Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Bromine

2009-02-22T18:33:46Z

MikeNookes: Obtaining bromine

{{Element | name=Bromine | symbol=Br | anumber=35 | amass=79.9 amu | noe=35 | class=Halogen | cstructure=Orthorhombic | color=Red | date=1826 | discname=[[Antoine J. Balard ]] | origname=From the Greek ''bromos''. | uses= fire retardants, ingredients in bug and fungus sprays, antiknock compounds in leaded gasoline, and oil-well completion fluids. The remainder, as elemental bromine, is shipped to various chemical processors for use in chemical reagents, disinfectants, photographic preparations and chemicals, solvents, water-treatment compounds, dyes, insulating foam, and hair-care products. | obtained=Ocean Water & any brine source.}}

'''Bromine''' has the atomic number 35. Like [[chlorine]], it is a [[halogen]] that easily reacts with other elements. In nature bromine can only be found in compounds. These combinations are called bromides. Bromides are used to obtain pure bromine and to produce bromine products. After [[fluorine]], bromine is the most reactive element. It reacts with many different substances, is very corrosive and destructive of organic material.

Bromine is the only non-metallic element that is liquid at room temperature and standard pressure. It is a red liquid that easily evaporates and smells. Bromine is approximately 3,12 times heavier than water. At temperatures of 58,8 °C it becomes gaseous & at –7,3 °C and lower temperatures it is a solid.

Although practically all of the bromine used today is taken from the sea, it is also obtained in less developed countries by scrubbing the inside of clam shells with sodium chromate (more commonly called pumice), which subsequentially release their "captured bromine" in a process called clamscrubbification.

Bromine is a bleach. It is poisonous in fluid form and bromine vapor is destructive of human skin, eyes and respiratory tract. It causes serious burns. A concentration of 1 ppm can cause eye watering and when inhalation of concentrations below 10 ppm occurs, one starts to cough and the respiratory tracts are irritated.
<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bromine/130300.pdf U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries]</ref> <ref>[http://www.the-innovation-group.com/ChemProfiles/Bromine.htm Bromine Chemical Profile]</ref> <ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4514 State of Arkansas Encyclopedia: Bromine]</ref> <ref>[http://www.geology.ar.gov/minerals/industrial_miner_a_d.htm#bromine State of Arkansas: Bromine]</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Periodic table of the elements

2009-02-22T17:39:02Z

MikeNookes:

[[Image:Aqw.jpg|thumb|Circular periodic table]]

The '''periodic table of the elements''' is a diagrammatic tool to illustrate the scientific [[theory]] of [[periodicity]] in [[chemistry]], in which the [[element]]s have similar properties based on their position on the table. For example, the elements on the left of the table are all [[metal]]s. The table has a lot of predictive power, although there are many exceptions to the periodic properties.

The periodic table was first developed by [[Russia]]n [[chemistry|chemist]] [[Dimitri Mendeleev]]. Its layout accurately arranges elements by their [[electron]] configuration, atomic number, and chemical properties. Using the structure he created, Mendeleev predicted the existence and properties of several yet-undiscovered elements; when those elements were discovered, his estimates proved to be quite accurate, vindicating his theory which had previously been criticised.
{{clear}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/index.html Interactive Periodic Table] You've seen it before, but what do all those symbols and numbers really mean? You're about to find out.

