Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Sir Jimmy Savile

2015-04-18T21:58:47Z

Mersey:

This should probably be rewritten relating to the sexual abuse reports. [[User:Username|Mersey]] ([[User talk:Username| talk ]]) 17:58, 18 April 2015 (EDT)

----

Please change the Heading to '''Sir Jimmy Savile''' (One ell.) [[User:AlanE|AlanE]] 23:14, 12 October 2012 (EDT)

Red Bull

2015-04-18T21:48:19Z

Mersey: added links

'''Red Bull''' is an energy drink produced in [[Austria]]. According to a 2005 study, it was the most popular energy drink in the world, possessing over 60% of the market share.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-01-04/energy-drinks-build-their-buzz ''Energy Drinks Build Their Buzz'', Bloomberg Businessweek, January 4th, 2005]</ref> It's main alertness-inducing ingredients are caffeine, taurine and glucuronolactone, all of which can cause adverse cardiovascular effects. However, a study by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has concluded that the amounts present in Red Bull are considered safe.<ref>[http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/935.htm ''The use of taurine and D-glucurono-gamma-lactone as constituents of the so-called “energy” drinks'', EFSA]</ref>

Red Bull also owns several sports teams, most notably the [[New York Red Bulls]] ([[MLS]]) and [[Red Bull Racing]] ([[Formula 1]]).

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[category:Austria]]

Plastics

2015-04-18T21:29:35Z

Mersey: Redirected page to Plastic

#REDIRECT [[Plastic]]

Alkene

2015-04-18T21:29:07Z

Mersey: added use in plastics

An '''alkene''' is a [[carbon]] based [[molecule]] where at least two of the carbon atoms in the molecule are joined by a double bond. The simplest alkene is [[ethylene]] (C2H4), which is commonly used in [[chemical engineering]] and also acts as a plant [[hormone]]. They are also used as Monomers to form [[plastics]], such as [[poly(ethene)]] being formed from the alkene [[ethene]] (C2H4)

==See Also==
*[[Functional group]]
*[[Alkane]]
*[[Alkyne]]

[[Category:Organic Chemistry]]

Hydrocarbon

2015-04-18T21:09:50Z

Mersey:

A [[hydrocarbon]] (HC) is a substance that is made of [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]].

Some examples are [[methane]], [[ethane]], [[propane]] (used for fuel), [[butane]] (used in lighters), [[pentane]], [[hexane]], [[heptane]], and [[octane]].

Although they are highly flammable, HCs may offer advantages as ODS substitutes because they are inexpensive to produce and they have zero [[ozone depletion potential]], very low [[global warming potential]] (GWP), and low [[toxicity]].

[[Category:Organic Chemistry]]

Talk:Hydrocarbon

2015-04-18T21:09:29Z

Mersey: Created page with "I removed the statment claiming hydrocarbons are known as alkanes, due to Hydrocarbons and Alkanes not being the same thing, as although all Alkanes are Hydrocarbons, there are t..."

I removed the statment claiming hydrocarbons are known as alkanes, due to Hydrocarbons and Alkanes not being the same thing, as although all Alkanes are Hydrocarbons, there are types of Hydrocarbon other than Alkanes. [[User:Username|Mersey]] ([[User talk:Username| talk ]])

WikiLeaks

2015-04-18T20:38:33Z

Mersey: no longer powered by mediawiki

'''WikiLeaks''' is a [[website]] that publishes documents leaked to them by anonymous sources. These include sensitive [[national security]]-related [[government]] documents. WikiLeaks hosts millions of such documents.

Its founder, [[Australia]]n [[leftist]] [[Julian Assange]], has called it "an uncensorable system for untraceable mass document leaking and public analysis."<ref> [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/06/07/100607fa_fact_khatchadourian New Yorker, 6/7/2010]</ref>

After the release of the U.S. military Iraq files, there have been calls for an electronic offensive against the organization. In August 2010, [[Pentagon]] press secretary Geoff Morrell left open the possibility of offensive action against WikiLeaks. In October 2010, Adm. [[Mike Mullen]], chairman of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], sent a note out through [[Twitter]] saying: "Another irresponsible posting of stolen classified documents by WikiLeaks puts lives at risk and gives adversaries valuable information." <ref>[http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-20020835-38.html Has WikiLeaks landed in cyberattack crosshairs? CNET, October 27, 2010]</ref> [[The Washington Times]] calls WikiLeaks "threat to U.S. [[national security]]" and "should be treated accordingly." Not only is WikiLeaks a threat to our troops on the battlefield, it is a threat to people and families cooperating with the United States. Our enemies are learning how the military operates. As of December 1st, 2010 Wikileak documents are no longer hosted on [[Amazon.com]] servers in [[Ireland]]. No indication if Octopuce servers in [[France]] will cease hosting files. Earlier in 2010, WikiLeak servers were located in [[Iceland]].

Top [[Obama Administration]] justice official [[Eric Holder]] has done nothing for months as WikiLeaks released [[top secret]] cables. Julian Assange is in the custody of [[Great Britain]] regarding rape allegations, which he denies.

==Islamic Terrorism==
For years, Wikileaks has been very useful in combating [[Islamic terrorism]] and [[sharia law]] by hosting material which elsewhere was subject to bans, [[Media blackout|blackouts]], and death threats. Examples include hosting the documentaries [[Fitna]] by [[Geert Wilders]] and [[Theo Van Gogh]]'s similar movie [[Submission (film)]].

==State Department==
Damaging leaks from the [[U.S. State Department]] were the third in a series of data dumps to the [[media]]. Embarrassing interactions between heads of states, damning details of positions and policies involved. [[Hillary Clinton]] was shown to request [[eavesdropping]] on certain people.

==Russia==
Reportedly classified [[Russia]]n documents are in the media pipeline that embarrasses Kremlin leaders [[Putin]] and Medvedev.

==Iraq==
Information acquired from classified [[Iraq war]] documents shows evidence of [[Weapons of Mass Destruction]], mostly remnants of the first [[Gulf War]] stockpiles. [[Chemical weapons]] were uncovered from 2004 through the summer of 2008. Also, [[terrorist]] elements tried to acquire these and create their own clandestine chemical weapons labs. <ref>[http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/10/wikileaks-show-wmd-hunt-continued-in-iraq-with-surprising-results/ WikiLeaks Show WMD Hunt Continued in Iraq – With Surprising Results, Wired, October 23, 2010]</ref>

==[[Afghanistan]]==
Several WikiLeaks colleagues say he, Julian Assange, acted alone when deciding to release the [[Afghan]] documents without removing the names of Afghan intelligence sources for [[NATO]] troops. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/world/24assange.html?_r=1 WikiLeaks Founder on the Run, Trailed by Notoriety, NYTimes, october 23, 2010]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

== See Also ==
*[[Political Research Associates]]
*[[Essay:The Protocols of Ritual Defamation]]
*[[Greenpeace]]

==External links==
*[http://www.wikileaks.org Wikileaks home page] ([https://secure.wikileaks.org/wiki/Wikileaks secure])

[[Category: Wikis]]
[[Category: Liberal Organizations]]
{{liberalism}}

Particle accelerator

2015-04-18T20:18:09Z

Mersey: added links

A '''Particle accelerator''' is a large machine that uses electric fields to accelerate [[particles]] that have electrical charges. Two different types are linear and circular. Linear machines have functions in areas of medicine, while circular accelerators are the types that are used to search for [[subatomic particle]]s.

The [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) is a particle accelerator, with a circumference of 27km, located at the [[CERN]] facility located on the border of France and Switzerland. Built over 15 years at a cost of $9 billion, it is the largest and most ambitious piece of machinery ever conceived and built by man.

