://www.thenewstribune.com/soundlife/story/261408.html</ref>

==Asteroids==
[[Asteroids]] are irregularly shaped chunks of rocks in the solar system. They exist mostly in 2 places:

*The [[asteroid belt]], which is between the orbits of [[Mars]] and [[Jupiter]]
*The [[Kuiper belt]], which shares its orbit with [[Pluto]]

==Comets==
[[Comets]] are chunks of dust and ice. Some are in an [[ellipse|elliptical]] orbit around the sun, meaning that they will return someday. Some are in a [[hyperbola|hyperbolic]] orbit around the sun, meaning that they will only come into the solar system once and will never return.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Astronomy]]
{{Solarsystem}}

Tolerance

2008-05-10T01:23:28Z

Luke314:

'''Tolerance''' has two contrasting meanings in U.S. politics.

#respecting the right of others to hold differing beliefs
#accepting views that differ from one's own

As a value which supports our [[First Amendment]] rights of freedom of religion, freedom of press and freedom of speech, the civic virtue of tolerance requires us to grant to others the same rights we claim for ourselves. Each person is permitted to hold and espouse unique or minority views which may be obnoxious to others. "I may not believe in what you say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it."

This sharply contrasts with the idea that we must respect, accept or agree with views we despise. For example, an employee of a company should not be required to attend a [[sensitivity training]] session and declare in front of other employees that he has no objections to [[homosexuality]].

Many social reformers deliberately blur the distinction between the two types of tolerance and promote the usage of ''tolerance'' as a synonym for "approval".

The idea that "tolerance" implies accepting views that differ from one's own is anathema to U.S. tradition and is often used in the context of forbidding those with traditional religious views to express their disapproval of minority opinions. It turns the concept of tolerance on its head: it is [[intolerance]] in the name of tolerance.

One of the definitions of tolerance is "The capacity for or the practice of recognizing and respecting the beliefs or practices of others."
<ref>tolerance. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tolerance (accessed: April 05, 2007).</ref>

A better definition is "respecting the right of others to hold differing beliefs".

The concept of tolerance often applies to areas of politics, cultural differences, or religious practices.

Americans believe in [[free speech]], but to be tolerant you should ''[[Respect|respect]]'' other people's beliefs. You can still disagree with someone's beliefs or practices.
<blockquote>All religions and their traditions deserve to be examined, but there is a difference between critique and slander. And certainly there is a difference between insightful observations and naive comments." <ref>[http://media.www.emorywheel.com/media/storage/paper919/news/2007/04/03/ArtsLiving/Tolerance.Breeds.Empathy-2819324.shtml Tolerance Breeds Empathy]</ref></blockquote>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Political Terms]]

TI-84 (calculator)

2008-05-10T00:50:48Z

Luke314:

{{stub}}[[image:Ti-84|thumb|right|90px|The generic Ti-84]]
The '''Ti-84''' is a popular model in the line of [[Texan instruments]] [[calculator|graphing calculators]]. The '''Ti-84''' first hit the market on January 3, 2005. The '''Ti-84''' comes in the plus edition, and silver edition, uses algebraic syntax and has [[BASIC]] [[programming language]] <ref>http://education.ti.com/</ref>.

<references/>
[[category:electronics]]
[[category:mathematics]]

Chain Rule

2008-05-10T00:42:11Z

Luke314: Redirecting to Chain rule

#REDIRECT [[Chain rule]]

Ubuntu

2008-04-17T01:23:23Z

Luke314:

Ubuntu is a community developed, free, [[Linux]]-based operating system. The word "Ubuntu" means 'Humanity to others', or 'I am what I am because of who we all are'.
[[Image:Gnomesword large.png|right|thumb|250px|Screenshot of Ubuntu Christian Edition.]]

==External Links==
[http://www.ubuntu.com/ Official Site]

[[Category:Computer Science]]

Imperialism

2008-04-17T01:18:17Z

Luke314:

'''Imperialism''' is one nation attempting to control another people because they want more land, power and control for their country.

Europeans used four patterns in their imperialism:

1. Establish [[colonies]], like the British colonies in America, whereby the European power had direct influence or control over the colonies.