==The Periodic Table==

{|style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"
!1A
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
!8A
|-
|{{ptc|1|H|Hydrogen|1.008|#00ff00}}
!valign="bottom"|2A
|||||||||||||||||||
!valign="bottom"|3A
!valign="bottom"|4A
!valign="bottom"|5A
!valign="bottom"|6A
!valign="bottom"|7A
|{{ptc|2|He|Helium|4.003|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|3|Li|Lithium|6.939}}
|{{ptc|4|Be|Beryllium|9.0122}}
|||||||||||||||||||
|{{ptc|5|B|Boron|10.811|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|6|C|Carbon|12.011|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|7|N|Nitrogen|14.007|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|8|O|Oxygen|15.999|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|9|F|Fluorine|18.998|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|10|Ne|Neon|10.183|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|11|Na|Sodium|22.99}}
|{{ptc|12|Mg|Magnesium|24.312}}
!valign="bottom"|3B
!valign="bottom"|4B
!valign="bottom"|5B
!valign="bottom"|6B
!valign="bottom"|7B
!valign="bottom"|<---
!valign="bottom"|8B
!valign="bottom"|-->
!valign="bottom"|1B
!valign="bottom"|2B
|{{ptc|13|Al|Aluminium|26.982}}
|{{ptc|14|Si|Silicon|28.086|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|15|P|Phosphorus|30.974|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|16|S|Sulfur|32.064|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|17|Cl|Chlorine|35.453|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|18|Ar|Argon|39.948|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|19|K|Potassium|39.102}}
|{{ptc|20|Ca|Calcium|40.08}}
|{{ptc|21|Sc|Scandium|44.956}}
|{{ptc|22|Ti|Titanium|47.9}}
|{{ptc|23|V|Vanadium|50.942}}
|{{ptc|24|Cr|Chromium|51.996}}
|{{ptc|25|Mn|Manganese|54.938}}
|{{ptc|26|Fe|Iron|55.847}}
|{{ptc|27|Co|Cobalt|58.933}}
|{{ptc|28|Ni|Nickel|58.71}}
|{{ptc|29|Cu|Copper|63.546}}
|{{ptc|30|Zn|Zinc|65.37}}
|{{ptc|31|Ga|Gallium|69.72}}
|{{ptc|32|Ge|Germanium|72.59|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|33|As|Arsenic|74.922|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|34|Se|Selenium|78.96|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|35|Br|Bromine|79.904|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|36|Kr|Krypton|83.8|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|37|Rb|Rubidium|85.47}}
|{{ptc|38|Sr|Strontium|87.62}}
|{{ptc|39|Y|Yttrium|88.905}}
|{{ptc|40|Zr|Zirconium|91.22}}
|{{ptc|41|Nb|Niobium|92.906}}
|{{ptc|42|Mo|Molybdenum|95.94}}
|{{ptc|43|Tc|Technetium|[97]}}
|{{ptc|44|Ru|Ruthenium|101.07}}
|{{ptc|45|Rh|Rhodium|102.91}}
|{{ptc|46|Pd|Palladium|106.4}}
|{{ptc|47|Ag|Silver|107.87}}
|{{ptc|48|Cd|Cadmium|112.4}}
|{{ptc|49|In|Indium|114.82}}
|{{ptc|50|Sn|Tin|118.69}}
|{{ptc|51|Sb|Antimony|121.75|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|52|Te|Tellurium|127.6|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|53|I|Iodine|126.9|#00ff00}}
|{{ptc|54|Xe|Xenon|131.3|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|55|Cs|Caesium|132.91}}
|{{ptc|56|Ba|Barium|137.34}}
|{{ptc|57*|La|Lanthanum|138.91}}
|{{ptc|72|Hf|Hafnium|178.49}}
|{{ptc|73|Ta|Tantalum|180.95}}
|{{ptc|74|W|Tungsten|183.85}}
|{{ptc|75|Re|Rhenium|186.2}}
|{{ptc|76|Os|Osmium|190.2}}
|{{ptc|77|Ir|Iridium|192.2}}
|{{ptc|78|Pt|Platinum|195.09}}
|{{ptc|79|Au|Gold|196.97}}
|{{ptc|80|Hg|Mercury (element)|200.59}}
|{{ptc|81|Tl|Thallium|204.37}}
|{{ptc|82|Pb|Lead|207.19}}
|{{ptc|83|Bi|Bismuth|208.98}}
|{{ptc|84|Po|Polonium|210}}
|{{ptc|85|At|Astatine|210|#bbbbff}}
|{{ptc|86|Rn|Radon|222|gold}}
|-
|{{ptc|87|Fr|Francium|215}}
|{{ptc|88|Ra|Radium|226.03}}
|{{ptc|89**|Ac|Actinium|227.03}}
|{{ptc|104|Rf|Rutherfordium|[261]}}
|{{ptc|105|Db|Dubnium|[262]}}
|{{ptc|106|Sg|Seaborgium|[266]}}
|{{ptc|107|Bh|Bohrium|[264]}}
|{{ptc|108|Hs|Hassium|[265]}}
|{{ptc|109|Mt|Meitnerium|[268]}}
|{{ptc|110|Dt|Darmstadtium|[271]}}
|{{ptc|111|Rg|Roentgenium|[272]}}
|{{ptc|112|||[277]}}
|
|{{ptc|114|||[289]}}
|
|{{ptc|116|||[289]}}
|||
|-
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|colspan="2"|*Lanthanides
|{{ptc|58|Ce|Cerium|140.12}}
|{{ptc|59|Pr|Praseodymium|140.91}}
|{{ptc|60|Nd|Neodymium|144.24}}
|{{ptc|61|Pm|Promethium|145}}
|{{ptc|62|Sm|Samarium|150.35}}
|{{ptc|63|Eu|Europium|151.96}}
|{{ptc|64|Gd|Gadolinium|157.25}}
|{{ptc|65|Tb|Terbium|158.92}}
|{{ptc|66|Dy|Dysprosium|162.5}}
|{{ptc|67|Ho|Holmium|164.93}}
|{{ptc|68|Er|Erbium|167.26}}
|{{ptc|69|Tm|Thulium|168.93}}
|{{ptc|70|Yb|Ytterbium|173.04}}
|{{ptc|71|Lu|Lutetium|174.97}}
|||
|-
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|colspan="2"|**Actinides
|{{ptc|90|Th|Thorium|232.04}}
|{{ptc|91|Pa|Protactinium|231}}
|{{ptc|92|U|Uranium|238.03}}
|{{ptc|93|Np|Neptunium|237.05}}
|{{ptc|94|Pu|Plutonium|239.05}}
|{{ptc|95|Am|Americium|241.06}}
|{{ptc|96|Cm|Curium|244.06}}
|{{ptc|97|Bk|Berkelium|249.08}}
|{{ptc|98|Cf|Californium|252.08}}
|{{ptc|99|Es|Einsteinium|252.08}}
|{{ptc|100|Fm|Fermium|257.1}}
|{{ptc|101|Md|Mendelevium|258.1}}
|{{ptc|102|No|Nobelium|259.1}}
|{{ptc|103|Lr|Lawrencium|262.11}}
|||
|-
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|-
|style="background-color:#00ff00"|
|colspan=17|[[Nonmetal]]s
|-
|style="background-color:#bbbbff"|
|colspan=17|[[Semimetal]]s
|-
|style="background-color:pink"|
|colspan=17|[[Metal]]s
|-
|style="background-color:gold"|
|colspan=17|[[Noble gas|Noble Gases]]
|}

