Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Merit Scholarships

2009-12-14T16:29:18Z

MadShell:

I think it's important to mention the crazy scholarships that liberals give out! Like the left-handed ones or the David Letterman/Ayn Rand ones!

Or would it necessitate a "Liberal scholarships" and "Need based scholarships" page cross-referenced with this page?

-[[User:MadShell|MadShell]] 11:06, 14 December 2009 (EST)
:actually there are left handed conservatives and Ayn Rand is very anti-liberal (and this is not a scholarship). I rephrased the article to reflect the actual debate that is going on. Left-handed and family-name scholarships exist but are not merit based. The Letterman award required high quality work in "written work, research, audio, video, graphics and film." [[User:RJJensen|RJJensen]] 11:12, 14 December 2009 (EST)
::Granted, but the idea of a "left handedness" scholarship is fairly liberal, based off of a genetic predisposition rather than actual work. For a more serious example, there are the scholarships from LGBT groups (who claim it's all genetic) and other racist selectionist associations that are essentially "affirmative action."

::And my original reference to Ayn Rand (not here, but the page) was that she was atheistic. And wouldn't "high quality" work determined by a liberals be "very liberal?!" -[[User:MadShell|MadShell]] 11:29, 14 December 2009 (EST)

Talk:Merit Scholarships

2009-12-14T16:06:56Z

MadShell:

Talk:Merit Scholarships

2009-12-14T16:06:37Z

MadShell: Created page with 'I think it's important to mention the crazy scholarships that liberals give out! Like the left-handed ones or the David Letterman/Ayn Rand ones! Or would it necessitate a "Liber...'

Merit Scholarships

2009-12-14T15:57:33Z

MadShell:

'''Merit Scholarships''' are tuition payments, typically for [[college]], that [[reward]] a [[student]] for [[academic]] achievement, usually based on [[College Board]] exams.

These differ from other scholarships that are "need-based" or liberal scholarships given out on the basis of race, gender, "overcoming" sexuality, or "quirkiness" such as being left-handed or being a high school student that can be shaped into an atheistic [[Ayn Rand]] or J.D. Salinger scholar or a liberal like [[David Letterman]]<ref>http://www.finaid.org/scholarships/unusual.phtml</ref>.

==Reference==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==

*[http://www.meritaid.com/index.jsp;jsessionid=467E682B743FF8A618F6E780C135119C.server1 Listing of schools that offer merit-based aid]

[[Category:Colleges and Universities]]
[[Category:Scholarships]]

Merit Scholarships

2009-12-14T15:56:56Z

MadShell: Liberal scholarships that need to be watched out for

'''Merit Scholarships''' are tuition payments, typically for [[college]], that [[reward]] a [[student]] for [[academic]] achievement, usually based on [[College Board]] exams.

These differ from other scholarships that are "need-based" or liberal scholarships given out on the basis of race, gender, "overcoming" sexuality, or "quirk" such as being left-handed or being a high school student that can be shaped into an atheistic [[Ayn Rand]] or J.D. Salinger scholar or a liberal like [[David Letterman]]<ref>http://www.finaid.org/scholarships/unusual.phtml</ref>.

==Reference==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==

*[http://www.meritaid.com/index.jsp;jsessionid=467E682B743FF8A618F6E780C135119C.server1 Listing of schools that offer merit-based aid]

[[Category:Colleges and Universities]]
[[Category:Scholarships]]

Academy Award

2009-12-13T15:46:53Z

MadShell: Connection between Hollywood liberals and Gore

The '''Academy Awards''' (the "Oscars") are a yearly award festival for [[Hollywood]] movies, given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences annually in California since 1929. The shows have been held since 1929.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/index.html|title=About the Academy Awards|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|format=HTML|language=English}}</ref>
[[Image:Oscar statuette.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The Statue]]

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has, over the years, been controlled by many immoral characters and informal lobby groups, most notably [[homosexual]]s and communists and supporters of [[Al Gore]] who wish to contribute to the promotion and funding for "global warming" causes by giving him "critical acclaim."<ref>Notably Milk, a nominee for best picture at the 81st Academy Awards. Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth has also won two Oscars for "Best Documentary" and "Best Original Song."</ref>

==History==
The first awards were presented at a private dinner with an audience of less than 250.<ref name="about2"/> Subsequently the show has been broadcast to the public, since 1953 by [[television]] (and previously by [[radio]]).<ref name="about2"/> For the first decade the show's results were given to newspapers for publication at 11 p.m. at the night of the awards; this method was ruined when the [[Los Angeles Times]] announced the winners far too early, and the results were available to those arriving to the show, and, as a result, the Academy adopted the sealed envelope method, which it still uses today.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/history01.html|title=History of the Academy Awards|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|language=English|format=HTML}}</ref> The show was broadcast internationally starting in 1969, and currently has viewers from more than 100 countries. Since 2002, the awards have been broadcast from the Kodak Theatre.<ref name="history"/>

==Nominations==
Today, according to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in [[Los Angeles]] County, [[California]], to qualify. Rule 2 states that a film must be "feature-length", defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short subject awards and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or on 24 fps or 48 fps progressive scan digital film print with native resolution not less than 1280x720.

==Awards night==
The major awards are given out at a live televised ceremony, most commonly in February or March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. Many hollywood elites attend, men dressed in tuxedos and the women dressed in expensive evening gown's. The Awards show was first televised on NBC in 1953, it is the only awards ceremony televised live across the United States excluding [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]]; the Emmys, Golden Globes, and Grammys are broadcast live in the East Coast, but they are on tape delay in the West Coast.

==Criticism==
The Academy Awards have often been criticized for being overly [[liberal]].<ref>[http://newsbusters.org/node/4271 ABC Pot Calls Kettle Black: Oscars Too Political?]</ref> Many celebrities make political statements in their acceptance speeches. Studios also lobby heavily for their films to be considered, leading to the complaint that nominations and awards may be largely a result of this lobbying rather than the quality of the material. In recent years, the Academy has selected liberal activists to host the awards such as [[Whoopi Goldberg]], [[Chris Rock]] and [[Jon Stewart]], who tend to target conservatives in their opening monolouges, especially [[George W. Bush]].

At the 2009 Oscars, the Academy nominated "Milk", a [[gay pride]] film, for the Best Picture Oscar. When [[Sean Penn]] accepted the Best Actor oscar for potraying the title character, he took the oppurtunity to criticize those who voted to ban gay marrige, and to praise [[Barack Obama]]. Presenter Whoopi Goldberg also took the opportunity to blast Nuns as she described nominee Amy Adams in the Supporting Actress category.

==Awards==
===Academy Award of Merit===
====Current Awards====
Awards are presented to individuals or collective efforts in up to 25 different categories, with up to five nominations per category;<ref name="about2">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/index2.html|title=About the Academy Awards (page 2)|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|format=HTML|language=English}}</ref> perhaps the most famous categories being best [[actor]] and [[actress]], best supporting actor and actress, and best picture.

* Best Picture: 1928 to present
* Best Director: 1928 to present
* Best Actor: 1928 to present
* Best Actress: 1928 to present
* Best Supporting Actor: 1936 to present
* Best Supporting Actress: 1936 to present
* Best Original Screenplay: 1940 to present
* Best Adapted Screenplay: 1928 to present
* Best Animated Feature: 2001 to present
* Best Art Direction: 1928 to present (also called Interior, Set Decoration, or production design)
* Best Cinematography: 1928 to present
* Best Costume Design: 1948 to present
* Best Documentary Feature: 1943 to present
* Best Documentary Short Subject: 1941 to present
* Best Film Editing: 1935 to present
* Best Foreign Language Film: 1947 to present
* Best Makeup: 1981 to present
* Best Original Song: 1934 to present
* Best Original Score: 1934 to present
* Best Original Musical: 2000 to present
* Best Animated Short Film: 1931 to present
* Best Live Action Short Film: 1931 to present
* Best Sound Mixing: 1930 to present
* Best Sound Editing: 1963 to present
* Best Visual Effects: 1939 to present

==== Retired Awards====
* Best Assistant Director: 1933 to 1937
* Best Dance Direction: 1935 to 1937
* Best Engineering Effects: 1928 only
* Best Score—Adaptation or Treatment:
* Best Original Musical or Comedy Score: 1995 to 1999
* Best Short Film—Color: 1936 and 1937
* Best Short Film—Live Action—2 Reels: 1936 to 1956
* Best Short Film—Novelty: 1932 to 1935
* Best Original Story: 1928 to 1956
* Best Unique and Artistic Quality of Production: 1928 only

====Newest Awards====
The newest awards to be added to the list of available awards from the Academy are the awards for:
* Best Animated Feature: added in 2001
* Best Original Musical: added in 2000
* Best Makeup: added in 1981

====Proposed Awards====

The Board of Governors meets each year and considers other new categories. To date, the following proposed awards have not been approved:
* Best Casting: rejected in 1999
* Best Stunt Coordination: rejected in 1999; rejected in 2005[22]
* Best Title Design: rejected in 1999

====Special Awards====
These awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole, but the actor/actress voted to receive the special award can turn down the offer.

** Current Awards
**Academy Honorary Award: 1928 to present
**Academy Special Achievement Award:
**Academy Award, Scientific or Technical: 1931 to present (at three levels of awards)
**The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: 1938 to present
**The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award:
**Gordon E. Sawyer Award:

=====Retired Special Awards=====
**Academy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960

==References==
<references/>
== See also ==
*[[Hollywood]]
*[[Bollywood]]

==External links==
* [http://www.aggdata.com/awards/oscar List of Academy Award Nominees]
* [http://www.oscars.org/ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]
* [http://www.oscars.org/awardsdatabase/index.html The Academy Awards Database]
* [http://movies.aol.com/oscars-academy-awards Oscars Photos] Moviefone.
* [[http://www.oscars.org/mhl/index.html The Margaret Herrick Library]
[[Category:Awards]]

William Shatner

2009-12-13T15:25:19Z

MadShell: Palin busting him.

