Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Proposition 8

2009-02-27T06:19:38Z

Misken:

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

After the election, demonstrations and protests occurred across the state and nation. Numerous [[lawsuits]] were filed with the California Supreme Court by same-sex couples and government entities, challenging the proposition's validity and effect on previously administered same-sex marriages. The court is expected to hear oral arguments and reach a holding on March 5, 2009.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Results==
Proposition 8 passed with a 52.30% majority (7,001,084 votes) over a 47.70% minority (6,401,482 votes) with 340,611 invalid of blank votes. 79.42% of the Californian population turned up to vote on voting day.

Ron Prentice, the chairman of ProtectMarriage.com issued a statement saying, ""The people of California stood up for traditional marriage and reclaimed this great institution." The organizers of the "No on Prop 8" campaign issued a statement on November 6 saying "Tuesday’s vote was deeply disappointing to all who believe in equal treatment under the law."

==Vandalism and Protests==
Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the newly instituted text that Proposition 8 added to the Constitution, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

Following the passage, a group of gay couples and governmental entities (a small collection of coastal cities and counties) have filed suit against Proposition 8. The California Supreme court accepted and will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8 (Strauss v. Horton, Tyler v. California, San Francisco v. Horton). According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by musical theatre composer [[Marc Shaiman]] wrote “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible through a series of "pick and choose" doctrines. Marc Shaiman is also the composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T18:27:55Z

Misken: the measure didn't "apparently" pass...it DID pass

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Results==
Proposition 8 passed with a 52.30% majority (7,001,084 votes) over a 47.70% minority (6,401,482 votes) with 340,611 invalid of blank votes. 79.42% of the Californian population turned up to vote on voting day.

Ron Prentice, the chairman of ProtectMarriage.com issued a statement saying, ""The people of California stood up for traditional marriage and reclaimed this great institution." The organizers of the "No on Prop 8" campaign issued a statement on November 6 saying "Tuesday’s vote was deeply disappointing to all who believe in equal treatment under the law."

==Vandalism and Protests==
Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the newly instituted text that Proposition 8 added to the Constitution, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

Following the passage, a group of gay couples and governmental entities (a small collection of coastal cities and counties) have filed suit against Proposition 8. The California Supreme court accepted and will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8 (Strauss v. Horton, Tyler v. California, San Francisco v. Horton). According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by musical theatre composer [[Marc Shaiman]] wrote “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible through a series of "pick and choose" doctrines. Marc Shaiman is also the composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

User:Misken

2009-02-26T18:24:02Z

Misken:

{{Userboxtop|Misken's Userboxes}}
{{User Liberal}}
{{Userbox |id=P8|info=This user is against [[Proposition 8]].}}
{{user gay rights}}
{{Userbox |id=P4|info=This user is against Proposition 4.}}
{{Userbox |id=[[Image:Blue Marble.jpg|50px]]|info=This user is an [[environmentalist]].}}
{{User Evo}}
{{user biblemetaphor}}
{{User Democrat}}
{{Userbox |id=[[Image:GoldenGateBridge02.jpg|100px]]|info=This user lives in the [[San Francisco Bay|San Francisco Bay Area]].}}
{{User Obama}}
{{Userbox |id=[[Image:About arnold img-2.jpg|60px]]|info=This user supports [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]].}}
{{User legalpot}}
{{User nowar}}
{{Userbox |id=|info=This user is [[Pro-choice]].}}
{{Userbox |border-c=#000 |border-s=1 |id-c=#fff |id-s=12 |id-fc=#000 |info-c=#039 |info-s=8 |info-fc=#fff |id=[[Image:Wii.png|50px]]|info=This user is a gamer}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:40:16Z

Misken: New Section - /* Results */

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''
==Results==
Proposition 8 passed with a 52.30% majority (7,001,084 votes) over a 47.70% minority (6,401,482 votes) with 340,611 invalid of blank votes. 79.42% of the Californian population turned up to vote on voting day.

Ron Prentice, the chairman of ProtectMarriage.com issued a statement saying, ""The people of California stood up for traditional marriage and reclaimed this great institution." The organizers of the "No on Prop 8" campaign issued a statement on November 6 saying "Tuesday’s vote was deeply disappointing to all who believe in equal treatment under the law."

==Vandalism and Protests==
Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the newly instituted text that Proposition 8 added to the Constitution, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

Following the passage, a group of gay couples and governmental entities (a small collection of coastal cities and counties) have filed suit against Proposition 8. The California Supreme court accepted and will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8 (Strauss v. Horton, Tyler v. California, San Francisco v. Horton). According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by musical theatre composer [[Marc Shaiman]] wrote “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible through a series of "pick and choose" doctrines. Marc Shaiman is also the composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:33:10Z

Misken: remove per talk page + opinion statement

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Vandalism and Protests==
Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the newly instituted text that Proposition 8 added to the Constitution, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

Following the passage, a group of gay couples and governmental entities (a small collection of coastal cities and counties) have filed suit against Proposition 8. The California Supreme court accepted and will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8 (Strauss v. Horton, Tyler v. California, San Francisco v. Horton). According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by musical theatre composer [[Marc Shaiman]] wrote “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible through a series of "pick and choose" doctrines. Marc Shaiman is also the composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:31:17Z

Misken: /* Aftermath */

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Vandalism and Protests==
Unfortunately the democratic process alone is not sufficient to some. Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the newly instituted text that Proposition 8 added to the Constitution, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

Following the passage, a group of gay couples and governmental entities (a small collection of coastal cities and counties) have filed suit against Proposition 8. The California Supreme court accepted and will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8 (Strauss v. Horton, Tyler v. California, San Francisco v. Horton). According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by musical theatre composer [[Marc Shaiman]] wrote “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible through a series of "pick and choose" doctrines. Marc Shaiman is also the composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:30:23Z

Misken: /* Aftermath */

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Vandalism and Protests==
Unfortunately the democratic process alone is not sufficient to some. Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the newly instituted text that Proposition 8 added to the Constitution, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

Following the passage, a group of gay couples and governmental entities (a small collection of coastal cities and counties) have filed suit against Proposition 8. The California Supreme court accepted and will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8 (Strauss v. Horton, Tyler v. California, San Francisco v. Horton). According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by musical theatre composer [[Marc Shaiman]] wrote “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible. Marc Shaiman is also the composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:29:38Z

Misken: /* Aftermath */

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Vandalism and Protests==
Unfortunately the democratic process alone is not sufficient to some. Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the newly instituted text that Proposition 8 added to the Constitution, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

Following the passage, a group of gay couples and governmental entities have filed suit against Proposition 8. The California Supreme court accepted and will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8 (Strauss v. Horton, Tyler v. California, San Francisco v. Horton). According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by musical theatre composer [[Marc Shaiman]] wrote “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible. Marc Shaiman is also the composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:27:53Z

Misken: factually Jack Black did nothing more than act

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Vandalism and Protests==
Unfortunately the democratic process alone is not sufficient to some. Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the newly instituted text that Proposition 8 added to the Constitution, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

The California Supreme court will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8. According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by musical theatre composer [[Marc Shaiman]] wrote “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible. Marc Shaiman is also the composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:26:14Z

Misken: /* Aftermath */

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Vandalism and Protests==
Unfortunately the democratic process alone is not sufficient to some. Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the newly instituted text that Proposition 8 added to the Constitution, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

The California Supreme court will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8. According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by Jack Black created “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible. The video was written by Marc Shaiman, composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:22:07Z

Misken: /* The Campaign for Proposition 8 */

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama ironically stated that he did not support same-sex marriage, though also against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Vandalism and Protests==
Unfortunately the democratic process alone is not sufficient to some. Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the passage of Proposition 8, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

The California Supreme court will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8. According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by Jack Black created “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible. The video was written by Marc Shaiman, composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:20:25Z

Misken: /* Political Figures */

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama himself said confusingly that he was against same-sex marriage and against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator [[Tom McClintock]]

====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Vandalism and Protests==
Unfortunately the democratic process alone is not sufficient to some. Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the passage of Proposition 8, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

The California Supreme court will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8. According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by Jack Black created “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible. The video was written by Marc Shaiman, composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T05:20:09Z

Misken: add list of opponents and proponents

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history. The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.9 million and $43.3 million, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hKiw9iO4JJqxjTDd98GqpwyqDEewD963PUK00|title=Donors pumped $83M to Calif. gay marriage campaign|publisher=The Associated Press|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref>

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama himself said confusingly that he was against same-sex marriage and against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

===Proponents===
ProtectMarriage.com was the main proponent of the measure. It sponsored the initiative that placed the proposition on the ballot and spearheaded the campaign.
====Political Figures====
*Presidential-nominee and Senator [[John McCain]]
*Vice presidential-nominee and Governor [[Sarah Palin]]
*Former Speaker of the House [[Newt Gingrich]]
*California State Senator Tom McClintock
====Religious Figures====
*[[Rick Warren]]
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
*[[Knights of Columbus]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
*[[Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]]
*[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
====Others====
*Grossmont Union High School District

===Opponents===
Equality For All, which ran NoOnProp8.com was the lead organization in opposition to Proposition 8.
====Political Figures====
*Then-presidential nominee and Senator [[Barack Obama]]
*Then-vice presidential nominee and Senator [[Joe Biden]]
*California Republican Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
*House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]]
*Senator [[Dianne Feinstein]]
*Senator [[Barbara Boxer]]
*Mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]
*Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]
*California Attorney General [[Jerry Brown]]
====Religious Figures====
*[[Episcopal Church of America]]
*[[Jewish Mosaic]]
*[[American Jewish Committee]]
*[[Anti-Defamation League]]
====Others====
*[[Google]]
*[[Apple Inc.]]
*[[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
*[[California Teachers Association]]
*Eight of the state's largest newspapers plus ''[[The New York Times]]''

==Vandalism and Protests==
Unfortunately the democratic process alone is not sufficient to some. Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the passage of Proposition 8, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

The California Supreme court will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8. According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by Jack Black created “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible. The video was written by Marc Shaiman, composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Proposition 8

2009-02-26T04:59:52Z

Misken: /* History of Marriage in California */

[[Image:Yes on prop 8 prop 4 sign.jpg|right|thumb|A house in California showing support for Prop 8 and other conservative causes]]
'''Proposition 8''' was a ballot proposition in [[California]] that added the following text to Section 7.5 of Article I of the California Constitution: ''Only marriage between a man and a woman is recognized in California.'' <ref>Voter Information Guide, ''Proposition 8'' [http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/text-proposed-laws/text-of-proposed-laws.pdf#prop8]</ref> It sought to return [[traditional marriage]] to the state. The proposition passed with 52.3% of the vote on November 4, 2008.