[[Category: Physics]]

User:Mersey

2015-04-18T20:14:15Z

Mersey:

This is my user page.
should you need to contact me, try here first.
----
== About Me ==
{| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:{{{info-background|{{{2|#EEE}}}}}};"
| style="width:45px; height:45px; background:{{{logo-background|{{{1|#DDD}}}}}}; text-align:center; font-size:{{{logo-size|{{{5|8}}}}}}pt; color:{{{logo-color|black}}}; padding:{{{logo-padding|{{{id-p|1pt}}}}}}; line-height:{{{logo-line-height|{{{id-lh|1.25em}}}}}}; {{{logo-other-param|{{{id-op|}}}}}}" | '''{{{logo|{{{3|Majority ≠ right }}}}}}'''
| style="font-size:{{{info-size|8}}}pt; padding:{{{info-padding|{{{info-p|4pt}}}}}}; line-height:{{{info-line-height|{{{info-lh|1.25em}}}}}}; color:{{{info-color|black}}}; {{{info-other-param|{{{info-op|}}}}}}" | This user recognizes that even if 300,000,000 people make the same mistake, it's still a mistake.
|}
{{userbox
| border-c = blue
| id = GB
| id-c = blue
| id-fc = {{{id-fc|white}}}
| id-s = {{{5|{{{id-s|14}}}}}}
| info = '''British English''' is used by this user.
| info-c = white
| info-fc = {{{info-fc|black}}}
| info-s = {{{info-s|8}}}
| usercategory = User en-gb
| nocat = {{{nocat|}}}
}}<noinclude><div style="clear: both">
{{userbox-level
| level = 2
| id = [[HTML]]
| id-s = 9
| info = {{{1|This user is an ''' intermediate HTML''' user.}}}
| usercategory = User html-2
| category = html user
}}<noinclude><div style="clear: both">
{{Userbox |DarkCyan|CornflowerBlue|MCR|This user speaks Mancunian. }}
 
 
 
I am from the British city of [[Manchester]], in NW England, I mainly edit articles relating to the area, although I often make minor edits to other pages. [[User:Username|Mersey]] ([[User talk:Username| talk ]])

User:Mersey

2015-04-18T20:13:34Z

Mersey:

This is my user page.
should you need to contact me, try here first.
----
== About Me ==
{| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:{{{info-background|{{{2|#EEE}}}}}};"
| style="width:45px; height:45px; background:{{{logo-background|{{{1|#DDD}}}}}}; text-align:center; font-size:{{{logo-size|{{{5|8}}}}}}pt; color:{{{logo-color|black}}}; padding:{{{logo-padding|{{{id-p|1pt}}}}}}; line-height:{{{logo-line-height|{{{id-lh|1.25em}}}}}}; {{{logo-other-param|{{{id-op|}}}}}}" | '''{{{logo|{{{3|Majority ≠ right }}}}}}'''
| style="font-size:{{{info-size|8}}}pt; padding:{{{info-padding|{{{info-p|4pt}}}}}}; line-height:{{{info-line-height|{{{info-lh|1.25em}}}}}}; color:{{{info-color|black}}}; {{{info-other-param|{{{info-op|}}}}}}" | This user recognizes that even if 300,000,000 people make the same mistake, it's still a mistake.
|}
{{userbox
| border-c = blue
| id = GB
| id-c = blue
| id-fc = {{{id-fc|white}}}
| id-s = {{{5|{{{id-s|14}}}}}}
| info = '''British English''' is used by this user.
| info-c = white
| info-fc = {{{info-fc|black}}}
| info-s = {{{info-s|8}}}
| usercategory = User en-gb
| nocat = {{{nocat|}}}
}}<noinclude><div style="clear: both">
{{userbox-level
| level = 2
| id = [[HTML]]
| id-s = 9
| info = {{{1|This user is an ''' intermediate HTML''' user.}}}
| usercategory = User html-2
| category = html user
}}<noinclude><div style="clear: both">
{{Userbox |DarkCyan|CornflowerBlue|MCR|This user speaks Mancunian. }}
----
 
I am from the British city of [[Manchester]], in NW England, I mainly edit articles relating to the area, although I often make minor edits to other pages. [[User:Username|Mersey]] ([[User talk:Username| talk ]])

User:Mersey/sandbox

2015-04-18T20:11:47Z

Mersey: test

'''THIS IS A TEXT PAGE OPERATED BY MERSEY. DO NOT EDIT NOR TAKE ANYTHING ON THIS PAGE AS TRUTH. IT IS TO TEST SYNTAX ETC.''' [[User:Username|Mersey]] ([[User talk:Username|| talk ]]) 15:30, 18 April 2015 (EDT)

{| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px; background:{{{info-background|{{{2|#EEE}}}}}};"
| style="width:45px; height:45px; background:{{{logo-background|{{{1|#DDD}}}}}}; text-align:center; font-size:{{{logo-size|{{{5|8}}}}}}pt; color:{{{logo-color|black}}}; padding:{{{logo-padding|{{{id-p|1pt}}}}}}; line-height:{{{logo-line-height|{{{id-lh|1.25em}}}}}}; {{{logo-other-param|{{{id-op|}}}}}}" | '''{{{logo|{{{3|Majority ≠ right }}}}}}'''
| style="font-size:{{{info-size|8}}}pt; padding:{{{info-padding|{{{info-p|4pt}}}}}}; line-height:{{{info-line-height|{{{info-lh|1.25em}}}}}}; color:{{{info-color|black}}}; {{{info-other-param|{{{info-op|}}}}}}" | This user recognizes that even if 300,000,000 people make the same mistake, it's still a mistake.
|}
{{userbox
| border-c = blue
| id = GB
| id-c = blue
| id-fc = {{{id-fc|white}}}
| id-s = {{{5|{{{id-s|14}}}}}}
| info = '''British English''' is used by this user.
| info-c = white
| info-fc = {{{info-fc|black}}}
| info-s = {{{info-s|8}}}
| usercategory = User en-gb
| nocat = {{{nocat|}}}
}}<noinclude><div style="clear: both">
{{userbox-level
| level = 2
| id = [[HTML]]
| id-s = 9
| info = {{{1|This user is an ''' intermediate HTML''' user.}}}
| usercategory = User html-2
| category = html user
}}<noinclude><div style="clear: both">
{{Userbox |DarkCyan|CornflowerBlue|MCR|This user speaks Mancunian. }}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut eget porttitor risus. Aliquam vitae faucibus est, sit amet consectetur metus. Pellentesque nec metus nec felis cursus efficitur. Vestibulum suscipit tincidunt nunc, vel efficitur diam laoreet nec. Morbi et urna condimentum, laoreet neque sed, maximus augue. Pellentesque sit amet nisi ante. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Ut maximus ullamcorper mattis.

Donec lacinia sem nec erat ullamcorper dignissim. Ut tellus neque, porta ut sollicitudin ut, hendrerit vel mi. Cras et condimentum erat. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aliquam quis auctor nibh. Nam mollis fermentum velit, sodales fringilla mauris convallis ut. Vestibulum pulvinar eros et ullamcorper luctus. Etiam molestie elit ornare justo feugiat imperdiet. Nullam at massa at libero dapibus tempor sed quis quam. In accumsan lacus sit amet diam convallis suscipit eu vitae magna.

Aenean at viverra purus. Phasellus tempor mattis risus, sit amet aliquam odio sollicitudin vitae. Nullam odio odio, posuere et tempor in, scelerisque ac risus. Fusce aliquet nisl massa, et maximus risus scelerisque sed. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Sed posuere tortor ultricies leo euismod, sit amet lacinia libero rutrum. Aliquam arcu lacus, pharetra quis orci eu, pulvinar dapibus tellus.

Duis eu gravida dolor, id commodo nisl. Integer rhoncus porta lectus. Cras sem magna, bibendum at auctor non, ullamcorper id nulla. Morbi imperdiet tristique elementum. Aenean at tristique quam. Vivamus in blandit sapien. Aenean in dui id augue commodo volutpat at eget lacus. Vivamus dictum libero sed risus mollis finibus. Proin vel porttitor est. Quisque facilisis non risus vel placerat.

Mauris nec facilisis orci, tempor feugiat erat. Suspendisse potenti. Morbi tincidunt arcu ut pulvinar volutpat. Phasellus posuere sed nisi scelerisque tempus. Aenean facilisis massa et felis accumsan, at pretium velit varius. Fusce lobortis blandit porta. Etiam dapibus magna eu nisl mollis, non condimentum enim rhoncus. Nam eu placerat mauris. Ut fermentum nisi non rhoncus egestas. Vivamus dignissim neque vel est tristique, sit amet varius arcu venenatis. Phasellus justo sapien, aliquam sit amet accumsan sed, vehicula vel tellus.

Duis pretium gravida finibus. Duis ut dapibus nisl. Phasellus eget arcu ut lacus mollis finibus. Nam sed purus non massa consectetur sollicitudin. Donec ut egestas dolor, vel vehicula sem. Interdum et malesuada fames ac ante ipsum primis in faucibus. Nam pulvinar at felis placerat tincidunt. Vivamus auctor, neque nec tristique lobortis, elit enim tincidunt nisi, id interdum diam metus vitae enim. Nulla varius dapibus mattis. Interdum et malesuada fames ac ante ipsum primis in faucibus. Aenean scelerisque mi id nibh scelerisque, sit amet vehicula nulla venenatis. Nullam tortor metus, convallis vitae est non, pretium convallis ligula. Cras vulputate dignissim aliquet. Nullam ornare velit at ligula commodo, ac ornare lacus aliquam.