'''William Shatner''' played [[Captain Kirk]] on the classic science-fiction television show [[Star Trek]]. He has also appeared in a number of movies and advertisements, including the only movie ever made in [[esperanto]]. Shatner now stars as a rather bungling and eccentric [[lawyer]] in the television show [[Boston Legal]].

Shatner has frequented the Tonight Show where he would ridicule [[Sarah Palin]]'s Twitter posts and book by reading them in a liberal spoken word style. Palin has since been on the show, mocking Shatner's own works and experiences, especially the fact that he "confronted an elephant on a moonlit night in his underwear." <ref>http://tv.yahoo.com/blog/sarah-palin-gets-back-at-william-shatner-on-the-tonight-show--866</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Shatner, William}}
[[category:actors]]

William Shatner

2009-12-13T15:23:45Z

MadShell:

'''William Shatner''' played [[Captain Kirk]] on the classic science-fiction television show [[Star Trek]]. He has also appeared in a number of movies and advertisements, including the only movie ever made in [[esperanto]]. Shatner now stars as a rather bungling and eccentric [[lawyer]] in the television show [[Boston Legal]].

Shatner has frequented the Tonight Show where he would ridicule [[Sarah Palin]]'s Twitter posts and book by reading them in a liberal spoken word style. Palin has since been on the show, mocking Shatner's own works and experiences, especially the fact that he "confronted an elephant on a moonlit night in his underwear." <ref>http://tv.yahoo.com/blog/sarah-palin-gets-back-at-william-shatner-on-the-tonight-show--866</ref>

==References==

{{DEFAULTSORT: Shatner, William}}
[[category:actors]]

Francis Collins

2009-12-13T05:56:17Z

MadShell: /* Views */

'''Dr. Francis Collins''' (born April 14, 1950), a former [[atheist]] who converted to [[Christianity]], is the current director of the National Institutes of Health. He was appointed by President [[Barack Hussein Obama]] in 2009. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] has also appointed him to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Formerly, Collins was the head of the Human Genome Project at the National Human Genome Research Institute.

He is the author of "The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief" and is a speaker for the Veritas Forum at college campuses. He cites C.S. Lewis's writings on Christianity in turning him away from atheism, which he now renounces as the least rational worldview.

==Views==
Collins promotes [[theistic evolution]], which he calls BioLogos. He believes a non-literal interpretation of creation as it appears in Genesis. However, he believes the fine-tuning of the physical constants and the existence of a Moral Law prove the existence of a loving God.

He is also an advocate for therapeutic cloning without the use of embryonic stem cells.

== External links ==
http://biologos.org/about

==References==
The Language of God, 2006

[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Worldviews]]

User talk:Chippeterson

2009-12-13T05:53:27Z

MadShell: /* Francis Collins */

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==Pete Domenici==

Thanks a lot for your work on the [[Pete Domenici]] article! It looks great! --[[User:Tash|Tash]] 17:06, 5 October 2007 (EDT)

== McCain ==

Just wanted you to know I think you have done some very good work adding to and formating the article! --[[User:TK|₮K]][[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 01:51, 11 April 2008 (EDT)

Speaking of the McCain article, if you're going to revert my edit regarding his lapel pin, then make sure you go ahead and do the same for [[Barack Obama]]. [[User:LinusWilson|LinusWilson]] 14:07, 26 April 2008 (EDT)

::Even though I didn't edit that info into Barack's page. I was trying to be somewhat consistent in the site's treatment of Presidential candidates, since to do so with actual issues 'twould be stamped out like a drunken mutiny (and probably labeled as such...) [[User:LinusWilson|LinusWilson]] 14:23, 26 April 2008 (EDT)

==Wikproject:News==

Thanks for volunteering for the Wikiproject:News. I'm just wondering, what is your Political Affiliation? --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 18:03, 20 August 2008 (EDT)

:Well, when I'm 18 I'll definitely join the Republican party. And I'm strongly conservative.

::Ok, thanks for the info. I look forward to your contributions to the news project. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 18:33, 20 August 2008 (EDT)

You signed up to work on the Wikproject:News. What would you like to do for the project? Are you interested in <nowiki>[[Wikiproject:News/Suggestions|creating news articles]]</nowiki>, [[Wikiproject:News/Wanted page|wanted pages]] or working on the [[Wikiproject:News/Previous Breaking News|Previous News archives]]? --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 14:16, 24 August 2008 (EDT)

I notice that there has been no news on this site over the protesters for the upcoming Democrat convention, there are a lot of groups trying to make this like 1968. If there's any major event that's not being covered, I'll tell you Dean.

== Testing for AIDS ==

How is Biden stating he was tested for AIDS a controversial comment? --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 17:09, 25 August 2008 (EDT).

The crowd laughed when he said that Jareddr, because it sounded like they tested for Aids together. Or at least that's what Barack Obama thought.

:I understand the crowd laughed for the way it came out. But how is it c
controversial? And, p.s., it's AIDS--all capital letters, since it's an acronym. --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 17:19, 25 August 2008 (EDT)

controversial - of, relating to, or arousing controversy. When a politician comes off saying that he was tested for AIDS with someone when he wasn't then thats clearly arousing and controversial.

:Except, as was quoted, he DIDN'T say he was tested with Obama. The crowd laugh because it may have sounded that way, but reading the text, that's a pretty far stretch. "I've got tested for AIDS, I know Barack's got tested for AIDS..." Heck, I could say the same thing since I know Barack was tested for AIDS. Of course, that doesn't seem to suggest that we were tested together, nor does it make it controversial. It's a far stretch and I think it doesn't deserve inclusion in the section. --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 17:36, 25 August 2008 (EDT)

Barack Obama, and the large crowd all thought that's what it sounded like. And Barack Obama saying that he wanted to make it clear that he was not tested with Biden, then it clearly caused controversy at that debate. Therefor, making it a controversial comment. But go ahead, take it out if that's what you want.

==Wikiproject:News/Suggestions==
Chippeterson, Thanks for contributing news items. When your suggested news items have been completed, they will be archived under <nowiki>[[Wikiproject:News/Suggestions/Archives#Chippeterson|your name]]</nowiki> so we can keep the suggestions page clear for new items. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 08:20, 28 August 2008 (EDT)

Chippeterson, I noticed you want to be first in Wikiproject:News/Suggestions. I have a suggestion for you. I added a new section called <nowiki>[[Wikiproject:News/Suggestions#Rewrite_current_headlines|Rewrite current headlines]]</nowiki>. You have a much higher chance of getting the lead if you rewrite some of these headlines. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 15:25, 16 September 2008 (EDT)

==Obama Speech News headline==

I had posted a comment on the Main Talk page regarding the accuracy of the headline you wrote on Obama's speech. DeanS has informed me that he'd prefer a direct response from you before any changes are made, so can you take a look and respond there? Thanks. --[[User:DinsdaleP|DinsdaleP]] 14:26, 29 August 2008 (EDT)

== Removing Templates ==

I appreciate your attempt to add templates to the candidate pages. After having taken a longer look at them, they just seem a little out-of-place since they're tailored specifically for president and v.p., and not nominees. I'm going to take them off, but hopefully a sysop will come forward and modify the template slightly so that it can be used for nominations as well. It would only take changing a few letters here and there and it's all set. Hopefully it pulls through b/c it's informative, but just not appropriate the way it's currently designed. --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 14:56, 29 August 2008 (EDT)

O.K. Jareddr, but I do hope that a sysop adds template's for Senator's and Governor's. Just make sure that you keep the pictures.

:I absolutely agree templates should be added for those positions (as well as Representatives). Sorry about the pictures, didn't realize they were embedded into the template codes. Thanks for fixing my deletions! --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 15:07, 29 August 2008 (EDT)

== New Privileges ==

Congrats on your promotion! --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 08:41, 11 September 2008 (EDT)

Congratulations Chippeterson. Now you can upload your own photos - (non-AP) of course. ;-) --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 10:42, 11 September 2008 (EDT)

Wow! Thank you so much! I'm going to have some fun with this.
:You deserve it Chip. Good work! [[User:Learn together|Learn together]] 14:09, 11 September 2008 (EDT)

::I've been following your edits and you certainly deserved the promotion(s). One small request is to remember categories and bolding the main term, but you seem to be getting better about this. -[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 00:07, 12 September 2008 (EDT)

== Harry Reid Photo ==

Could we use [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Harry_Reid_official_portrait.jpg this picture] instead? It's his official portrait. Thank you --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 17:36, 11 September 2008 (EDT)

I'd rather stick with the current one.

: That's fine, if it's public domain. Can you please include the source of the all the photos that you upload on their image pages? Thanks.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:56, 11 September 2008 (EDT)

Aschlafly, I think I've had that photo saved for 2-3 years. But I'll copy/paste the source of the photo's from now on.

Chippeterson, you can use this [http://www.conservapedia.com/Template:Fair_use fair use template] from now on.

For the previous uploaded photos, add the source info to the image's talk page and I will transfer it to the image's content page. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 18:12, 11 September 2008 (EDT)

DeanS, I put the source for the photo's on the talk pages. The ones on Harry Reid and Michael Steele I had saved for a long time, so I replaced them with new ones with the fair use template. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 11 2008

Glad to see we're now using Reid's official portrait. --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 18:50, 11 September 2008 (EDT)

== Images ==

When uploading images, I think you should be naming them with a more descriptive filename than just a number. Perhaps something like "ReaganBush" for the last one, or "BushMedal" or something that provides more information to the users. --[[User:Jareddr|Jareddr]] 20:16, 11 September 2008 (EDT)

== Replacing pages with redirects ==

Chip, in the cases I've replaced on of your new entries with a redirect, it was because the new information was too similar to an existing article. In the case of [[Classes]], I noticed that the information in [[Class]] didn't match the meaning you had written, so I move your content in its place and then moved the previous content to a more specified page. Please be aware that I take into consideration why an article was created before replacing it with a redirect. --[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 18:29, 12 September 2008 (EDT)

===Categories===

I didn't want to start a new subject header for this. I noticed with your newest edits that you've been avoiding [[:Category:Dictionary]] when you can. This makes me VERY happy :-) Thank you! -[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 19:11, 13 September 2008 (EDT)

==Congratulations==
...on getting your ton (if you're not there quite, it can only be a matter of one or two more). You're an inspiration to lazier mortals! [[User:Bugler|Bugler]] 17:20, 14 September 2008 (EDT)
I spoke too late! Well done, Chip. [[User:Bugler|Bugler]] 17:24, 14 September 2008 (EDT)

Congratulations Chippeterson! In recognition of your superb contributions, you are featured on the [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Template:Mainpageright&curid=66589&diff=516845&oldid=516804 Main page news] section. Thanks for your efforts on the wanted articles and the news suggestions. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 21:31, 14 September 2008 (EDT)

Thanks DeanS. It feels really nice to be appreciated. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 14 2008

==Privileges==
Chip, I know you have upload rights, but do you have block rights? There's some people putting in nonsense and I can't find anyone who's on to block them. [[User:JLauttamus|Jeffrey W. Lauttamus]][[User_talk:JLauttamus|Discussion]] 22:02, 18 September 2008 (EDT)

Sorry Jeffrey, I don't have any block rights. {{unsigned|Chippeterson}}

:Chip, you didn't know it, but you DO have block rights.