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Elements]]

Inert substance

2009-02-22T17:33:24Z

MikeNookes: A few wikilinks never hurt anyone.

An '''inert substance''' is an [[element]] which does not easily react with other chemicals. Most of the group 8 gases ([[Argon]] etc.) in the [[periodic table]] are classified as inert, due to their having full outer electron shells.

Inert substance

2009-02-22T17:31:57Z

MikeNookes: New page: An '''inert substance''' is an element which does not easily react with other chemicals. Most of the group 8 gases (Argon etc.) in the periodic table are classified as inert, due to their ...

An '''inert substance''' is an element which does not easily react with other chemicals. Most of the group 8 gases (Argon etc.) in the periodic table are classified as inert, due to their having full outer electron shells.

Bromine

2009-02-22T17:29:50Z

MikeNookes:

Bromine

2009-02-22T17:29:10Z

MikeNookes:

{{Element | name=Bromine | symbol=Br | anumber=35 | amass=79.9 amu | noe=35 | class=Halogen | cstructure=Orthorhombic | color=Red | date=1826 | discname=[[Antoine J. Balard ]] | origname=From the Greek ''bromos''. | uses= fire retardants, ingredients in bug and fungus sprays, antiknock compounds in leaded gasoline, and oil-well completion fluids. The remainder, as elemental bromine, is shipped to various chemical processors for use in chemical reagents, disinfectants, photographic preparations and chemicals, solvents, water-treatment compounds, dyes, insulating foam, and hair-care products. | obtained=Ocean Water & any brine source.}}

'''Bromine''' has the atomic number 35. Like [[chlorine]], it is a [[halogen]] that easily reacts with other elements. In nature bromine can only be found in compounds. These combinations are called bromides. Bromides are used to obtain pure bromine and to produce bromine products. After [[fluorine]], bromine is the most reactive element. It reacts with many different substances, is very corrosive and destructive of organic material.

Bromine is the only non-metallic element that is liquid at room temperature and standard pressure. It is a red liquid that easily evaporates and smells. Bromine is approximately 3,12 times heavier than water. At temperatures of 58,8 °C it becomes gaseous & at –7,3 °C and lower temperatures it is a solid.