Fusce ac dictum mi. Aenean finibus tellus vitae cursus scelerisque. Aliquam euismod, sapien non feugiat convallis, sapien odio blandit libero, non molestie enim ipsum in elit. Ut consequat sollicitudin felis, vel consectetur felis bibendum sit amet. Aliquam a quam hendrerit nunc tempus ultrices. Suspendisse justo lacus, sodales vel turpis sit amet, condimentum ornare lectus. Suspendisse potenti. Aenean venenatis libero id consequat tristique.

Donec eu enim in mauris pellentesque porttitor. Nulla ac metus quis leo ultricies lobortis a ac ante. Phasellus sed leo pulvinar ipsum convallis dignissim. Duis et mauris imperdiet, finibus turpis ac, lacinia est. Nam dapibus ultrices nisl ac condimentum. Donec euismod consequat nisi et feugiat. Mauris elementum, sapien bibendum tempor eleifend, mauris nunc convallis ante, eget tincidunt ex velit quis urna. Sed non nulla a ligula porttitor hendrerit in a nulla. Praesent ultrices ipsum quis nisl condimentum auctor. Aenean et erat eget leo interdum convallis. Nam enim ipsum, fringilla sit amet accumsan sed, viverra ac quam. Integer sagittis purus sit amet suscipit vulputate.

Etiam aliquet lacinia ornare. Sed quis luctus orci, nec auctor lectus. Cras placerat velit quis mauris luctus, in fringilla erat finibus. Integer at volutpat purus. Quisque aliquam odio eget justo pellentesque, suscipit tempus nisl lacinia. Donec pharetra ornare orci, semper congue nunc bibendum nec. Phasellus ut aliquet arcu. Nulla facilisis turpis eu porttitor faucibus. In pulvinar turpis eleifend arcu dignissim, a convallis quam pretium. Duis venenatis dolor nibh, eu aliquet neque iaculis et. Vivamus aliquam tristique lacus, quis tristique diam scelerisque vel.

Integer ut ipsum in tellus convallis volutpat. Proin congue, mauris vel luctus elementum, velit lacus mollis purus, id pretium eros massa sit amet sapien. Pellentesque rutrum volutpat quam, sit amet fermentum purus lobortis a. In volutpat sit amet lacus vitae tristique. Etiam tristique lacinia justo, non iaculis velit elementum consectetur. Cras eget ipsum felis. Aliquam non sapien luctus, euismod nibh ac, placerat ligula.

Integer ullamcorper sollicitudin dui a suscipit. Praesent et bibendum nisl, tempor vehicula arcu. Nunc maximus felis eget magna ullamcorper, non blandit dui hendrerit. Ut velit risus, tristique non pharetra non, commodo eget tortor. Sed et pharetra lectus. Nulla facilisi. Mauris nec quam consectetur, tempor diam sed, consequat tellus.

Duis rutrum nibh at orci luctus, id faucibus tortor facilisis. Etiam non dui arcu. Integer mauris diam, tempor id tincidunt quis, sagittis sit amet lectus. Nunc pellentesque nunc vitae nisl rhoncus, in sollicitudin dolor dignissim. Donec blandit risus nec odio imperdiet, ut placerat purus molestie. Donec ultrices erat sit amet pulvinar imperdiet. Curabitur imperdiet, leo mollis pulvinar consequat, velit enim tristique enim, eget ultricies lorem augue ac eros. Phasellus malesuada lobortis libero nec malesuada. Cras sit amet dolor sed neque eleifend pretium sit amet in nibh. Aenean laoreet velit in nisl pellentesque venenatis. Nunc scelerisque dolor quis lobortis efficitur. Vivamus leo nibh, malesuada eget orci nec, vestibulum malesuada libero.

Morbi eget diam vel ante vulputate consectetur et ut dui. Curabitur mauris diam, dictum mattis elementum sed, congue blandit felis. Aliquam quis lobortis ex. Suspendisse sagittis ante non nulla pretium tempus. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Curabitur eget pretium mi, a tempus eros. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Nam bibendum urna et mauris placerat elementum. Praesent dolor mauris, interdum vel ornare a, pretium eu eros. Maecenas sed dapibus purus, eget convallis urna. Mauris laoreet magna vitae mattis porttitor. Phasellus molestie tellus quis elit fermentum, et ultricies nunc rhoncus. Sed ut blandit dolor. Aliquam vel tristique metus, eu vehicula urna. Sed in eros ac nunc dictum ornare ut non elit. Phasellus volutpat eros ut enim eleifend tincidunt.

Aliquam vehicula dolor ornare, egestas libero vitae, condimentum nulla. Morbi nec elementum tellus, eget dignissim lorem. Pellentesque eget efficitur dolor. Phasellus ac venenatis nulla. Sed eget scelerisque lectus, eu consequat mauris. Vestibulum ac ante ac neque fermentum maximus. Duis vitae volutpat nulla. Quisque luctus libero non augue tempor, pulvinar rutrum dui sodales. Praesent in tincidunt est.

Sed tempor nisi eu felis scelerisque, vel dictum odio interdum. Fusce cursus ante sed commodo interdum. Morbi molestie hendrerit diam id ullamcorper. Nam malesuada a justo sagittis tincidunt. Vestibulum elementum orci magna, nec sagittis sem pulvinar sed. Curabitur condimentum ultrices urna. Vestibulum et suscipit nisi, nec auctor purus. Cras varius sagittis eros eu rhoncus. Curabitur a tristique elit, eu efficitur ante. Aliquam nunc ligula, aliquet vitae tincidunt eget, pharetra eu ante.

Curabitur venenatis interdum aliquet. Nulla finibus porta ultrices. Donec blandit mi id mauris pellentesque facilisis a dictum est. Sed ut fringilla risus. Suspendisse mattis finibus justo, vitae condimentum ipsum vehicula et. Nullam id vulputate velit. Proin enim nibh, tempus sed ullamcorper et, mattis ac elit. Suspendisse fringilla leo ex. Quisque non tristique quam. Morbi velit arcu, pellentesque nec pulvinar vel, consectetur nec velit.

Pellentesque aliquet tristique interdum. Etiam quis est vitae lectus cursus eleifend ut sit amet odio. Nullam efficitur turpis sed urna malesuada sodales. Praesent dignissim, neque a sodales tincidunt, eros erat pharetra mauris, ac tincidunt tellus est in mauris. Ut ut orci massa. Sed tristique blandit nisi sit amet tincidunt. Aliquam cursus condimentum volutpat. Nam sed dictum enim. Quisque ultricies mauris nulla, id vehicula nisi fringilla nec. Aenean congue orci et tristique vulputate. Proin sit amet ultrices elit. Suspendisse id sollicitudin libero, in egestas dolor. Aliquam non semper nunc. Etiam dictum semper tincidunt. Maecenas non risus sit amet nulla lobortis aliquam. Nunc ut lacus vitae magna ultricies pharetra.

Phasellus venenatis purus a mauris accumsan porta. In nec semper mi. Vivamus euismod eget est sed fringilla. Aliquam at ipsum metus. Nam ullamcorper nunc turpis, sit amet finibus tortor malesuada id. Fusce euismod odio vel augue scelerisque elementum. Proin ultrices odio nunc, quis ultrices enim semper eget. Aliquam pellentesque condimentum arcu et tristique. Phasellus at purus at lorem pharetra volutpat. Sed vestibulum tempor fermentum.

Aliquam id purus at leo blandit accumsan nec vitae quam. Quisque eu felis quis augue faucibus pellentesque. In eu odio turpis. In lacinia ante et arcu accumsan, id laoreet nulla feugiat. Aliquam vel diam quis enim venenatis aliquam quis in mi. Integer sollicitudin sem et hendrerit hendrerit. Nulla sit amet enim massa. Nulla in augue eget leo consequat dapibus. Vivamus scelerisque magna ut lectus laoreet, quis euismod mauris pellentesque. Cras ullamcorper congue condimentum. Fusce et ipsum dolor. Nulla accumsan elit augue, eget auctor enim tempor at. Phasellus volutpat erat non nisl volutpat.

User:Mersey/sandbox

2015-04-18T19:30:09Z

Mersey: Created page with "'''THIS IS A TEXT PAGE OPERATED BY MERSEY. DO NOT EDIT NOR TAKE ANYTHING ON THIS PAGE AS TRUTH. IT IS TO TEST SYNTAX ETC.''' ~~~~"

User talk:Mersey

2015-04-18T18:24:56Z

Mersey: REMOVED TEST

User talk:Mersey

2015-04-18T18:23:48Z

Mersey: Created page with "TEST ~~~~"

TEST [[User:Username|Username]] ([[User talk:Username||talk]]) 14:23, 18 April 2015 (EDT)

London Underground

2015-04-18T17:42:46Z

Mersey: circle has 2 sections of central only track

[[Image:London Underground.jpg|thumb|right|A sign for the underground in London England.]]
The '''London Underground''' (often referred to as "The Tube") is London's [[Subway|underground railway system]]. Many lines in the outskirts are at or above ground level.