:20:18, September 10, 2008 Aschlafly (Talk | contribs | block) changed group membership for User:Chippeterson from Upload to Upload, Block

:Now you can help block these vandals. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 01:11, 19 September 2008 (EDT)

That's great DeanS. I'll be sure to keep a look out.

Chip, please verify the photo source BEFORE uploading photos. Do not upload anything from AP or Reuters, they do not allow fair use. I deleted one of the photos and another one looks suspicious. See the talk pages. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 01:51, 26 September 2008 (EDT)

== New pages ==

Chip, please be careful when making new pages. For example, you just created [[honest]], but [[honesty]] already exists. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 18:39, 20 September 2008 (EDT)

Then honest shouldn't be on the wanted pages. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 20 2008

:If it was on the wanted pages then someone linked to it somewhere, and it needed a redirect. It's no biggie, I'm just trying to save you work in the future. In general we want nouns as the subject of an article, not adjectives. [[User:HelpJazz|Help]][[User talk:HelpJazz|Jazz]] 20:07, 20 September 2008 (EDT)

Chip, when creating new articles, please watch out for circular definitions. I've seen several of your contributions over the last five days fall into this pattern. It makes the entries only marginally better than a red link. Examples: [[supervision]], [[systemic]], [[curvature]], [[happiness]], [[breakaway]], [[enshrine]], [[negative]], [[descent]], [[honest]], [[enlighten]]. Please take note. -[[User:Foxtrot|Foxtrot]] 12:27, 25 September 2008 (EDT)

== Images ==

Chippeterson, you just uploaded an image from Getty Images. We don't allow that unless you have express permission from the owner. Thanks.--[[User:Aschlafly|Aschlafly]] 17:21, 3 October 2008 (EDT)

Thanks for telling me Aschlafly. I'll find something else. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] Oct 3 2008

When you upload images from whitehouse.gov (or other .gov or public domain images), use this public domain template instead of the fair use template.

Template:Public domain image 
<nowiki>{{Public domain image
|source = <source>
|usernotes = <optional:user notes>
}}</nowiki>

Another user also suggested uploaders use names relative to the image, instead of a bunch of numbers. Like you did with the Cheney image. Thanks for your contributions Chip. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 12:49, 2 January 2009 (EST)

== Conservapedia Day 2008 ==
{|style="width:300px; height:200px; text-align:center" border="5px #0000BB solid" align="left"
|-
|
[[Image:Champion cup.jpg|175px|center]]
This is to certify that

'''[[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]]'''

completed ''237 new pages'' and is awarded

'''<big>First place</big>'''

'''<big>News Section - Wanted Pages</big>'''

From Conservapedia, on November 21, 2008
|}

{|style="width:300px; height:200px; text-align:center" border="5px #0000BB solid" align="right"
|-
|
[[Image:Champion cup.jpg|175px|center]]
This is to certify that

'''[[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]]'''

completed ''33 suggestions'' and is awarded

'''<big>Second place</big>'''

'''<big>News Section - News Suggestions</big>'''

From Conservapedia, on November 21, 2008
|}

{{clear}}

Chippeterson, Congratulations on being the top contributor to the news section wanted pages. You also came in second place for the news suggestions. Your accomplishments are posted on the Main page. Thanks for your many contributions to Conservapedia and the news project. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 11:30, 21 November 2008 (EST)

Thank you!

== NewsProject - Wanted pages ==

Since you are a member of the news project, I need your help with wanted pages. We now have over 100 wanted pages and I need you to pick a few to work on this coming week. --[[User:DeanS|DeanStalk]] 23:30, 14 December 2008 (EST)

== Richard Nixon ==

You've been doing a massive about of work! It's looking good, Chip. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 01:56, 11 January 2009 (EST)

Thanks TK.

== Guard Dog ==

*Don't get mad....Guard Dog has a touch of the rabies, Chip, and simply went mad with the newer version of Wikimedia we are using! I was getting around to unblocking everyone, but a busy day at work....sorry you were caught up in it. --[[User:TK|'''₮K''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 17:19, 15 April 2009 (EDT)

No problem TK, I understand the mistake. '''[[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]]'''

== Unblocking ==

Please do not unilaterally undo another admin's block, but rather e-mail the admin in question and explain the situation to him. This procedure has been set out in the Guidelines by Mr. Schlafly. --[[User:JessicaT|KotomiT]][[User talk:JessicaT|''nandeyanen?'']] 12:01, 16 April 2009 (EDT)

== revert ==
Thank you for your efforts--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 22:27, 17 April 2009 (EDT)

== [[Dianne Feinstein]] ==

Better check your sources again....Alan Cranston preceded her in the Senate! --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 22:20, 11 June 2009 (EDT)

== Colin Powell projecting his failure unto John McCain is a fact ==

I'll concede this may be debateable, but to immediately threaten me with blocking me over asserting this is a Gestapo tactic I would have expected on [[Wikipedia]], not Conservapedia. [[User:Brown25|Brown25]] 17:49, 19 July 2009 (EDT)

:What you wrote Brown25 was an opinion, one that I happen to agree with, but definitely not a fact. '''[[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]]''' July 19, 2009

::The bit about the WMD's was speculation, unsupported, and it is a known fact (for all but the radical left) that the WMD information mislead everyone, because it seemingly turned out to be bad intelligence, not only on the part of the CIA, but MI-6 in the U.K., as well as other foreign intelligence agencies. Therefore it cannot ever be stated it was a lie, since what Powell said, what Bush said, was based upon their best belief and information at hand. See the difference, Brown25? Consistency isn't one of Powell's strengths. --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 18:30, 19 July 2009 (EDT)

== Thanks! ==

Thanks for noticing that jabber on the cat page, Chip...I told myself I would get back to it to remove it! Well, best laid plans, and all that.... --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 19:00, 3 August 2009 (EDT)

No problem TK.'''[[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]]''' August 3, 2009

==Obituary==

Wow, that's a lot of writing. [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver&curid=94082&diff=691858&oldid=691844&rcid=757801] Did you do all that yourself? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 12:27, 12 August 2009 (EDT)

Yes. As I said in my bio, I enjoy writing biographies. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] August 12, 2009

:Can you dig anything up on [[In Jin Moon]], daughter of [[Unification Church]] founder [[Sun Myung Moon]]? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 13:15, 12 August 2009 (EDT)

::Her brothers are also good, but she's the Boss these days - at least in America. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 16:13, 12 August 2009 (EDT)

== Lincoln Chafee ==

While he's no longer a member of the Republican party, he served as a Senator as one, and indeed for a long time was the poster boy for RINOs. He's certainly a relevant recent historical example of a RINO, so I've added him back to the article with the note that he left the party in 2007. [[User:DanielPulido|DanielPulido]] 08:19, 17 August 2009 (EDT)

O.K. fine. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] August 17, 2009

== Tsar / Czar ==

We were planning on moving the existing articles, all separate now, into the name place you vacated over an Administrator's redirect. This was all on someone's talk page, last month, I believe. The Admin should have locked the page, but didn't, so no fault on your part, however, what you need to do is go back and create a disambiguation page, however. Thanks! --[[User:TK|'''ṬK''']]/Admin[[User_Talk:TK|/Talk]] 09:32, 20 August 2009 (EDT)

Sorry for being confused KT, how can I create a disambiguation page. Tsar and Czar are spelled differently. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] August 20, 2009

Let's see:
#[[Tsar]] - Russian ruler
#[[Tzar]] => Redirects to [[tsar]]
#[[Czar]] - U.S. slang cabinet level post

How shall we handle this? --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 21:46, 1 September 2009 (EDT)

Maybe you can change the titles to [[Tsar (Slavic term)]] and [[Czar (U.S. government)]]. On the Tsar page we can add at the top, ''For the U.S. government political term see: [[Czar]]'', and vice versa. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 1 2008

==[[John Lynch]]==

Thanks for [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=New_Hampshire&curid=5169&diff=697584&oldid=697576&rcid=764042 helping] distinguish the governor from the football player. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 21:43, 1 September 2009 (EDT)

== Congratulations! ==

Congratulations, you've earned the valuable additional privileges of overnight editing and locking the database. The only promotion after that is to become Administrator, and you're close to earning that. Well done!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 22:19, 1 September 2009 (EDT)

:Yes, welcome to siteadmin. You've earned it!--[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 22:26, 1 September 2009 (EDT)

I'm speechless Jpatt, Mr. Schlafly. I'll find all the right words later. But to be part of your team is an honor. This is a great new responsibility and look forward to working with all the administrators and having a greater impact on conservapedia. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 1 2008

:Your new privileges are very well deserved. Thanks for contributing your insights here!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]]

:: Welcome to this new responsibility! --[[User:Joaquín Martínez|Joaquín Martínez]] 23:04, 1 September 2009 (EDT)

Thank you. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 1 2008

Aschlafly, I have siteadmin rights, but I'm unable to lock/unlock articles. Is something wrong? [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 1 2008

:The [http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:ListUsers/Siteadmin siteadmin] privilege is different from the '''admin''' privilege. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 23:40, 1 September 2009 (EDT)

