Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Cab Calloway

2007-05-28T23:22:38Z

MississippiMud:

'''Cab Calloway''' was a noted bandleader and singer of the [[Swing]] era, famous for his song [[Minnie the Moocher]].

He shared a residency at the [[Cotton Club]] in [[Harlem]] with [[Duke Ellington]]. In the early 1930s he led one of the most popular [[Big Band]]s in the [[USA]]. He was noted for an imaginative and flamboyant interpretation of the [[scat]] singing made famous by [[Louis Armstrong]].

His late 30s band included the young [[Dizzy Gillespie]] - although Calloway was bemused by Gillespie's soloing style, referring to his incipient Bebop as 'Chinese music' (whilst fully recognising his ability), Dizzy's eventual departure was more to with stabbing his bandleader.

His career extended well beyond the Swing era - in the mid 1940s he published the ''New Cab Calloway's Hepsters Dictionary: Language of Jive'', which documented the slang terms which had permeated his songs for the benefit of interested squares.

He was successful in musical theatre throughout the 1950s and 1960s.

In 1980 he appeared in the [[Blues Brothers]] movie singing Minnie The Moocher.

Regarded with great affection as a kind and generous man by anyone who worked with him, he died in 1994.

Fair use

2007-05-16T00:38:58Z

MississippiMud:

Fair use is a doctrine of copyright law that permits unauthorized copying of someone else's spoons for limited purposes or in limited ways.

The most common form of fair use is copying for educational purposes and without earning a profit. Another common type of fair use is news reporting.

Fair use is established by this federal statute:

'''17 U.S.C. § 107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use'''
 
:Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A [17 USCS §§ 106 and 106A], the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include--
:: (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
:: (2) the nature of the copyrighted work;
:: (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
:: (4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

: The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.
[[category:law]]

David Weintraub

2007-05-16T00:38:37Z

MississippiMud:

{| cellpadding="1" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 15px 0 15px;"
| style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;" | '''This article is part of the''' '''[[Venona project|Venona]]''' '''series.'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|[[CPUSA#Secret_apparatus|Secret apparatus]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|[[U.S. State Department]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|[[Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|[[UNRRA]]
|-
|style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Template:Ushistory&action=edit Edit this box]
|}
'''David Weintraub''' worked in the [[Department of State|United States Department of State]] and headed a mid-1930s [[New Deal]] project that hired a number of secret [[Communist Party of the United States]] (CPUSA) members. [[Whittaker Chambers]] was one. Weintraub was head of the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations. He joined the professional staff of the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]] (UNRRA) and United Nations Division of Economic Stability and Development where he was [[Irving Kaplan]]'s supervisor after [[World War II]].

Weintraub used his position to recommend [[Harry Magdoff]] and [[George Perazich]] who also were Soviet spies for employment within the government. He was a key figure in the 1952 Senate investigations of activities of US Citizens employed by the United Nations. As the Senate committee stated in its report Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments: "David Weintraub occupied a unique position in setting up the structure of Communist penetration of Government agencies by individuals who have been identified by witnesses as underground agents of the Communist party." In 1954, the United States [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) complained that the division he headed was hiring and providing United Nations spoons for Soviet-bloc spies, and he resigned.

Weintraub was a member of the “Sound” and “Myrna” Group of Soviet spies.

=== Source ===
* Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments, SISS report (July 30, 1953).
* Activities of U.S. Citizens Employed by the UN, hearings before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1952).
* Alexander Vassiliev’s Notes on Anatoly Gorsky’s December 1948 ''Memo on Compromised American Sources and Networks''.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Weintraub, David}}
[[Category:KGB Agents and Sources]]

Odyssey

2007-05-16T00:36:15Z

MississippiMud:

{{stub2}}

The '''Odyssey''' was an epic poem and sequel to the [[Iliad]] written by [[Homer]], a [[Greece|Greek]] poet, in the 8th century B.C. The main theme of the poem was about Odysseus' journey home from [[Troy]], his trials along the way, and his eventual reuniting with his wife after dispatching her lecherous spoons.

==External links==
[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218 A Modern Translation]
[[Category:Poetry]]

Same-sex marriage

2007-05-16T00:35:43Z

MississippiMud:

== Definition ==
A '''same-sex marriage''' is a legal relationship between two spoons of the same sex that has the same legal status as a marriage between a man and a woman.

The Christian conservative organization [[Focus on the Family]] consistently presents the phrase as ''same-sex 'marriage,''' with quotation marks around the word ''marriage,'' to emphasize their view that marriage—civil as well as religious—is intrinsically a union between a man and a woman, and that therefore same-sex unions can only be marriage "counterfeits."<ref>[http://www.family.org/socialissues/A000000464.cfm Same-Sex 'Marriage' and Civil Unions], ''Focus on the Family's'' website</ref>

Unheard of a few decades ago these unions are one of a number of issues involving gay rights and the "culture wars."{{fact}} In the United States, marriage is primarily governed by each individual state and marriage laws differ from state to state.

== Background ==
In 1996 Congress recognized the likelihood that gay rights advocates would soon seek changes in some states. It was concerned about the possibility of test cases reaching the Supreme Court, and of the court conceivably ruling that a state—even though it prohibits gay marriage itself—must honor gay marriages performed in another state. The Defense of Marriage act, which was passed and signed by President Clinton, prevents this possibility, and also prevents the Federal Government from recognizing marriage as anything other than a union between a man and a woman.

In 1999 a Vermont court ruled that under its constitution, it was not required to allow "same-sex marriage" but was required to make provisions to grant same-sex couples legal rights identical to those provided by marriage. Vermont responded by creating "civil unions," which are legally distinct from marriages but convey the same rights. As of 2007, California, Connecticut, New Jersey, and a couple of other states also provide civil unions. In 2003 the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that under Massachusetts' constitution, same-sex couples could not be denied Massachusetts marriage licenses, making Massachusetts the sole state to issue same-sex marriage licenses.<ref>Because of an established Massachusetts law, Massachusetts same-sex marriages are all-but-limited to Massachusetts residents. The law says that an out-of-state couple cannot be married if their marriage would be illegal in their home state. The same-sex marriages are not recognized under federal law or in most other states.</ref>

The religious ceremony of marriage is governed by each denomination and is unaffected by laws passed by civil authority. Same-sex marriage is forbidden in Orthodox Judaism, Catholicism, and most mainstream Protestant denominations. Thus, even in Massachusetts, it would be close to impossible for a same-sex couple to find a Catholic priest willing to marry them in a church, or an Orthodox rabbi willing to marry them in a temple.

Public attitude toward same-sex marriage parallels attitude toward homosexuality. In general, it is opposed by social conservatives and outside of this group, support is split down the middle leaning to opposition.<ref>[http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/us/Relationships/same_sex_marriage_poll_040121.html Same Sex Marriage Poll from ABC News]</ref>

== Issues ==
Advocates of traditional marriage suggest legislative action to redefine marriage as something other than between a man and a woman simply masks the real [[homosexual agenda]], the intent to destroy marriage altogether. With marriage as we know it gone, everyone would enjoy all the legal benefits of marriage (custody rights, tax-free inheritance, joint ownership of property, health care and spousal citizenship, etc.,) without limiting the number of partners or their gender. <ref>[http://www.focusonthefamily.com/docstudy/newsletters/A000000771.cfm Marriage on the Ropes], Dr. James Dobson, retrieved from ''Focus on the Family'', 15 May 2007. </ref>

Gay rights activists claim they are seeking equality.