The proposition only affected whether same-sex couples could call themselves married under California law, and did not affect any substantive rights. Same-sex couples can still file joint state tax returns, adopt children, and enjoy other marital benefits under the California domestic partnership law. They could not call themselves under federal law anyway, and the federal government does not recognize any same-sex marriages.

==History of Marriage in California==
Historically marriage in the state of California had always been between a man and a woman as that was the understood definition of marriage. There was no need to include language that specified gender. In 1977, amidst a changing climate that saw the advent of the gay rights movement, the California legislature amended the California Family Code to make it clear that marriage was between a man and a woman. <ref>UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, ''Same-Sex Marriage in California - Overview and Issues''[http://igs.berkeley.edu/library/htGayMarriage.html]</ref>

In 2000 the possibility of same-sex marriage being legalized in other states led to Proposition 22 being passed, adding language to restrict California from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples from other states as valid. <ref>California Voter Guide, ''Limit on Marriages. Initiative Statute. Text of Proposition 22'' [http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/VoterGuide/Propositions/22text.htm] Section 308.5 was added to the Family Code, to read, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."</ref> Proposition 22 passed easily with 61% of the vote, but it was overturned by California's Supreme Court in May of 2008. The court also mandated that [[gay marriage|same-sex marriage]] licenses be issued by judicial degree, not by the will of the voters or the legislature. The licenses were not recognized by the federal government and most of the nation.

==The Campaign for Proposition 8==
Proposition 8 was written in response to four California Supreme Court Justices who overturned the will of the people and sought to redefine traditional marriage in California.

With a total of over 70 million dollars being spent, it became the most expensive campaign on a social proposition in history.

The measure apparently passed with 52% of the votes being for to 48% against. While much was made of the fact that it was losing in the polls up until the time of the election, proponents pointed out that similar measures were often reported as polling poorly, but the actual vote was different. For instance Proposition 22 was supposed to be too close to call in 2000. Although it had been claimed that minority voters were against the message, exit polling on election day showed that latinos favored it overall while blacks favored it with a 70% yes vote. The large number of blacks who came out to vote for [[Barack Obama]] helped to tip the scale for Proposition 8's passing. Obama himself said confusingly that he was against same-sex marriage and against Proposition 8.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20081106/news_1n6exit.html Blacks, Latinos helped Prop. 8, exit polls say]</ref>

==Vandalism and Protests==
Unfortunately the democratic process alone is not sufficient to some. Supporters of gay marriage vandalized some "Yes on 8" signs, sent hate mail, and ultimately made death threats which caused at least one top supporter of Proposition 8 to hire a bodyguard.<ref>ABC 30HD, Fresno, CA. "[http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6479879 Prop 8 Threat: Fresno Police close to Arrest]"</ref> Ultimately the realization that the people had spoken led to protests and arrests.<ref>FoxNews.com, ''Several Gay Marriage Ban Protesters Arrested in Clashes With Police in California'', Thursday, November 06, 2008 [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,447744,00.html]</ref> Continuing protests months after the election have led to more issues.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,450884,00.html Cross-Bearing Woman Says She Was Attacked by Gay Marriage Supporters, May Press Charges] </ref> The Holy Redeemer Catholic Church was vandalized with the words Prop H8 and a Nazi swastika in spray paint. <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=41858 San Francisco Catholic Church Attacked by Pro-Homosexual Marriage Vandals] CNSNews, January 13, 2009</ref> The slang H8 stands for 'Hate' or Proposition Hate.

==Aftermath==
Due to the passage of Proposition 8, same-sex marriage licenses are no longer being issued in California.

California Attorney General Jerry Brown has argued that the 18,000 same-sex marriages that were performed before Proposition 8 passed should still be considered valid in California.<ref>[http://www.aclu.org/lgbt/relationships/37701prs20081105.html ACLU:''California Will Honor Marriages of Same-Sex Couples Married Before the Possible Passage of Prop. 8, Initiative Would Apply to Future Marriages'', 11/5/2008]</ref> Others have postulated the marriages may be converted to domestic partnerships <ref>[http://www.volokh.com/posts/1225907782.shtml The Volokh Conspiracy, ''What Will Happen to California Same-Sex Marriages?'', Eugene Volokh, 11/5/2008]</ref>, which in California have the same state-law rights as marriage.<ref>[http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2008/11/the_odd_legal_g.html Concurring Opinions,''A small wrinkle regarding the Volokh proposal on Prop 8 retroactivity'', by Kaimipono D. Wenger, 11/5/2008]</ref> Regardless of the court, any California couple can convert to a domestic partnership any time the couple wishes.

The California Supreme court will hear three lawsuits which seek to overturn Proposition 8. According to the AP, "All three cases claim the ban abridges the civil rights of a vulnerable minority group. They argue that voters alone did not have the authority to enact such a significant constitutional change."<ref>AP, ''Calif. Supreme Court to take up gay marriage ban'', Nov 19, 2008 [http://apnews.myway.com/article/20081119/D94I8U1G3.html]</ref> Similar laws upholding traditional marriage had already been passed in 30 other states.

The sponsors of Proposition 8 asked the California Supreme Court on December 19th to no longer recognize the alleged marriages of the estimated 18,000 same-sex couples who exchanged vows before voters approved the ballot initiative that said that same-sex marriages were not to be recognized. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec19/0,4670,GayMarriageLawsuits,00.html Prop.8 sponsors seek to nullify 18K gay marriages] AP, December 19, 2008</ref> "Proposition 8's brevity is matched by its clarity. There are no conditional clauses, exceptions, exemptions or exclusions," read Kenneth Starr.

A group of Hollywood actors led by Jack Black created “Prop 8: The Musical.” The music video mocks Christians, defames Christ, and distorts the teaching of the Bible. The video was written by Marc Shaiman, composer for “Hairspray” and “South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.” <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/Content/Article.aspx?rsrcid=40318 Group Calls for Hollywood to Apologize for ‘Prop 8: The Musical’] CNSNews, December 4, 2009</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]
[[Category:California]]
[[Category:Homosexual Agenda]]
{{Liberalism}}

Talk:Arnold Schwarzenegger

2009-02-15T19:42:19Z

Misken: /* Lacking content? */

==Unsupported opinion==
This paragraph is tendentious and is completely unsupported by references. It should be replaced by a factual description of his positions, with source citations. (What is the basis for calling Schwarzenegger a ''radical'' environmentalist? Does he pound spikes into tree slated for lumbering? Who, exactly, refers to him as a "RINO")? The claim that these positions are Socialist is dubious, too. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith]] 18:35, 23 March 2007 (EDT)

:Despite Schwarzenegger's claims of being a [[Capitalism|capitalist]], he is a supporter of various [[Socialism|socialist]] policies. He is a supporter of gun control, radical environmentalism, tax increases, and socialized medicine. In fact he is a staunch supporter of a bill that mandates the use of Californian taxpayer money to fund the cloning and killing of human embryos for experimentation. Because these and other policies he is often referred to as a "RINO," a "Republican in Name Only."

==Lacking content?==
This article is amazingly lacking in content of Schwarzenggers acting career, and of his body building time before that. [[User:Jennisuk2|Jennisuk2]] 18:30, 28 January 2008 (EST)

==Criticism==
Aren't Criticisms supposed to be groups of people saying why they don't like something? The current criticism article is more like a ... political policies section. --[[User:Misken|Misken]] 14:42, 15 February 2009 (EST)

Blue state

2009-02-15T19:39:10Z

Misken:

'''Blue state''' refers to states in the USA where a majority votes for [[Democratic Party|Democrats]] in Presidential elections. They generally have [[liberal]] views on taxation, regulation of business, human rights, [[homosexuality|homosexual]] rights{{fact}}, [[abortion]]{{fact}}, and [[crime]]{{fact}}.

They are generally located along the North-eastern and Western coasts of the United States.

See Also:
*[[Red state|Red State]]

Global warming

2009-02-15T19:30:20Z

Misken: ah, I have found the cite for this. never mind then - but I still question the legitimacy of a blog post...

[[Image:RobinsonWhatWarmsTheEarth.gif|right|frame]]
'''Global warming''' is an increase in average air temperature in the [[Earth]]'s atmosphere.
As far back as temperature records can be reconstructed, periods of global warming and global cooling have alternated; see [[ice age]]s and [[interglacial warming]].

In the modern period of global warming, a slight increase of {{temperature|0.8|1.4}} has been measured at weather stations throughout the world, since around 1850, when organized records began to be kept. Since this happens to correlate with increases in [[carbon dioxide]], many have speculated about their possible relationship. Despite this, there is no completely proven model explaining the rise in global temperatures.

==Controversy==

{{main|Global Warming Controversy}}

Since 1989, advocates have clashed on the issue of whether human beings are more responsible than nature for modern periods of global warming; see "[[greenhouse warming]]" and [[global warming theory]].<ref>Some people predicted "global warming," which has come to mean extreme [[greenhouse warming]] of the atmosphere leading to catastrophic environmental consequences. [http://www.junkscience.com/news/robinson.htm]</ref>

Most non-scientific support for the global warming theory rests on popular accounts such as Al Gore's ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'' or on reports issued by the UN's [[IPCC]]. However, Keston Green of Monash University and Scott Armstrong of the Wharton School wrote that:

*Because the forecasting processes examined in Chapter 8 overlook scientific evidence on forecasting, the [[IPCC]] forecasts of climate change are not scientific. <ref>http://www.forecastingprinciples.com/Public_Policy/WarmAudit31.pdf</ref>

Former vice-president [[Al Gore]] calls it a [[moral issue]], while climate scientist [[Richard Lindzen]] says, "It is probably the most immoral thing you could do to restrain energy so that the billions in the earth who don’t have access to electricity won't conveniently get it." <ref>http://www.americaabroadmedia.org/media/On line extra materials/Climate change - lindzen interview.doc</ref>
However, it is to be noted that many proponents of the theory propose energy conservation only until 'green' energy generation becomes predominant.{{cn}}

In the general, the term ''global warming'' can be used for any upward trend in the [[global mean temperature]], but it is mostly used to refer to the 1° F warming since 1850.{{cn}}

The two sides are divided on whether this warming is a natural recovery from the [[Little Ice Age]] or a man-made environmental phenomenon. There are also debates regarding the potential positive or negative effects of a warming.{{cn}}

Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. are evenly split on the issue. ''Boston Globe'' writer [[Ellen Goodman]] wrote:
* Only 23 percent of college-educated Republicans believe the warming is due to humans, while 75 percent of college-educated Democrats believe it. <ref> [http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/02/09/no_change_in_political_climate/] </ref>