Thank you for clearing up the confusion Ed Poor. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 1 2008

:The [http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:ListUsers/Siteadmin siteadmin] privilege lets you lock the entire database (for emergency use only). Later on, you'll be made one of the [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Special%3AListUsers&username=&group=sysop&limit=100 Administrators] and can lock one page at a time. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 23:44, 1 September 2009 (EDT)

Congratulations on earning the powers of Administrator! You can edit locked pages, and lock uploaded images, in addition to your other privileges.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 22:15, 3 September 2009 (EDT)

Many congrats on Admin, Chip! We need a few more great editors around here! [[User:AddisonDM|AddisonDM]] 22:32, 3 September 2009 (EDT)

Mr. Schlafly, this is quite exciting. Even with the title of administrator, my objective is the same as it was when I started here over two years ago. To improve and expand conservapedia, now with more responsibility. Thank you so much. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 3 2008

:"Use the mop wisely," as they say at Wikipedia. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] [[User talk:Ed Poor|Talk]] 00:00, 7 September 2009 (EDT)

Thank you Ed Poor, I'll do my best. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 7 2008

== thanks ==

hi chippererson. i can edit now. thanks unless it was tk that sorted it out

Well I have no idea what your talking about, so it must have been TK. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] September 20 2008

== Block of Democrat98 ==

You were correct in asking for "Please recreate your account..." however you did not give him a chance to register again. Simply uncheck "Prevent account creation" and "Automatically block the last IP". --[[User:Jpatt|Jpatt]] 11:08, 24 September 2009 (EDT)

== Very good news posting ==

Very good news posting about the Florida race! I liked your posting a lot ... and learned from it! Well done!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 10:34, 19 October 2009 (EDT)

No need to thank me Aschlafly, just doing my job. I expect I'll be posting a lot of 2009/2010 campaign news. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] 1:01, October 19, 2009

== Hello? ==

If you still have blocking rights, you may want to take a look at the recent changes. -- [[User:JLauttamus|Jeffrey W. Lauttamus]][[User_talk:JLauttamus|Discussion]] 10:45, 20 October 2009 (EDT)

I have school and a job Jeffrey. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] 6:13, October 20, 2009

:You can just call me Jeff. I didn't mean to be abrupt, you were just the only sysop that I saw on at that time. I didn't mean to appear hostile. [[User:JLauttamus|Jeffrey W. Lauttamus]][[User_talk:JLauttamus|Discussion]] 18:22, 21 October 2009 (EDT)

== Christie ==

FYI, in the last week of the campaign, ''after'' the Quinnipiac poll, Christie swing way to the right and appeared with [[Steve Lonegan]]. Corzine even ran ads in the final days saying Christie is "too" conservative.

Christie's running mate had a good, heartfelt meeting with pro-life leaders in the final weeks of the campaign, and it's not clear even if she is really pro-choice anymore.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 10:11, 4 November 2009 (EST)

Andy, I just didn't like that news headline calling Christie a RINO, when his entire campaign was about cutting spending, cutting taxes, reducing regulation, and law-and-order. I'm very proud of Governor-elect McDonnell and Governor-elect Christie. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] November 4, 2009

:Christie started looking more and more like a conservative near the end of the campaign. Steve Lonegan endorsed and campaigned with him. Chris Smith endorsed him. Corzine even ran ads criticizing Christie as a conservative! So you may be right, and the news headline was premature. But those are goals of news items: be out in front, be timely, and be provocative. Sorry if it was misguided.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 21:48, 4 November 2009 (EST)

::Here's something else: the left tried in vain to find something wrong with him[http://www.politickernj.com/alan-steinberg/29123/distortions-christies-record-us-attorney]. [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 22:06, 4 November 2009 (EST)

== Terrific news posting ==

Terrific news posting, Chippeterson! You've develop a superb skill at identifying and writing good headlines. It's a valuable talent.--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 13:23, 4 December 2009 (EST)

And, again, thanks for another fascinating new headline!--[[User:Aschlafly|Andy Schlafly]] 20:50, 4 December 2009 (EST)

Andy you flatter me :) No need to thank me, just doing my job. [[User:Chippeterson|Chippeterson]] December 04, 2009

== Account Recreation ==

The other sysops seem to add ''autoblock disabled'' in parentheses when they ask ''Please recreate your account with your real first name and last initial''. This may take care of the [[User_talk:Aschlafly#Reporting an Inconvenience|problems I had]] with this kind of block... [[User:FrankC|ComedyFan]] 20:04, 11 December 2009 (EST)
:Frank, we have had to ban hundreds of poorly formatted names over the past 3 days - mistakes are inevitable. I made a few myself. Please sign your comments with your name FrankC, not ComedyFan. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 20:05, 11 December 2009 (EST)
::I just want to prevent future errors (and current ones, like [[User:Reclaimamerica]] and [[User:Monkies]]) [[User:FrankC|FrankC aka ComedyFan]] 20:15, 11 December 2009 (EST)

== Francis Collins ==

Hi, Chip. I noticed that you've re-formatted some of my edits to make it more Conservapedia friendly.

Would you mind taking a look at this entry that I've created?

http://conservapedia.com/Francis_Collins

Or can you point in the direction of how to format? I'd love to contribute, but my computer skills aren't too great. [[User:MadShell|MadShell]] 00:53, 13 December 2009 (EST)

User talk:Chippeterson

2009-12-13T05:48:45Z

MadShell: /* Francis Collins */ new section

Conan O'Brien

2009-12-13T05:28:09Z

MadShell: Created page with 'Conan O'Brien is the current host of the Tonight Show. He is an American Catholic of Irish descent. Before replacing Jay Leno as host, he hosted Late Night with Conan O'Brien, r...'

Conan O'Brien is the current host of the Tonight Show. He is an American Catholic of Irish descent.

Before replacing Jay Leno as host, he hosted Late Night with Conan O'Brien, replacing liberal comedian David Letterman. O'Brien was also a former writer of the Simpsons and Saturday Night Live.

Table tennis

2009-12-13T04:03:28Z

MadShell: On ping pong.

{{Stub}}

'''Table tennis''' is a ball game similar to [[tennis]] and played on a flat table divided into two equal "courts" by a net fixed across its width at the middle. The object is to hit the ball so that it goes over the net and bounces on the opponent’s half of the table in such a way that the opponent cannot reach it or return it correctly. The lightweight, hollow, celluloid ball is hit back and forth across the net by small rackets or paddles. The game is popular all over the world. In most countries, it is a highly organized, competitive sport, particularly in [[China]] and [[Japan]]. In the [[United States]] it is commonly referred to as "Ping Pong",[http://www.nbcolympics.com/tabletennis/] however, this is a generecized trademark from 1901.

President Richard Nixon used "Ping Pong Diplocamy" with China in the 1970s, where players of both nations would compete.

[[Category:Sports]]

Office of Naval Intelligence

2009-12-13T03:59:26Z

MadShell:

'''Office of Naval Intelligence''' (or ONI) is the [[military intelligence]] agency that provides for the intelligence and [[counterintelligence]] and investigative and security requirements of the [[United States Navy]].

==External Links==
[http://www.nmic.navy.mil/ Office of Naval Intelligence Home Page]

[[Category: United States Government Agencies]]
[[Category: United States Navy]]

Metal Gear Solid

2009-12-13T03:41:02Z

MadShell: A summary of controversial topics in this game, besides the violence.

'''Metal Gear Solid''' is the first in a long line of Playstation based stealth [[Video game|action games]]. The series deal primarily with conspiracy theories involving nuclear weapons, genetic engineering, artificial intelligence, and censorship. With the exception of Metal Gear Solid 2 and 3, Solid Snake is the main playable character.

In each installment, Snake would have to sneak into a place occupied with either terrorists or communists and rescue important government or military officials then destroy a "Metal Gear" and defeat super human bosses.

Despite being created by Japanese video game producer, Hideo Kojima, the series intensely related to American politics.

Plot Spoilers Ensue
==Terrorism==
All four games in the series released so far have featured terrorists as the enemies.

In Metal Gear Solid 1, an Alaskan military base is taken over by a terrorist group known as Foxhound, headed by Liquid Snake.

In Metal Gear Solid 2, a cleanup facility is hijacked by a terrorist group known as Dead Cell, headed by Solidus.

In Metal Gear Solid 3, a prequel set during the Cold War, a Russian terrorist group takes command of nuclear weapons. The player is under the impression that an American "patriot" known as The Boss betrays the United States. The U.S. president secretly works with the Russian president by sending an agent on a sneaking mission.

In Metal Gear Soild 4, a continuation of 2, a private military company battles a computer system known as "The Patriots." Many weapons are constantly hijacked.

==Cloning, Stem Cells, and Abortion==
The character Solid Snake, Liquid Snake, and Solidus are all clones of the super soldier Big Boss. In the method described in the game in vitro fertilization is used with eight embryos, and five of them are aborted to give rise to the clones.

Big Boss, after having been "mortally wounded," supposedly survives by being cryogenically frozen, then stem cells heal him.

[[Category:Video Games]]

Non-Violent Video Games

2009-12-13T02:52:23Z

MadShell: A warning for some of the examples used.

'''Non-Violent Video Games''' are [[video games]] that are not [[violent video games|violent]], and can help educate and entertain children in a safe, [[family-friendly]] manner. Ratings are usually useful for determining if a game is family-friendly, but this doesn't always work better than actually knowing the game, as some games may contain elements not taken in consideration when rated or may simply lack educational value. Examples of [[non-violent video games]] include:

*[[Tetris]] - the player requires quick-thinking skills to align falling blocks in order to obtain points.

*[[Mario|Mario series]] - all the games from the Mario series are family friendly and the types of games vary widely, examples are sports games, party games or traditionally platform games. Some games require mental or physical dexterity, strategy, etc.

*[[Madden]] - players can draft football teams and create their own defensive and offensive playbooks, helping children to learn strategy and quick-thinking skills.

*[[Adventures of Lolo]] - players assume the role of Lolo and rescue the kidnapped Princess Lulu. Players guide Lolo through a series of puzzles.