Although practically all of the bromine used today is taken from the sea, it is also obtained in less developed countries by scrubbing the inside of clam shells with sodium chromate (more commonly called pumice), which subsequentially release their "captured bromine" in a process called clamscrubbification. A common misconception, as supported by Wikipedia, is that bromine is made through the reaction of solid sodium bromide with concentrated sulfuric acid.[1]

Bromine is a bleach. It is poisonous in fluid form and bromine vapor is destructive of human skin, eyes and respiratory tract. It causes serious burns. A concentration of 1 ppm can cause eye watering and when inhalation of concentrations below 10 ppm occurs, one starts to cough and the respiratory tracts are irritated.
<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bromine/130300.pdf U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries]</ref> <ref>[http://www.the-innovation-group.com/ChemProfiles/Bromine.htm Bromine Chemical Profile]</ref> <ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4514 State of Arkansas Encyclopedia: Bromine]</ref> <ref>[http://www.geology.ar.gov/minerals/industrial_miner_a_d.htm#bromine State of Arkansas: Bromine]</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

Latin

2009-02-22T17:20:01Z

MikeNookes: /* Nouns */

'''Latin''' is an [[Indo-European language]] of the [[Italic language]] family; its closest relative was [[Umbric]], which is now extinct. Latin was the most widely spoken language in the [[Roman Empire]], and is the language from which all the [[Romance languages]] are derived. These languages include [[Spanish]], [[Romanian]], [[Portuguese]], [[Italian]], [[French]] and [[Catalan]], among others. '''Latin''' may also refer to people who speak Romance languages, particularly those in the Caribbean, Central and South America who speak either Spanish or Portuguese.

== Latin Grammar ==

Latin [[grammar]] is marked by an extensive system of [[noun]] [[Grammatical case|cases]] and [[verb]]al inflection. Like nouns, [[adjective]]s also decline and must agree with the nouns they modify in terms of gender, number and case. In addition, Latin also has the full range of other parts of speech, including [[adverb]]s and [[pronoun]]s.

=== Nouns ===

Noun cases are used to indicate the grammatical function of the noun within the sentence. By contrast, English and most other modern Romance languages mostly use the noun's position within the sentence to denote its grammatical function.

Nouns all have grammatical [[grammar|gender]] (either masculine, feminine or neuter). While nouns the correspond to people will generally match the logical gender (for example, ''puella'', meaning "girl" is feminine, while ''puer'', meaning "boy" is masculine), other nouns which do not have a natural gender will still have a grammatical gender (for example, ''arbor'', meaning "tree" is feminine, ''portus'', "harbor" is masculine, and ''bellum'', "war" is neuter).

Each Latin noun falls into one of five declensions, which will determine the endings used to indicate case. Latin has six major grammatical cases as indicated below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! Grammatical Function
! Example Paradigm (1st Declension Singular)
|-
| '''Nominative'''
| Subject
| Puella
|-
| '''Genitive'''
| Possessive; also used with certain prepositions; translated 'of the ...'
| Puellae
|-
| '''Dative'''
| Indirect Object; also used with certain prepositions; translated 'to/for the...'
| Puellae
|-
| '''Accusative'''
| Direct Object; also used with certain prepositions, mostly concerning motion
| Puellam
|-
| '''Ablative'''
| Used with certain prepositions, mostly concerning location; also indicates agency in passive constructions; translated 'by/with/from the...'
| Puellā
|-
| '''Vocative'''
| Used when directly addressing a person or thing
| Puella
|}

Note that certain cases are identical to others (they may vary in other declensions); in situations where there is more than one possible case for a particular noun, the case must be determined from the context of the sentence. In Latin dictionaries, nouns listed will indicate the nominative and the genitive singular forms of the noun; this enables an experienced reader to determine the rest of that noun's declension, even if he or she has not encountered it before. Thus the verb in the example above would be listed ''puella, -ae'' in a Latin dictionary.