2. Establish [[protectorates]], whereby the region has its own government and is an independent country, but is protected by a larger country. [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Guam]] today would be an example of that, as they are protected by the United States.

3. An even less direct form of imperialism was “[[sphere of influence|spheres of influence]],” in which the European country had special trading privileges over the region.

4. Finally, there was “economic imperialism,” whereby the outside influence was exerted not by a country but by a private business over a region.<ref>http://www.conservapedia.com/World_History_Lecture_Ten</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

[[category:politics]]

Julian Wright

2008-02-03T03:08:43Z

Luke314:

'''Julian Wright''' is a forward for the [[NBA]]'s [[New Orleans Hornets]]. He stands 6'8" tall, and was drafted with the 13th pick in the 2007 NBA Draft out of the [[University of Kansas]]. He is known for his athleticism and exciting style of play, although his jump shot is still developing. Wright is a committed [[Christian]] and enjoys [[bowling]] and [[chess]].

[[Category:Basketball Players]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wright, Julian}}

Windows (disambiguation)

2008-01-27T22:24:20Z

Luke314:

'''Windows''' can refer to:
*A family of operating systems produced by [[Microsoft]]: [[Microsoft Windows]]
*A transparent (or at least translucent) surface made of glass.

[[Category:Disambiguation]]

Windows (operating system)

2008-01-27T22:22:28Z

Luke314:

'''Microsoft Windows''' is an [[operating system]] that is commonly used on PC-style personal [[computer]]s.

===Versions===
*[[Windows XP]]
*[[Windows Vista]]
*[[Windows Seven]]

[[Category: Computers]]

User talk:Luke314

2008-01-26T23:11:36Z

Luke314:

Welcome to the math course! Please click "Watch" on that page so that you can easily see updates as September approaches. This will be a great learning experience. Godspeed.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 16:43, 9 August 2007 (EDT)

:Nice typo corrections at Apple. [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Apple_Inc.&curid=7490&diff=270897&oldid=234654&rcid=291673] --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 20:01, 18 August 2007 (EDT)

Differentiation

2008-01-23T00:01:34Z

Luke314:

Algebraic '''differentiation''' is an important part of [[calculus]], an essential branch of [[mathematics]] in the modern age. This mathematical tool is denoted by the expression ''dy/dx'', and has a pivotal role to play in a wide range of fields. For example, differentiation can be used in [[mechanics]] to find the acceleration of an object from a velocity-time graph.

Essentially, differentiation is employed as a means to calculate the [[gradient]] or rate of change at a particular value for a given function, ''f''. Consequently, it can be used to calculate velocity from a displacement-time graph, or acceleration from a velocity-time graph. Furthermore, it can be used to calculate the rate of cooling from a temperature-time graph. These are a few examples of the applications of differentiation.

In [[classical mathematics]], a function can be be differentiated using the general formula:

'''dy/dx = nx^(n-1)'''

For example, let y = 3 x^2

Then, dy/dx = 6 x

Thus the '''[[derivative]]''' is a measurement of how a function changes when the values of its inputs vary. Having calculated the derivative, the original input (in the above example, x) can be substituted in to work out the gradient. Moreover, differentiation can be employed to calculate the maxima and minima of a function (e.g. to ascertain the maximum velocity of an object in a function defining how its displacement varies with time), whereby dy/dx=0.

===Differentiation Rules===
*[[Product rule]]
*[[Quotient rule]]
*[[Chain rule]]

The roots of differentiation are profoundly linked with tangency; ergo, this aspect of mathematics can first be perceived to have been developed during the time of the [[Ancient Greeks]] through the work of Greek geometers like [[Euclid]], [[Sanath]] and [[Archimides]].

[[Category:Calculus]]
[[Category: Mathematics]]

Chemical

2008-01-22T23:56:35Z

Luke314:

A '''chemical''' is either an [[element]] or a [[compound]] of elements. A chemical substance is composed entirely of a set of one or more kinds of [[atom]]s, [[ion]]s or [[isotopes]].

In comparison, a [[mixture]] consists of more than one chemical. For example, a solution is one or more chemicals dissolved in liquid.

The study of chemicals is a [[physical science]] called ''[[Chemistry]]''.