*[[SimCity]] - the player assumes the role of a city's mayor, which he must help grow. It teaches children organization, direction and problem-solving. There are other "Sim" games, ranging from managing a simple ant colony (SimAnt) to a whole planet (SimLife).

*[[Sonic the Hedgehog]] - the player controls Sonic and must frequently use his dexterity and reasoning to navigate through obstacles.

*[[The Bible Game]] - a [[Christian]]-themed party game with trivia questions related to the [[Bible]]

*[[Kirby]] series - a family-friendly and easy to play platform game where the player must use his reasoning to solve puzzles, usually involving obtaining special powers from enemies. The series also includes puzzle games (Kirby's Star Stacker), a Breakout clone (Kirby's Block Ball), and various others.

*[[Pac-Man]] - the player must guide himself through a labyrinth in order to collect pills with at the same time using his mental dexterity to avoid ghosts chasing him.

==Indirect Violence==
It should be noted that in some games, especially platform games, that player controlled characters can die by falling into holes or on spikes, common in Mario and Sonic games. Also, these games feature "boss battles" where a player must defeat an opponent, usually through physical means, such as jumping on the boss's head.

Party games, however, are usually non-violent, but may require parental review.

==External Links==
*[http://www.plaingames.com/ Plain Games].
*[http://www.familyfriendlygaming.com/ Family Friendly Gaming].
*[http://www.ccgr.org/links/christian-gaming.html Christ Centered Game Reviews].

[[Category:Video Games]]

Arm

2009-12-13T02:23:21Z

MadShell: Massive update.

An '''arm''' is a particular upper [[limb]] appendage having varying usage and strength within the animal kingdom. In humans it is made up of three distinct [[bone]]s:
* Humerus: (upper arm)
* Radius: (outer bone of the forearm, when supinated)
* Ulna: (inner bone of the forearm, when supinated)

The hands have these bones:
* Carpals: ("wrist bones,"
* Metacarpals: (longer bones in the "palm")
* Phalanges: (s. phalanx; two in the pollex, or thumb; three four the remaing four fingers)

The upper region of the arm has the following muscles:
* Deltoid ("shoulder", anterior, lateral, and posterior sections)
* Biceps brachii (the front, two heads)
* Triceps brachii (the back, three heads)

The forearm has these muscles:
* Brachioradialis (connects
* Supinator (turns forearm up)
* Pronator quadratus (turns forearm down)
* Flexor carpi radialis (flexes forearm)
* Flexor digitorum superficialis (flexes fingers)
* Flexor pollicis longus (flexes thumb)
* Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (straightens forearm)
* Extensor carpi ulnarus (straightens forearm)
* Extensor digitorum (straightens fingers)

Also, the hands have many muscles for fine control of the fingers.

== Sources ==

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/arm

[[Category:Anatomy]]

Cranium

2009-12-13T02:05:46Z

MadShell:

The '''cranium''' is the part of the [[skull]] which enclose the [[brain]] in its cranial cavity.

It consists of eight cranial bones:
*1 frontal bone (the forehead)
*2 parietal bones ("roof" and upper wall)
*2 temporal bones (lower wall and "floor")
*1 occipital bone (the back)
*1 sphenoid bone ("winged" shape bone inside)
*1 ethmoid bone (between the eyes)

[[Category:Anatomy]]

Cranium

2009-12-13T02:03:25Z

MadShell:

{{stub}}
The '''cranium''' is the part of the [[skull]] which enclose the [[brain]] in its cranial cavity.

It consists of eight cranial bones:
::1 frontal bone (the forehead)
::2 parietal bones ("roof" and upper wall)
::2 temporal bones (lower wall and "floor")
::1 occipital bone (the back)
::1 sphenoid bone ("winged" shape bone inside)
::1 ethmoid bone (between the eyes)

[[Category:Anatomy]]

Cranium

2009-12-13T02:02:54Z

MadShell: A more accurate entry.

{{stub}}
The '''cranium''' is the part of the [[skull]] which enclose the [[brain]] in its cranial cavity.

It consists of eight cranial bones:
1 frontal bone (the forehead)
2 parietal bones ("roof" and upper wall)
2 temporal bones (lower wall and "floor")
1 occipital bone (the back)
1 sphenoid bone ("winged" shape bone inside)
1 ethmoid bone (between the eyes)

[[Category:Anatomy]]

Skull

2009-12-13T01:58:05Z

MadShell: More accurate list of the parts of the skull.

[[Image:Human skull anterior view.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Human skull (anterior view)]][[Image:Human skull lateral view.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Human skull (lateral view)]]
The '''skull''' is a [[Bone|bony]] structure found in many [[Animalia|animals]] which provides the framework for the head and protects the brain from injury. Animals with skulls are called ''Craniates''.

The skull consists of the [[cranium]] and the [[mandible]], a vomer, two each of the maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, and nasal bones, and two inferior nasal concha.

[[Category:anatomy]]

Famous American writers

2009-12-13T01:47:19Z

MadShell: Alphabetized

A list of '''famous American writers''' can be found below:

[[Image:6357ytfhg.jpg|thumb|F. Scott Fitzgerald]]
* [[Bayard Taylor]]
* [[Chuck Palahniuk]]
* [[Edgar Allan Poe]]
* [[Emily Dickinson]]
* [[Ernest Hemingway]]
* [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]
* [[Herman Melville]]
* [[James Russell Lowell]]
* [[John Dos Passos]]
* [[John Steinbeck]]
* [[L. Frank Baum]]
* [[Louisa May Alcott]]
* [[Mark Twain]]
* [[Sinclair Lewis]]
* [[Stephen King]]
* [[Walt Whitman]]
* [[Washington Irving]]
* [[William Faulkner]]

{{Clear}}

[[Category:Authors]]
[[Category:Americans]]

Tritium

2009-12-13T01:02:02Z

MadShell:

Tritium is an [[isotope]] of [[hydrogen]], with a [[nucleus]] composed of a [[proton]] and two [[neutrons]]. It is very rare on [[Earth]], as it is only naturally produced by [[cosmic rays]]. Tritium is [[radioactive]] and decays into helium-3 by [[beta decay]], with a [[half-life]] of 4500 days <ref>http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/105/4/j54luc2.pdf</ref>. It has applications in [[nuclear fusion]] because tritium can undergo fusion with [[deuterium]] to produce [[helium]] and large amounts of energy. As it is so rare in nature, it is produced for use in [[nuclear weapons]] and for research by bombarding [[heavy water]] with neutrons.

==References==
<references/>

{{Category:Chemistry}}

The Simpsons

2009-12-12T23:49:15Z

MadShell:

'''''The Simpsons''''' is a satirical animated comedy series created by ''Life in Hell'' cartoonist [[Matt Groening]]. ''The Simpsons'' started on the ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'' in 1987. In December 1989 the show debuted on the [[Fox Network]]. The show was also made into a feature-length movie, which was released on 27 July 2007.

''The Simpsons'' is the longest-running sitcom in the [[United States]], as well as the longest-running animated television series, and is viewed all over the world. It has won 23 Emmy Awards, and will begin its 20th season in fall of 2008.

==Family==
The show revolves around the fictional Simpsons family.

===Homer Jay Simpson===
The overweight, balding father of the family. Homer "works" as a safety inspector in the local nuclear power plant - where he usually sleeps, which gets him into trouble with his boss, Mr. Burns. However, many episodes have shown him performing a wide range of other jobs. Homer enjoys a diet mostly centered around donuts and "Duff" beer. Homer is by choice quite lazy but does get pushed into occasionally performing heroic acts for his family.

===Marge Simpson===
Marjorie "Marge" Bouvier Simpson is the mother of the family. Instantly recognizable thanks to her unfeasibly large blue beehive hairdo, Marge provides the foundation for the family. Her relationship with Homer is portrayed as a loving one but frequently exasperating due mostly to Homer's buffoonery. Marge is in many respects the prototypical suburban American mother, as she stays at home and takes care of the family while Homer works. On a few occasions Marge has gotten a job which was met with horrible results.

===Bartholomew "Bart" Simpson===
Their son Bart, the eldest child, is a troublemaker and self-proclaimed underachiever. Bart has a mixed relationship with his father. While sometimes harboring a very close relationship with his father, Bart's opinion of Homer is all over the radar, ranging from very affectionate love to deep frustration.

===Lisa Simpson===
The older daughter. Lisa is mostly concerned with being a good student, protecting the environment (although she is involved with other [[liberal]] causes at different points in the show's history), and playing the [[saxophone]]. Her high intelligence relative to the rest of her family often makes her feel isolated.

===Maggie Simpson===
A baby who does not talk.

==Themes==
While The Simpsons has many [[liberal]] themes the basis and morals of the show often portray family centered values in a warped sort of way and many episodes have a strong [[church]] focus. The show also has many episodes which focus on politics. The writers of the show come from both liberal and conservative backgrounds, and this is reflected through the portrayal of American politics on the show. The Springfield [[Republican Party]] is headed by the villainous Mr. Burns and meets in an old castle. Twice they have put forwards candidates for elections: Burns himself ran for governor of the anonymous state Springfield is in, though he eventually lost; while in a later episode Sideshow Bob, though twice convicted for attempted murder, becomes Mayor of Springfield. He is removed from office when it is discovered that he personally and secretly committed large scale voting fraud. Meanwhile, the Springfield Democratic party is led by Mayor "Diamond" Joe Quimby, who is portrayed as a promiscuous, unfaithful and corrupt politician, once admitting openly that he murdered his opponents. Quimby and his family are clearly modeled on the Kennedy family.

It's portrayal of religion and [[Christianity]] in particular is often given in the form of Ned Flanders, the Simpsons' next door neighbor. A devout Christian, Ned is sometimes overbearing in his faith, but he is consistently shown to be compassionate and decent. In the series' first few seasons Ned was generally loathed by Homer for the perceived (and often real) superiority of Ned's quality of life. Later episodes have shown the two to be quite close at times, with more than a few featuring mutual adventures. Ned's reception amongst Christians has generally been positive <ref> http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/february5/1.28.html </ref>.