Controversy and scientific inaccuracies may have contributed to addressing 'Climate Change' in place of using Global Warming. As the northern pole region melts, the southern pole region ice is growing <ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0110/p14s01-sten.html], http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0110/p14s01-sten.html, As arctic ice melts, South Pole ice grows, january 10, 2008</ref>

==The Modern Warm Period==

Average [[Earth]] surface air temperature has risen about 1° F since 1970.
<ref>Hansen's group at the Goddard Institute wrote, "Global warming is now 0.6 °C [1.0 °F] in the past three decades and 0.8 °C [1.4 °F] in the past century." http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/</ref> How much of this is due to contamination of the temperature record from the [[urban heat island]] effect is hard to assess. Efforts are currently underway to detect and remove this bias; however, it seems unlikely that this effect has a significant, or even moderate effect on the statistics quoted by environmentalists<ref>http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2006/10/26/224634/48</ref>. Spurious warming trends that might be considered as global warming can occur almost anywhere. <ref name="col">http://climatesci.colorado.edu/2006/01/29/do-urban-areas-have-larger-long-term-temperature-trends-than-other-locations/feed/</ref>
Nonetheless, controversy has persisted over the influence of urban warming on reported large-scale surface-air temperature trends. <ref name="col" />

According to temperature reconstruction made within an [[Old Earth]] paradigm, there have been many cycles of naturally-caused global warming and cooling over many millions of years (see [[climate cycles]]). Some scientists, including [[Richard Lindzen]] of [[MIT]], [[Sallie Baliunas]] of [[Harvard]] and [[Fred Singer]] (independent), say that the recent warming could be part of another natural cycle or random fluctuations in the atmosphere. However, many scientists also think that human activities were most likely the cause of the the planet's recent warming.{{cn}}

==False Claims of "Consensus"==

[[Richard Lindzen]] wrote in 1992,

:Indeed, a recent Gallup poll of climate scientists in the American Meteorological Society and in the American Geophysical Union shows that a vast majority doubts that there has been any identifiable man-caused warming to date (49 percent asserted no, 33 percent did not know, 18 percent thought some has occurred; however, among those actively involved in research and publishing frequently in peer-reviewed research journals, none believes that any man-caused global warming has been identified so far). <ref name="cato">http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html</ref>

Oddly enough, even though 82% of US climate scientists refused to support the global warming theory then, [[liberal]] activists were already claiming a scientific consensus for [[anthropogenic global warming]]. (It's hard to understand how 18 percent credence in ''any'' global warming translates into "consensus" support for ''human-caused'' global warming.){{cn}}

The campaign to convince the public (and their elected representatives) that the "science is settled" began in 1988 or 1989.


By the 2008 elections both candidates for the Presidency of the United States were proposing plans to mitigate climate change.

==Natural Variability of the Climate System==
Evolutionary scientists who believe in global warming think that the Earth has experienced numerous [[Ice Age|ice age]]s over two million years, during which global temperatures dropped approximately {{temperature|6|11}} and then returned to normal. The frigid temperatures allowed ice sheets to expand southward, covering much of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]]. The cooling associated with ice ages is gradual, while the terminations are relatively rapid. However, even the rapid terminations of ice ages take centuries to millennia.{{cn}}

==Natural Climate Change on Other Planets==

Since the [[Viking spacecraft]] reached [[Mars]] in the 1970s until recent readings were taken, the average temperature on Mars has risen {{temperature|0.6|1.1}} just as the average temperature on the earth has risen. Since human industrialization is clearly not to blame for the change on Mars, other causes are being considered. One possibility is that dust storms are changing the albedo of the planet, allowing it to warm, while another possibility is that solar variations from the sun are causing the warming.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070404_gw_mars.html</ref><ref>http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=17977</ref>

Recently, it has also been found that similar to the Earth and Mars, [[Neptune]] is also undergoing global warming. Measurements taken at the Lowell observatory in [[Arizona]] have shown an increase in Neptune's brightness and temperature since 1980 following the same pattern seen on Earth and Mars. The researchers who discovered this warming suggest there may be a correlation between the warming and solar variations.<ref>http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007.../2006GL028764.shtml</ref>

[[Pluto]] has also been found to be undergoing global warming. The overall temperature increase on Pluto has been greater than that on the earth.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/pluto_warming_021009.html</ref>

On the other hand [[Uranus]] has had no net change in temperature since 1977. A rapid increase in temperature reversed itself. The reasons for this are not understood.<ref>http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~layoung/eprint/ur149/Young2001Uranus.pdf</ref>

Global temperatures change on other plants even when there is no life, something which strongly supports the idea that humans are not necessarily the cause of earth's global warming. Moreover, the temperature on Uranus has fluctuated back and forth. There is no reason that fluctuations cannot occur on earth, too.{{cn}}

==Politics of Global Warming==

Christine Stewart- Canadian Environment Ministry, "'''No matter if the science is all phony''', there are collateral environmental benefits . . . Climate change provides the greatest chance to bring about justice and equality in the world.” <ref>[http://www.aim.org/wls/use-environmentalism-to-change-the-world/ Christine Stewart] Accuracy in Media</ref>

'Global Warming Now World's Most Boring Topic’ <ref>http://newsbusters.org/node/14167</ref>

The need to fight "global warming" has become part of the dogma of the liberal conscience. <ref name="cato" />

Clearly, "global warming" is a tempting issue for many very important groups to exploit.
... dealing with the threat of warming fits in with a great variety of preexisting agendas [like] dissatisfaction with industrial society (neopastoralism), ... governmental desires for enhanced revenues (carbon taxes), and bureaucratic desires for enhanced power. <ref name="cato" />

The global average surface temperature warmed about 0.9 °F over the second half of the 20th Century.{{cn}}

Assessments of climate science by the [[United Nations]] (see [[IPCC]] - ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'')
have claimed that scientists are 90% sure that over 50% of the observed global warming in recent decades is human-caused, and that continued global warming should be expected over at least the next century. ''Science'' published a literature search by Naomi Oreskes concluding that "scientific consensus" supports the IPCC reports. <ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686</ref>

Several prominent scientists have pointed out the [[politicized science]] of the UN's assessment methods. The scientific reports are submitted to a panel of representatives appointed by each country in the IPCC. Several scientists whose research demonstrates that climate change is taking place have complained about their work being misrepresented by the U.N.{{cn}}

*In addition, a number of the participants have testified to the pressures placed on them to emphasize results supportive of the current scenario and to suppress other results. That pressure has frequently been effective, and a survey of participants reveals substantial disagreement with the final report. <ref name="cato" />

Richard Lindzen wrote:
:Perhaps more important are the pressures being brought to bear on scientists to get the "right" results. Such pressures are inevitable, given how far out on a limb much of the scientific community has gone. The situation is compounded by the fact that some of the strongest proponents of "global warming" in Congress are also among the major supporters of science (Sen. Gore is notable among those). <ref name="cato" />

Christopher Monckton wrote an article titled Climate Sensitivity Reconsidered.
:States that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change studies are flawed. The present analysis suggests the models failure to predict other climatic phenomena arises from defects in its evaluation of radioactive forcing, no-feedbacks climate sensitivity parameter and feedback multiplier. In conclusion, that there may be no "Climate Crisis" and for governments to reduce emissions may be pointless or even harmful. <ref>http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200807/monckton.cfm , Climate Sensitivity Reconsidered, July 2008</ref> This was published on a forum of the American Physical Society with the following disclaimer "The article has not undergone any scientific peer review" and "the APS disagrees with the articles conclusions" In fact, the APS disagrees with the article without ever reviewing it.{{cn}}

Dr. John S. Theon:
:Retired senior NASA atmospheric [[scientist]], Dr. John S. Theon, the former boss of global warming alarmist James Hansen of [[NASA]], rebukes him declaring “climate models are useless.” “My own belief concerning anthropogenic climate change is that the models do not realistically simulate the climate system because there are many very important sub-grid scale processes that the models either replicate poorly or completely omit,” “Furthermore, some scientists have manipulated the observed data to justify their model results." <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/tom-blumer/2009/01/28/former-boss-rebukes-nasa-global-warming-alarmist-hansen-agw-skeptic Former Boss Rebukes NASA Global Warming Alarmist Hansen, Is AGW Skeptic] NewsBusters.org, January 28, 2009 </ref>

After the successful completion of a lawsuit against his movie '[[The Great Global Warming Swindle]]', filmmaker Martin Durkin statements read <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=32796 UK Broadcaster Scolded for Film on Global Warming] CNSNEWS July 22, 2008</ref>

*“Everywhere you are told that man-made [[climate change]] is proved beyond doubt,” “But you are being told lies.”
*“This is a story of how a theory about climate turned into a political [[ideology]] ... it is the story of the distortion of a whole area of [[science]].”
*“as the frenzy over man-made [[global warming]] grows shriller, many senior scientists say the actual scientific basis for the [[theory]] is crumbling.”

Geology professor and scientist at the University of Oklahoma, David Deming talks about a biased [[AP]] article mentioning global warming "...whether it's continuing that was completely beyond the evidence." <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,468084,00.html Scientists Call AP Report on Global Warming 'Hysteria'] Fox News, December 16, 2008</ref>
The mean global temperature, at least as measured by is now the same as it was in the year 1980.
In the last couple of years sea level has stopped rising.
Sea ice globally is also the same as it was in 1980.
Hurricane and cyclone activity in the northern hemisphere is at a 24-year low.

Also in discussion of the biased AP report, Michael R. Fox, a retired nuclear scientist and chemistry professor from the University of Idaho says, "There is little evidence to believe that man-made carbon dioxide is causing temperature fluctuation. Other factors, including sun spots, solar winds, variations in the solar magnetic field and solar irradiation, could all be affecting temperature changes."

Richard S. Courtney, a U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expert reviewer and a U.K.-based climate and atmospheric science consultant says "Rubbish! Global warming is not 'accelerating," and "...that anybody who proclaims that 'Global warming is accelerating' is a liar, a fool, or both." <ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/brennan/global_warming_debunked/2008/12/16/162489.html Global Warming’s Last Gasp] NewsMax, December 17, 2008</ref>

Don J. Easterbrook, Ph.D., emeritus professor of geology at Western Washington University, asked, "What does it take to ignore 10 years of global cooling....? The answer is really quite simple — just follow the money!"