[[Category:Chemistry]]

Ming (Clam 405)

2008-01-13T21:10:57Z

Luke314:

[[Image:Almeja longeva.jpg|right]]
'''Clam, 405''', is the remains of what is said to be the "oldest animal ever". It has been christened "Ming" (named after the [[Chinese]] dynasty) and according to a [[British]] scientific team from the School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales (Bangor) the longevity of the 405-year-old clam could reveal the secrets of aging.

''The shellfish was dredged as part of a study into climate change over the centuries but because of its extreme age it is now also being investigated by a team of biologists looking into aging.'' <ref> [http://www.sott.net/articles/enyaml/142569 Clam, 405] </ref>

== External links ==

*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/28/nclam128.xml Clam, 405, is oldest animal ever]

 
== References ==
[[Image:Galapagos tortoise.jpg|thumb|A [[Galápagos Islands|Galapagos]] tortoise, which lived for 176 years]]
<references/>

[[Category:Animals]]

Solomon

2008-01-13T20:56:00Z

Luke314:

'''Solomon''' ([[Hebrew]]: '''שְׁלמה,''' ''Shlomo'', "''[[peace]]''") (c.1000 BC - c.930 BC) was the third King of Israel between c. 970 BC and c. 930 BC. Son of [[Bathsheba]], he succeeded after his father [[King David]]. Solomon was famed for his immense wisdom and wealth. It says in the [[Bible]] that during the reign of Solomon, Israel was at its strongest. 'For he ruled all the kingdoms west of the River, from Tipshsah to [[Gaza]] and had peace on all sides' ([[I Kings]] 4:24).

When Solomon's father [[King David]] was old and bed ridden, Solomon's brother [[Adonijah]] tried to set himself up as king. With David's help proclaiming Solomon as his successor, this failed. David then had his son close up his affairs for him, enacting justice on [[Joab]] and Shimei.

God came to Solomon in a dream where Solomon asked him for wisdom. God was very pleased at his request - instead of asking for wealth, or a long life, or the death of his enemies or things only for himself, he wished to rule wisely. Because of that, God made him more wise than any person who had ever lived.

David could not build God's temple because he was a man of 'blood', but Solomon could and did in 960 B.C., making a monumental structure that lasted until the Babylonian captivity ended the line of Davidic kings in 586 B.C.

Solomon had 700 wives and 300 [[concubine]]s,<ref>[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20kings%2011:3&version=31 ''1 Kings 11:3'' NIV]</ref> many for political ties of the day. Over time Solomon's wives turned him away from God. Solomon wrote most of the [[Proverbs]] and the books of [[Ecclesiastes]] and [[Song of Solomon]] are also attributed to him.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Ancient History]][[Category:Biblical persons]][[Category:Israel]][[Category:Political people]]

Chain rule

2008-01-13T02:51:07Z

Luke314:

The '''chain rule''' in [[calculus]] is a formula for determining the [[derivative]] of a composite function:

:<math>f(g(x))' = f'(x)\times g'(x)</math>

The chain rule can also be expressed as:
:<math>\frac {dy}{dx} = \frac {dy} {du} \times \frac {du}{dx}.</math>
[[category:mathematics]]

Differentiation

2008-01-13T02:41:00Z

Luke314:

Algebraic '''differentiation''' is an integral part of [[calculus]], an essential branch of [[mathematics]] in the modern age. This mathematical tool is denoted by the expression ''dy/dx'', and has a pivotal role to play in a wide range of fields. For example, differentiation can be used in [[mechanics]] to find the acceleration of an object from a velocity-time graph.

Essentially, differentiation is employed as a means to calculate the [[gradient]] or rate of change at a particular value for a given function, ''f''. Consequently, it can be used to calculate velocity from a displacement-time graph, or acceleration from a velocity-time graph. Furthermore, it can be used to calculate the rate of cooling from a temperature-time graph. These are a few examples of the applications of differentiation.

In [[classical mathematics]], a function can be be differentiated using the general formula:

'''dy/dx = nx^(n-1)'''

Thus the '''[[derivative]]''' is a measurement of how a function changes when the values of its inputs vary. Having calculated the derivative, the original input (in the above example, x) can be substituted in to work out the gradient. Moreover, differentiation can be employed to calculate the maxima and minima of a function (e.g. to ascertain the maximum velocity of an object in a function defining how its displacement varies with time), whereby dy/dx=0.