It is comprised of 11 lines - Bakerloo, Central, Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Jubilee, Metropolitan, Northern, Piccadilly (serves [[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]), Victoria and Waterloo & City lines.

The London underground is the oldest subway system in the world.

==Bakerloo Line==
A deep level line, it is one of the five lines that serves destinations south of the Thames, running from Elephant & Castle to Harrow & Wealdstone. Most of the subterranean section was built in the 19th century at the same time as one of the cities main sewers, after which it is named. It is also one of the few stations to have a fully underground terminus, at Elephant and Castle. A long stretch of the northern section of the route runs on the Watford DC line, and shares the track with heavy rail commuter services. There are much talked about but unfunded plans to extend the tunnels south-east to Lewisham and take over the Hayes branch line.

==Central Line==
A deep level line, the Central runs though the very centre of the City of London east to west, and is the longest line on the network by some margin. It is one of the most important lines on the network, and one of the most varied. A major bottleneck is the oldest subterranean section between Liverpool Street and St. Paul's where the narrow tunnels (11ft6" wide in parts) and extremely tight turns drastically reduces the operating speed of trains. However the line received massive investment in the early 90's, and an automatic "driverless" system (though an operator is still present in the cab at all times) means services can operative with a service interval of every 1-2minutes. At the time of the redevelopment, the little used Ongar extension, far beyond London boundaries in rural Essex and operated as a separate, very basic shuttle service, was abandoned. Subsequent overcrowding of the current terminus in Epping has led to proposals to redevelop the extension to the same standards as the rest of the line and reopen it to through trains from the rest of the line. The line runs from Ruislip in the north-western edge of Greater London to Epping in Essex. A short branch also serves Ealing in inner west London.

==Circle Line==
The Circle line is a line on the system that mainly operates over the track of other lines(the Metropolitan, District and Hammersmith & City) although it has two small sections of track only served by the central. It's coloured yellow on the map and, contrary to its name, since 2010 actually forms a spiral shape.

==District Line==
This line is one of the most complex on the system. It is a sub-surface line that as built via cut and cover methods, causing massive disruption to city inhabitants, and thus many delays in construction, as it passes through areas belonging to wealthy landowners who resisted its development. It runs east to west, passing through the southern edge of the city centre, immediately north of the Thames. Like the Bakerloo line, some of it's alignment follows a sewerage system built at the same time known as the Embankment, from which one station takes it's name. It runs from a single eastern terminus at Upminster to Earls Court, where a short single track spur leads to Olympia and Edgeware Road. The line also continues west, where one branch heads to Wimbledon, following a heavy rail alignment with separate tracks. This branch is runs at maximum capacity and is a major bottleneck. Another branch runs to Ealing, and a final route heads further west still, before turning south to Richmond, sharing tracks with heavy rail on the final southern alignment. The Richmond-Gunnersbury section of this route was to be withdrawn and capacity released to allow a branch of the new Crossrail line to serve Richmond, but residents blocked the proposal, fearing government intervention and micromanagement of the Crossrail project will leave it unfinished or badly delayed, and leave Richmond residents with no mass transit service.

==Hammersmith & City Line==
A sub-surface line built via cut and cover, the route of this line encompasses the oldest sections of the network, dating to the 1860's. Today its one of the least crowded lines on the network, as most of it's route is also served by other lines on shared track. It runs on a north east to south west alignment, running from Barking in the east, to Hammersmith in the west. Despite the name, the line only skirts the historic Square Mile of the City of London, stopping at Liverpool Street, Farringdon and Moorgate, roughly following the alignment of the Roman era boundary of the city for this stretch. The Barking to Aldgate East stretch of the route is shared with the District Line, and Liverpool Street to Baker Street is shared with the Metropolitan Line. The Shepherds Bush line is coloured pink on the map, in reference to the artistic and gay friendly Shepherd's Bush area, which it serves. Along with the District Line, it will be one of the first Underground lines to receive air conditioned trains.

==Jubilee Line==
The newest line on the network, with the Stanmore to Charing Cross section opening in the 1970's. The southern/eastern section from Green Park to Stratford opened in 1999, in time for the Millennium Dome exhibition in North Greenwich. The Charing Cross section closed at this point, to allow for the new alignment, although the (now) branch line is kept in fully serviceable condition and has been proposed as a possible routing for a future DLR service. The new section of the line is radically different to the older 70's section, and every other line on the Underground. It has platform screen doors on the subterranean stations, and extremely large, futuristic stations featuring smooth brushed metal and smooth, minimalist concrete architectural style. the stations are designed to allow easy upgrading of the service and to handle much higher passenger volumes. The station at Canary Wharf, in the new financial district has been likened to a cathedral, whilst the station at North Greenwich can handle 20,000 passengers per hour. The line is the only one to have a direct interchange with all other Underground lines. When first proposed in the 70's, it was to be called the Fleet line after an underground London river, and was originally to be coloured grey, in association with the Royal Navy. It was changed to the Jubilee name prior to opening, to celebrate the Silver Jubilee of HRH Queen Elizabeth II, and the grey shade was altered to silver.

==Metropolitan Line==
The Metropolitan line is the oldest line on the network, and the oldest subterranean urban rail system in the world, with the first stretches opening in 1863. The line has altered and expanded drastically over the years, and is very different to other LU lines. It is unique in that significant stretches of the route are quad-tracked, allowing several "speeds" of service, with fast and semi-fast trains bypassing certain stations. It is also mostly above ground, with only 6 out of over 41 miles running underground. Also, unlike all other lines except the W&C, it does not cross through and out of the city centre, terminating at Aldgate, within zone 1. The line also has the most remote station on the network, at Chesham, more than 25 miles from Charing Cross, the official centre of London. It also has the longest distance between two stops, between Chehsam and Chalfont & Latimer, almost 4 miles apart. It is the line on the LU network to serve zones 7 to 9, which lie outside of Greater London. The line layout is complex, having no less than four branches, with one shared with the Picadilly line (the Uxbridge branch),and another (Amersham branch) with mainline rail services, whilst the lightly used (and poorly served). The line colour is a brown/purple known as "Corporate Magenta" by TFL.

Trains on the line are currently a highly unusual design, featuring entirely lateral 3+2 high backed seating, used on no other LU line. This is due to the long journey times with infrequent stops, so provides maximum seating space at the expense of overall passenger capacity. The line is one of the quietest on the network, and is mostly used for long distance suburban journeys, and with its mix of "fast" and "slow" trains shares more in common with suburban commuter rail than mass transit. When the existing 1960s stock is phased out in the next few years, the line will receive the standard new air conditioned sub-surface stock, which will be shared across several lines and feature a more conventional arrangement.

==External Link==
*[http://tfl.gov.uk/tube Official Website]

[[Category: Transportation]]

Oxbow lake

2015-04-18T17:16:06Z

Mersey: Created page with "An oxbow lake is a body of water formed when a meander of a river is cut off from the river, due to the river bypassing the meander and the deposition of sediment..."

An oxbow lake is a body of [[water]] formed when a [[meander]] of a [[river]] is cut off from the river, due to the river bypassing the meander and the deposition of [[sediment]] closing the entrance to the meander, creating a [[lake]].

Lib dems

2015-04-18T17:01:03Z

Mersey: fixed due to link error

#REDIRECT [[Liberal Democrats]]

Lib dems

2015-04-18T16:58:22Z

Mersey: name is popular in britiain

#REDIRECT Liberal Democrats

Medical imaging

2015-04-18T15:37:59Z

Mersey:

'''Medical Imaging''' let's doctors see inside the human body with technology like [[X-rays]],[[ultrasound waves]], [[CAT scans]], [[sonography]], [[endoscopy]] (small camera on a flexible stalk), [[MRI]], and even regular [[microscope]]s.

[[category:medicine]]

Wilfred Owen

2015-04-18T15:23:18Z

Mersey: gas attacks were carried out by both sides in first world war.

'''Wilfred Owen''', (1893 - 1918) <ref>http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owena.htm</ref> was a British [[soldier]] and [[poet]], noted for his works from World War I. He was killed at the [[Battle of the Sambre]] just a week before the end of the war and not long after an action that led to his being awarded the Military Cross for gallantry. Owen's work is noted for its stark depiction of the horrors of war, describing the horrors of [[chemical weapon|gas attacks]] and of trench warfare. His most famous poems are perhaps [[Dulce et Decorum Est]] and Anthem for Doomed Youth.

Much of his poetry was published after his death, but he had written a Preface to this unpublished volume which describes his feelings about war.