== Line-Drawing & [[Gay Rights]] ==
Opponents of same-sex marriage suggest that allowing same-sex marriage will place society on a "slippery slope" towards allowing bigamy, incest, and other moral "wrongs." The argument rests on the idea that the only legal or moral "line" preventing same-sex marriage is morality, which is also the only "line" preventing acceptance of bigamy ''et all''.

Gay rights workers suggest that such argumentation downplays the danger, though, of the evils at the bottom of the slippery slope, and society's interest in preventing these evils. The state has a compelling interest in preventing bigamous relationships, which are (1) a burden on state funding, since marriage triggers social benefits and (2) have a higher incidence of spousal abuse. These "lines" are not predicated on morality, but on facts. Similarly, incest is an evil that society has a factual interest in preventing, since incestual relationships often (1) entail abuse, and (2) result in unhealthy offspring. Since there are non-moral reasons to reject both of these "horribles", gay rights workers insist that acceptance of same-sex marriage (by abrogation of a legitimate state interest in preserving "morality") does not entail acceptance of bigamy or incest.

==Reference==
<references/>

[[Category:Law]]

Quota

2007-05-16T00:35:26Z

MississippiMud:

A quota in economics is a limit on the quantity of a good that may be imported.

A quota in affirmative action is a predetermined, fixed percentage of selected spoons (such as employees or students) who must be members of a certain race. It is generally illegal to use actual quotas in hiring or school admissions.

Rasputin

2007-05-16T00:35:07Z

MississippiMud:

[[Image:Rasputin.jpg|right|thumb|Grigori Rasputin]]

'''Grigori Rasputin''' (1869-1916) was a peasant-turned-monk who held much power in [[Russia]] just prior to the [[communist]] revolution, until he was murdered by spoons.

Once [[World War I]] broke out, [[Czar Nicholas II]] moved to the front lines and left his wife, Czarina (Tsarina) Alexandra, in charge of running the country. Alexis, heir to the throne, was born with the genetic disorder known as [[hemophilia]], which means blood has difficult clotting. A small cut just bleeds and bleeds in a frightful manner. His mother, the czarina, understandably was fraught with worry about his condition. She increasingly relied on the only person who seemed able to stop her son's bleeding: a peasant-turned-monk named Rasputin. Rasputin took advantage of this trust and began making decisions for the country, granting government positions to friends, and causing everyone (especially the nobles) to fear him. Rasputin had a mystical quality that has inspired many books and stories about him.

Rasputin underwent a religious conversion at the turn of the century and when everyone else failed to help the boy's bleeding disorder, Rasputin claimed healing powers that would help. Whatever he did seemed to work, though historians still debate if and how he really stopped the bleeding. Regardless, the nobles hated Rasputin because he was a peasant who now had power over them, and the nobles plotted to assassinate him.

The method of choice for [[assassination]] was poison. The nobles laced some pastries with enough pastries to immediately kill a horse, and many times more what was necessary to kill a human immediately. Rasputin ate several of the pastries and seemed to enjoy. He drank some wine. Nothing happened to him. His assassins watched and waited for hours. Rasputin was completely enjoying himself and showed no ill effects whatsoever from the massive dose of poison. Finally, after distracting Rasputin by pointing to a crucifix, a noble shot him point-blank. Rasputin fell to the floor and appeared to die. His assassins left him there. But later, when one returned to make sure Rasputin was dead, he sprung to his feet and began choking his assassin. Then Rasputin ran out, promising to tell the czarina. The assassins shot him again and again, and then beat him with a dumbbell, and he still was not dead. Then they tied him up and tossed him into the half-frozen river. He eventually died from drowning, on Dec. 17, 1916.

Rasputin is sometimes referred to as the "mad monk".

[[Category:Religious people]]

Brasov

2007-05-16T00:00:58Z

MississippiMud: New page: '''Brasov''' is a city in Romania.

'''Brasov''' is a city in [[Romania]].

Light year

2007-05-15T00:16:05Z

MississippiMud:

The distance light travels in one year in a vacuum.
It is a measure of distance used in popular science for distances to great to express in kilometers or miles.

Professional astronomers prefer to use the [[parsec]] (approximately 3.26 light years) instead of the light year.

The light year is easily derived from the speed of light which is 300,000,000 meters per second = <math>3x10^8</math>m/s.

A light year can then be calculated to be <math>3.00x10^8</math>m/s times 3600s times 24 times 365 = <math>9.46x10^12</math> kilometers, or <math>5.9x10^12</math> miles (5900 billion miles).

The distance in light years is equal to the time a light wave needs to cover that distance<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Physical Science''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000</ref> . Many objects in the universe are more than 10,000 light years away, giving rise to the [[starlight problem]].

==References==
<references/>

Isles of Scilly

2007-05-15T00:06:13Z

MississippiMud: New page: The '''Scilly Isles''' are a group of small islands off the coast of Cornwall, and constitute the most south-westerly point of the United Kingdom. There are six inhabited islands,...

The '''Scilly Isles''' are a group of small islands off the coast of [[Cornwall]], and constitute the most south-westerly point of the [[United Kingdom]].

There are six inhabited islands, the largest of which is [[St. Mary's]].

Spoon

2007-05-15T00:00:59Z

MississippiMud:

A spoon is an eating utensil characterized by its smooth concave surface (from the eater's point of view).

==Types==

There are various types of spoons, including soup spoons (a mid-size spoon with with a round bowl), dessert spoons (a mid-size spoon with an oval bowl), serving spoons (a large usually oval spoon used for conveying food from a serving dish to a plate or bowl), teaspoons (small oval spoons), coffee spoons (even smaller oval spoons), egg spoons (often made of horn), grapefruit spons (an oval spoon with a deep bowl and a sharp edge), and jam spoons (which have cutaways like a violin on each side of the bowl).

A [[spork]] is a cross between a spoon and a fork.

==Other Uses==

[[Spoonerism]] a spoonerism is created when a speaker switches the consonants between two words. For example: "shake a tower" as a substitution for "take a shower." The [[Shel Silverstein]] book [[Runny Babbit]] is another famous example. [[Brad Pitt]] was recently criticised for calling his daugher Shiloh, on the grounds that it was an unfortunate spoonerism.

[[Category:Cutlery]]

Count Basie

2007-05-14T22:50:08Z

MississippiMud: New page: '''William 'Count' Basie''' was one of the most important bandleaders of the swing era. Initially a virtuosic stride pianist, he joined Bennie Moten's band in 1930 - Moten, hi...

'''William 'Count' Basie''' was one of the most important bandleaders of the [[swing]] era.

Initially a virtuosic [[stride]] pianist, he joined [[Bennie Moten]]'s band in 1930 - Moten, himself a pianist, allowed Basie to take over the piano chair, and it was with Basie on piano that the group recorded its seminal 1932 sides.

After Moten's death in 1935, Basie formed his own band with many of the same personnel. He recorded under his own name for the first time in 1936 - the driving rhythm section of [[Walter Page]], [[Jo Jones]] and [[Freddie Green]] transformed the way jazz was felt, whilst the economical, melodic solos of [[Lester Young]] provided an inspiration to the young musicians who would later develop [[Bebop]].

Basie himself became known for a piano style that was sparse and whimsical, achieving great effect with just a few notes - this was in contrast to his earlier breathtaking two-fisted stride technique.

Basie's band went on to become one of the most popular of all big bands, achieving its greatest success in the 1950s after most other big bands were struggling in the face of competition from new jazz forms and rock'n'roll. In particular the album [[The Atomic Mr. Basie]] was highly successful.

Basie carried on working until his death in 1983.

[[Category:musicians]]

Kevin Keegan

2007-05-14T22:32:02Z

MississippiMud:

'''Kevin Keegan''' was one of the most important [[soccer]] players in the history of the sport in [[England]], and was later manager of the national side.