===Differentiation Rules===
*[[Product rule]]
*[[Quotient rule]]
*[[Chain rule]]

The roots of differentiation are profoundly linked with tangency; ergo, this aspect of mathematics can first be perceived to have been developed during the time of the [[Ancient Greeks]] through the work of Greek geometers like [[Euclid]], [[Sanath]] and [[Archimides]].

[[Category:Calculus]]
[[Category: Mathematics]]

Integral

2008-01-13T02:03:45Z

Luke314:

An '''integral''' is a mathematical construction used in [[Calculus]] to represent the area of a region in a plane. Integrals use the following notation:

<math>\int_a^b f(x)dx</math>

where ''a'' and ''b'' represent the lower and upper bounds of the interval being integrated over, ''f(x)'' represents the function being integrated (the '''integrand'''), and ''dx'' represents a dummy variable given various definitions, depending on the context of the integral. Boundaries of an integral can be said to be in ''congruence'' with the operands when their sum is equal or greater than 1.

There are two types of integrals. Definite integrals are integrals that are evaluated over limits of integration. Indefinite integrals are not evaluated over limits of integration. Evaluating an indefinite integral yields the antiderivative of the integrand plus a constant of integration.

Integration has many physical applications. The indefinite integral of a time function of acceleration with respect to time gives the velocity function defined to within a constant, while the definite integral of a time function with respect to time gives the change in velocity between the upper and lower limits of integration. Likewise, the indefinite integral of a time function of velocity with respect to time gives the position function defined to within a constant, and the definite integral of this velocity function will give the change in position between the two limits of integration.

Integration is the inverse function of [[derivative|derivation]], and is related to it by the [[Fundamental Theorem of Calculus]].

===External Links===
[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Integral.html Integrals - Wolfram MathWorld]

[[Category:Calculus]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

Earth

2008-01-13T01:24:03Z

Luke314:

{{Planet
| name=Earth
| image=Blue Marble.jpg
| caption=
| symbol=Earth symbol.svg
| order=3
| diameter=12,756.28 km<ref>http://www.solarviews.com/eng/earth.htm</ref>
| radius=6,378.14 km
| mass=5.976x1024 kg
| distance=1 AU
| day=23.9345 hours
| year=365.256 days
| moons=1
| composition=Rock
| color=
| albedo=0.37
| date=
| discname=
| origname=
|}
}}
The '''Earth''' is the only known planet in our '''Solar System''' which can support life. It contains water, reasonable levels of oxygen, and a stable temperature range. Geometrically speaking, Earth is the largest of the terrestrial (rocky) planets in the solar system.

==Physical Description==

Within the [[solar system]], Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is approximately 8,000 miles (13,000 km) in diameter, which means that its equatorial circumference (measured around the equator) is 24,901 miles (40,075 kilometers), and the polar circumference is slightly less at 24,809 miles (40,008 km).<ref>http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzcircumference.htm</ref> The reason its metric circumference is so close to the "round number" of 40,000 is that the [[kilometer]] was defined (by the French) as 1/10,000th the distance from the equator to the [[North Pole]].

Its surface area is approximately 4·π (4000 mi)2 = 200 million square miles (510 million km2). It has been said that Earth should really be called "water", as the larger part of it—about 70%—is covered by water. In fact, the Pacific and Indian oceans alone cover about half of the Earth's surface.

The Earth orbits at an average distance of about 93 million miles (150 million km) from the Sun in an almost circular orbit. It takes light (and other forms of electromagnetic radiation) approximately 500 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth, i.e. the distance can also be stated as "500 light-seconds." The distance to nearby stars is made by measuring the stellar [[parallax]] between observations when the earth is at opposite ends of its orbit, so the earth's orbit itself is a measuring stick for astronomical distances, and is known as the ''astronomical unit'' (A. U.) It is worth noting that if the Earth were slightly closer to the Sun, it would be too hot for life (just as Venus is) while if Earth were slightly further away from the Sun, water would freeze and life would be impossible.