:''This book is not about heroes. English poetry is not yet fit to speak of them.''
:''Nor is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, might, majesty, dominion, or power, except War.''
:''Above all I am not concerned with Poetry.''
:''My subject is War, and the pity of War.''
:''The Poetry is in the pity.''
:''Yet these elegies are to this generation in no sense consolatory. They may be to the next. All a poet can do today is warn. That is why the true Poets must be truthful.''
:''If I thought the letter of this book would last, I might have used proper names; but if the spirit of it survives - survives Prussia - my ambition and those names will have achieved themselves fresher fields than Flanders.'' <ref>http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/ww1lit/education/tutorials/intro/owen/preface.html</ref>

Owen's poetry was interspersed with parts of the traditional [[Requiem (music)|Requiem]] Mass for [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''War Requiem'', written for - and first performed at - the consecration of the new [[Coventry]] Cathedral in 1962. The original cathedral had been destroyed in a German air raid during [[World War II]]. Both in Britten's score and the liner notes for the first recording are the lines: ''My subject is War and the Pity of Way. The Poetry is in the pity. All a poet can do today is warn''.

==References==
<references/>
:Decca LP Cat SET252/3. 1963.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Owen, Wilfred}}
[[Category:Poets]]

Dulce et Decorum Est

2015-04-18T15:22:18Z

Mersey:

'''Dulce et Decorum Est''' is a celebrated poem of [[Wilfred Owen]] composed during [[World War I]]. Its title is a line from one of [[Horace]]'s odes, reading in full "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori", which means in [[Latin]] "sweet and fitting it is to die for one's country".
The poem depicts the horrors of trench warfre during the first world war. It describes a gas attack on a trench, during the attack, another soldier failed to get his mask on in time, and so is killed by the deadly gas.

== Text ==

Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,

Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,

Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs

And towards our distant rest began to trudge.

Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots

But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;

Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots

Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.

Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!–An ecstasy of fumbling,

Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;

But someone still was yelling out and stumbling

And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime...

Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,

As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,

He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams you too could pace

Behind the wagon that we flung him in,

And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,

His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;

If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood

Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,

Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud

Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,–

My friend, you would not tell with such high zest

To children ardent for some desperate glory,

The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est

Pro patria mori. <ref>http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/show/43055</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
*http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.html

[[Category:Poetry]]

User:Mersey

2015-04-18T15:18:24Z

Mersey:

This is my user page.
should you need to contact me, try here first.
----
== About Me ==
I am from the British city of [[Manchester]], in NW England, I mainly edit articles relating to the area, although I often make minor edits to other pages.

User:Mersey

2015-04-18T15:18:12Z

Mersey:

This is my user page.
should you need to contact me, try here first.
----
== About Me ==
i am from the British city of [[Manchester]], in NW England, I mainly edit articles relating to the area, although I often make minor edits to other pages.

User:Mersey

2015-04-18T15:17:51Z

Mersey:

This is my user page.
should you need to contact me, try here first.
----
== About Me ==
i am from the British city of [[Manchester]], in NW england, i mainly edit articles relating to the area, although i often make minor edits to other pages.

Manchester United F.C.

2015-04-18T15:12:11Z

Mersey: added full stop

'''Manchester United F.C.''' is a [[British]] [[soccer]] team playing in the [[English Premier League]]. Manchester United play in red shirts, white shorts and black socks. They were the first English club to win the European Cup, in 1968, winning again in 1999 and 2008. The club joined the Football League in 1892 under the name Newton Heath LYR Football Club, due to being formed by workers at the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's Newton Heath Traction Maintenance Depot. Their official nickname is the "Red Devils" and the club badge features a small red devil holding a trident, which has led to calls for Christians to boycott them<ref>[http://www.joinmust.org/forum/showthread.php?t=33916 Devil a Logo Area for Reds] Join Must</ref>. They are known to their fans either as Man U, Man United or just United. In 2005 the club was taken over by the American billionaire, Malcolm Glazer. After two seasons with little success by their standards they won the Premier League again in 2007 and 2008. The club is noted for the exceptionally cosmopolitan nature of it's support, regularly drawing large numbers of fans from all over the world. As a result it is one of the most supported teams in British football. However, United have been considered, along with Chelsea, the "[[New York Yankees|Yankees]]" of the Premiership, meaning that you either love or hate them. The club maintains bitter rivalries with Manchester City, Liverpool and Arsenal. The team was managed by [[Sir Alex Ferguson]] from 1986 to 2013, from 2013 [[David Moyes]] managed the team for 10 months, but then was replaced by the [[Dutch]] Louis van Gaal. Since Alex Ferguson's retirement, the team have had been less successful, and in 2014, had their worst seasons since 1986-1987.

==Roster==
===Goalkeepers===
*1 David De Gea
*13 Anders Lindegaard
*40 Ben Amos
*50 Sam Johnstone

===Defenders===
*2 Rafael da Silva
*3 Patrice Evra
*4 Phil Jones
*5 Rio Ferdinand
*6 Jonny Evans
*12 Chris Smalling
*15 Nemanja Vidic
*28 Alexander Büttner
*38 Michael Keane
*0 Fabio

===Midfielders===
*7 Antonio Valencia
*8 Anderson
*11 Ryan Giggs
*16 Michael Carrick
*17 Nani
*18 Ashley Young
*22 Paul Scholes
*23 Tom Cleverley
*24 Darren Fletcher
*25 Nick Powell
*26 Shinji Kagawa

===Strikers===
*10 Wayne Rooney
*14 Javier Hernandez
*19 Danny Welbeck
*20 Robin van Persie
*21 Angelo Henriquez
*27 Federico Macheda
*33 Bebe

Correct as of June 2013.<ref>[http://www.manutd.com/en/Players-And-Staff/First-Team.aspx First Team - Manchester United]</ref>

==References==
<References/>

{{nb sl english premier}}
[[Category:UK soccer]]
[[Category:Soccer teams]]
[[Category:Premier League Teams]]

Manchester United F.C.

2015-04-18T15:11:48Z

Mersey:

'''Manchester United F.C.''' is a [[British]] [[soccer]] team playing in the [[English Premier League]]. Manchester United play in red shirts, white shorts and black socks. They were the first English club to win the European Cup, in 1968, winning again in 1999 and 2008. The club joined the Football League in 1892 under the name Newton Heath LYR Football Club, due to being formed by workers at the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's Newton Heath Traction Maintenance Depot Their official nickname is the "Red Devils" and the club badge features a small red devil holding a trident, which has led to calls for Christians to boycott them<ref>[http://www.joinmust.org/forum/showthread.php?t=33916 Devil a Logo Area for Reds] Join Must</ref>. They are known to their fans either as Man U, Man United or just United. In 2005 the club was taken over by the American billionaire, Malcolm Glazer. After two seasons with little success by their standards they won the Premier League again in 2007 and 2008. The club is noted for the exceptionally cosmopolitan nature of it's support, regularly drawing large numbers of fans from all over the world. As a result it is one of the most supported teams in British football. However, United have been considered, along with Chelsea, the "[[New York Yankees|Yankees]]" of the Premiership, meaning that you either love or hate them. The club maintains bitter rivalries with Manchester City, Liverpool and Arsenal. The team was managed by [[Sir Alex Ferguson]] from 1986 to 2013, from 2013 [[David Moyes]] managed the team for 10 months, but then was replaced by the [[Dutch]] Louis van Gaal. Since Alex Ferguson's retirement, the team have had been less successful, and in 2014, had their worst seasons since 1986-1987.

==Roster==
===Goalkeepers===
*1 David De Gea
*13 Anders Lindegaard
*40 Ben Amos
*50 Sam Johnstone

===Defenders===
*2 Rafael da Silva
*3 Patrice Evra
*4 Phil Jones
*5 Rio Ferdinand
*6 Jonny Evans
*12 Chris Smalling
*15 Nemanja Vidic
*28 Alexander Büttner
*38 Michael Keane
*0 Fabio

===Midfielders===
*7 Antonio Valencia
*8 Anderson
*11 Ryan Giggs
*16 Michael Carrick
*17 Nani
*18 Ashley Young
*22 Paul Scholes
*23 Tom Cleverley
*24 Darren Fletcher
*25 Nick Powell
*26 Shinji Kagawa

===Strikers===
*10 Wayne Rooney
*14 Javier Hernandez
*19 Danny Welbeck
*20 Robin van Persie
*21 Angelo Henriquez
*27 Federico Macheda
*33 Bebe

Correct as of June 2013.<ref>[http://www.manutd.com/en/Players-And-Staff/First-Team.aspx First Team - Manchester United]</ref>

==References==
<References/>

{{nb sl english premier}}
[[Category:UK soccer]]
[[Category:Soccer teams]]
[[Category:Premier League Teams]]

Manchester United F.C.