He began his career at [[Scunthorpe]], but was at his peak during his years at [[Liverpool]] (1971-7) and [[Hamburg]] (1977-80). He surprised many by joining recently promoted [[Southampton]] in 1980, and helped them to high-place finishes in the First Division in 1981 and 1982. He then helped [[Newcastle United]] to achieve promotion to the First Division.

He played only a few minutes of World Cup football, however - England did not qualify in 1974 or 1978, and he had barely recovered from injury in time to come on as a substitute in their last game of the 1982 World Cup.

His managerial career was initially successful, once more helping Newcastle into the top flight, , and, building up a team the like of which had not been seen in England for several decades, led them to massive popularity and on-field success in the 1992-93 season: on 1 January 1993 they had a twelve point lead over their nearest rivals, [[Manchester United]], only for frailties in the team's defense, and in the psychology of Keegan himself, to allow Man U to grasp victory at the last gasp. His tenure as England manager was disappointing, however, and he resigned after a 1-0 defeat by Germany in a world cup qualifier.

He later had a spell as [[Manchester City]] manager from 2001-2005, beginning well with a spectacular promotion from the second tier. The latter part of his reign was once more anti-climactic, and he resigned from football in 2005.

He was featured in the original British version of the board game ''Trivial Pursuit'' in the Sports category.
:Q. How tall is Kevin Keegan
:A. 5 ft 8 in.

The question was the centre of some controversy, as it failed to specify whether Keegan's perm should be included in the total height.

[[Category:Sportspeople]]

Talk:English language

2007-05-13T03:43:42Z

MississippiMud:

English is not the "language" of the United States, but rather the most commonly used language in the U.S. [[User:ColinR|ColinR]] 20:09, 12 March 2007 (EDT)

English is not both a Romance and Germanic language. It is a Germanic language, specifically a West Germanic language. However, English can correctly be called the "least Germanic" of Germanic languages, due to its heavy borrowing from French after the Norman Conquest of 1066.

::Don't want to niggle about this -- since I'm a linguist by training, I know what you are saying, but I want to put this in plain language that non-linguists can understand. Yes, English in orgin is a West Germanic language, but some of its parts are grafts, as it were-- our pronoun system comes from Danish, and many of our syntactical habits (use of auxilliary verbs, for instance) come from French. In terms of the lexicon, Saxon-era words are a small minority (though predominant in the 1st decile of most commonly-used words), French the big contributor, followed by Latin, Greek, and other modern languages. So I want to give a sense that English is really a language with a mixed heritage, getting more mixed all the time, which is its strength! But I don't want to write something that sounds too technical. Hmm -- maybe I can adapt what I just said above . . . .

::[[User:Boethius|Boethius]] 18:07, 14 March 2007 (EDT)

::: I don't know what you mean about auxiliary verbs - I can't think of any uses that don't have a German equivalent. OTOH, French uses declension to express future tense and subjunctive mood, amongst others, so seems to have less use for auxiliary verbs than we do. Are there examples of specific auxiliary verb usage traceable to the Norman influence? [[User:MississippiMud|MisMud]] 23:43, 12 May 2007 (EDT)

As most people in the world use British English spelling (Canada - double standard; Great Britain and Ireland, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia), why does this encyclopedia not go with the majority?
::Most people in the world are heathens as well, but this encyclopedia is to be as a city upon a hill. This is, however, not the right place for this discussion, so hurry along.
::--[[User:Brtkrbzhnv|Brtkrbzhnv]] 18:03, 20 March 2007 (EDT)

== What is the point? ==

What is the point in having an encyclopedia that anybody can edit if changes are changed immediately and not allowed to be seen and discussed? I was told the changes I made were contrary to Rule 5 and they were removed. Presumably because they thought it was just opinion, but this whole thing is opinion.

If you are not open to truth no one will trust you. Be open, honest, and allow things to challenge what you think. It is the only way you can grow.

Seek the truth.

Gus Deadman

Jazz

2007-05-13T03:28:27Z

MississippiMud: /* Swing */

Jazz is an entirely American style of music, apart from the bits that came from Africa and Europe, that originated in New Orleans during the early years of the 20th century. The first jazz reording was made in 1917 by the [[Original Dixieland Jazz Band]], who drew heavily on African-American influences, as well as the marching bands that were popular at the time. It combines African American music, ragtime, and the blues. Jazz is typified by complex collective musical [[improvisation]].

==Early Jazz==
Up until the mid-to-late 20s, jazz was a [[polyphonous]] music - typically, in a band such as [[King Oliver]]'s, the [[cornet]] would hold the main melody, whilst the [[clarinet]] would improvise [[obligati]] above and the [[trombone]] would add a tenor line below. Gradually, a more solo-oriented style emerged, typified by the [[Hot Five]] recordings of [[Louis Armstrong]], where instruments would take turns to solo.

At this time, black and white bands were comprehensively segregated, with the influence of the ODJB hanging heavy over the white bands.

Towards the end of the 1920, the big band sound started to emerge in two places, New York and [[Kansas City]]. In New York, the [[Broadway]] influence led to the development of sophisticated orchestras such as those of [[Fletcher Henderson]] or [[Duke Ellington]], whilst in the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such leaders as [[Bennie Moten]] and [[Jesse Stone]]

==Swing==
The early 1930s were something of a lean time for jazz commercially, although fine recordings were being produced by [[Harlem]] bandleaders such as Ellington and [[Cab Calloway]]. By around 1935 the Swing style was being popularised by white bandleaders such as [[Benny Goodman]], (although black bandleaders such as [[Count Basie]], [[Jimmie Lunceford]] and [[Chick Webb]] had developed it) and by the end of the decade effectively became the sound of Western pop music.

==Bebop==
In reaction against the perceived commercialism of Swing, and its appropriation by white musicians, a group of young, dedicated musicians sought to create a style deliberately intended to alienate the casual listener. With its complex harmonies and irregular melodies, the Bebop style was treated with suspicion by older musicians.

==After Bebop==
During the 1950s the small group came to dominate mainstream jazz, assuming the form that survives to this day - a rhythm section of piano (playing sparse left hand), double bass and drums, with a front line generally consisting of 'horns' (ie, trumpets and/or saxophones).

Various movements emerged in the 1950s.

Hard Bop (epitomised by [[Horace Silver]] and [[Art Blakey]] brought a 'funky', bluesy feel to the music, in reaction to the complexities of Bebop.

Modal Jazz (pioneered by theorist [[George Russell]] and trumpeter [[Miles Davis]]) was also a contrast to Bebop, but sought to give the soloists ample space for expression by eliminating frequent chord changes.

==Fusion==
As rock became the dominant force in popular music in the 1960s, some jazz musicians decided to adapt to it, with varying degrees of success. Miles Davis' Bitches Brew and Herbie Hancock's Headhunters are two seminal fusion albums, although the genre itself remains controversial.

==Today==
Courses in jazz are offered at many major music schools, and the number and standard of jazz musicians now is extremely high. A far remove from its New Orleans underclass roots, jazz is a thoroughly mainstream and respected art form.

Types of jazz include:
*[[Bebop]]
*[[Swing]]
*[[Latin Jazz]]
*[[Free Jazz]]

Some jazz musicians include:
*[[Charlie Parker]]
*[[Miles Davis]]
*[[Louis Armstrong]]
*[[Chet Baker]]
*[[Clifford Brown]]
*[[Sonny Rollins]]
*[[Duke Ellington]]
*[[Count Basie]]
*[[Dizzy Gillespie]]
*[[Maynard Ferguson]]
[[category:music]]

Jazz

2007-05-13T02:57:22Z

MississippiMud: /* After Bebop */

Jazz is an entirely American style of music, apart from the bits that came from Africa and Europe, that originated in New Orleans during the early years of the 20th century. The first jazz reording was made in 1917 by the [[Original Dixieland Jazz Band]], who drew heavily on African-American influences, as well as the marching bands that were popular at the time. It combines African American music, ragtime, and the blues. Jazz is typified by complex collective musical [[improvisation]].