==Origin==
People disagree about when and how the Earth was created. The three most popular ideas are:
#That God created the Earth several hundred generations ago, as recounted in [[Genesis]]. By adding years and other time indications in the [[Old Testament]] chronologies, one can calculate the age of the Earth as approximately 6,000 years (see [[Date of creation]] and [[Young Earth Creationism]]).
#That God created the Earth billions of years ago (see [[Old Earth Creationism]] and [[Theistic Evolution]]).
#That the Earth came into existence billions of years ago, but entirely through natural processes and without any intervention by God

Clashes between adherents of these ideas have gone on since time immemorial (see [[origins debate]]), though the last theory has only been fully developed in the last 200 years.

== Young Earth Creationist view ==

===Formation and Age===

Young Earth creationists believe, on the basis of the biblical account in Genesis and biblical geochronologies, that the entire Earth, including animal, plant, and human life, was formed in six days, around 4000 B.C.
Mainstream scientific journals, committed to a [[naturalism|naturalistic]] worldview, contend this view.<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2005/0822sternberg.asp 1</ref><ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/538.asp 2</ref><ref>http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53400 3</ref><ref>http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=3833&program=DI%20Main%20Page%20-%20News&callingPage=discoMainPage 4</ref>

Most scientists believe believe that the Earth formed by natural processes instead of being supernaturally created. However, as one scientist noted, “... most every prediction by theorists about planetary formation has been wrong.” <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes43.html</ref>

===Shape of the Earth===

Some people dispute the shape of the earth, saying that according to the Bible, the earth is flat rather than spherical (presumably square, given that it is described as having "four corners" (Revelations 7:1)). However, no credible organization has ever expressed support for this theory.<ref>http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/crea-fe.htm</ref> Some have disputed the idea that the earth rotates around the sun.<ref>http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/febible.htm</ref>

In Revelations 7:1 it is stated:

"And after these things I saw four angels standing on the four corners of the earth..." (Revelations 7:1)

A sphere has no corners. The four corners are also mentioned in Isaiah 11:12. This is often accepted to be a figure of speech.

It is also stated:

"Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth." (Daniel 2:35)

AND

"Thus were the visions of mine head in my bed; I saw, and behold a tree in the midst of the earth, and the height thereof was great. The tree grew, and was strong, and the height thereof reached unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth:" (Daniel 4:10-11)

AND

"Behold, [Jesus] cometh with clouds; and every eye shall see him" (Revelations 1:7)

AND

"Once again, the devil took him to a very high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world [cosmos] in their glory." (Matthew 4:8)

Apologist [[JP Holding]]'s take on this is that this may have been a vision. <ref>http://www.tektonics.org/af/earthshape.html#globe</ref>

===Position of the Earth===
In the view of the Bible the Earth is fixed, and the sun revolves around it. This can be found in several passages:

"He has fixed the earth firm, immovable." (1 Chronicles 16:30)

"Thou hast fixed the earth immovable and firm ..." (Psalm 93:1)

"Thou didst fix the earth on its foundation so that it never can be shaken." (Psalm 104:5)

"...who made the earth and fashioned it, and himself fixed it fast..." (Isaiah 45:18)

See Also: [[Geocentric theory]]

==Christianity and the Earth==

===Christian Historical-Grammatical Bible Exegesis or Bible Literalism===

According to [[Creation Ministries International]], most young earth creationists use a [[hermeneutic]] "best described as the [[Historical-grammatical exegesis|historical-grammatical method]] in which historical narrative (such as the book of Genesis) is interpreted as literal history, prophecy is interpreted as prophecy, poetry is interpreted as poetry, etc."<ref>http://www.creationontheweb.com/images/pdfs/tj/tjv16v2_forster.pdf</ref> Creation Ministries International further states that "Historical-grammatical exegesis involves a systematic approach to analyzing in detail the historical situation, events and circumstances surrounding the text, and the semantics and syntactical relationships of the words which comprise the text."<ref>http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4880/</ref>