2015-04-18T15:09:30Z

Mersey:

'''Manchester United F.C.''' is a [[British]] [[soccer]] team playing in the [[English Premier League]]. Manchester United play in red shirts, white shorts and black socks. They were the first English club to win the European Cup, in 1968, winning again in 1999 and 2008. The club joined the Football League in 1892 under the name Newton Heath. Their official nickname is the "Red Devils" and the club badge features a small red devil holding a trident, which has led to calls for Christians to boycott them<ref>[http://www.joinmust.org/forum/showthread.php?t=33916 Devil a Logo Area for Reds] Join Must</ref>. They are known to their fans either as Man U, Man United or just United. In 2005 the club was taken over by the American billionaire, Malcolm Glazer. After two seasons with little success by their standards they won the Barclays Premier League again in 2007 and 2008. The club is noted for the exceptionally cosmopolitan nature of it's support, regularly drawing large numbers of fans from all over the world. As a result it is one of the most supported teams in British football. However, United have been considered, along with Chelsea, the "[[New York Yankees|Yankees]]" of the Premiership, meaning that you either love or hate them. The club maintains bitter rivalries with Manchester City, Liverpool and Arsenal. The team was managed by [[Sir Alex Ferguson]] from 1986 to 2013, from 2013 [[David Moyes]] managed the team for 10 months, but then was replaced by the [[Dutch]] Louis van Gaal. Since Alex Ferguson's retirement, the team have had been less successful, and in 2014, had their worst seasons since 1986-1987.

==Roster==
===Goalkeepers===
*1 David De Gea
*13 Anders Lindegaard
*40 Ben Amos
*50 Sam Johnstone

===Defenders===
*2 Rafael da Silva
*3 Patrice Evra
*4 Phil Jones
*5 Rio Ferdinand
*6 Jonny Evans
*12 Chris Smalling
*15 Nemanja Vidic
*28 Alexander Büttner
*38 Michael Keane
*0 Fabio

===Midfielders===
*7 Antonio Valencia
*8 Anderson
*11 Ryan Giggs
*16 Michael Carrick
*17 Nani
*18 Ashley Young
*22 Paul Scholes
*23 Tom Cleverley
*24 Darren Fletcher
*25 Nick Powell
*26 Shinji Kagawa

===Strikers===
*10 Wayne Rooney
*14 Javier Hernandez
*19 Danny Welbeck
*20 Robin van Persie
*21 Angelo Henriquez
*27 Federico Macheda
*33 Bebe

Correct as of June 2013.<ref>[http://www.manutd.com/en/Players-And-Staff/First-Team.aspx First Team - Manchester United]</ref>

==References==
<References/>

{{nb sl english premier}}
[[Category:UK soccer]]
[[Category:Soccer teams]]
[[Category:Premier League Teams]]

Seaport

2015-04-18T14:51:49Z

Mersey: Redirected page to Port

#REDIRECT [[port]]

Havana

2015-04-18T14:50:21Z

Mersey:

[[Image:HavanaPosition.png|thumb|Position of Havana on [[Cuba]]]]
[[Image:Havana City skyline.JPG|thumb|left|Photo of Sunset in Havana]]

'''Havana''' (''La Habana'' in Spanish) is the [[capital]] and largest city of [[Cuba]]. It is a major [[seaport]] and [[commercial centre]], It is also a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. It is located on the northwest coast of Cuba and boarders the [[Gulf of Mexico]]

[[Category:Cuba]]

Railroad

2015-04-18T14:42:11Z

Mersey:

A '''railroad''' (British: '''railway''') is a form of [[transport]] in which trains are pulled on [[railway track|rails]] along fixed routes carrying freight or passengers. Emerging from small-scale horse-drawn operations combined with the steam engine, railroads were developed in Britain after 1830 to become the iron workhorse of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Thanks to safety measures and signals, accident rates were kept low. Diesel and electric engines in the 20th century improved efficiency, bit the railroads lost most of their traffic to trucks, buses and other new forms (such as airplanes and pipelines) in the 20th century. Today railroads mostly handle bulk freight, such as coal and containers. It is cheaper to move coal by rail to electric power plants than to burn the coal near the mines and move the electricity.

[[Image:Csx_railroad.jpg|thumb|300px|A CSX freight train]]

== History ==
{{main|Railroad history}}

===Pre-locomotive===
The use of rails to guide carts, or to provide a smooth roadway, goes back many centuries. In these early railways, wagons were pulled along wooden rails by horses or mules; the main purpose was to move coal (or mineral ores) from mines to navigable waterways, where cheap transportation by boat was possible.

Because wooden rails wore away quickly, they were covered with [[iron]] plates, then replaced by all-iron rails. Cast iron rails were first used, but they were too brittle to handle heavy loads.
===Steam power===
The first steam railway [[locomotive]] was designed by [[Richard Trevithick]] (1771-1833), a mining [[engineer]] from [[Cornwall]], who in 1804 built a locomotive for the Penydarren iron works in south [[Wales]]; it proved impractical because the weight of the engine kept breaking the relatively brittle cast-iron rails.

William Hedley (1779-1843) built three steam locomotives between 1813 and 1815. These worked successfully until 1828-29, when they were replaced by two more innovative locomotives, including the famous ''[[Puffing Billy]]''. Wylam was a true nursery of railway talent.

[[George Stephenson]] (1781-1848) was 'the father of the railways'. Although he neither invented railways nor steam locomotion, he made huge improvements to the technology of the latter and was a pioneer in the field of civil engineering for large railway projects. An illiterate miner's son, born in a cottage next to the Wylam colliery railway (as a child, his first job was keeping the line clear of stray animals), he learned to read as a young adult at night classes, obtained a post as engineer at Killingworth Colliery, Northumberland, and there built a number of improved locomotives. He designed the Hetton Railway in [[County Durham]] in the early 1820s, at that time the longest railway line in the world, linking a colliery to loading staiths (short piers for pouring coal from wagons on to waiting ships) on the River Wear, and then was appointed engineer to the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]]. The S&DR, which opened in 1825, was the world's first public steam-operated railway, linking the coalfields of SW County Durham to the River Tees. This was not purely a colliery line, but allowed other freight, and even passengers, to be carried. Initially it used both locomotive and horse-drawn trains, though later was converted to steam haulage only.

Stephenson's most famous achievement was the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, opened in 1830 and linking two of the fastest-growing cities of [[Industrial Revolution]] [[England]]. Although this crossed largely flat terrain, the route involved considerable engineering difficulties, including the crossing of the Chat Moss marshland west of [[Manchester]]. Stephenson spent much time, money and effort pouring earth and stone into the marsh to create a firm footing for the railway, without success. He decided instead to build the line upon hurdles of brushwood floating on the bog. The line is still in use.

[[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] (1806–1859) was the world's leading railway engineer of the 1840s and 1850s, credited with bridges and many technical improvements, and more importantly with the idea of a railway as a system for moving people and freight. Brunel set the standard for a very-well-built railway, using careful surveys to minimize grades and curves. That necessitated expensive construction techniques and new bridges and viaducts, and the famous two-mile-long "Box Tunnel." His assistant Daniel Gooch designed the locomotives. One controversial feature was the wide gauge (7 feet, instead of the standard 4'8.5"), which added to passenger comfort but made construction much more expensive and caused difficulties when eventually it had to interconnect with other railways using standard gauge; after his death the gauge was changed to standard.

The opening of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway marked the opening of the 'Railway Age' in Britain and the world. Within three decades most of the major cities in Britain were linked by rail, and railway networks had begun to spread acoss the deveoped nations of the world.

== Gauges ==
The ''gauge'' of a railway is the distance between the inside edges of the top of the rails, usually 4' 8.5". Trains are built to operate on a track of a given gauge.

The history of railways is replete with railways being built to a variety of gauges, which has led to numerous problems including limiting the viability of individual railways.

A gauge of four feet eight and a half inches (1435 [[mm]]) is generally known as ''standard gauge'', and is widely used around the world. Gauges smaller than this are referred to as ''narrow gauge'' and larger gauges are referred to as ''broad gauge''.<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/narrowgauge?view=uk narrow gauge] and at [http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/broadgauge?view=uk broad gauge] at AskOxford.com</ref>

Narrow-gauge lines are usually cheaper to construct and have often been used for short industrial lines, connecting branch lines, and places where it would not be economic to construct a more substantial line.
However, some narrow gauge lines, such as those of [[Queensland]] and [[South Africa]], are built to the same standards as standard gauge lines and perform just like standard-gauge lines.

== Safety ==
=== Incident statistics ===
Trains are one of the safest modes of passenger transportation in common use today.