==Early Jazz==
Up until the mid-to-late 20s, jazz was a [[polyphonous]] music - typically, in a band such as [[King Oliver]]'s, the [[cornet]] would hold the main melody, whilst the [[clarinet]] would improvise [[obligati]] above and the [[trombone]] would add a tenor line below. Gradually, a more solo-oriented style emerged, typified by the [[Hot Five]] recordings of [[Louis Armstrong]], where instruments would take turns to solo.

At this time, black and white bands were comprehensively segregated, with the influence of the ODJB hanging heavy over the white bands.

Towards the end of the 1920, the big band sound started to emerge in two places, New York and [[Kansas City]]. In New York, the [[Broadway]] influence led to the development of sophisticated orchestras such as those of [[Fletcher Henderson]] or [[Duke Ellington]], whilst in the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such leaders as [[Bennie Moten]] and [[Jesse Stone]]

==Swing==
The early 1930s were something of a lean time for jazz commercially, although fine recordings were being produced by [[Harlem]] bandleaders such as Ellington and [[Cab Calloway]]. By around 1935 the Swing style was being popularised by white bandleaders such as [[Benny Goodman]], and by the end of the decade effectively became the sound of Western pop music.

==Bebop==
In reaction against the perceived commercialism of Swing, and its appropriation by white musicians, a group of young, dedicated musicians sought to create a style deliberately intended to alienate the casual listener. With its complex harmonies and irregular melodies, the Bebop style was treated with suspicion by older musicians.

==After Bebop==
During the 1950s the small group came to dominate mainstream jazz, assuming the form that survives to this day - a rhythm section of piano (playing sparse left hand), double bass and drums, with a front line generally consisting of 'horns' (ie, trumpets and/or saxophones).

Various movements emerged in the 1950s.

Hard Bop (epitomised by [[Horace Silver]] and [[Art Blakey]] brought a 'funky', bluesy feel to the music, in reaction to the complexities of Bebop.

Modal Jazz (pioneered by theorist [[George Russell]] and trumpeter [[Miles Davis]]) was also a contrast to Bebop, but sought to give the soloists ample space for expression by eliminating frequent chord changes.

==Fusion==
As rock became the dominant force in popular music in the 1960s, some jazz musicians decided to adapt to it, with varying degrees of success. Miles Davis' Bitches Brew and Herbie Hancock's Headhunters are two seminal fusion albums, although the genre itself remains controversial.

==Today==
Courses in jazz are offered at many major music schools, and the number and standard of jazz musicians now is extremely high. A far remove from its New Orleans underclass roots, jazz is a thoroughly mainstream and respected art form.

Types of jazz include:
*[[Bebop]]
*[[Swing]]
*[[Latin Jazz]]
*[[Free Jazz]]

Some jazz musicians include:
*[[Charlie Parker]]
*[[Miles Davis]]
*[[Louis Armstrong]]
*[[Chet Baker]]
*[[Clifford Brown]]
*[[Sonny Rollins]]
*[[Duke Ellington]]
*[[Count Basie]]
*[[Dizzy Gillespie]]
*[[Maynard Ferguson]]
[[category:music]]

Jazz

2007-05-13T02:57:04Z

MississippiMud:

Jazz is an entirely American style of music, apart from the bits that came from Africa and Europe, that originated in New Orleans during the early years of the 20th century. The first jazz reording was made in 1917 by the [[Original Dixieland Jazz Band]], who drew heavily on African-American influences, as well as the marching bands that were popular at the time. It combines African American music, ragtime, and the blues. Jazz is typified by complex collective musical [[improvisation]].

==Early Jazz==
Up until the mid-to-late 20s, jazz was a [[polyphonous]] music - typically, in a band such as [[King Oliver]]'s, the [[cornet]] would hold the main melody, whilst the [[clarinet]] would improvise [[obligati]] above and the [[trombone]] would add a tenor line below. Gradually, a more solo-oriented style emerged, typified by the [[Hot Five]] recordings of [[Louis Armstrong]], where instruments would take turns to solo.

At this time, black and white bands were comprehensively segregated, with the influence of the ODJB hanging heavy over the white bands.

Towards the end of the 1920, the big band sound started to emerge in two places, New York and [[Kansas City]]. In New York, the [[Broadway]] influence led to the development of sophisticated orchestras such as those of [[Fletcher Henderson]] or [[Duke Ellington]], whilst in the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such leaders as [[Bennie Moten]] and [[Jesse Stone]]

==Swing==
The early 1930s were something of a lean time for jazz commercially, although fine recordings were being produced by [[Harlem]] bandleaders such as Ellington and [[Cab Calloway]]. By around 1935 the Swing style was being popularised by white bandleaders such as [[Benny Goodman]], and by the end of the decade effectively became the sound of Western pop music.

==Bebop==
In reaction against the perceived commercialism of Swing, and its appropriation by white musicians, a group of young, dedicated musicians sought to create a style deliberately intended to alienate the casual listener. With its complex harmonies and irregular melodies, the Bebop style was treated with suspicion by older musicians.

==After Bebop==
During the 1950s the small group came to dominate mainstream jazz, assuming the form that survives to this day - a rhythm section of piano (playing sparse left hand), double bass and drums, with a front line generally consisting of 'horns' (ie, trumpets and/or saxophones).

Various movements emerged in the 1950s.

Hard Bop (epitomised by [[Horace Silver]] and [[Art Blakey]] brought a 'funky', bluesy feel to the music, in reaction to the complexities of Bebop.

Modal Jazz (pioneered by theorist [{George Russell]] and trumpeter [[Miles Davis]]) was also a contrast to Bebop, but sought to give the soloists ample space for expression by eliminating frequent chord changes.

==Fusion==
As rock became the dominant force in popular music in the 1960s, some jazz musicians decided to adapt to it, with varying degrees of success. Miles Davis' Bitches Brew and Herbie Hancock's Headhunters are two seminal fusion albums, although the genre itself remains controversial.

==Today==
Courses in jazz are offered at many major music schools, and the number and standard of jazz musicians now is extremely high. A far remove from its New Orleans underclass roots, jazz is a thoroughly mainstream and respected art form.

Types of jazz include:
*[[Bebop]]
*[[Swing]]
*[[Latin Jazz]]
*[[Free Jazz]]

Some jazz musicians include:
*[[Charlie Parker]]
*[[Miles Davis]]
*[[Louis Armstrong]]
*[[Chet Baker]]
*[[Clifford Brown]]
*[[Sonny Rollins]]
*[[Duke Ellington]]
*[[Count Basie]]
*[[Dizzy Gillespie]]
*[[Maynard Ferguson]]
[[category:music]]

Norwegian language

2007-05-13T02:28:30Z

MississippiMud:

'''Norwegian''' is a [[Germanic]] language spoken primarily in [[Norway]].

It is part of the North-Germanic subgroup, and descended from [[Old Norse]]. It is closely related to [[Swedish]] and [[Danish]], and somewhat less closely related to [[Icelandic]].

In contrast to Icelandic, most of the complexities of the old Germanic case and tense system have disappeared, although in common with other Germanic languages, it retains its [[strong verbs]].