==Al Gore's Claims==

*[[Al Gore]] claims that Himalayan glaciers are shrinking and global warming is to blame. Yet the September 2006 issue of the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate reported, "Glaciers are growing in the Himalayan Mountains, confounding global warming alarmists who recently claimed the glaciers were shrinking and that global warming was to blame." <ref name="sun">http://www.suntimes.com/news/otherviews/450392,CST-EDT-REF30b.article</ref>


*Gore claims the snow cap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame. Yet according to the November 23, 2003, issue of Nature magazine, "Although it's tempting to blame the ice loss on global warming, researchers think that deforestation of the mountain's foothills is the more likely culprit. Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry. No longer replenished with water, the ice is evaporating in the strong equatorial sunshine." <ref name="sun" />\

*Al Gore is therefore an example of how in such an important debate, [[deceit|deceitful]] tactics have been used by liberals to make a position seem more solid than it is.{{cn}}

==2008 Presidential candidates on climate Change==

[[Bob Barr]] is the only major 2008 Presidential Candidate who has not adopted wholesale the theory of human-caused global warming.{{cn}}

According to his website,<ref>[http://www.johnmccain.com/Informing/News/PressReleases/BA6709C3-B27D-4EF9-81E6-2BA9D6F8AB20.htm John McCain on Global warming.]</ref> [[Republican]] Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] will take a more "aggressive approach" to global warming which he has declared as "undeniable and urgent." He was supported in this in June 2008 by Republican governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] who said McCain was the "real deal on the environment".<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/30/MNDB11H66C.DTL&type=politics Schwarzenegger backs McCain on climate Change]</ref>.

In his own words, McCain says "the overwhelming majority of scientific opinion in America today, and in the world, is that climate change is real. The fact is that it ''is'' real. The fact is that the solution to it is the development of technologies.... and a [[cap and trade]] proposal.... the debate is over."[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQMxIwpK_es] Unless McCain believes that Global Warming is entirely or largely man-made, there would be no sense in supporting a cap and trade solution.{{cn}}

[[Barack Obama]] believes "that global warming is not just the greatest [[environmental]] [[challenge]] facing our planet—it is one of our greatest challenges of any kind." During his first 100 days in office, he would enact a giant and far-reaching [[tax]] "an economy-wide cap on U.S. carbon emissions that will reduce U.S. emissions by the amount scientists agree is necessary (80%) or '''$45 Trillion dollars''' spent worldwide. <ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article4079036.ece World needs $45 trillion energy revolution] Timesonline.uk, June 6, 2008</ref> He comments "Putting a price on carbon is the most important step we can to take to reduce emissions."<ref>[http://presidentialprofiles2008.org/Obama/tab1.html Leguea of Conservation Voters] presidentialprofiles2008.org</ref>

==Al Gore's "Inconvenient Truth" Movie Claims==

A [[British]] court has determined that Al Gore's movie "An Inconvenient Truth" contains at least eleven material falsehoods <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies-eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth], http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies-eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth, October 9, 2007</ref>

Those inaccuracies include the following

* The film claims that melting snows on Mount Kilimanjaro evidence global warming. The Government's expert was forced to concede that this is not correct.
* The film suggests that evidence from ice cores proves that rising CO2 causes temperature increases over 650,000 years. The Court found the film misleading: over that period the rises in CO2 lagged behind the temperature rises by 800-2000 years.
* The film uses emotive images of [[Hurricane Katrina]] and suggests that this has been caused by global warming. The Government's expert had to accept that it was "not possible" to attribute one-off events to global warming.
* The film shows the drying up of Lake Chad and claims that this was caused by global warming. The Government's expert had to accept that this was not the case.
* The film claims that a study showed that polar bears had drowned due to disappearing arctic ice. It turned out that Mr Gore had misread the study: in fact four polar bears drowned and this was because of a particularly violent storm.
* The film threatens that global warming could stop the Gulf Stream throwing Europe into an ice age: the Claimant's evidence was that this was a [[scientific]] impossibility.
* The film blames global warming for species losses including coral reef bleaching. The Government could not find any evidence to support this claim.
* The film suggests that the [[Greenland]] ice covering could melt causing sea levels to rise dangerously. The evidence is that Greenland will not melt for millennia.
* The film suggests that the Antarctic [[ice]] covering is melting, the evidence was that it is in fact increasing.
* The film suggests that sea levels could rise by 7m causing the displacement of millions of people. The evidence is that sea levels are expected to rise by about 40cm over the next hundred years and that there is no such threat of massive migration.
* The film claims that rising sea levels has caused the evacuation of certain Pacific islands to [[New Zealand]]. The Government are unable to substantiate this and the Court observed that this appears to be a false claim.

== Scientists ==

[[Image:Rogerrevelle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Roger Revelle]]

{|
| valign="top" width="35%"|
* [[Roger Revelle]]
* [[Achim Steiner]]
* [[Fred Singer]]
* [[Richard Lindzen]]
* [[Sallie Baliunas]]
* [[Lonnie Thompson]]
| valign="top" width="33%"|
* [[James E. Hansen]]
* [[Michael Mann]]
* [[Charles Keeling]]
* [[Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado]]
|}

==See Also==
*[[Anthropogenic global warming theory]]
*[[Global Warming Controversy]]
*''[[Massachusetts v. EPA]]''
*[[Socialism and global warming]]
*[[Politics of global warming]]
*[[Liberal_hysteria#Global_Warming_Derangement_Syndrome|Global Warming Derangement Syndrome]]
*[[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
*[[An Inconvenient Truth]]
*[[Previous Breaking News/Global Warming|Articles about '''Global Warming''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[More News/Global Warming|Articles about '''Global Warming''' from "More News"]]

==External Links==

*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/global-warming/ What Liberals Say - Category: Global Warming], [[Accuracy In Media]]
*[http://global-warming.accuweather.com/2007/12/attempting_to_stop_global_warm_1.html Attempting to Stop Global Warming is Futile and a Mistake, says letter to the UN]
*[http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=164004 Signatories of an open letter on the UN climate-conference]
*[http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~motl/global-temperature-not-exist.pdf Does a global temperature exist?], ''Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', June 2007.
*[http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,2032821,00.html The appliance of science] by Mike Hulme.
*[http://www.climatecrisis.net/ ''An Inconvenient Truth''], Film by [[Al Gore]]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2332531355859226455&q=great+global+warming+swindle ''The Great Global Warming Swindle'' - Documentary Film]
*[http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~motl/iris-effect.pdf Climate Sensitivity and Observed Negative Feedbacks], lecture by Richard Lindzen and Roberto Rondanelli.
*[http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~motl/lindzen-nature-of-arguments.pdf Nature of Arguments for Anthropogenic Global Warming], by Richard Lindzen
*[http://www.independent.org/store/book_detail.asp?bookID=42 ''Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warmings's Unfinished Debate'', by S. Fred Singer]
*[http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus] - [[Richard S. Lindzen]], Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=47&articleID=604 "Should We Have Acted Thirty Years Ago to Prevent Climate Change?", by Randall G. Holcombe].
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=25&articleID=296 "After Kyoto: A Global Scramble for Advantage," by Bruce Yandle].
*[http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=2319 The physical evidence of earth's unstoppable 1,500-year climate cycle]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=1714 "Is There a Basis for Global Warming Alarm?", by Richard Lindzen]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/policy_reports/detail.asp?type=full&id=5 "New Perspectives in Climate Change: What the EPA Isn’t Telling Us"]
*[http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=17181 Survey Shows Climatologists Are Split on Global Warming]
*[http://www.magma.ca/~hurleyp/FightingTheHoax.htm Fighting the Hoax]
*[http://www.climateaudit.org Climate Audit], Steve McIntyre's blog
*[http://www.realclimate.org Real Climate], blog by a group of climatologists including Michael Mann
*[http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/co2_fairytales_in_global_warmi.html "CO2 Fairytales in Global Warming"]

===Critique of the Hockey Stick Reconstruction===

*[http://www.climateaudit.org/pdf/mcintyre.mckitrick.2003.pdf Corrections To The Mann et. al. (1998) Proxy Data Base And Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series] by Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick, ''Energy & Enviornment'' volume 14, 2003.
*[http://blogs.nature.com/climatefeedback/2007/05/the_decay_of_the_hockey_stick.html The Decay of the Hockey Stick by Von Storch] published on the journal ''Nature'''s blog, May 3, 2007.
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/13830/ A Global Warming Bombshell] by Richard A. Muller, ''Technology Review'' , Oct. 2004; calls into question famous graph by Michael Mann.
*[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/306/5696/679 Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data] by Hans von Storch, Eduardo Zorita, Julie M. Jones, Yegor Dimitriev, Fidel González-Rouco, Simon F. B. Tett, ''Science'' magazine, 22 October 2004.


==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{liberalism}}

[[Category:Earth Sciences]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Liberal Bias]]
Subscript text

Global warming

2009-02-15T19:29:20Z

Misken: clarify according to citation

[[Image:RobinsonWhatWarmsTheEarth.gif|right|frame]]
'''Global warming''' is an increase in average air temperature in the [[Earth]]'s atmosphere.
As far back as temperature records can be reconstructed, periods of global warming and global cooling have alternated; see [[ice age]]s and [[interglacial warming]].

In the modern period of global warming, a slight increase of {{temperature|0.8|1.4}} has been measured at weather stations throughout the world, since around 1850, when organized records began to be kept. Since this happens to correlate with increases in [[carbon dioxide]], many have speculated about their possible relationship. Despite this, there is no completely proven model explaining the rise in global temperatures.