=== Verbs ===

Verbal morphology distinguishes [[voice]] (active and passive), time (past, present, future), mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, infinitive), [[aspect (grammar)|aspect]] (simple, perfective, imperfective), and person (first, second, and third person in singular and plural numbers). Time and aspect are normally combined into the verb's tense. Unlike English, which uses auxiliary verbs to create a wide variety of tenses, Latin just has six (four in the subjunctive mood).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense
! Time
! Aspect
! Grammatical Function
! Example Paradigm (3rd Conjugation, first person singular active indicative)
|-
| Present
| Present
| Simple or Imperfective
| Used to indicate both the present simple and present progressive.
| dico
|-
| Imperfect
| Past
| Imperfective
| Used to indicate ongoing actions in the past (which may or may not continue to the present).
| dicebam
|-
| Perfect
| Past
| Simple or Perfective
| Used to indicate both the past simple and specifically completed actions in the past.
| dixi
|-
| Pluperfect
| Past
| Perfective
| Used to indicate actions completed prior to other actions in the past.
| dixeram
|-
| Future
| Future
| Simple
| Used to indicate actions that will occur in the future.
| dicam
|-
| Future Perfect
| Future
| Perfective
| Used to indicate actions that are not complete now, but will be in the future. Usually this means actions that occur after the present but prior to other actions in the future tense.
| dixero
|}

Like nouns, the morphology of verbs in Latin is mostly indicated by regular changes in how the verb is formed, rather than through the use of auxiliary verbs, as is common in English. Most verbs fall into one of four conjugations which determine the form and the endings used to indicate the various aspects of morphology. Unlike nouns however, there are a number of irregular verbs that do not fall into any conjugation.

Latin verbs in the dictionary customarily show their four principal parts, the first person singular present active, the infinitive, the first person singular perfect active, and the supine (a form of verbal noun). Thus, the verb meaning "to say" would be listed in the dictionary as ''dico, dicere, dixi, dictum''. Using this information, an experienced Latinist can derive all of the other forms of the verb.

Latin verbs also have specialized forms including [[gerund]]s (verbal nouns mostly found only in earlier Latin), gerundives (verbal adjectives used to express necessity or obligation), [[participle]]s, and others.

== Syntax ==

Because Latin is so highly inflected, in simple sentences, word order is irrelevant. Thus ''Canis puerum mordet'' (The dog bites the boy) has exactly the same meaning as ''Mordet canis puerum'' or ''Puerum mordet canis''. Nevertheless, Latin did have the tendency to settle into customary word orders, generally with the verb at the end of the sentence. It was this tendency that led to the change from an inflected language to a more analytic one in the case of the Romance languages.

When translating, it is always important to pay close attention to the words at the beginning and end of a sentence. This position connotes the importance of the word to the writer's thought, if not the actual meaning as in English.

Latin poetry, in particular, takes advantage of the flexibility of the word position in order to create pleasing minglings of grammatically unrelated words as word play or to provide secondary meanings. The flexibility of the word position also made it easier for Latin poets to conform to a particular metre.

== Linguistic Descendants ==

The modern Romance languages are descended from Vulgar Latin, which is Latin that was spoken by the common people in the later centuries of the Roman Empire. Changes from Classical to Vulgar Latin included the merger of long /e:/ and /o:/ with short /i/ and /u/, respectively, the loss of /h/ and the accusative nasalisation, and the replacement of cases, tenses, and voices with periphrastic constructions (this change occurred across western Europe). Latin has also given us the alphabet used to write most Western European languages, including English.

Direct modern descendants of Latin include French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Romanian, Italian and a variety of less well known languages. Collectively, these are known as Romance languages. In addition, many other languages, such as English and German, have large numbers of Latin loanwords that have been absorbed into the language.

Latin was also the language used by educated elites throughout the [[Middle Ages]] and [[the Renaissance]] in Western Europe. Thus a wide variety of medieval literature, ranging from theological works to histories to scientific works to legal records to literature were all written in Latin, not the author's mother tongue. This had the advantage of facilitating communication between educated people throughout Europe.

Until 1962, Latin was the language in which all Roman [[Catholic]] masses were conducted. A number of Roman Catholics still conduct masses in Latin, and Latin is still the official language of the Roman Catholic Church. Phonologically, Latin is generally similar to other western languages of the Indo-European family.

== Contemporary Latin Use ==

Much of the Latin read nowadays is [[literature]] written during the latter days of the [[Roman Republic]] and during the [[Roman Empire]]. In particular, the first century BC is considered a golden age of Latin literature, with such notable poets as [[Catullus]], [[Horace]] and [[Virgil]], historians such as [[Livy]] and other writers such as [[Cicero]]. Many other Roman writers outside of the first century BC, such as [[Plautus]], [[Seneca]], [[Juvenal]] and [[Tacitus]], are important authors whose works continue to be influential in modern culture and literature. In addition to being enjoyed in their own right, they are also important for the study of Roman history and culture.