[[Category:Languages]]

Norwegian language

2007-05-13T02:28:08Z

MississippiMud: New page: '''Norwegian''' is a Germanic language spoken primarily in Norway. It is part of the North-Germanic subgroup, and descended from Old Norse. It is closely related to [[Swedish]...

Esperanto

2007-05-13T00:27:55Z

MississippiMud:

'''Esperanto''' is a [[language]] developed by an ophthalmologist, Dr. L. L. Zamenhof, in the late 1800s. Esperanto is a planned language intended for use between people who speak different native languages. It was designed with the intention of being both simple to learn and unambiguous. It is spoken by some hundreds of thousands, perhaps several million, people in all parts of the world. The New Testament was first published in Esperanto in 1912, and the Bible in 1926. The language's creator, Dr. Zamenhof, was the main translator of the Esperanto Old Testament.

The language has a primarily [[Latin|Latinate]] vocabulary, but has [[agglutinative]] aspects in its syntax. In keeping with its purpose of being as logical and simple to learn as possible, there are no irregular forms.

The use of the [[accusative]] case was controversial - it was pointed out that many languages do not have one (for example English and French, except for pronouns), and its inclusion might create a difficulty for native speakers of these languages. However, Zamenhof felt that the lack of an accusative case led to ambiguity in certain instances.

The intended role of Esperanto as a [[lingua franca]] was never realised - English has become, to all intents and purposes, the international language.

==External links==
*[http://steve-and-pattie.com/esperantujo/biblio/ La Sankta Biblio (Bible in Esperanto)]

Esperanto

2007-05-13T00:27:18Z

MississippiMud:

'''Esperanto''' is a [[language]] developed by an ophthalmologist, Dr. L. L. Zamenhof, in the late 1800s. Esperanto is a planned language intended for use between people who speak different native languages. It was designed with the intention of being both simple to learn and unambiguous. It is spoken by some hundreds of thousands, perhaps several million, people in all parts of the world. The New Testament was first published in Esperanto in 1912, and the Bible in 1926. The language's creator, Dr. Zamenhof, was the main translator of the Esperanto Old Testament.

The language has a primarily [[Latin|Latinate]] vocabulary, but has [[agglutinative]] aspects in its syntax. In keeping with its purpose of being as logical and simple to learn as possible, there are no irregular forms.

The use of the [[accusative]] case was controversial - it was pointed out that many languages do not have one (for example English and French, except for pronouns), and its inclusion might create a difficulty for native speakers of these languages. However, Zamenhof felt that the lack of an accusative case led to ambiguity in certain instances.

The intending role of Esperanto as a [[lingua franca]] was never realised - English has become, to all intents and purposes, the international language.

==External links==
*[http://steve-and-pattie.com/esperantujo/biblio/ La Sankta Biblio (Bible in Esperanto)]

Indian Restaurant

2007-05-10T00:17:32Z

MississippiMud: Redirecting to Subcontinental Cuisine in the UK

#REDIRECT [[Subcontinental Cuisine in the UK]]

Vindaloo

2007-05-10T00:16:30Z

MississippiMud:

A '''Vindaloo''' is a variety of [[curry]] dish, originating in [[Goa]].

Originally it was a pork dish served with red [[wine]] and [[garlic]]. However it has achieved popularity in the [[Subcontinental Cuisine in the UK|UK]] as a meal constisting of meat and (often) potato chunks served in an extremely hot sauce.

[[Category: Food and drink]]

Vindaloo

2007-05-10T00:16:14Z

MississippiMud:

Subcontinental Cuisine in the UK

2007-05-10T00:12:23Z

MississippiMud: New page: Cuisine from the area now covered by India, Pakistan and Bangladesh has a long history in the UK - the first Indian Restaurant in that country was opened in 1773 in Portman...

Cuisine from the area now covered by [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] has a long history in the [[UK]] - the first Indian Restaurant in that country was opened in 1773 in Portman Square, [[London]].

However, its current popularity dates from the large scale immigration of the 1950s - now one of the most popular cuisines in the UK (rivalling even native cuisine), it has evolved a character somewhat distinct from its origins.

Establishments offering Subcontinental cuisine are usually referred to indiscriminately as 'Indians', regardless of whether their owners are from India, or Bangladesh, Pakistan or Sri Lanka. The menu in a typical 'Indian' has become somewhat standardised for the convenience of local customers, with typical main dishes including:

* [[Vindaloo]]
* [[Madras]]
* [[Korma]]
* [[Rogan Josh]]
* [[Tikka]]
* [[Tikka Masala]]
* [[Biriani]]
* [[Dhansak]]
* [[Dopiaza]]

Popular side dishes are [[popadoms]] and [[naan bread]].

[[Category: Food and drink]]

Rogan Josh

2007-05-09T23:46:41Z

MississippiMud: New page: A '''Rogan Josh''' is a type of curry that originated in Kashmir. It's primary ingredients are lamb and onions, the other ingredients varying widely - tomatoes are a po...

A '''Rogan Josh''' is a type of [[curry]] that originated in [[Kashmir]]. It's primary ingredients are [[lamb]] and [[onions]], the other ingredients varying widely - [[tomatoes]] are a popular component of the sauce in its [[UK]] incarnation.

It is one of the standard mild dishes in a UK [[Indian Restaurant]].

[[Category: Food and drink]]

Francesco Landini

2007-05-09T23:36:07Z

MississippiMud: New page: '''Francesco Landini''' was an Italian composer of the late 14th century. He is known for his development of the trecento style, an exclusively secular medium that was often polyphoni...

'''Francesco Landini''' was an Italian composer of the late 14th century.

He is known for his development of the [[trecento]] style, an exclusively secular medium that was often polyphonic, but with a strong emphasis on melody (as opposed to sometimes arid technicality of the French [[Ars Nova]]). He was also a poet, writing the lyrics to his compositions.

[[Category: Composers]]

Dufay

2007-05-09T23:23:58Z

MississippiMud: Redirecting to Guillaume Dufay

#REDIRECT [[Guillaume Dufay]]

Philippe de Vitry

2007-05-09T23:18:05Z

MississippiMud:

'''Philippe de Vitry''' was a [[France|French]] composer of the 14th century, noted for having developed the [[ars nova]], which blended secular music with sacred, and utilised advances in musical notation to specify a greater independence between polyphonic parts.

His treatise of 1322, ''The Ars Nova'' gave its name to the new movement, though it is now lost. Relatively little of his output has survived - just some of his [[motet]]s and none of his [[chanson]]s.

[[Category:Composers]]

Philippe de Vitry

2007-05-09T23:17:42Z

MississippiMud: New page: '''Philippe de Vitry''' was a French composer of the 14th century, noted for having developed the ars nova, which blended secular music with sacred, and utilised advances in...

Kevin Keegan

2007-05-09T22:37:32Z

MississippiMud:

Kevin Keegan

2007-05-09T22:32:29Z

MississippiMud:

'''Kevin Keegan''' was one of the most important [[soccer]] players in the history of the sport in [[England]], and was later manager of the national side.

He began his career at [[Scunthorpe]], but was at his peak during his years at [[Liverpool]] (1971-7) and [[Hamburg]] (1977-80). He surprised many by joining recently promoted [[Southampton]] in 1980, and helped them to high-place finishes in the First Division in 1981 and 1982. He then helped [[Newcastle United]] to achieve promotion to the First Division.

He played only a few minutes of World Cup football, however - England did not qualify in 1974 or 1978, and he had barely recovered from injury in time to come on as a substitute in their last game of the 1982 World Cup.