==Controversy==

{{main|Global Warming Controversy}}

Since 1989, advocates have clashed on the issue of whether human beings are more responsible than nature for modern periods of global warming; see "[[greenhouse warming]]" and [[global warming theory]].<ref>Some people predicted "global warming," which has come to mean extreme [[greenhouse warming]] of the atmosphere leading to catastrophic environmental consequences. [http://www.junkscience.com/news/robinson.htm]</ref>

Most non-scientific support for the global warming theory rests on popular accounts such as Al Gore's ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'' or on reports issued by the UN's [[IPCC]]. However, Keston Green of Monash University and Scott Armstrong of the Wharton School wrote that:

*Because the forecasting processes examined in Chapter 8 overlook scientific evidence on forecasting, the [[IPCC]] forecasts of climate change are not scientific. <ref>http://www.forecastingprinciples.com/Public_Policy/WarmAudit31.pdf</ref>

Former vice-president [[Al Gore]] calls it a [[moral issue]], while climate scientist [[Richard Lindzen]] says, "It is probably the most immoral thing you could do to restrain energy so that the billions in the earth who don’t have access to electricity won't conveniently get it." <ref>http://www.americaabroadmedia.org/media/On line extra materials/Climate change - lindzen interview.doc</ref>
However, it is to be noted that many proponents of the theory propose energy conservation only until 'green' energy generation becomes predominant.{{cn}}

In the general, the term ''global warming'' can be used for any upward trend in the [[global mean temperature]], but it is mostly used to refer to the 1° F warming since 1850.{{cn}}

The two sides are divided on whether this warming is a natural recovery from the [[Little Ice Age]] or a man-made environmental phenomenon. There are also debates regarding the potential positive or negative effects of a warming.{{cn}}

Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. are evenly split on the issue. ''Boston Globe'' writer [[Ellen Goodman]] wrote:
* Only 23 percent of college-educated Republicans believe the warming is due to humans, while 75 percent of college-educated Democrats believe it. <ref> [http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/02/09/no_change_in_political_climate/] </ref>

Controversy and scientific inaccuracies may have contributed to addressing 'Climate Change' in place of using Global Warming. As the northern pole region melts, the southern pole region ice is growing <ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0110/p14s01-sten.html], http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0110/p14s01-sten.html, As arctic ice melts, South Pole ice grows, january 10, 2008</ref>

==The Modern Warm Period==

Average [[Earth]] surface air temperature has risen about 1° F since 1970.
<ref>Hansen's group at the Goddard Institute wrote, "Global warming is now 0.6 °C [1.0 °F] in the past three decades and 0.8 °C [1.4 °F] in the past century." http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/</ref> How much of this is due to contamination of the temperature record from the [[urban heat island]] effect is hard to assess. Efforts are currently underway to detect and remove this bias; however, it seems unlikely that this effect has a significant, or even moderate effect on the statistics quoted by environmentalists<ref>http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2006/10/26/224634/48</ref>. Spurious warming trends that might be considered as global warming can occur almost anywhere. <ref name="col">http://climatesci.colorado.edu/2006/01/29/do-urban-areas-have-larger-long-term-temperature-trends-than-other-locations/feed/</ref>
Nonetheless, controversy has persisted over the influence of urban warming on reported large-scale surface-air temperature trends. <ref name="col" />

According to temperature reconstruction made within an [[Old Earth]] paradigm, there have been many cycles of naturally-caused global warming and cooling over many millions of years (see [[climate cycles]]). Some scientists, including [[Richard Lindzen]] of [[MIT]], [[Sallie Baliunas]] of [[Harvard]] and [[Fred Singer]] (independent), say that the recent warming could be part of another natural cycle or random fluctuations in the atmosphere. However, many scientists also think that human activities were most likely the cause of the the planet's recent warming.{{cn}}

==False Claims of "Consensus"==

[[Richard Lindzen]] wrote in 1992,

:Indeed, a recent Gallup poll of climate scientists in the American Meteorological Society and in the American Geophysical Union shows that a vast majority doubts that there has been any identifiable man-caused warming to date (49 percent asserted no, 33 percent did not know, 18 percent thought some has occurred; however, among those actively involved in research and publishing frequently in peer-reviewed research journals, none believes that any man-caused global warming has been identified so far). <ref name="cato">http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html</ref>

Oddly enough, even though 82% of US climate scientists refused to support the global warming theory then, [[liberal]] activists were already claiming a scientific consensus for [[anthropogenic global warming]]. (It's hard to understand how 18 percent credence in ''any'' global warming translates into "consensus" support for ''human-caused'' global warming.){{cn}}

The campaign to convince the public (and their elected representatives) that the "science is settled" began in 1988 or 1989.


By the 2008 elections both candidates for the Presidency of the United States were proposing plans to mitigate climate change.

==Natural Variability of the Climate System==
Evolutionary scientists who believe in global warming think that the Earth has experienced numerous [[Ice Age|ice age]]s over two million years, during which global temperatures dropped approximately {{temperature|6|11}} and then returned to normal. The frigid temperatures allowed ice sheets to expand southward, covering much of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]]. The cooling associated with ice ages is gradual, while the terminations are relatively rapid. However, even the rapid terminations of ice ages take centuries to millennia.{{cn}}

==Natural Climate Change on Other Planets==

Since the [[Viking spacecraft]] reached [[Mars]] in the 1970s until recent readings were taken, the average temperature on Mars has risen {{temperature|0.6|1.1}} just as the average temperature on the earth has risen. Since human industrialization is clearly not to blame for the change on Mars, other causes are being considered. One possibility is that dust storms are changing the albedo of the planet, allowing it to warm, while another possibility is that solar variations from the sun are causing the warming.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070404_gw_mars.html</ref><ref>http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=17977</ref>

Recently, it has also been found that similar to the Earth and Mars, [[Neptune]] is also undergoing global warming. Measurements taken at the Lowell observatory in [[Arizona]] have shown an increase in Neptune's brightness and temperature since 1980 following the same pattern seen on Earth and Mars. The researchers who discovered this warming suggest there may be a correlation between the warming and solar variations.<ref>http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007.../2006GL028764.shtml</ref>

[[Pluto]] has also been found to be undergoing global warming. The overall temperature increase on Pluto has been greater than that on the earth.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/pluto_warming_021009.html</ref>

On the other hand [[Uranus]] has had no net change in temperature since 1977. A rapid increase in temperature reversed itself. The reasons for this are not understood.<ref>http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~layoung/eprint/ur149/Young2001Uranus.pdf</ref>

Global temperatures change on other plants even when there is no life, something which strongly supports the idea that humans are not necessarily the cause of earth's global warming. Moreover, the temperature on Uranus has fluctuated back and forth. There is no reason that fluctuations cannot occur on earth, too.{{cn}}

==Politics of Global Warming==

Christine Stewart- Canadian Environment Ministry, "'''No matter if the science is all phony''', there are collateral environmental benefits . . . Climate change provides the greatest chance to bring about justice and equality in the world.” <ref>[http://www.aim.org/wls/use-environmentalism-to-change-the-world/ Christine Stewart] Accuracy in Media</ref>

'Global Warming Now World's Most Boring Topic’ <ref>http://newsbusters.org/node/14167</ref>

The need to fight "global warming" has become part of the dogma of the liberal conscience. <ref name="cato" />

Clearly, "global warming" is a tempting issue for many very important groups to exploit.
... dealing with the threat of warming fits in with a great variety of preexisting agendas [like] dissatisfaction with industrial society (neopastoralism), ... governmental desires for enhanced revenues (carbon taxes), and bureaucratic desires for enhanced power. <ref name="cato" />

The global average surface temperature warmed about 0.9 °F over the second half of the 20th Century.{{cn}}

Assessments of climate science by the [[United Nations]] (see [[IPCC]] - ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'')
have claimed that scientists are 90% sure that over 50% of the observed global warming in recent decades is human-caused, and that continued global warming should be expected over at least the next century. ''Science'' published a literature search by Naomi Oreskes concluding that "scientific consensus" supports the IPCC reports. <ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686</ref>

Several prominent scientists have pointed out the [[politicized science]] of the UN's assessment methods. The scientific reports are submitted to a panel of representatives appointed by each country in the IPCC. Several scientists whose research demonstrates that climate change is taking place have complained about their work being misrepresented by the U.N.{{cn}}

*In addition, a number of the participants have testified to the pressures placed on them to emphasize results supportive of the current scenario and to suppress other results. That pressure has frequently been effective, and a survey of participants reveals substantial disagreement with the final report. <ref name="cato" />

Richard Lindzen wrote:
:Perhaps more important are the pressures being brought to bear on scientists to get the "right" results. Such pressures are inevitable, given how far out on a limb much of the scientific community has gone. The situation is compounded by the fact that some of the strongest proponents of "global warming" in Congress are also among the major supporters of science (Sen. Gore is notable among those). <ref name="cato" />

Christopher Monckton wrote an article titled Climate Sensitivity Reconsidered.
:States that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change studies are flawed. The present analysis suggests the models failure to predict other climatic phenomena arises from defects in its evaluation of radioactive forcing, no-feedbacks climate sensitivity parameter and feedback multiplier. In conclusion, that there may be no "Climate Crisis" and for governments to reduce emissions may be pointless or even harmful. <ref>http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200807/monckton.cfm , Climate Sensitivity Reconsidered, July 2008</ref> This was published on a forum of the American Physical Society with the following disclaimer "The article has not undergone any scientific peer review" and "the APS disagrees with the articles conclusions" In fact, the APS disagrees with the article without ever reviewing it.{{cn}}

Dr. John S. Theon:
:Retired senior NASA atmospheric [[scientist]], Dr. John S. Theon, the former boss of global warming alarmist James Hansen of [[NASA]], rebukes him declaring “climate models are useless.” “My own belief concerning anthropogenic climate change is that the models do not realistically simulate the climate system because there are many very important sub-grid scale processes that the models either replicate poorly or completely omit,” “Furthermore, some scientists have manipulated the observed data to justify their model results." <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/tom-blumer/2009/01/28/former-boss-rebukes-nasa-global-warming-alarmist-hansen-agw-skeptic Former Boss Rebukes NASA Global Warming Alarmist Hansen, Is AGW Skeptic] NewsBusters.org, January 28, 2009 </ref>

After the successful completion of a lawsuit against his movie '[[The Great Global Warming Swindle]]', filmmaker Martin Durkin statements read <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=32796 UK Broadcaster Scolded for Film on Global Warming] CNSNEWS July 22, 2008</ref>

*“Everywhere you are told that man-made [[climate change]] is proved beyond doubt,” “But you are being told lies.”
*“This is a story of how a theory about climate turned into a political [[ideology]] ... it is the story of the distortion of a whole area of [[science]].”
*“as the frenzy over man-made [[global warming]] grows shriller, many senior scientists say the actual scientific basis for the [[theory]] is crumbling.”

Geology professor and scientist at the University of Oklahoma, David Deming talks about a biased [[AP]] article mentioning global warming "...whether it's continuing that was completely beyond the evidence." <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,468084,00.html Scientists Call AP Report on Global Warming 'Hysteria'] Fox News, December 16, 2008</ref>
The mean global temperature, at least as measured by is now the same as it was in the year 1980.
In the last couple of years sea level has stopped rising.
Sea ice globally is also the same as it was in 1980.
Hurricane and cyclone activity in the northern hemisphere is at a 24-year low.

Also in discussion of the biased AP report, Michael R. Fox, a retired nuclear scientist and chemistry professor from the University of Idaho says, "There is little evidence to believe that man-made carbon dioxide is causing temperature fluctuation. Other factors, including sun spots, solar winds, variations in the solar magnetic field and solar irradiation, could all be affecting temperature changes."