Bible scholars have estimated the age of the earth based on the Creation account in Genesis and the genealogical accounts in Numbers and other books of the Pentateuch. One famous estimate was published in 1650 by [[James Ussher|James Ussher Archbishop of Armagh]] in a book called ''Annals of the World,'' in which he estimated the Creation to have occurred on 23 October 4004 B.C. Other Biblical scholars maintain that there are possible gaps in the genealogies, often using the ideas of the 19th century Calvinist theologian [[Benjamin Warfield]] on the issue. <ref>http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/primeval_chronology.shtml</ref> However, [[James Barr]], regius professor of Hebrew at [[Oxford University]], wrote in 1984 the following: "… probably, so far as I know, there is no professor of Hebrew or Old Testament at any world-class university who does not believe that the writer(s) of Genesis 1–11 intended to convey to their readers the ideas that: … the figures contained in the Genesis genealogies provided by simple addition a chronology from the beginning of the world up to later stages in the biblical story.’" <ref>http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1606/</ref> Furthermore, it should be noted that Barr himself rejects supernatural Christianity, and so is not a priori biased in favor of creationism. <ref>http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/pca_creation_study_committee_report.shtml</ref>

Many [[Christian|Christians]] believe that the Earth is the perfect distance away from the Sun and take this to be evidence of [[God]]'s existence. <ref>http://www.everystudent.com/features/isthere.html</ref> Secular scientists, however, reject this reasoning using the anthropic principle<ref>http://www.anthropic-principle.com</ref>.

===Christian Non-Literalism===

Many mainstream Christian denominations believe the story of Genesis is not meant to be read literally, and believe that the age of the Earth is on the order of millions or billions of years, not thousands of years. <ref>http://webusers.xula.edu/cporter/2000n/evolution_and_religion.htm</ref>

===Scientific Uniformitarianism===

Uniformitarian scientists believe that the earth is beyond 4 billion years old.<ref>http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html</ref> They also refute that the Earth is only 6,000 years old by quoting older human societies dated by their dating method as older than that.<ref>http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/</ref>

== Evolutionary view ==

Estimates by uniformitarian geologists of the age of the Earth and the beginning of life give about 4.55 billion years and 3.5 billion years ago respectively. These estimates are primarily based on radioactive dating of meteorites and fossil specimens. The majority of scientists conclude that the Earth formed by natural processes, specifically by the accumulation of debris orbiting the sun billions of years in the past.{{fact}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Solarsystem}}
[[Category:Planets]]

Satellite

2008-01-13T01:15:24Z

Luke314:

A '''satellite''' is something that orbits around a [[planet]], for example, a [[moon]], or a man-made object that facilitates [[telecommunications]].

An example of a man-made satellite is a [[radio]] relay station that orbits the [[earth]]. A complete satellite communications system also includes [[earth]] stations that communicate with each other via the satellite. The satellite receives a signal transmitted by an originating earth station and retransmits that signal to the destination earth station(s). Satellites are used to transmit telephone, television and other data signals originated by common carriers, broadcasters and distributors of cable [[television]] program material.

In [[history]], the term "satellite nation" refers to those nations under the sphere of influence of the [[Soviet Union]], or under the "[[Iron Curtain]]".
[[category:astronomy]]
[[category:Telecommunications]]

Iraq War (disambiguation)

2008-01-10T01:23:15Z

Luke314:

"'''Iraq War'''" may refer to three major Iraqi wars:

#[[Iran-Iraq War]] (''1980 -August 1988, [[Iraq]] invades [[Iran]], which fought it to a stalemate over an 8 year period'')
#[[Gulf War]] (''2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991, [[United States]] liberates [[Kuwait]], and enters [[Iraq]]'')
#[[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] ( ''2003-present, [[United States]] and ally forces remove the [[Saddam Hussein]]'s Ba'athist regime.{{fact}}'')

[[category:Disambiguation Pages]]

Golgi bodies

2008-01-08T23:35:42Z

Luke314:

'''Golgi Bodies''' or '''Golgi Complex''', named after the [[Italy|Italian]] biologist [[Camillo Golgi]], are composed of numerous sets of smooth [[cisternae]], which are coated with lipid membranes. Each disc-shaped cisternae forms a structure that resembles a stack of plates, called a Golgi stack. The Golgi complex contains a great number of [[vesicles]]. These vesicles are used to send molecules to the [[cellular membrane]], where they are excreted. There are also larger secretory vesicles, which are used for selective excretion.