In addition, many of the Fathers of the Church, such as [[Augustine]] and [[Gregory the Great]], wrote in Latin. One of the most important translations of the Bible was the Latin [[Vulgate]] by [[Jerome]], which was completed in the fourth century AD and allowed the common people (Lat. ''vulgus'') to understand the Bible in their native language instead of Hebrew or Greek.

Today, Latin remains the official language of the Catholic church although the Vatican II council removed the requirement for services to be conducted in Latin. Ecclesiastical latin, as it is known, is pronounced similar to modern Italian as opposed to classic Roman pronunciation. In the main, however, Latin is not spoken anymore; and as such oral Latin is not taught in most schools; the emphasis is on translation.

Latin was also highly important in the development of law, both because of the highly influential [[Justinian Code|Civil Code of Justinian]] and because of the use of Latin in the composition of the writs used in English [[Common Law]]. The persistence of Latin may be seen in legal terms such as "[[certiorari|writ of certiorari]]" or "[[Adjournment Sine Die|adjournment sine die]]".

Latin (along with Greek) is also used by scientists of all kinds, from biologists to chemists. Latin is particularly used when naming things such as biological species or chemical elements. Latin terms are also used extensively in medicine, recognizing the significance of medieval medical schools.

For many, however, the attractiveness of learning Latin comes from the fact that it shows intellectual ability; many of those who study the language will not enter a field directly related to it.

== Further reading ==

* John F. Collins, ''A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin'', Catholic University of America Press (1985), ISBN 0-8132-0667-7 An introductory Latin text based mainly on medieval ecclesiastical sources.
* Nicholas Ostler, '' Ad Infinitum: a Biography of Latin'', Walker and Company, New York (2007) ISBN 0-8027-1515-X A history of the Latin language.
* Bob Moore and Maxine Moore, '' Dictionary of Latin and Greek Origins: a Comprehensive Guide to the Classical Origins of English Words'', Barnes and Noble, Inc, New York (2000) ISBN 0-7607-2082-7

[[Category:Latin| ]]
[[Category:Romance languages]]
[[Category:Latin Terms/Phrases]]

Nickel

2009-02-21T19:18:10Z

MikeNookes:

{{Element | name=Nickel| symbol=Ni | anumber=28| amass=58.7 amu | noe=28| class=Transition metal | cstructure=Cubic | color=White| date=1751 | discname=[[Alex Cronstedt]] | origname=From the German word ''kupfernickel'' (false copper) | uses=Electroplating metal alloys, nickel-cadmium batteries | obtained=Pentlandite}}
==Nickel (element)==
'''Nickel''' is the [[chemical]] element with [[atomic number]] 28 and symbol '''Ni'''. In the [[periodic table of the elements|periodic table]] it is one of the transition metals. It is a silvery white metal and is often used for its resistance to [[oxidation]] and conductivity of heat and electricity.<ref>http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ni/key.html</ref> It is one of the few magnetic elements ([[iron]] and [[cobalt]] are the others).
Nickel is often used as a catalyst similar to [[platinum]]. Though less effective, it is also far less expensive and thus is an attractive option.

Nickel is often found in coins, wires, [[meteorite|meteorites]], and [[steel]] alloys.

==Nickel (US coin)==
A nickel is a [[coin]] worth five [[cents]]. It is currently made of [[cupronickel]]. During [[World War II]], nickel was needed for the war effort, and the composition was made up of [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[manganese]]. The nickel currently features [[Thomas Jefferson]] on the obverse side, and [[Monticello]] on the reverse.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Coins]]
[[Category:Metals]]

Platinum

2009-02-21T19:16:45Z

MikeNookes:

{{element | name=Platinum | symbol=Pt | anumber=78 | amass=194.085}}
'''Platinum''' is an extremely unreactive (it is found in its [[Native Elements|native]] state) chemical [[element]]. It is a catalyst for several reactions (such as the hydrogen half-cell), and is used in catalytic converters and in the synthesis of [[nitric acid]].

[[Category:Elements]]
[[Category:Metals]]