His managerial career was initially successful, once more helping Newcastle into the top flight, , and, building up a team the like of which had not been seen in England for several decades, led them to massive popularity and on-field success in the 1992-93 season: on 1 January 1993 they had a twelve point lead over their nearest rivals, [[Manchester United]], only for frailties in the team's defense, and in the psychology of Keegan himself, to allow Man U to grasp victory at the last gasp. His tenure as England manager was disappointing, however, and he resigned after a 1-0 defeat by Germany in a world cup qualifier.

He later had a solid but unspectacular spell as [[Manchester City]] manager from 2001-2005, since when he has retired from football.

[[Category:Sportspeople]]

Nocturne

2007-05-09T22:13:33Z

MississippiMud:

A '''Nocturne''' is a form of instrumental music developed in the 19th century and most commonly associated with the piano. The name means 'of the night' and is generally used to refer to a slow, dream-like piece.

The earliest pieces called Nocturnes were written by the pianist and composer [[John Field]] - [[Chopin]] was inspired by these to create perhaps the most famous examples in the 1830s and 1840s.

Other well known Nocturnes have been created by [[Grieg]], [[Debussy]] and [[Benjamin Britten]].

[[Category:Music]]

Nocturne

2007-05-09T22:12:48Z

MississippiMud: New page: A '''Nocturne''' is a form of instrumental music developed in the 19th century and most commonly associated with the piano. The name means 'of the night' and is generally used to refer to ...

Pérotin

2007-05-09T22:04:47Z

MississippiMud:

'''Pérotin''' was a composer active in [[Paris]] in the early 13th century.

Along with [[Léonin]], he was one of the few composers of the period known by name, and noted for his use of florid [[organum]], in which each note of a [[plainchant]] would underlie an elaborate melody on top.

Corsica

2007-05-09T21:48:44Z

MississippiMud: New page: '''Corsica''' is an island in the Mediterranean Sea, currently part of France. It was conquered by the Romans in 237 BC - it has had a checquered history of occupation, finding it...

'''Corsica''' is an island in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], currently part of [[France]].

It was conquered by the Romans in 237 BC - it has had a checquered history of occupation, finding itself variously under [[Vandal]], [[Byzantine]], [[Arab]] and [[Genoa|Genoese]] control, finally being sold to [[France]] in 1768.

By far its most famous native was [[Napoleon]].

Pérotin

2007-05-07T23:31:25Z

MississippiMud:

Pérotin

2007-05-07T23:31:13Z

MississippiMud: New page: '''Pérotin''' was a composer active in Paris in the early 13th century. Along with Léonin, he was �one of the few composers of the period known by name, and noted for his use ...

'''Pérotin''' was a composer active in [[Paris]] in the early 13th century.

Along with [[Léonin]], he was �one of the few composers of the period known by name, and noted for his use of florid [[organum]], in which each note of a [[plainchant]] would underlie a florid melody on top.

Korma

2007-05-07T00:13:16Z

MississippiMud: New page: A '''Korma''' is a variety of curry, consisting of a mild, semi-sweet coconut sauce based on yoghurt. It originated in Pakistan and is immensely popular in the UK, a standard ...

A '''Korma''' is a variety of [[curry]], consisting of a mild, semi-sweet coconut sauce based on yoghurt.

It originated in [[Pakistan]] and is immensely popular in the [[UK]], a standard menu item in almost any [[Indian Restaurant]].

Galaxy

2007-05-06T23:17:47Z

MississippiMud: /* Criticisms of the Young Earth Creationist View */

[[Image:NGC .jpg|right|thumb|350px|The majestic spiral galaxy ''NGC 4414'', imaged by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] in 1995.]]
A '''galaxy''' is a massive ensemble of hundreds of millions of [[star]]s and [[planet]]s, all interacting through the [[gravity|gravitational force]], [[orbit]]ing around a common center.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Physical Science''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000</ref> The [[universe]] contains hundreds of millions of galaxies. Some scholars theorize that the center of every galaxy lies a super massive [[black hole]].

== Young Earth Creationism View ==
[[Young earth creationism|Young earth creationist]] scientist assert that [[materialism|materialistic]] explanations of galaxy formation are unsupportable and counter evidence.<ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences22.html</ref> <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v26/i3/galaxies.asp</ref> <ref>http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/5065</ref> <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v27/i1/galaxy.asp</ref> <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i3/galaxies.asp</ref> In 1988, fifty cosmologists attended a conference which focused on galaxy formation. After summarizing the observational data, two of the most respected scientists estimated the probability that any existing theory on galaxy formation is correct was about 1 out of 100. <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721</ref> In 1999, J. Bland-Hawthorn wrote in the science journal [[Nature]] the following:

In 1977, [[Stephen Weinberg]] observed that "the theory of the formation of galaxies is one of the great outstanding problems of astrophysics, a problem that today seems far from solution". Although the past two decades have seen considerable progress, many questions remain. <ref>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6741/full/400220a0.html</ref>

In 2001, Cristina Chiappini wrote regarding the [[Milky Way]] galaxy the following:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
. . . it is an elegant structure that shows both order and complexity. . . . The end product is especially remarkable in the light of what is believed to be the starting point: nebulous blobs of gas. How the universe made the Milky Way from such simple beginnings is not altogether clear. - Cristina Chiappini, "The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way," American Scientist (vol. 89, Nov./Dec. 2001), p. 506. <ref>http://www.icr.org/article/547/</ref>
</blockquote>

The [[Institute for Creation Research]] wrote the following regarding a 2005 article in [[Science News]] the following:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
A strange cartoon graced the cover of Science News last fall (10/08/2005) that serves as a symbol for a whole class of problems for evolutionary astronomers. It showed a star-shaped old man in a stellar maternity ward. With its title, "Crisis in the Cosmos? Galaxy-formation theory is in peril," the article exposed a running theme in astronomy: as far back as we look, stars and galaxies appear mature.
</blockquote>

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
"Imagine peering into a nursery and seeing, among the cooing babies, a few that look like grown men," Ron Cowen quipped. "That's the startling situation that astronomers have stumbled upon as they've looked deep into space and thus back to a time when newborn galaxies filled the cosmos."....
</blockquote>

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
These findings corroborate a January 8, 2002, NASA press release that was considered astonishing at the time: based on Hubble surveys, "the grand finale came first" in stellar and galactic evolution. As far back as telescopes look, they see mature creation, not evolution. <ref>http://www.icr.org/article/2946/</ref>
</blockquote>

Young earth creationists also cite the following:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
“In its simplest form, the [[Big Bang Theory|Big Bang]] scenario doesn’t look like a good way to make galaxies. It allows too little time for the force of gravity by itself to gather ordinary matter—neutrons, protons and electrons—into the patterns of galaxies seen today. Yet the theory survives for want of a better idea.” Ivars Peterson, Science News, "Seeding the universe: how did matter assemble itself into the giant filaments, clusters, bubbles and walls of galaxies that now fill the universe?" March 24, 1990, p. 184. <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721</ref> <ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n12_v137/ai_8878747</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
“It [the Great Wall, composed of tens of thousands of galaxies] is far too large and too massive to have formed by the mutual gravitational attraction of its member galaxies.” M. Mitchell Waldrop, “Astronomers Go Up Against the Great Wall,” Science, Vol. 246, 17 November 1989, p. 885. [See also Margaret J. Geller and John P. Huchra, “Mapping the Universe,” Science, Vol. 246, 17 November 1989, pp. 897–903. <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721</ref>
</blockquote>

==Criticisms of the Young Earth Creationist View==
It has been pointed out that since YEC doesn't even adequately explain how the light from distant galaxies is supposed to have reached the Earth in less than 10,000 years, any criticism made by Creationists concerning conventional theories is rather moot.