==Controversy==
Though The Simpsons is considerably less atheistic than other Fox shows such as Family Guy, recently, it has become more controversial. Ironically, Marge Simpson has been a highly controversial character.

Marge Simpson has appeared on the cover of Playboy.

In the 2009 Halloween Special, "Treehouse of Horror XX," the writers of the show took a jab at the Eucharist. In one story in this episode, the people of Springfield were zombified and Bart's DNA was a cure. When the Simpsons escaped Springfield, other survivors wanted to eat him, but Marge screams:

::“What kind of civilized people eat the body and blood of their savior?”

Catholic League President Bill Donahue criticized the writers for this line. <ref>http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/faith/2009/10/catholic_league_simpsons_donoh.html</ref>

==Reference==
{{reflist}}

==External Links==

* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096697/ IMDB Website]

[[category:Television Shows|Simpsons, The]]

The Simpsons

2009-12-12T23:46:22Z

MadShell: Added a section with examples of increasing liberalness.

'''''The Simpsons''''' is a satirical animated comedy series created by ''Life in Hell'' cartoonist [[Matt Groening]]. ''The Simpsons'' started on the ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'' in 1987. In December 1989 the show debuted on the [[Fox Network]]. The show was also made into a feature-length movie, which was released on 27 July 2007.

''The Simpsons'' is the longest-running sitcom in the [[United States]], as well as the longest-running animated television series, and is viewed all over the world. It has won 23 Emmy Awards, and will begin its 20th season in fall of 2008.

==Family==
The show revolves around the fictional Simpsons family.

===Homer Jay Simpson===
The overweight, balding father of the family. Homer "works" as a safety inspector in the local nuclear power plant - where he usually sleeps, which gets him into trouble with his boss, Mr. Burns. However, many episodes have shown him performing a wide range of other jobs. Homer enjoys a diet mostly centered around donuts and "Duff" beer. Homer is by choice quite lazy but does get pushed into occasionally performing heroic acts for his family.

===Marge Simpson===
Marjorie "Marge" Bouvier Simpson is the mother of the family. Instantly recognizable thanks to her unfeasibly large blue beehive hairdo, Marge provides the foundation for the family. Her relationship with Homer is portrayed as a loving one but frequently exasperating due mostly to Homer's buffoonery. Marge is in many respects the prototypical suburban American mother, as she stays at home and takes care of the family while Homer works. On a few occasions Marge has gotten a job which was met with horrible results.

===Bartholomew "Bart" Simpson===
Their son Bart, the eldest child, is a troublemaker and self-proclaimed underachiever. Bart has a mixed relationship with his father. While sometimes harboring a very close relationship with his father, Bart's opinion of Homer is all over the radar, ranging from very affectionate love to deep frustration.

===Lisa Simpson===
The older daughter. Lisa is mostly concerned with being a good student, protecting the environment (although she is involved with other [[liberal]] causes at different points in the show's history), and playing the [[saxophone]]. Her high intelligence relative to the rest of her family often makes her feel isolated.

===Maggie Simpson===
A baby who does not talk.

==Themes==
While The Simpsons has many [[liberal]] themes the basis and morals of the show often portray family centered values in a warped sort of way and many episodes have a strong [[church]] focus. The show also has many episodes which focus on politics. The writers of the show come from both liberal and conservative backgrounds, and this is reflected through the portrayal of American politics on the show. The Springfield [[Republican Party]] is headed by the villainous Mr. Burns and meets in an old castle. Twice they have put forwards candidates for elections: Burns himself ran for governor of the anonymous state Springfield is in, though he eventually lost; while in a later episode Sideshow Bob, though twice convicted for attempted murder, becomes Mayor of Springfield. He is removed from office when it is discovered that he personally and secretly committed large scale voting fraud. Meanwhile, the Springfield Democratic party is led by Mayor "Diamond" Joe Quimby, who is portrayed as a promiscuous, unfaithful and corrupt politician, once admitting openly that he murdered his opponents. Quimby and his family are clearly modeled on the Kennedy family.

It's portrayal of religion and [[Christianity]] in particular is often given in the form of Ned Flanders, the Simpsons' next door neighbor. A devout Christian, Ned is sometimes overbearing in his faith, but he is consistently shown to be compassionate and decent. In the series' first few seasons Ned was generally loathed by Homer for the perceived (and often real) superiority of Ned's quality of life. Later episodes have shown the two to be quite close at times, with more than a few featuring mutual adventures. Ned's reception amongst Christians has generally been positive <ref> http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/february5/1.28.html </ref>.

==Controversy==
Though The Simpsons is considerably less atheistic than other Fox shows such as Family Guy, recently, it has become more controversial. Ironically, Marge Simpson has been a highly controversial character.

Marge Simpson has appeared on the cover of Playboy.

In the 2009 Halloween Special, "Treehouse of Horror XX," the writers of the show took a jab at the Eucharist. In one story in this episode, the people of Springfield were zombified and Bart's DNA was a cure. When the Simpsons escaped Springfield, other survivors wanted to eat him, but Marge screams:

::“What kind of civilized people eat the body and blood of their savior?”

Catholic League President Bill Donahue criticized the writers for this line. <ref>http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/faith/2009/10/catholic_league_simpsons_donoh.html</ref>

==External Links==

* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096697/ IMDB Website]

[[category:Television Shows|Simpsons, The]]

Francis Collins

2009-12-12T23:02:50Z

MadShell: Just to get started; need help on formatting.

Dr. Francis Collins, a former atheist who converted to Christianity, is the current director of the National Institutes of Health. He was appointed by President Barack Hussein Obama in 2009. Pope Benedict XVI has also appointed him to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Formerly, Collins was the head of the Human Genome Project at the National Human Genome Research Institute.

He is the author of "The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief" and is a speaker for the Veritas Forum at college campuses. He cites C.S. Lewis's writings on Christianity in turning him away from atheism, which he now renounces as the least rational worldview.

===Views===
Collins promotes theological evolution, which he calls BioLogos. He believes a non-literal interpretation of creation as it appears in Genesis. However, he believes the fine-tuning of the physical constants and the existence of a Moral Law prove the existence of a loving God.

He is also an advocate for therapeutic cloning without the use of embryonic stem cells.

== External links ==
http://biologos.org/about

==References==
The Language of God, 2006

Liver

2009-12-12T22:36:48Z

MadShell: Rewrite, clarification, moved topics

The '''liver''' is an [[organ]] of the body, a crucial part of the [[digestive system]] which produces [[bile]].

==Organ Function==

One of the most important functions of the liver is to filter the blood that runs through the body. When harmful substances such as drugs, alcohol, metabolic waste and chemicals are ingested and reach the liver, they are at least partially filtered out before the rest of that material hits the blood stream. Healthy livers can usually filter about 1.5 quarts of blood per minute, or about 540 gallons of blood per day.

The liver is also a vital component of the digestive system. After you eat a meal, the liver is stimulated to produce a special digestive enzyme called bile. Bile is created in the liver and then stored in the gallbladder. Once the food reaches the intestines the gall bladder releases the bile into the duodenum, aiding in digestion. The bile is used to break down the complex fat in the diet. The liver is one of the main storage areas in the body for vitamins, energy, and minerals (especially iron). The liver is able to store these products and then release them into the bloodstream as they are needed.

This liver is largely involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. With carbohydrates the liver creates glucose from amino acids and breaks down glycogen into glucose. With lipids the liver synthesizes cholesterol and produces triglycerides. With proteins, the liver converts lactic acid to alanine.

The liver is involved in creating blood clotting substances, such as fibrinogen and prothrombin, converting ammonia to urea and also helps with the immune system by storing active immunologic cells.

It is only internal organ which can fully regenerate its own tissue.

==Disorders==

The liver can be damaged by excessive [[alcohol]] consumption, [[drug abuse]] or, in severe cases, an extremely poor [[diet]]. However, because liver tissue can regenerate, liver damage can be reversed if consumption of alcohol, drugs, or unhealthy foods ceases.

The liver is unable to always completely filter out these substances. This especially true in the case of alcohol, because it is consumed faster than the liver can filter the blood.

==As Food==

Animals' and birds' livers are often eaten as food, including [[lamb]], [[chicken]], [[duck]] and [[goose]] liver. Liver [[pâté]], such as [[foie gras]] is considered a delicacy, although there are concerns over the treatment of the ducks or geese involved, since this pâté can only be produced by chronically overfeeding them to engorge the liver.

== See also ==

*[[Hemorrhoids]]

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/liver/liver.shtml BBC Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - Organ Layer]

[[category:anatomy]]

Heart

2009-12-12T22:26:07Z

MadShell: /* Organ Function */

[[Image:Immacualte Heart of Mary.JPG|thumb|right|''The Immaculate Heart of Mary'']]The '''heart''' is an [[organ]] that pumps [[blood]] via the [[circulatory system]] to the rest of the body. The heart is a marvelously crafted [[muscle|muscular]] pump and in humans, the heart of an [[embryo]] begins beating 21 days after [[conception]].

==Organ Function==

The heart is situated inside the [[thorax]] in vertebrates, and in the human body is slightly to the left. The human heart consists of 4 main chambers, 2 [[atrium|atria]] and 2 [[ventricle]]s. The right side of the heart receives de-oxygenated blood from other parts of the body and pumps it to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returns to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart pumps the oxygen-carrying blood to the rest of the body. A heartbeat is a single pumping cycle of the heart which comprises three major stages: atrial systole, ventricular systole and complete cardiac diastole.

The right and left coronary arteries branch off the aorta and then divide into smaller branches, supplying all portions of the heart with blood and oxygen. In order for the heart to function properly, it must receive a continuous supply of fresh oxygen-enriched blood. The coronary arteries surround the heart and carry the blood which nourishes the heart muscle. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right and back sides of the heart. The left coronary artery divides into two main branches--the circumflex and the left anterior descending--supplying blood to the left side of the heart.

There are four heart valves. They are all one-way valves to keep blood moving through the various chambers of the heart.