[[image:Golgi_apparatus.gif|Golgi_apparatus.gif]]

The Golgi is principally responsible for directing molecular traffic in the cell - nearly all molecules pass through the Golgi complex at some point in their existence. The sorting is mediated by the vesicles. When proteins bind with their appropriate receptor on the vesicle, they are encoated in the vesicle and transported away.

==The Functions of the Golgi Complex==

===What types of secretion are controlled by the Golgi complex?===
The Golgi complex controls trafficking of different types of proteins. Some are destined for secretion. Others are destined for the extracellular matrix. Finally, other proteins, such as [[lysosomal enzymes]], may need to be sorted and sequestered from the remaining constituents because of their potential destructive effects. This figure shows the two types of secretory pathways. The regulated secretory pathway, as its name implies, is a pathway for proteins that requires a stimulus or trigger to elicit secretion. Some stimuli regulate synthesis of the protein as well as its release. The constitutive pathway allows for secretion of proteins that are needed outside the cell, like in the extracellular matrix. It does not require stimuli, although growth factors may enhance the process.

===Golgi complex regulation of insertion of plasma membrane proteins===
Plasma membrane proteins are inserted in the membrane at the level of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The protein sequence is coded for membrane insert start and stop sites. This directed the insertion and alignment points. Those that are multipass proteins have multiple start and stop sites.

The important role of the Golgi Complex is to make certain the plasma membrane proteins reach their destination.

[[Image:Gol8.jpg|Gol8.jpg]]

This figure shows the route. Note that the orientation of the protein is maintained so that the region destined to project outside the cell (a receptor binding site, for example), ends up in that place. In order to do this, it must be placed so that it faces inside the vesicle.

===Golgi complex adding carbohydrate groups to a glycoprotein===
The Golgi complex is compartmentalized. Phosphorylation occurs in the Cis region. In other regions, different types of carbohydrates are added as a glycoprotein passes through the cisternae. This figure illustrates the different regions where sugars like mannose (man), galactose (gal), etc are added. The final sorting is done in the Trans Golgi complex.

The functional differentiation of the Golgi complex can be studied with the electron microscope with specific techniques that detect enzymes. The cis region is rich in lipid-bearing membranes and can be delineated by osmium tetroxide labeling. The middle regions label for enzymes that add carbohydrates or other groups on the product. The inner, or Trans region, is the area where the lysosomes are sorted. Therefore, it is heavily labeled for acid phosphatase.

There is much interest in understanding how the different Golgi cisternae are organized and differentiated. A number of models exist, however a favorite is called the "Maturational model" <ref>Bannykh S.I. and Bakch, W.E. Membrane Dynamics at the Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Interface J Cell Biol 138: 1-4 1997)</ref>

The [[Maturational model]] suggests that the new vesicles from the ER enter the cis Golgi network and retrograde vesicles (bearing COPI) coats move to merge with the cis region cisternae. These carry Golgi complex processing enzymes and their targeting to this region may be dependent on the low concentration of these processing enzymes. Then, as processing continues, the middle [[cisternae]] contain more mature product and lower amounts of the enzymes needed in the beginning. Finally, the trans region is specialized for sorting, containing receptors to sort and isolate lysosomal enzymes, for example.<ref>Wooding, S and H.R.B. Pelham, The dynamics of Golgi protein traffic visualized in living yeast cells. Molecular biology of the cell. 9: 2667-2680 1998</ref>

===Protein transport to the rough endoplasmic reticulum===
Sometimes vital proteins needed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported along with the other proteins in the Golgi complex.<ref>Cole, N.B., Ellenberg, J, Song, J, DiEuliis, D and Lippincott-Schwartz, J. Retrograde transport of Golgi-localized proteins to the ER. J Cell Biol 1-15, 1998.</ref> The Golgi complex has a mechanism for trapping them and sending them back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

[[Image:Gol2.jpg|Gol2.jpg]]

The diagram above shows the process. The protein destined for secretion is red. The blue protein must remain in the rough [[endoplasmic reticulum]]. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has inserted a receptor protein on the membrane it sends to the Golgi complex in the transitional vesicles (shown in green). These are retrograde vesicles and are therefore coated with "COPI" (coatamer). The ER protein receptor captures all of the protein that carries the ER residency signal. . Vesicles then bud from the Golgi complex and move back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The receptor can circulate and continue to return the proteins needed by the endoplasmic reticulum.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Cellular Biology]]
[[Category:Molecular Biology]]