Richard S. Courtney, a U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expert reviewer and a U.K.-based climate and atmospheric science consultant says "Rubbish! Global warming is not 'accelerating," and "...that anybody who proclaims that 'Global warming is accelerating' is a liar, a fool, or both." <ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/brennan/global_warming_debunked/2008/12/16/162489.html Global Warming’s Last Gasp] NewsMax, December 17, 2008</ref>

Don J. Easterbrook, Ph.D., emeritus professor of geology at Western Washington University, asked, "What does it take to ignore 10 years of global cooling....? The answer is really quite simple — just follow the money!"

==Al Gore's Claims==

*[[Al Gore]] claims that Himalayan glaciers are shrinking and global warming is to blame. Yet the September 2006 issue of the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate reported, "Glaciers are growing in the Himalayan Mountains, confounding global warming alarmists who recently claimed the glaciers were shrinking and that global warming was to blame." <ref name="sun">http://www.suntimes.com/news/otherviews/450392,CST-EDT-REF30b.article</ref>


*Gore claims the snow cap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame. Yet according to the November 23, 2003, issue of Nature magazine, "Although it's tempting to blame the ice loss on global warming, researchers think that deforestation of the mountain's foothills is the more likely culprit. Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry. No longer replenished with water, the ice is evaporating in the strong equatorial sunshine." <ref name="sun" />\

*Al Gore is therefore an example of how in such an important debate, [[deceit|deceitful]] tactics have been used by liberals to make a position seem more solid than it is.{{cn}}

==2008 Presidential candidates on climate Change==

[[Bob Barr]] is the only major 2008 Presidential Candidate who has not adopted wholesale the theory of human-caused global warming.{{cn}}

According to his website,<ref>[http://www.johnmccain.com/Informing/News/PressReleases/BA6709C3-B27D-4EF9-81E6-2BA9D6F8AB20.htm John McCain on Global warming.]</ref> [[Republican]] Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] will take a more "aggressive approach" to global warming which he has declared as "undeniable and urgent." He was supported in this in June 2008 by Republican governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] who said McCain was the "real deal on the environment".<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/30/MNDB11H66C.DTL&type=politics Schwarzenegger backs McCain on climate Change]</ref>.

In his own words, McCain says "the overwhelming majority of scientific opinion in America today, and in the world, is that climate change is real. The fact is that it ''is'' real. The fact is that the solution to it is the development of technologies.... and a [[cap and trade]] proposal.... the debate is over."[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQMxIwpK_es] Unless McCain believes that Global Warming is entirely or largely man-made, there would be no sense in supporting a cap and trade solution.{{cn}}

[[Barack Obama]] believes "that global warming is not just the greatest [[environmental]] [[challenge]] facing our planet—it is one of our greatest challenges of any kind." During his first 100 days in office, he would enact a giant and far-reaching [[tax]] "an economy-wide cap on U.S. carbon emissions that will reduce U.S. emissions by the amount scientists agree is necessary (80%) or '''$45 Trillion dollars''' spent worldwide. <ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article4079036.ece World needs $45 trillion energy revolution] Timesonline.uk, June 6, 2008</ref> He comments "Putting a price on carbon is the most important step we can to take to reduce emissions."<ref>[http://presidentialprofiles2008.org/Obama/tab1.html Leguea of Conservation Voters] presidentialprofiles2008.org</ref>

==Al Gore's "Inconvenient Truth" Movie Claims==

A [[British]] court has determined that Al Gore's movie "An Inconvenient Truth" contains at least eleven material falsehoods <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies-eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth], http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies-eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth, October 9, 2007</ref>

Those inaccuracies include the following

* The film claims that melting snows on Mount Kilimanjaro evidence global warming. The Government's expert was forced to concede that this is not correct.{{cn}}
* The film suggests that evidence from ice cores proves that rising CO2 causes temperature increases over 650,000 years. The Court found the film misleading: over that period the rises in CO2 lagged behind the temperature rises by 800-2000 years.{{cn}}
* The film uses emotive images of [[Hurricane Katrina]] and suggests that this has been caused by global warming. The Government's expert had to accept that it was "not possible" to attribute one-off events to global warming.{{cn}}
* The film shows the drying up of Lake Chad and claims that this was caused by global warming. The Government's expert had to accept that this was not the case.{{cn}}
* The film claims that a study showed that polar bears had drowned due to disappearing arctic ice. It turned out that Mr Gore had misread the study: in fact four polar bears drowned and this was because of a particularly violent storm.{{cn}}
* The film threatens that global warming could stop the Gulf Stream throwing Europe into an ice age: the Claimant's evidence was that this was a [[scientific]] impossibility.{{cn}}
* The film blames global warming for species losses including coral reef bleaching. The Government could not find any evidence to support this claim.{{cn}}
* The film suggests that the [[Greenland]] ice covering could melt causing sea levels to rise dangerously. The evidence is that Greenland will not melt for millennia.{{cn}}
* The film suggests that the Antarctic [[ice]] covering is melting, the evidence was that it is in fact increasing.{{cn}}
* The film suggests that sea levels could rise by 7m causing the displacement of millions of people. The evidence is that sea levels are expected to rise by about 40cm over the next hundred years and that there is no such threat of massive migration.{{cn}}
* The film claims that rising sea levels has caused the evacuation of certain Pacific islands to [[New Zealand]]. The Government are unable to substantiate this and the Court observed that this appears to be a false claim.{{cn}}

== Scientists ==

[[Image:Rogerrevelle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Roger Revelle]]

{|
| valign="top" width="35%"|
* [[Roger Revelle]]
* [[Achim Steiner]]
* [[Fred Singer]]
* [[Richard Lindzen]]
* [[Sallie Baliunas]]
* [[Lonnie Thompson]]
| valign="top" width="33%"|
* [[James E. Hansen]]
* [[Michael Mann]]
* [[Charles Keeling]]
* [[Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado]]
|}

==See Also==
*[[Anthropogenic global warming theory]]
*[[Global Warming Controversy]]
*''[[Massachusetts v. EPA]]''
*[[Socialism and global warming]]
*[[Politics of global warming]]
*[[Liberal_hysteria#Global_Warming_Derangement_Syndrome|Global Warming Derangement Syndrome]]
*[[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
*[[An Inconvenient Truth]]
*[[Previous Breaking News/Global Warming|Articles about '''Global Warming''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[More News/Global Warming|Articles about '''Global Warming''' from "More News"]]

==External Links==

*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/global-warming/ What Liberals Say - Category: Global Warming], [[Accuracy In Media]]
*[http://global-warming.accuweather.com/2007/12/attempting_to_stop_global_warm_1.html Attempting to Stop Global Warming is Futile and a Mistake, says letter to the UN]
*[http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=164004 Signatories of an open letter on the UN climate-conference]
*[http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~motl/global-temperature-not-exist.pdf Does a global temperature exist?], ''Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', June 2007.
*[http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,2032821,00.html The appliance of science] by Mike Hulme.
*[http://www.climatecrisis.net/ ''An Inconvenient Truth''], Film by [[Al Gore]]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2332531355859226455&q=great+global+warming+swindle ''The Great Global Warming Swindle'' - Documentary Film]
*[http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~motl/iris-effect.pdf Climate Sensitivity and Observed Negative Feedbacks], lecture by Richard Lindzen and Roberto Rondanelli.
*[http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~motl/lindzen-nature-of-arguments.pdf Nature of Arguments for Anthropogenic Global Warming], by Richard Lindzen
*[http://www.independent.org/store/book_detail.asp?bookID=42 ''Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warmings's Unfinished Debate'', by S. Fred Singer]
*[http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus] - [[Richard S. Lindzen]], Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=47&articleID=604 "Should We Have Acted Thirty Years Ago to Prevent Climate Change?", by Randall G. Holcombe].
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=25&articleID=296 "After Kyoto: A Global Scramble for Advantage," by Bruce Yandle].
*[http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=2319 The physical evidence of earth's unstoppable 1,500-year climate cycle]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=1714 "Is There a Basis for Global Warming Alarm?", by Richard Lindzen]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/policy_reports/detail.asp?type=full&id=5 "New Perspectives in Climate Change: What the EPA Isn’t Telling Us"]
*[http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=17181 Survey Shows Climatologists Are Split on Global Warming]
*[http://www.magma.ca/~hurleyp/FightingTheHoax.htm Fighting the Hoax]
*[http://www.climateaudit.org Climate Audit], Steve McIntyre's blog
*[http://www.realclimate.org Real Climate], blog by a group of climatologists including Michael Mann
*[http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/co2_fairytales_in_global_warmi.html "CO2 Fairytales in Global Warming"]

===Critique of the Hockey Stick Reconstruction===

*[http://www.climateaudit.org/pdf/mcintyre.mckitrick.2003.pdf Corrections To The Mann et. al. (1998) Proxy Data Base And Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series] by Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick, ''Energy & Enviornment'' volume 14, 2003.
*[http://blogs.nature.com/climatefeedback/2007/05/the_decay_of_the_hockey_stick.html The Decay of the Hockey Stick by Von Storch] published on the journal ''Nature'''s blog, May 3, 2007.
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/13830/ A Global Warming Bombshell] by Richard A. Muller, ''Technology Review'' , Oct. 2004; calls into question famous graph by Michael Mann.
*[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/306/5696/679 Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data] by Hans von Storch, Eduardo Zorita, Julie M. Jones, Yegor Dimitriev, Fidel González-Rouco, Simon F. B. Tett, ''Science'' magazine, 22 October 2004.


==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{liberalism}}

[[Category:Earth Sciences]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Liberal Bias]]
Subscript text

Global warming

2009-02-15T19:27:41Z

Misken: somebody needs to go an research scientific journals to cite these claims...

[[Image:RobinsonWhatWarmsTheEarth.gif|right|frame]]
'''Global warming''' is an increase in average air temperature in the [[Earth]]'s atmosphere.
As far back as temperature records can be reconstructed, periods of global warming and global cooling have alternated; see [[ice age]]s and [[interglacial warming]].

In the modern period of global warming, a slight increase of {{temperature|0.8|1.4}} has been measured at weather stations throughout the world, since around 1850, when organized records began to be kept. Since this happens to correlate with increases in [[carbon dioxide]], many have speculated about their possible relationship. Despite this, there is no completely proven model explaining the rise in global temperatures.