The mitral valve guards the opening between the atrium and the ventricle in the left side of the heart. It allows blood to flow forward from the atrium to the ventricle, and prevents blood from flowing backwards. The mitral valve has tiny cords attached to the walls of the ventricles. This helps support the valve’s small flaps or leaflets.

The aortic valve, also called a semi-lunar valve, has three segments that prevent the return of the blood from the aorta to the left ventricle. Valves on the heart’s left side need to withstand much pressure. Sometimes they wear out and leak or become thick and stiff.

The pulmonary valve is located at the junction of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the pulmonary valve opens, forcing the blood into the artery which leads to the lungs. It is also a semi-lunar valve. When the chamber relaxes, this valve closes and prevents a backflow of the blood.

The tricuspid valve is located between the upper and lower chamber in the right side of the heart. Its position corresponds to the mitral valve in the left side of the heart.

==Disorders==

Abnormal heartbeats, called arrhythmia, or slower or faster heartbeats, called bradycardia and tachycardia, respectively, are dangerous medical conditions which often appear as a result of an underlying condition.

A [[Myocardial infarction|myocardial infarction]], more commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood vessels which supply the hearts muscle tissue become partially or totally blocked. Heart attack is the number one cause of death in America.

==Poetic Significance==

It is the universal symbol of [[love]] and the heart is also called a Valentine.

In the [[Bible]], the heart is a metaphor for the seat for our deepest emotions and wishes, and for the seat of [[sin]]. <ref>http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=858.# The seat of Sin, the heart</ref>

== See Also ==

*[[Heart attack]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypotension]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
*[[Mitral regurgitation]]

== references ==
<references />

[[Category:Anatomy]]

History of Louisiana

2009-12-12T22:14:01Z

MadShell:

The '''History of Lousisiana''' covers the state from European discovery to the 21st century.

==20th century==
===Prohibition===
The state legislature ratified the 18th Amendment in August 1918 by a narrow margin, as north and central Louisiana "dry" interests defeated the "wet" votes of southern Louisiana and New Orleans. New Orleans opposed [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]] and was a center for bootlegging to dry regions throughout the Gulf South. Many establishments in the city secretly and openly defied the ban on alcoholic beverages. Despite heavy enforcement efforts, wine, beer, and liquor remained widely available un New Orleans and other cities throughout the period. Prohibition violation contributed to the rise of organized crime, gangsterism and bribery of public officials in New Orleans as in other large cities. Across the state enforcement battled popular opposition and flaunting of prohibition.<ref> Joy J. Jackson, "Prohibition in New Orleans: The Unlikeliest Crusade," '' Louisiana History'' 1978 19(3): 261-284. 0024-6816 </ref>

==21st century==
===Hurricane Katrina===
In 2005, New Orleans was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina. Democratic governor Kathleen Blanco and Democratic mayor Ray Nagin have been heavily criticized for their ineffective responses.

==Further reading==
====references====
<references/>

[[category:Louisiana]]
[[category:The South]]
[[category:American Civil War]]
[[category:Reconstruction]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Louisiana, History of}}

User talk:MadShell

2009-12-12T22:06:17Z

MadShell:

Please make a request on [[User talk:Aschlafly]] to have your account name changed to your real first name and last initial. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 16:56, 12 December 2009 (EST)

How do I do that?

...Click on this: [[User talk:Aschlafly]]. Click the "+" between edits and history. For subject/headline, put "name change request." In the big box, put "please change my name to (your real name and last initial) [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 17:03, 12 December 2009 (EST)". Honestly, if you can reply here, you already know how to ask to have your name changed. I bet you're the kind of person who watches intently when the stewardess demonstrates how to use a seatbelt, too. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 17:03, 12 December 2009 (EST)

Why do I have to change my name?! It pretty much is my real first name (and last name), minus two letters!

And I didn't know how to create a new section, so what's with the extra comment?

User talk:MadShell

2009-12-12T21:59:22Z

MadShell:

Please make a request on [[User talk:Aschlafly]] to have your account name changed to your real first name and last initial. [[User:JacobB|JacobB]] 16:56, 12 December 2009 (EST)

How do I do that?

Sin

2009-12-12T21:52:11Z

MadShell:

''For the mathematical function, see [[sine]].''

'''Sin''' is a failure to conform to the standard of [[morality]], or the state of the world that results from such failure.

== Meaning of sin ==
The root meaning of the English word ''sin'' is actually, "He is guilty as charged." This in turn implies that the person committing the offense knew, or ought to have known, that his act would ''be'' an offense before he committed it. This word actually captures the meaning that many religious traditions ascribe to sin.

The [[Greek]] word used in the original [[New Testament]] and translated "sin" in English is '''ἁμαρτία''' (''hamartia'') (whence ''[[hamartoma]]'' a malformation of [[cell]]s that are within their usual place in the body). This word captures the ''[[Christian]]'' meaning of sin much better. ''Hamartia'' means ''missing a target.'' Thus sin does not require bad intentions, but might result from a misunderstanding. This is not to say that the consequences are any less dire, however. It does mean that sin need not be intentional; it can be a knowing (but not intentional), reckless, or negligent act.

=== Required: a moral context ===
Sin, which is a moral failure, cannot exist in the absence of a code of [[morality]].

This is not to say that sin requires a context of ''divinity.'' The context in which sin ceases to have meaning is not [[atheism]] ''per se'' but rather [[amoralism]]--the doctrine that says that no person may properly define what is moral for another, because no two people will ever value the same thing to the same degree, or value the same collection of things by the same rank structure.

Whether any man ''ever'' lives without some form of moral code--even if that code is, "I denounce as sin any disagreement with myself or any attempt to stand in my way"--is [[Can any man live without some code of morality?|debatable]]. Nevertheless, without ''some'' form of moral context, sin has no meaning.

== Differing views of sin ==
==== Jewish ====
In [[Judaism]], and certainly in ancient practice, the preferred method of [[atonement]] for sin was [[blood sacrifice]]. The Book of [[Leviticus]] prescribed multiple animal sacrifices for atonement for various types of sin. But by far the most important atonement--on the [[Day of Atonement]] (''Yowm Kippur'')--was made by the high priest of the [[Hebrew]] people (originally [[Aaron]], brother of [[Moses]]). This involved making a blood sacrifice, entering the [[Holy of Holies]] (in [[Latin]], ''sanctum sanctorum''), and sprinkling some of the blood from the sacrifice on the [[Ark of the Covenant]].

Animal sacrifice has not been part of Jewish practice since the destruction of the [[Temple of Jerusalem]] by the future Emperor [[Titus]] in 70 AD. But the [[Old Testament]] did not imply that animal sacrifice was the sole ''necessary'' measure for reconciliation. Simple repentance and prayer sufficed numerous times in Bible history.

Today, though animal sacrifices are no longer observed, Jews do observe ''Yom Kippur'' and other festivals related to repentance and reconciliation. But a movement now exists to attempt to regain exclusive control of the [[Temple Mount]] area in [[Jerusalem]], rebuild the Temple, and resume the burnt offerings, sin offerings, and guilt offerings prescribed in the [[Torah]].

In traditional Jewish thought, sin may be balanced by the good deeds one performs throughout life; the image of scales weighing one's life are prominent in folklore, similar to other ancient Middle Eastern religions such as ancient Egypt.

=== Christian views ===
''See also: [[Seven Deadly Sins]]''
==== Roman Catholic ====
Catholics classify sins as [[venial sin]] and [[mortal sin]] ([[grave sin]]).<ref> [http://www.saintaquinas.com/mortal_sin.html What is a Mortal Sin?]</ref>

[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] doctrine distinguishes [[original sin]], or the sin of [[Adam]], from ''personal'' sins, which require individual reconciliation with God. A personal sin may be ''mortal'' (a particularly grave matter that the perpetrator commits by deliberate intent) or ''venial'' (a less grave matter that could result from a misunderstanding). The RCC distinction is: Mortal sins cut a person off from the grace of God; venial sins do not, but still injure one's relationship to God. A mortal sin is defined in the Roman Catholic church as being any transgression (a) regarding a grave matter, (b) which was premeditated and (c) committed with full knowledge of its sinful nature. A venial sin is defined as any sin which does not fulfil all three conditions for a mortal sin.

The one mortal sin that, to a Catholic, would be unforgivable (because its successful commission leaves no opportunity for reconciliation later), is [[suicide]]. Beyond that, a person may receive reconciliation for a mortal sin by making [[Confession (Catholic)|confession]] to a [[Priest (Catholic)|priest]] and receiving the ceremony of [[Absolution from sin|absolution]]. One can reconcile from a venial sin by the sacrament of reconciliation, or by receiving communion, or [[Holy Eucharist]].

Roman Catholic doctrine historically included two other controversial holdings. One is [[purgatory]], a place where the soul must be held to "purge" him of all traces of sin before he can gain entry to [[heaven]]. Redemption from purgatory allegedly required the payment of a monetary fee by the deceased's relatives to the Church. The other is the [[indulgence]], a fee paid to the church by the perpetrator in advance. Indulgences have not been sold for centuries, and recently [[Pope]] [[Benedict XVI]] issued an [[encyclical]] casting doubt on the entire concept of purgatory.<ref>''Encyclical Letter, Spe Salvi, Of The Supreme Pontiff, Benedict XVI, To The Bishops, Priests, Deacons, Men And Women Religious, And All The Lay Faithful, On Christian Hope'' 30 November 2007 [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spe-salvi_en.html Vatican website] Accessed 3 January 2008.</ref>

===== Virgin Mary =====
Roman Catholic doctrine holds that not only was [[Jesus]] sinless, but so, also, was His Mother, [[Virgin Mary|Mary]]. The belief that the Virgin Mary was sinless at conception is called the [[Immaculate Conception]].

The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] teaches that the Virgin Mary was born with Original Sin but that she was cleansed of this sin at the time of the Annunciation. The Church also teaches that by free will she did not commit any actual sin.

This doctrine, called ''Marianism'', is not ''universally'' held by all Catholics, however.

==== Anglican Communion ====
The [[Anglican Communion]], essentially the breakaway church of the [[United Kingdom]], retains the Roman Catholic tradition of confession and absolution of sin. But instead of an individual process, confession in Anglican churches is a group activity, and absolution is pronounced by a [[Minister (Protestant)|minister]] to the entire church-going group. Purgatory and indulgences have no place in Anglican doctrine.