In 2007 in the United States, there were 579,505,279 passenger trips on railroads regulated by the [[Federal Railroad Administration]] (excluding [[mass transportation|urban transit]]), resulting in 5 fatalities and 1155 injuries, or a fatality rate of approximately 1 per 115 million passengers, and an injury rate of 1 in 500,000.<ref name="FRA statistics">http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/</ref>


=== Issues and problems ===

==== grade crossings ====
Most railroad fatalities occur at crossings or involve trespassers, rather than passengers. In 2007, 851 people died in railroad-related incidents in the United States.<ref name="FRA statistics" /> Of these, 5 were passengers, 470 were trespassers, and 338 were vehicle occupants or pedestrians at railroad crossings.

Some railroad-crossing collisions occur when a [[car|motor vehicle]] begins to cross railroad tracks while other vehicles are stopped ahead. In order to prevent such accidents, some traffic signals may be designed to provide "[a] special sequence of signal phases and timing to provide additional clearance time for vehicles to clear the tracks prior to the arrival of a train"<ref name="4D13">''Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices'', [http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/htm/2003r1r2/part4/part4d.htm#section4D13 chapter 4D].</ref><ref name="8D07">''See also'' ''Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices'', [http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/htm/2003r1r2/part8/part8d.htm#section8D07 chapter 8D].</ref>; however, such designs are not mandatory. It is the driver's sole responsibility never to start to cross any railroad tracks until it is certain that both the tracks and the roadway beyond are clear.<ref name="driver handbooks">''See'', ''e.g.'', [http://mva.state.md.us/Resources/DL-002B.pdf ''Maryland Driver's Handbook''], page 103 (page 53 of online edition); [http://www.bmv.ohio.gov/pdf_forms/HSY-7607.pdf ''Digest of Ohio Motor Vehicle Laws''], page 38.</ref><ref name="HAR-9602">''See also'' National Transportation Safety Board ''[http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/1996/HAR9602.pdf Highway/Railroad Accident Report]: Collision of Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation (METRA) Train and Transportation Joint Agreement School District 47/155 School Bus at Railroad/Highway Grade Crossing in Fox River Grove, Illinois, on October 25, 1995''.</ref>

==== derailments ====
''This section is a stub. You can help Conservapedia by [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} expanding it].''

=== Rail operations ===
{{main|Safeworking (railway)}}

In order to prevent trains from colliding, railroads use electrical signaling systems. The most common systems in use in the united states are based on variations of [[automatic block signaling]], which can be supplemented by [[positive train control]].

==== Automatic block signaling ====

In automatic block signaling, railroad tracks are divided into sections known as blocks. The signaling system prevents more than one train from occupying any one block at any given time by detecting the presence of trains and by using colored lights (similar to [[traffic signal]]s) to indicate to train crew whether it is safe to proceed<ref name="train control systems">''See'' [http://www.ntsb.gov/events/symp_ptc/presentations/03_VanderClute.pdf Train Control Systems].</ref>; for example, a yellow signal may be used to instruct train crews to slow down, and a red signal may be used to instruct train crews to stop so as to avoid entering a block that is occupied.

==== Positive train control ====
[[Positive train control]] is a technology by which "automatic control systems" are able "to override mistakes made by human operators" in order to prevent train collisions.<ref name="NTSB recommendation">http://www.ntsb.gov/recs/mostwanted/positive_train.htm</ref> [[Amtrak]]'s Northeast Corridor, for example, uses a system that comprises two elements, "positive train stop" and "civil speed enforcement," which together provide the functionality of positive train control.<ref name="NTSB recommendation" />

Positive train control systems can prevent those collisions that are caused by crew member inattention to signal indications.<ref name="NTSB testimony">''See'' [http://www.ntsb.gov/speeches/s050428.htm National Transportation Safety Board: statement on positive train control].</ref>

== Trains ==
{{main|Train}}
[[Image:Gallitzin_rr.jpg|thumb|260px|Train emerging from the famous tunnels in Gallitzin, Pennsylvania. This photo illustrates how a good deal of railway freight is hauled these days -- in intermodal shipping containers]]

The vehicles that operate on railways are known as ''[[train]]s'', and usually comprise one or more [[locomotive]]s hauling a number of vehicles.

== Further reading ==

===Notes===
<references/>

==see also==
* [[Railway history]]
===Bibliography===
* Armstrong, John H. ''The Railroad: What It Is, What It Does''. (4th ed. 1998)
* Nock, O.S. ''Encyclopedia of Railwys'' (1977), well illustrated
* Simmons, Jack, and Gordon Biddle, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to British Railway History'' (1997), online at academic libraries

[[Category:Railroads]]
[[Category:Transportation]]
[[Category:Economic history]]

===External links===
* [http://www.fra.dot.gov/us/content/1265 Federal Railroad Administration » press room » positive train control]
* [http://parovoz.com/spravka/gauges-en.php Railroad Gauge Width], a comprehensive list of railway gauges and countries where they are and were used.
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/railroad.htm Guide to Railroad History online]

== Notes ==
<references />

[[Category:Railroads]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Economic history]]
[[Category:Systems of Support]]
[[Category:Transportation]]

Railroad

2015-04-18T14:41:26Z

Mersey:

A '''railroad''' (British: '''railway''') is a form of [[transport]] in which trains are pulled on [[railway track|rails]] along fixed routes carrying freight or passengers. Emerging from small-scale horse-drawn operations combined with the steam engine, railroads were developed in Britain after 1830 to become the iron workhorse of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Thanks to safety measures and signals, accident rates were kept low. Diesel and electric engines in the 20th century improved efficiency, bit the railroads lost most of their traffic to trucks, buses and other new forms (such as airplanes and pipelines) in the 20th century. Today railroads mostly handle bulk freight, such as coal and containers. It is cheaper to move coal by rail to electric power plants than to burn the coal near the mines and move the electricity.

[[Image:Csx_railroad.jpg|thumb|300px|A CSX freight train]]

== History ==
{{main|Railroad history}}

===Pre-locomotive===
The use of rails to guide carts, or to provide a smooth roadway, goes back many centuries. In these early railways, wagons were pulled along wooden rails by horses or mules; the main purpose was to move coal (or mineral ores) from mines to navigable waterways, where cheap transportation by boat was possible.

Because wooden rails wore away quickly, they were covered with [[iron]] plates, then replaced by all-iron rails. Cast iron rails were first used, but they were too brittle to handle heavy loads.
===Steam power===
The first steam railway [[locomotive]] was designed by [[Richard Trevithick]] (1771-1833), a mining [[engineer]] from [[Cornwall]], who in 1804 built a locomotive for the Penydarren iron works in south [[Wales]]; it proved impractical because the weight of the engine kept breaking the relatively brittle cast-iron rails.

William Hedley (1779-1843) built three steam locomotives between 1813 and 1815. These worked successfully until 1828-29, when they were replaced by two more innovative locomotives, including the famous ''[[Puffing Billy]]''. Wylam was a true nursery of railway talent.

[[George Stephenson]] (1781-1848) was 'the father of the railways'. Although he neither invented railways nor steam locomotion, he made huge improvements to the technology of the latter and was a pioneer in the field of civil engineering for large railway projects. An illiterate miner's son, born in a cottage next to the Wylam colliery railway (as a child, his first job was keeping the line clear of stray animals), he learned to read as a young adult at night classes, obtained a post as engineer at Killingworth Colliery, Northumberland, and there built a number of improved locomotives. He designed the Hetton Railway in [[County Durham]] in the early 1820s, at that time the longest railway line in the world, linking a colliery to loading staiths (short piers for pouring coal from wagons on to waiting ships) on the River Wear, and then was appointed engineer to the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]]. The S&DR, which opened in 1825, was the world's first public steam-operated railway, linking the coalfields of SW County Durham to the River Tees. This was not purely a colliery line, but allowed other freight, and even passengers, to be carried. Initially it used both locomotive and horse-drawn trains, though later was converted to steam haulage only.

Stephenson's most famous achievement was the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, opened in 1830 and linking two of the fastest-growing cities of [[Industrial Revolution]] [[England]]. Although this crossed largely flat terrain, the route involved considerable engineering difficulties, including the crossing of the Chat Moss marshland west of [[Manchester]]. Stephenson spent much time, money and effort pouring earth and stone into the marsh to create a firm footing for the railway, without success. He decided instead to build the line upon hurdles of brushwood floating on the bog. The line is still in use.

[[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] (1806–1859) was the world's leading railway engineer of the 1840s and 1850s, credited with bridges and many technical improvements, and more importantly with the idea of a railway as a system for moving people and freight. Brunel set the standard for a very-well-built railway, using careful surveys to minimize grades and curves. That necessitated expensive construction techniques and new bridges and viaducts, and the famous two-mile-long "Box Tunnel." His assistant Daniel Gooch designed the locomotives. One controversial feature was the wide gauge (7 feet, instead of the standard 4'8.5"), which added to passenger comfort but made construction much more expensive and caused difficulties when eventually it had to interconnect with other railways using standard gauge; after his death the gauge was changed to standard.