Cloud

2008-01-07T23:18:08Z

Luke314:

'''Clouds''' consist of small drops of water or ice particles.<ref>A cloud is a large collection of very tiny droplets of water or ice crystals. The droplets are so small and light that they can float in the air. [http://www.weatherwizkids.com/cloud.htm Crystal Wicker], weekend meteorologist for WRTV-TV in Indianapolis, Indiana. </ref><ref>'''CORRECTION:''' Clouds are made up of liquid water droplets or ice crystals which are suspended in the air by random turbulent fluctuations within the cloudy air. They do not actually float, as the droplets and crystals are not lighter than air. Cloud droplet sedimentation (or gravitational settling) is the process of cloud droplets falling, this process is impeded by small scale turbulent updrafts, so the net effects are that clouds are suspended. When the droplets grow large enough (through collision and coalescence), they fall freely out of the cloud, producing rain drops and thus precipitation. See, for example, A Short Course in Cloud Physics by Rogers & Yau</ref>

Clouds are classified and grouped into "Low", "Middle", and "High" clouds, referring to the altitudes they occur at. Low clouds include [[cumulus]], [[nimbostratus]], [[stratus]], and [[stratocumulus]]; middle clouds include [[altocumulus]] and [[altostratus]]; and high clouds include [[cirrus]], [[cirrocumulus]], [[cumulonimbus]] and [[cirrostratus]].

==Cloud formation==

*Compared to cool air, warm air is less dense and is capable of holding more moisture in the form of water vapor. As a result of its low density, warm air low in the atmosphere tends to rise, expand, and cool. Every 1000 feet, it cools 5.5 Fahrenheit (10°C every 1000 m). Since this cooled air is no longer able to hold as much moisture, its moisture begins to condense into water droplets and form clouds. The opposite effect occurs in the atmosphere when air descends--it warms and dries. <ref>http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/elnino/cratmosphere.html</ref>

==Clouds and aerosols==

"Cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the Earth's atmosphere from outer space. Studies suggest that [[cosmic rays]] may influence the amount of cloud cover through the formation of new [[aerosol]]s (tiny particles suspended in the air that seed cloud droplets)." <ref>http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Nw/cloud.asp</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Fish

2008-01-07T23:14:55Z

Luke314:

[[Image:Fishes.jpg|left]]
'''Fish''' are aquatic [[cold-blooded]] [[vertebrates]] with fins and scales. Many species of fish are often kept as pets in containers known as [[aquarium]]s.

<blockquote>
''And he directed the people to sit down on the grass. Taking the five loaves and the two fish and looking up to heaven, he gave thanks and broke the loaves. Then he gave them to the disciples, and the disciples gave them to the people.'' Matthew 14:19 [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt%2014:19&version=31; New International Version] BibleGateway.
</blockquote>
{{clear}}
== See also ==
*[[Fishing]]
*[[Fish and chips]]
*[[Fishing Ship]]

[[Image:Cod.jpg|thumb|A Cod]]
Types of fish:
*[[Cod]]
*[[Puffer fish]]
[[Image:795px-Black-spotted puffer arp.jpg|thumb|Puffer fish]]
*[[Electric Fish]]

== External links ==

*[http://wbsa.logos.com/article.asp?id=2896 What the Bible Says About Fish]
*[http://www.infovisual.info/02/033_en.html Fish Anatomy]

[[Category: Vertebrates]]
[[Category:Marine]]

Mercury (element)

2008-01-06T04:01:34Z

Luke314:

{{stub}}
'''Mercury''' (symbol Hg), also known as ''quicksilver'', is a [[metal]]lic element with the atomic number of 80. It is the only metal that is liquid at room temperatures. Mercury is poisonous to human and animals.

Mercury can be found in air, water, and soil. It exists in several forms: elemental or metallic mercury, inorganic mercury compounds, and organic mercury compounds.

Mercury is used in some thermometers, fluorescent light bulbs, and some electrical switches.

[[Category:Elements]]
[[Category:Environment]]