==== Eastern and Oriental Orthodox ====

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] there are no "categories" of sin as found in the Christian West. In the pre-Vatican II Roman Catholic catechism, sins were categorized as "mortal" and "venial." These categories do not exist in the Orthodox Church.

Orthodoxy believes that, while everyone bears the consequences of the first sin, the foremost of which is death, only Adam and Eve are guilty of that sin. Roman Catholicism teaches that everyone bears not only the consequence, but also the guilt, of that sin.

The Orthodox churches, including Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox, differ little from [[Judaism]] in their holding of what sin is and how to reconcile it--except that animal sacrifices have never been part of Orthodox tradition.

==== The Reformation ====
In [[1517]], [[Martin Luther]] led the most serious break from Roman Catholic doctrine and tradition, the [[Protestant Reformation]]. This occurred at about the time that King [[Henry VIII]], then of the [[Kingdom of England]], formed the Church of England, the forerunner of the Anglican Communion.

Luther is most famous for his "95 precepts nailed to the church-house door." The most important of these is the principle that he stated in Latin as ''[[Sola Scriptura]]''--literally, "by Scripture only." Luther rejected out-of-hand most of the various categories of sin, and the elaborate rituals that attended its so-called reconciliation.

To Luther, and to his intellectual heirs in the [[Lutheran Church]] and the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], the Bible tells all one needs to know about sin. Sin, according to Luther, is any failure to observe God's commandments or other Godly precepts that one may determine from the actual teachings of [[Jesus]] and of His [[Apostle]]s (especially [[Paul]], the most prolific writer among them). ''Reconciliation'' from sin was a ''private'' matter between God and any of His followers. A priest or minister ''was not'' required, because that would imply that a human being, of whatever office, could stand in the place of God--a thing Luther regarded as an insult to God, which is the definition of [[blasphemy]].

Nor was any animal sacrifice required, because [[Jesus]] Himself made the One Total and Complete Sacrifice of His own life for the sin condition of the world (see below) and for the sins of individual people, past, present ''and future''. Salvation was strictly by faith and strictly by grace. Luther drew directly on the letters of [[Paul]] that addressed this very subject.

==== The Baptist Tradition ====
The [[Baptist|Baptists]] would generally agree with Luther. Like him, Baptists hold that sin is an act or omission that displeases God, and the state of being that the perpetrator falls into, and remains in until he has confessed this sin.

Baptist churches do not tend to engage in corporate, collective confessions. Rather, Baptist practice depends heavily on {{Bible ref|book=Matthew|chap=18|verses=15-20|version=KJV}}, which prescribes this procedure for the handling of sin that gives offense to a fellow believer:

# The aggrieved person, or the minister if the aggrieved person has asked him to, tries to encourage the perpetrator to repent. ''Repentance'' (Greek ''metanoia'') means a change of mind, or a change of heart.
# Failing that, whoever tried to talk to the perpetrator the first time, tries a second time and brings a witness.
# If this still does not bring repentance, and a cessation of the behavior, then and only then does the matter come before the entire church. The minister lays out the case, and puts the matter to a vote as to whether the offender ought to be allowed to remain in fellowship.

Not all Baptist churches practice this discipline, however. In such environments, sin is a matter between the offender and God (and the person or persons to whom the offender might have given offense). Some observers suggest that churches suffer when they fail to practice discipline as they should.

==== Fundamentalists ====
: ''Main Article: [[Sin (Fundamentalism)]]''

The above article is a comprehensive theory of sin, and its effects on the offender, on mankind as a whole, and on the entire world.

=== Islam ===
In [[Islam]], sin is very simple: anything that runs counter to the will of [[Allah]] (Arabic for [[God]]). In Islam, sin is simply an act, never a state of being.

Islam recognizes five gradations of sin, in order of severity:

# Mistakes.
# Immorality.
# Transgressions.
# Wickedness and depravity.
# Ascribing a partner to God. Thus this one special instance of [[blasphemy]] is held worse than any other sin a man can commit.

In Islam, permanent reconciliation cannot come in life. Instead, at death, a person has his "good deeds" measured against his "bad deeds" (sins). If the good outweighs the bad, then the person must walk a tightrope over a lake of fire in order to cross into heaven. Islam, however, offers one important exception: any person who dies ''in the course of an act that advances the Muslim faith'' gains automatic entry into heaven, regardless of any prior sins he has committed. The usual, and some Muslims (particularly the [[Wahhabism|Wahabbi]] sect) say the only, context for such a death is ''[[jihad]]'', literally ''holy [[war]]''. Furthermore, ''jihad'' is a ''physical'' war against non-adherents to Islam.

Other Muslims will say that ''jihad'' is not physical at all, but refers instead to a personal struggle that every Muslim must engage in continually against sin and the temptations thereto.

Still others state that two forms of Jihad are known:
# The greater Jihad, which is the internal struggle within a person against sin.
# The lesser Jihad, physical war against the infidel.

Those who make that distinction state that what they call the "lesser jihad" is practiced only by fanatical holders to Islam. A ''fanatic'' is one who holds to a set of beliefs uncritically--that is, without being willing to judge them. Since the [[World Trade Center incident]], a number of Muslims ''have'' begun a critical analysis of Muslim doctrine (both verbal and written) and the place of Islam in the civilized world. Whether those voices can find sufficent logical support in the written texts that define Islam is debatable.

=== Totalitarianism ===
[[Totalitarianism]] is a [[philosophy]] of [[government]] that holds that the government ''must'' have absolute authority over ''all'' aspects of life. [[Communist]]s are totalitarians, just as the [[Nazi]]s were.

Totalitarian authorities and their apologists have their concept of sin as well: it is anything that works against the government, or tries to thwart its goals. This is true even in a regime that is explicitly [[Atheism|atheistic]] in world view. Reconciliation generally requires recantation.

=== Environmentalism ===
[[Environmentalism]] also has a standard of value: ''the good of the planet as a wild system.'' Anything that harms the earth or makes it less wild is sinful in this system. The controversy surrounding [[global warming]] is, at root, a controversy about environmentalism as a source of moral values, and the allegation that humans in general, and/or some humans in particular, have transgressed against the environmentalist moral standard.

== Summary ==
Some religious and philosophical traditions consider sin to be a deliberate act; others say that it can be merely a mistake. Some say that reconciliation for sin requires a certain work; others that reconciliation is by the grace of [[God]] (or, for some, a cult leader), and still others (most notably the Objectivists) say that reconciliation is not required, except perhaps to any particular affronted person.

[[atheism|Atheists]] typically lack a concept of sin, and may even ridicule it. More generally, ''amoral'' individuals deny that sin exists, because sin presupposes a moral code that someone might breach.
==Further reading==
* Bretzke, James T. ''A Morally Complex World: Engaging Contemporary Moral Theology'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Morally-Complex-World-Engaging-Contemporary/dp/0814651585/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1260605470&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]
* Connolly, Hugh. ''Sin'' (2002) 168pp very brief history of sin in Christian theology; 120pp
* Paulson, Ronald. ''Sin and Evil: Moral Values in Literature''(2007) 403pp.; focus on Swift, Dickens, Hawthorne, Melville, James, Conrad, Faulkner, Greene, and Vonnegut

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Sin]]
[[Category:Christian Theology]]

Animal

2009-12-12T21:46:11Z

MadShell:

{{Taxonomy
|image=Vulpes vulpes.jpg
|kingdom=Animalia}}
An '''animal''' is any creature which is a member of the [[Animalia]] kingdom. Animals must eat [[plant]]s or other organisms to survive. The plants are called "producers" and the animals are "consumers". Animals have complex [[eukaryotic cell]]s, unlike bacteria which have much simpler [[prokaryote|prokaryotic]] cells. Animal cells do not have [[cell wall]]s, only structural [[protein]]s in the [[cell membrane]]; this allows the animal cell a degree of flexibility.

The simplest of all animals are [[sponge]]s, which do not move. Sponges have different cells for different tasks, but these cells are not organized further into [[tissue]]s or [[organ]]s. Sponges also do not exhibit [[symmetry]], unlike all other animals.

The next simplest animals comprise a single species, which fall somewhere between sponges and all other animals. This species, ''Trichoplax adhaerans'', is very small, yet has cells organized into different tissues, though it does not have organs.

True Animals are grouped into a sub-kingdom called Eumetazoa. All True Animals have tissues and organs, except for one type called Myxozoa. These have regressed to a single-celled form.

The simplest eumetazons are the Radiata, a loose group that includes jellyfish, corals, and comb jellies. Most of them belong in the phylum Cnidaria, except for the comb jellies, which comprise the phylum Ctenophora. Radiatans have what is called radial symmetry, where they can be divided into two even halves in many planes, like a wheel or a circle. All cnidarians have special cells called cnidocytes, which produce the sting. Comb jellies have no such cells and are harmless to humans.

==Biblical origin of animals==
The Book of [[Genesis]] specifies both when and why [[God]] created animals. The "when" is found in the following passage from Genesis ch. 1, which states that God created aquatic creatures and birds on the fifth day and that on the sixth day He created land animals and then man:
{{Bible quote|And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl [that] may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that [it was] good. And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that [it was] good. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. So God created man in his [own] image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.|book=Genesis|chap=1|verses=20-28|version=KJV}}
The "why" is found in the following passage from Genesis ch. 2, which states that after God had created man, He created land animals and [[birds]] in an attempt (ultimately unsuccessful) to provide one of the animals as a help mate for [[man]]. In the second chapter of Genesis the alternate creation myth offered then has God creating [[Woman]] only after He did not find a helpful mate for man in all the animals. This is different from the first chapter in which the animals were created first and then [[Man]] and [[Woman]] were both created on the same day:
{{Bible quote|And the LORD God said, [It is] not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought [them] unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that [was] the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.|book=Genesis|chap=2|verses=18-20|version=KJV}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/animals/ What Liberals Say - Category: Animals], [[Accuracy In Media]]

[[Category:Animals]]