==Controversy==

{{main|Global Warming Controversy}}

Since 1989, advocates have clashed on the issue of whether human beings are more responsible than nature for modern periods of global warming; see "[[greenhouse warming]]" and [[global warming theory]].<ref>Some people predicted "global warming," which has come to mean extreme [[greenhouse warming]] of the atmosphere leading to catastrophic environmental consequences. [http://www.junkscience.com/news/robinson.htm]</ref>

Most non-scientific support for the global warming theory rests on popular accounts such as Al Gore's ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'' or on reports issued by the UN's [[IPCC]]. However, Keston Green of Monash University and Scott Armstrong of the Wharton School wrote that:

*Because the forecasting processes examined in Chapter 8 overlook scientific evidence on forecasting, the [[IPCC]] forecasts of climate change are not scientific. <ref>http://www.forecastingprinciples.com/Public_Policy/WarmAudit31.pdf</ref>

Former vice-president [[Al Gore]] calls it a [[moral issue]], while climate scientist [[Richard Lindzen]] says, "It is probably the most immoral thing you could do to restrain energy so that the billions in the earth who don’t have access to electricity won't conveniently get it." <ref>http://www.americaabroadmedia.org/media/On line extra materials/Climate change - lindzen interview.doc</ref>
However, it is to be noted that many proponents of the theory propose energy conservation only until 'green' energy generation becomes predominant.{{cn}}

In the general, the term ''global warming'' can be used for any upward trend in the [[global mean temperature]], but it is mostly used to refer to the 1° F warming since 1850.{{cn}}

The two sides are divided on whether this warming is a natural recovery from the [[Little Ice Age]] or a man-made environmental phenomenon. There are also debates regarding the potential positive or negative effects of a warming.{{cn}}

Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. are evenly split on the issue. ''Boston Globe'' writer [[Ellen Goodman]] wrote:
* Only 23 percent of college-educated Republicans believe the warming is due to humans, while 75 percent of college-educated Democrats believe it. <ref> [http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/02/09/no_change_in_political_climate/] </ref>

Controversy and scientific inaccuracies may have contributed to addressing 'Climate Change' in place of using Global Warming. As the northern pole region melts, the southern pole region ice is growing <ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0110/p14s01-sten.html], http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0110/p14s01-sten.html, As arctic ice melts, South Pole ice grows, january 10, 2008</ref>

==The Modern Warm Period==

Average [[Earth]] surface air temperature has risen about 1° F since 1970.
<ref>Hansen's group at the Goddard Institute wrote, "Global warming is now 0.6 °C [1.0 °F] in the past three decades and 0.8 °C [1.4 °F] in the past century." http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/</ref> How much of this is due to contamination of the temperature record from the [[urban heat island]] effect is hard to assess. Efforts are currently underway to detect and remove this bias; however, it seems unlikely that this effect has a significant, or even moderate effect on the statistics quoted by environmentalists<ref>http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2006/10/26/224634/48</ref>. Spurious warming trends that might be considered as global warming can occur almost anywhere. <ref name="col">http://climatesci.colorado.edu/2006/01/29/do-urban-areas-have-larger-long-term-temperature-trends-than-other-locations/feed/</ref>
Nonetheless, controversy has persisted over the influence of urban warming on reported large-scale surface-air temperature trends. <ref name="col" />

According to temperature reconstruction made within an [[Old Earth]] paradigm, there have been many cycles of naturally-caused global warming and cooling over many millions of years (see [[climate cycles]]). Some scientists, including [[Richard Lindzen]] of [[MIT]], [[Sallie Baliunas]] of [[Harvard]] and [[Fred Singer]] (independent), say that the recent warming could be part of another natural cycle or random fluctuations in the atmosphere. However, many scientists also think that human activities were most likely the cause of the the planet's recent warming.{{cn}}

==False Claims of "Consensus"==

[[Richard Lindzen]] wrote in 1992,

:Indeed, a recent Gallup poll of climate scientists in the American Meteorological Society and in the American Geophysical Union shows that a vast majority doubts that there has been any identifiable man-caused warming to date (49 percent asserted no, 33 percent did not know, 18 percent thought some has occurred; however, among those actively involved in research and publishing frequently in peer-reviewed research journals, none believes that any man-caused global warming has been identified so far). <ref name="cato">http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html</ref>

Oddly enough, even though 82% of US climate scientists refused to support the global warming theory then, [[liberal]] activists were already claiming a scientific consensus for [[anthropogenic global warming]]. (It's hard to understand how 18 percent credence in ''any'' global warming translates into "consensus" support for ''human-caused'' global warming.){{cn}}

The campaign to convince the public (and their elected representatives) that the "science is settled" began in 1988 or 1989.


By the 2008 elections both candidates for the Presidency of the United States were proposing plans to mitigate climate change.

==Natural Variability of the Climate System==
Evolutionary scientists who believe in global warming think that the Earth has experienced numerous [[Ice Age|ice age]]s over two million years, during which global temperatures dropped approximately {{temperature|6|11}} and then returned to normal. The frigid temperatures allowed ice sheets to expand southward, covering much of [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]]. The cooling associated with ice ages is gradual, while the terminations are relatively rapid. However, even the rapid terminations of ice ages take centuries to millennia.{{cn}}

==Natural Climate Change on Other Planets==

Since the [[Viking spacecraft]] reached [[Mars]] in the 1970s until recent readings were taken, the average temperature on Mars has risen {{temperature|0.6|1.1}} just as the average temperature on the earth has risen. Since human industrialization is clearly not to blame for the change on Mars, other causes are being considered. One possibility is that dust storms are changing the albedo of the planet, allowing it to warm, while another possibility is that solar variations from the sun are causing the warming.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070404_gw_mars.html</ref><ref>http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=17977</ref>

Recently, it has also been found that similar to the Earth and Mars, [[Neptune]] is also undergoing global warming. Measurements taken at the Lowell observatory in [[Arizona]] have shown an increase in Neptune's brightness and temperature since 1980 following the same pattern seen on Earth and Mars. The researchers who discovered this warming suggest there may be a correlation between the warming and solar variations.<ref>http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007.../2006GL028764.shtml</ref>

[[Pluto]] has also been found to be undergoing global warming. The overall temperature increase on Pluto has been greater than that on the earth.<ref>http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/pluto_warming_021009.html</ref>

On the other hand [[Uranus]] has had no net change in temperature since 1977. A rapid increase in temperature reversed itself. The reasons for this are not understood.<ref>http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~layoung/eprint/ur149/Young2001Uranus.pdf</ref>

Global temperatures change on other plants even when there is no life, something which strongly supports the idea that humans are not necessarily the cause of earth's global warming. Moreover, the temperature on Uranus has fluctuated back and forth. There is no reason that fluctuations cannot occur on earth, too.{{cn}}

==Politics of Global Warming==

Christine Stewart- Canadian Environment Ministry, "'''No matter if the science is all phony''', there are collateral environmental benefits . . . Climate change provides the greatest chance to bring about justice and equality in the world.” <ref>[http://www.aim.org/wls/use-environmentalism-to-change-the-world/ Christine Stewart] Accuracy in Media</ref>

'Global Warming Now World's Most Boring Topic’ <ref>http://newsbusters.org/node/14167</ref>

The need to fight "global warming" has become part of the dogma of the liberal conscience. <ref name="cato" />

Clearly, "global warming" is a tempting issue for many very important groups to exploit.
... dealing with the threat of warming fits in with a great variety of preexisting agendas [like] dissatisfaction with industrial society (neopastoralism), ... governmental desires for enhanced revenues (carbon taxes), and bureaucratic desires for enhanced power. <ref name="cato" />

The global average surface temperature warmed about 0.9 °F over the second half of the 20th Century.{{cn}}

Assessments of climate science by the [[United Nations]] (see [[IPCC]] - ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'')
have claimed that scientists are 90% sure that over 50% of the observed global warming in recent decades is human-caused, and that continued global warming should be expected over at least the next century. ''Science'' published a literature search by Naomi Oreskes concluding that "scientific consensus" supports the IPCC reports. <ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5702/1686</ref>

Several prominent scientists have pointed out the [[politicized science]] of the UN's assessment methods. The scientific reports are submitted to a panel of representatives appointed by each country in the IPCC. Several scientists whose research demonstrates that climate change is taking place have complained about their work being misrepresented by the U.N.{{cn}}

*In addition, a number of the participants have testified to the pressures placed on them to emphasize results supportive of the current scenario and to suppress other results. That pressure has frequently been effective, and a survey of participants reveals substantial disagreement with the final report. <ref name="cato" />

Richard Lindzen wrote:
:Perhaps more important are the pressures being brought to bear on scientists to get the "right" results. Such pressures are inevitable, given how far out on a limb much of the scientific community has gone. The situation is compounded by the fact that some of the strongest proponents of "global warming" in Congress are also among the major supporters of science (Sen. Gore is notable among those). <ref name="cato" />

Christopher Monckton wrote an article titled Climate Sensitivity Reconsidered.
:States that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change studies are flawed. The present analysis suggests the models failure to predict other climatic phenomena arises from defects in its evaluation of radioactive forcing, no-feedbacks climate sensitivity parameter and feedback multiplier. In conclusion, that there may be no "Climate Crisis" and for governments to reduce emissions may be pointless or even harmful. <ref>http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200807/monckton.cfm , Climate Sensitivity Reconsidered, July 2008</ref> This was published on a forum of the American Physical Society with the following disclaimer "The article has not undergone any scientific peer review" and "the APS disagrees with the articles conclusions" In fact, the APS disagrees with the article without ever reviewing it.{{cn}}

Dr. John S. Theon:
:Retired senior NASA atmospheric [[scientist]], Dr. John S. Theon, the former boss of global warming alarmist James Hansen of [[NASA]], rebukes him declaring “climate models are useless.” “My own belief concerning anthropogenic climate change is that the models do not realistically simulate the climate system because there are many very important sub-grid scale processes that the models either replicate poorly or completely omit,” “Furthermore, some scientists have manipulated the observed data to justify their model results." <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/tom-blumer/2009/01/28/former-boss-rebukes-nasa-global-warming-alarmist-hansen-agw-skeptic Former Boss Rebukes NASA Global Warming Alarmist Hansen, Is AGW Skeptic] NewsBusters.org, January 28, 2009 </ref>

After the successful completion of a lawsuit against his movie '[[The Great Global Warming Swindle]]', filmmaker Martin Durkin statements read <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=32796 UK Broadcaster Scolded for Film on Global Warming] CNSNEWS July 22, 2008</ref>

*“Everywhere you are told that man-made [[climate change]] is proved beyond doubt,” “But you are being told lies.”
*“This is a story of how a theory about climate turned into a political [[ideology]] ... it is the story of the distortion of a whole area of [[science]].”
*“as the frenzy over man-made [[global warming]] grows shriller, many senior scientists say the actual scientific basis for the [[theory]] is crumbling.”