The opening of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway marked the opening of the 'Railway Age' in Britain and the world. Within three decades most of the major cities in Britain were linked by rail, and railway networks had begun to spread acoss the deveoped nations of the world.

== Gauges ==
The ''gauge'' of a railway is the distance between the inside edges of the top of the rails, usually 4' 8.5". Trains are built to operate on a track of a given gauge.

The history of railways is replete with railways being built to a variety of gauges, which has led to numerous problems including limiting the viability of individual railways.

A gauge of four feet eight and a half inches (1435 [[mm]]) is generally known as ''standard gauge'', and is widely used around the world. Gauges smaller than this are referred to as ''narrow gauge'' and larger gauges are referred to as ''broad gauge''.<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/narrowgauge?view=uk narrow gauge] and at [http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/broadgauge?view=uk broad gauge] at AskOxford.com</ref>

Narrow-gauge lines are usually cheaper to construct and have often been used for short industrial lines, connecting branch lines, and places where it would not be economic to construct a more substantial line.
However, some narrow gauge lines, such as those of [[Queensland]] and [[South Africa]], are built to the same standards as standard gauge lines and perform just like standard-gauge lines.

== Safety ==
=== Incident statistics ===
Trains are one of the safest modes of passenger transportation in common use today.

In 2007 in the United States, there were 579,505,279 passenger trips on railroads regulated by the [[Federal Railroad Administration]] (excluding [[mass transportation|urban transit]]), resulting in 5 fatalities and 1155 injuries, or a fatality rate of approximately 1 per 115 million passengers, and an injury rate of 1 in 500,000.<ref name="FRA statistics">http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/</ref>


=== Issues and problems ===

==== grade crossings ====
Most railroad fatalities occur at crossings or involve trespassers, rather than passengers. In 2007, 851 people died in railroad-related incidents in the United States.<ref name="FRA statistics" /> Of these, 5 were passengers, 470 were trespassers, and 338 were vehicle occupants or pedestrians at railroad crossings.

Some railroad-crossing collisions occur when a [[car|motor vehicle]] begins to cross railroad tracks while other vehicles are stopped ahead. In order to prevent such accidents, some traffic signals may be designed to provide "[a] special sequence of signal phases and timing to provide additional clearance time for vehicles to clear the tracks prior to the arrival of a train"<ref name="4D13">''Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices'', [http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/htm/2003r1r2/part4/part4d.htm#section4D13 chapter 4D].</ref><ref name="8D07">''See also'' ''Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices'', [http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/htm/2003r1r2/part8/part8d.htm#section8D07 chapter 8D].</ref>; however, such designs are not mandatory. It is the driver's sole responsibility never to start to cross any railroad tracks until it is certain that both the tracks and the roadway beyond are clear.<ref name="driver handbooks">''See'', ''e.g.'', [http://mva.state.md.us/Resources/DL-002B.pdf ''Maryland Driver's Handbook''], page 103 (page 53 of online edition); [http://www.bmv.ohio.gov/pdf_forms/HSY-7607.pdf ''Digest of Ohio Motor Vehicle Laws''], page 38.</ref><ref name="HAR-9602">''See also'' National Transportation Safety Board ''[http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/1996/HAR9602.pdf Highway/Railroad Accident Report]: Collision of Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation (METRA) Train and Transportation Joint Agreement School District 47/155 School Bus at Railroad/Highway Grade Crossing in Fox River Grove, Illinois, on October 25, 1995''.</ref>

==== derailments ====
''This section is a stub. You can help Conservapedia by [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} expanding it].''

=== Rail operations ===
{{main|Safeworking (railway)}}

In order to prevent trains from colliding, railroads use electrical signaling systems. The most common systems in use today are based on variations of [[automatic block signaling]], which can be supplemented by [[positive train control]].

==== Automatic block signaling ====

In automatic block signaling, railroad tracks are divided into sections known as blocks. The signaling system prevents more than one train from occupying any one block at any given time by detecting the presence of trains and by using colored lights (similar to [[traffic signal]]s) to indicate to train crew whether it is safe to proceed<ref name="train control systems">''See'' [http://www.ntsb.gov/events/symp_ptc/presentations/03_VanderClute.pdf Train Control Systems].</ref>; for example, a yellow signal may be used to instruct train crews to slow down, and a red signal may be used to instruct train crews to stop so as to avoid entering a block that is occupied.

==== Positive train control ====
[[Positive train control]] is a technology by which "automatic control systems" are able "to override mistakes made by human operators" in order to prevent train collisions.<ref name="NTSB recommendation">http://www.ntsb.gov/recs/mostwanted/positive_train.htm</ref> [[Amtrak]]'s Northeast Corridor, for example, uses a system that comprises two elements, "positive train stop" and "civil speed enforcement," which together provide the functionality of positive train control.<ref name="NTSB recommendation" />

Positive train control systems can prevent those collisions that are caused by crewmember inattention to signal indications.<ref name="NTSB testimony">''See'' [http://www.ntsb.gov/speeches/s050428.htm National Transportation Safety Board: statement on positive train control].</ref>

== Trains ==
{{main|Train}}
[[Image:Gallitzin_rr.jpg|thumb|260px|Train emerging from the famous tunnels in Gallitzin, Pennsylvania. This photo illustrates how a good deal of railway freight is hauled these days -- in intermodal shipping containers]]

The vehicles that operate on railways are known as ''[[train]]s'', and usually comprise one or more [[locomotive]]s hauling a number of vehicles.

== Further reading ==

===Notes===
<references/>

==see also==
* [[Railway history]]
===Bibliography===
* Armstrong, John H. ''The Railroad: What It Is, What It Does''. (4th ed. 1998)
* Nock, O.S. ''Encyclopedia of Railwys'' (1977), well illustrated
* Simmons, Jack, and Gordon Biddle, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to British Railway History'' (1997), online at academic libraries

[[Category:Railroads]]
[[Category:Transportation]]
[[Category:Economic history]]

===External links===
* [http://www.fra.dot.gov/us/content/1265 Federal Railroad Administration » press room » positive train control]
* [http://parovoz.com/spravka/gauges-en.php Railroad Gauge Width], a comprehensive list of railway gauges and countries where they are and were used.
* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/railroad.htm Guide to Railroad History online]

== Notes ==
<references />

[[Category:Railroads]]
[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Economic history]]
[[Category:Systems of Support]]
[[Category:Transportation]]

Thought Police

2015-04-18T14:37:47Z

Mersey: corrected capital letter for Japan

The '''Tokkō''', or the '''Thought Police''' as they were known, were the secret police of pre-WWII [[Japan]]. They had a similar role to [[Hitler]]'s '''Gestapo''', and were used to control political groups that posed a threat to Japan.

==See also==

*''[[1984]]'' - novel by [[George Orwell]]

[[Category: Japan]]

Thought Police

2015-04-18T14:37:05Z

Mersey:

The '''Tokkō''', or the '''Thought Police''' as they were known, were the secret police of pre-WWII [[Japan]]. They had a similar role to [[Hitler]]'s '''Gestapo''', and were used to control political groups that posed a threat to japan.

==See also==

*''[[1984]]'' - novel by [[George Orwell]]

[[Category: Japan]]

License

2015-04-18T14:22:48Z

Mersey:

A '''license''' is a permission granted by [[government]] or a competent authority to engage in a [[business]] or occupation or in an activity otherwise unlawful or regulated. (See also [[artistic license]])

==See Also==
* Licenses for [[Radio communication technologies]]: [[Amateur radio license]] of the [[FCC]]
* '''Radio Standards Organization:''' [[Radio legalities]], [[Federal Communications Commission]], [[American Radio Relay League]], [[International Telecommunication Union]] ([[ITU]])
* [[Concealed carry]] license
* [[Drivers license]] - [[Identification]] - [[Passport]]

* [[Hunting]] license for:
** [[Firearm]]s: [[Handgun]], [[Shotgun]] and [[Rifle]]
** [[Bowhunting]] - [[Archery]]: [[Crossbow]], [[Compound bow]]
* [[Fishing]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:Amateur Radio]]
[[Category:Radio]]
[[Category:Broadcasting]]
[[Category:Automobiles]]
[[Category:Everyday carry]]
[[Category:Hunting]]
[[Category:Taxation]]
[[Category:Oppression]]
[[Category:Government]]
[[Category:Privacy]]

User:Mersey

2015-04-18T14:16:10Z

Mersey: Created page with "This is my user page. should you need to contact me, try here first. ~~~~"

This is my user page.
should you need to contact me, try here first.
[[User:Mersey|Mersey]] 10:16, 18 April 2015 (EDT)