Geology professor and scientist at the University of Oklahoma, David Deming talks about a biased [[AP]] article mentioning global warming "...whether it's continuing that was completely beyond the evidence." <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,468084,00.html Scientists Call AP Report on Global Warming 'Hysteria'] Fox News, December 16, 2008</ref>
The mean global temperature, at least as measured by is now the same as it was in the year 1980.
In the last couple of years sea level has stopped rising.
Sea ice globally is also the same as it was in 1980.
Hurricane and cyclone activity in the northern hemisphere is at a 24-year low.

Also in discussion of the biased AP report, Michael R. Fox, a retired nuclear scientist and chemistry professor from the University of Idaho says, "There is little evidence to believe that man-made carbon dioxide is causing temperature fluctuation. Other factors, including sun spots, solar winds, variations in the solar magnetic field and solar irradiation, could all be affecting temperature changes."

Richard S. Courtney, a U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expert reviewer and a U.K.-based climate and atmospheric science consultant says "Rubbish! Global warming is not 'accelerating," and "...that anybody who proclaims that 'Global warming is accelerating' is a liar, a fool, or both." <ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/brennan/global_warming_debunked/2008/12/16/162489.html Global Warming’s Last Gasp] NewsMax, December 17, 2008</ref>

Don J. Easterbrook, Ph.D., emeritus professor of geology at Western Washington University, asked, "What does it take to ignore 10 years of global cooling....? The answer is really quite simple — just follow the money!"

==Al Gore's Claims==

*[[Al Gore]] claims that Himalayan glaciers are shrinking and global warming is to blame. Yet the September 2006 issue of the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate reported, "Glaciers are growing in the Himalayan Mountains, confounding global warming alarmists who recently claimed the glaciers were shrinking and that global warming was to blame." <ref name="sun">http://www.suntimes.com/news/otherviews/450392,CST-EDT-REF30b.article</ref>


*Gore claims the snow cap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame. Yet according to the November 23, 2003, issue of Nature magazine, "Although it's tempting to blame the ice loss on global warming, researchers think that deforestation of the mountain's foothills is the more likely culprit. Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry. No longer replenished with water, the ice is evaporating in the strong equatorial sunshine." <ref name="sun" />\

*Al Gore is therefore an example of how in such an important debate, [[deceit|deceitful]] tactics have been used by liberals to make a position seem more solid than it is.{{cn}}

==2008 Presidential candidates on climate Change==

[[Bob Barr]] is the only major 2008 Presidential Candidate who has not adopted wholesale the theory of human-caused global warming.{{cn}}

According to his website,<ref>[http://www.johnmccain.com/Informing/News/PressReleases/BA6709C3-B27D-4EF9-81E6-2BA9D6F8AB20.htm John McCain on Global warming.]</ref> [[Republican]] Presidential candidate [[John McCain]] will take a more "aggressive approach" to global warming which he has declared as "undeniable and urgent." He was supported in this in June 2008 by Republican governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] who said McCain was the "real deal on the environment".<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/30/MNDB11H66C.DTL&type=politics Schwarzenegger backs McCain on climate Change]</ref>.

In his own words, McCain says "the overwhelming majority of scientific opinion in America today, and in the world, is that climate change is real. The fact is that it ''is'' real. The fact is that the solution to it is the development of technologies.... and a [[cap and trade]] proposal.... the debate is over."[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQMxIwpK_es] Unless McCain believes that Global Warming is entirely or largely man-made, there would be no sense in supporting a cap and trade solution.{{cn}}

[[Barack Obama]] believes "that global warming is not just the greatest [[environmental]] [[challenge]] facing our planet—it is one of our greatest challenges of any kind." During his first 100 days in office, he would enact a giant and far-reaching [[tax]] "an economy-wide cap on U.S. carbon emissions that will reduce U.S. emissions by the amount scientists agree is necessary (80%) or '''$45 Trillion dollars'''". <ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article4079036.ece World needs $45 trillion energy revolution] Timesonline.uk, June 6, 2008</ref> He comments "Putting a price on carbon is the most important step we can to take to reduce emissions."<ref>[http://presidentialprofiles2008.org/Obama/tab1.html Leguea of Conservation Voters] presidentialprofiles2008.org</ref>

==Al Gore's "Inconvenient Truth" Movie Claims==

A [[British]] court has determined that Al Gore's movie "An Inconvenient Truth" contains at least eleven material falsehoods <ref>[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies-eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth], http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/09/court-identifies-eleven-inaccuracies-al-gore-s-inconvenient-truth, October 9, 2007</ref>

Those inaccuracies include the following

* The film claims that melting snows on Mount Kilimanjaro evidence global warming. The Government's expert was forced to concede that this is not correct.{{cn}}
* The film suggests that evidence from ice cores proves that rising CO2 causes temperature increases over 650,000 years. The Court found the film misleading: over that period the rises in CO2 lagged behind the temperature rises by 800-2000 years.{{cn}}
* The film uses emotive images of [[Hurricane Katrina]] and suggests that this has been caused by global warming. The Government's expert had to accept that it was "not possible" to attribute one-off events to global warming.{{cn}}
* The film shows the drying up of Lake Chad and claims that this was caused by global warming. The Government's expert had to accept that this was not the case.{{cn}}
* The film claims that a study showed that polar bears had drowned due to disappearing arctic ice. It turned out that Mr Gore had misread the study: in fact four polar bears drowned and this was because of a particularly violent storm.{{cn}}
* The film threatens that global warming could stop the Gulf Stream throwing Europe into an ice age: the Claimant's evidence was that this was a [[scientific]] impossibility.{{cn}}
* The film blames global warming for species losses including coral reef bleaching. The Government could not find any evidence to support this claim.{{cn}}
* The film suggests that the [[Greenland]] ice covering could melt causing sea levels to rise dangerously. The evidence is that Greenland will not melt for millennia.{{cn}}
* The film suggests that the Antarctic [[ice]] covering is melting, the evidence was that it is in fact increasing.{{cn}}
* The film suggests that sea levels could rise by 7m causing the displacement of millions of people. The evidence is that sea levels are expected to rise by about 40cm over the next hundred years and that there is no such threat of massive migration.{{cn}}
* The film claims that rising sea levels has caused the evacuation of certain Pacific islands to [[New Zealand]]. The Government are unable to substantiate this and the Court observed that this appears to be a false claim.{{cn}}

== Scientists ==

[[Image:Rogerrevelle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Roger Revelle]]

{|
| valign="top" width="35%"|
* [[Roger Revelle]]
* [[Achim Steiner]]
* [[Fred Singer]]
* [[Richard Lindzen]]
* [[Sallie Baliunas]]
* [[Lonnie Thompson]]
| valign="top" width="33%"|
* [[James E. Hansen]]
* [[Michael Mann]]
* [[Charles Keeling]]
* [[Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado]]
|}

==See Also==
*[[Anthropogenic global warming theory]]
*[[Global Warming Controversy]]
*''[[Massachusetts v. EPA]]''
*[[Socialism and global warming]]
*[[Politics of global warming]]
*[[Liberal_hysteria#Global_Warming_Derangement_Syndrome|Global Warming Derangement Syndrome]]
*[[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]
*[[An Inconvenient Truth]]
*[[Previous Breaking News/Global Warming|Articles about '''Global Warming''' from previous "Breaking News"]]
*[[More News/Global Warming|Articles about '''Global Warming''' from "More News"]]

==External Links==

*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/global-warming/ What Liberals Say - Category: Global Warming], [[Accuracy In Media]]
*[http://global-warming.accuweather.com/2007/12/attempting_to_stop_global_warm_1.html Attempting to Stop Global Warming is Futile and a Mistake, says letter to the UN]
*[http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=164004 Signatories of an open letter on the UN climate-conference]
*[http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~motl/global-temperature-not-exist.pdf Does a global temperature exist?], ''Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', June 2007.
*[http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,2032821,00.html The appliance of science] by Mike Hulme.
*[http://www.climatecrisis.net/ ''An Inconvenient Truth''], Film by [[Al Gore]]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2332531355859226455&q=great+global+warming+swindle ''The Great Global Warming Swindle'' - Documentary Film]
*[http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~motl/iris-effect.pdf Climate Sensitivity and Observed Negative Feedbacks], lecture by Richard Lindzen and Roberto Rondanelli.
*[http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~motl/lindzen-nature-of-arguments.pdf Nature of Arguments for Anthropogenic Global Warming], by Richard Lindzen
*[http://www.independent.org/store/book_detail.asp?bookID=42 ''Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warmings's Unfinished Debate'', by S. Fred Singer]
*[http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus] - [[Richard S. Lindzen]], Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=47&articleID=604 "Should We Have Acted Thirty Years Ago to Prevent Climate Change?", by Randall G. Holcombe].
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=25&articleID=296 "After Kyoto: A Global Scramble for Advantage," by Bruce Yandle].
*[http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=2319 The physical evidence of earth's unstoppable 1,500-year climate cycle]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=1714 "Is There a Basis for Global Warming Alarm?", by Richard Lindzen]
*[http://www.independent.org/publications/policy_reports/detail.asp?type=full&id=5 "New Perspectives in Climate Change: What the EPA Isn’t Telling Us"]
*[http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=17181 Survey Shows Climatologists Are Split on Global Warming]
*[http://www.magma.ca/~hurleyp/FightingTheHoax.htm Fighting the Hoax]
*[http://www.climateaudit.org Climate Audit], Steve McIntyre's blog
*[http://www.realclimate.org Real Climate], blog by a group of climatologists including Michael Mann
*[http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/co2_fairytales_in_global_warmi.html "CO2 Fairytales in Global Warming"]

===Critique of the Hockey Stick Reconstruction===

*[http://www.climateaudit.org/pdf/mcintyre.mckitrick.2003.pdf Corrections To The Mann et. al. (1998) Proxy Data Base And Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series] by Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick, ''Energy & Enviornment'' volume 14, 2003.
*[http://blogs.nature.com/climatefeedback/2007/05/the_decay_of_the_hockey_stick.html The Decay of the Hockey Stick by Von Storch] published on the journal ''Nature'''s blog, May 3, 2007.
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/13830/ A Global Warming Bombshell] by Richard A. Muller, ''Technology Review'' , Oct. 2004; calls into question famous graph by Michael Mann.
*[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/306/5696/679 Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data] by Hans von Storch, Eduardo Zorita, Julie M. Jones, Yegor Dimitriev, Fidel González-Rouco, Simon F. B. Tett, ''Science'' magazine, 22 October 2004.


==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{liberalism}}

[[Category:Earth Sciences]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]
[[Category:Liberal Bias]]
Subscript text