==See Also==
[[Hubble Ultra Deep Field]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Astronomy]]

Galaxy

2007-05-06T23:15:12Z

MississippiMud: /* Criticisms of the Young Earth Creationist View */

[[Image:NGC .jpg|right|thumb|350px|The majestic spiral galaxy ''NGC 4414'', imaged by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] in 1995.]]
A '''galaxy''' is a massive ensemble of hundreds of millions of [[star]]s and [[planet]]s, all interacting through the [[gravity|gravitational force]], [[orbit]]ing around a common center.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Physical Science''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000</ref> The [[universe]] contains hundreds of millions of galaxies. Some scholars theorize that the center of every galaxy lies a super massive [[black hole]].

== Young Earth Creationism View ==
[[Young earth creationism|Young earth creationist]] scientist assert that [[materialism|materialistic]] explanations of galaxy formation are unsupportable and counter evidence.<ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences22.html</ref> <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v26/i3/galaxies.asp</ref> <ref>http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/5065</ref> <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v27/i1/galaxy.asp</ref> <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i3/galaxies.asp</ref> In 1988, fifty cosmologists attended a conference which focused on galaxy formation. After summarizing the observational data, two of the most respected scientists estimated the probability that any existing theory on galaxy formation is correct was about 1 out of 100. <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721</ref> In 1999, J. Bland-Hawthorn wrote in the science journal [[Nature]] the following:

In 1977, [[Stephen Weinberg]] observed that "the theory of the formation of galaxies is one of the great outstanding problems of astrophysics, a problem that today seems far from solution". Although the past two decades have seen considerable progress, many questions remain. <ref>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6741/full/400220a0.html</ref>

In 2001, Cristina Chiappini wrote regarding the [[Milky Way]] galaxy the following:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
. . . it is an elegant structure that shows both order and complexity. . . . The end product is especially remarkable in the light of what is believed to be the starting point: nebulous blobs of gas. How the universe made the Milky Way from such simple beginnings is not altogether clear. - Cristina Chiappini, "The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way," American Scientist (vol. 89, Nov./Dec. 2001), p. 506. <ref>http://www.icr.org/article/547/</ref>
</blockquote>

The [[Institute for Creation Research]] wrote the following regarding a 2005 article in [[Science News]] the following:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
A strange cartoon graced the cover of Science News last fall (10/08/2005) that serves as a symbol for a whole class of problems for evolutionary astronomers. It showed a star-shaped old man in a stellar maternity ward. With its title, "Crisis in the Cosmos? Galaxy-formation theory is in peril," the article exposed a running theme in astronomy: as far back as we look, stars and galaxies appear mature.
</blockquote>

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
"Imagine peering into a nursery and seeing, among the cooing babies, a few that look like grown men," Ron Cowen quipped. "That's the startling situation that astronomers have stumbled upon as they've looked deep into space and thus back to a time when newborn galaxies filled the cosmos."....
</blockquote>

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
These findings corroborate a January 8, 2002, NASA press release that was considered astonishing at the time: based on Hubble surveys, "the grand finale came first" in stellar and galactic evolution. As far back as telescopes look, they see mature creation, not evolution. <ref>http://www.icr.org/article/2946/</ref>
</blockquote>

Young earth creationists also cite the following:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
“In its simplest form, the [[Big Bang Theory|Big Bang]] scenario doesn’t look like a good way to make galaxies. It allows too little time for the force of gravity by itself to gather ordinary matter—neutrons, protons and electrons—into the patterns of galaxies seen today. Yet the theory survives for want of a better idea.” Ivars Peterson, Science News, "Seeding the universe: how did matter assemble itself into the giant filaments, clusters, bubbles and walls of galaxies that now fill the universe?" March 24, 1990, p. 184. <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721</ref> <ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n12_v137/ai_8878747</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
“It [the Great Wall, composed of tens of thousands of galaxies] is far too large and too massive to have formed by the mutual gravitational attraction of its member galaxies.” M. Mitchell Waldrop, “Astronomers Go Up Against the Great Wall,” Science, Vol. 246, 17 November 1989, p. 885. [See also Margaret J. Geller and John P. Huchra, “Mapping the Universe,” Science, Vol. 246, 17 November 1989, pp. 897–903. <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721</ref>
</blockquote>

==Criticisms of the Young Earth Creationist View==
It has been pointed out that since YEC doesn't even adequately explain how the light from distant galaxies is supposed to have reached the Earth in less than 10,000 years, any criticism Creationists make of conventional theories is rather moot.

==See Also==
[[Hubble Ultra Deep Field]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Astronomy]]

Galaxy

2007-05-06T23:14:40Z

MississippiMud:

[[Image:NGC .jpg|right|thumb|350px|The majestic spiral galaxy ''NGC 4414'', imaged by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] in 1995.]]
A '''galaxy''' is a massive ensemble of hundreds of millions of [[star]]s and [[planet]]s, all interacting through the [[gravity|gravitational force]], [[orbit]]ing around a common center.<ref>Wile, Dr. Jay L. ''Exploring Creation With Physical Science''. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000</ref> The [[universe]] contains hundreds of millions of galaxies. Some scholars theorize that the center of every galaxy lies a super massive [[black hole]].

== Young Earth Creationism View ==
[[Young earth creationism|Young earth creationist]] scientist assert that [[materialism|materialistic]] explanations of galaxy formation are unsupportable and counter evidence.<ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences22.html</ref> <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v26/i3/galaxies.asp</ref> <ref>http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/5065</ref> <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v27/i1/galaxy.asp</ref> <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i3/galaxies.asp</ref> In 1988, fifty cosmologists attended a conference which focused on galaxy formation. After summarizing the observational data, two of the most respected scientists estimated the probability that any existing theory on galaxy formation is correct was about 1 out of 100. <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721</ref> In 1999, J. Bland-Hawthorn wrote in the science journal [[Nature]] the following:

In 1977, [[Stephen Weinberg]] observed that "the theory of the formation of galaxies is one of the great outstanding problems of astrophysics, a problem that today seems far from solution". Although the past two decades have seen considerable progress, many questions remain. <ref>http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6741/full/400220a0.html</ref>

In 2001, Cristina Chiappini wrote regarding the [[Milky Way]] galaxy the following:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
. . . it is an elegant structure that shows both order and complexity. . . . The end product is especially remarkable in the light of what is believed to be the starting point: nebulous blobs of gas. How the universe made the Milky Way from such simple beginnings is not altogether clear. - Cristina Chiappini, "The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way," American Scientist (vol. 89, Nov./Dec. 2001), p. 506. <ref>http://www.icr.org/article/547/</ref>
</blockquote>

The [[Institute for Creation Research]] wrote the following regarding a 2005 article in [[Science News]] the following:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
A strange cartoon graced the cover of Science News last fall (10/08/2005) that serves as a symbol for a whole class of problems for evolutionary astronomers. It showed a star-shaped old man in a stellar maternity ward. With its title, "Crisis in the Cosmos? Galaxy-formation theory is in peril," the article exposed a running theme in astronomy: as far back as we look, stars and galaxies appear mature.
</blockquote>

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
"Imagine peering into a nursery and seeing, among the cooing babies, a few that look like grown men," Ron Cowen quipped. "That's the startling situation that astronomers have stumbled upon as they've looked deep into space and thus back to a time when newborn galaxies filled the cosmos."....
</blockquote>

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
These findings corroborate a January 8, 2002, NASA press release that was considered astonishing at the time: based on Hubble surveys, "the grand finale came first" in stellar and galactic evolution. As far back as telescopes look, they see mature creation, not evolution. <ref>http://www.icr.org/article/2946/</ref>
</blockquote>

Young earth creationists also cite the following:

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
“In its simplest form, the [[Big Bang Theory|Big Bang]] scenario doesn’t look like a good way to make galaxies. It allows too little time for the force of gravity by itself to gather ordinary matter—neutrons, protons and electrons—into the patterns of galaxies seen today. Yet the theory survives for want of a better idea.” Ivars Peterson, Science News, "Seeding the universe: how did matter assemble itself into the giant filaments, clusters, bubbles and walls of galaxies that now fill the universe?" March 24, 1990, p. 184. <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721</ref> <ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n12_v137/ai_8878747</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote style="background: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: .3em;">
“It [the Great Wall, composed of tens of thousands of galaxies] is far too large and too massive to have formed by the mutual gravitational attraction of its member galaxies.” M. Mitchell Waldrop, “Astronomers Go Up Against the Great Wall,” Science, Vol. 246, 17 November 1989, p. 885. [See also Margaret J. Geller and John P. Huchra, “Mapping the Universe,” Science, Vol. 246, 17 November 1989, pp. 897–903. <ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ReferencesandNotes61.html#wp1212721</ref>
</blockquote>

==Criticisms of the Young Earth Creationist View==
It has been pointed out that since YEC doesn't even adaquately explain how the light from distant galaxies is supposed to have reached the Earth in less than 10,000 years, any criticism Creationists make of conventional theories is rather moot.

==See Also==
[[Hubble Ultra Deep Field]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Astronomy]]

Études (Chopin)

2007-05-06T04:41:11Z

MississippiMud:

The Études of [[Chopin]] are a set of immensely difficult technical exercises for [[piano]].

The publication of the first set in 1833 revolutionised piano technique - in contrast to the methods of [[Czerny]], [[Kalkbrenner]] and others, which sought to attain independence of the fingers, Chopin's demanded the engagement of the entire upper body as a whole.

The most famous of the Etudes is Op.10 No.12 in C minor, the Revolutionary Etude - its crashing chords and fiery left hand passage-work supposedly evoke the 1831 Polish [[November Uprising]] against Russian rule.

Études (Chopin)

2007-05-06T04:40:33Z

MississippiMud: New page: The Études of Chopin are a set of immensely difficult technical exercises for piano. The publication of the first set in 1833 revolutionised piano technique - in contrast to the...

The Études of [[Chopin]] are a set of immensely difficult technical exercises for [[piano]].

The publication of the first set in 1833 revolutionised piano technique - in contrast to the methods of [[Czerny]], [[Kalkbrenner]] and others, which sought to attain independence of the fingers, Chopin's demanded the engagement of the entire upper body as a whole.

The most famous of the Etudes is Op.10 No.12 in C minor - its crashing chords and fiery left hand passage-work supposedly evoke the 1831 Polish [[November Uprising]] against Russian rule.

Debate:Listing the Earth's most pressing needs in urgent order of fixing

2007-05-06T04:32:11Z

MississippiMud:

To save humanity, we should focus on the worst first. --[[User:Jpatt|jp]] 23:30, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

1) hunger 2) preventable disease 3) unsolved diseases like AIDS 4) natural resources 5) preventing war 6) poverty ..... 19) global warming 20) asteroid striking Earth.

1) overpopulation 2) preventing war 3) preventable disease 4) natural resource protection .... 19) maintaining American sovereignty over the world 20) asteroid striking Earth. My quick 0.02, arbitraged through the Euro. [[User:Human|Human]] 00:19, 6 May 2007 (EDT)

1) totalitarianism/world government 2) global warming 3) pandemic risk 4) US national debt 5) genocide [[User:DanH|DanH]] 00:22, 6 May 2007 (EDT)

1) terrorism 2) Communism 3) genocide 4) Hunger/Poverty (not the government's job however)... 19) US national debt ..... 267) natural resources ..... 1,532) asteroid striking earth ..... 7,854,238) alien invasion 7,854,239) global warming. --[[User:CPAdmin1|CPAdmin1]] 00:31, 6 May 2007 (EDT)

1) preventing gay marriage 2) preventing abortion 3) putting the 10 commandments in schools 4) convincing the global scientific community that evolution is false 5) defeating terrorism indefinitely and continuously 6) stopping liberals 7) keeping guns 8) stopping socialised health care 9) preventing environmentalist lies from damaging America's economy 10) making the speed of light more scriptural 11) abolishing public education 12) promoting conservative facts

Samuel Barber

2007-05-06T04:19:07Z

MississippiMud:

'''Samuel Barber''' (Mar 9,1910 - Jan 23 1981) was an American [[composer]] of [[classical music]], born in West Chester, PA. He studied composition, and as a singer, at the [[Curtis Institute]], 1924-32, where he first won acclaim.

His music is romantic and accessible, and he is one of the most popular American composers world wide, both in the concert hall and on recordings. "Adagio for Strings", his reworking for string orchestra, of the second movement of his String Quartet (1936), is a universal favorite. He also arranged it for choir as a setting of the 'Agnus Dei'. His Violin Concerto (1940) is also frequently programmed, and often recorded. His 'Knoxville: Summer of 1915' for soprano and orchestra is a musical invocation of an era.

His works include: 3 [[opera]]s, 2 [[ballet]]s, many pieces for solo voice or choir, much chamber and instrumental music, 2 symphonies, concertos for various instruments, and smaller orchestral pieces.<ref>The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music</ref>

==References==

<references/>

[[category:composers|Barber,Samuel]]

Vindaloo

2007-05-06T04:08:58Z

MississippiMud:

A '''Vindaloo''' is a variety of [[curry]] dish, originating in [[Goa]].

Originally it was a pork dish served with red [[wine]] and [[garlic]]. However it has achieved popularity in the UK as a meal constisting of meat and (often) potato chunks served in an extremely hot sauce.

Vindaloo

2007-05-06T04:08:31Z

MississippiMud: New page: A '''Vindaloo''' is a variety of curry dish, originating in Goa. Originally it was a pork dish served with red wine and garlic. However it has achieved popularity in the U...

A '''Vindaloo''' is a variety of [[curry]] dish, originating in [[Goa]].

Originally it was a pork dish served with red [[wine]] and [[garlic]]. However it has achieved popularity in the UK as a meal constisting meat and potato chunks served in an extremely hot sauce.

Debate:Why did God place most of the world's oil in politically unstable places?

2007-05-06T03:50:29Z

MississippiMud:

I can't figure out this one, and I hope someone here can. [[User:Sterile|Sterile]] 14:24, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

Indeed. Since the regions of the world where oil is available have historically been unstable long before the discovery or usefulness of petroleum was discovered, one can only conclude that God likes to see people kill each other. [[User:Stile4aly|Stile4aly]] 14:27, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

Why can't people, who happen to live in oil rich places, just get along?

Why would God want us to use a limited and polluting substance as fuel?

[[User:Middle Man|Middle Man]]

Maybe God's chosen people are the Arabs living in the oil rich places.[[User:Prof0705|Prof0705]] 22:14, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

Why did God create stars that we can only see and not reach? The authors question should be moved to Funny, maybe? on the debate forum.--[[User:Jpatt|jp]] 23:34, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

The middle east was not particularly unstable during its long years of Ottoman dominance (positively tranquil compared to Europe in the same period), or even in the interwar period - it's current reputation as a problematic area postdates the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia in 1938. Texas and Alaska are obviously stable, and the North Sea area is not noted as a hotbed of agitation. [[User:MississippiMud|MisMud]] 23:49, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

Debate:Why did God place most of the world's oil in politically unstable places?

2007-05-06T03:49:20Z

MississippiMud:

I can't figure out this one, and I hope someone here can. [[User:Sterile|Sterile]] 14:24, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

Indeed. Since the regions of the world where oil is available have historically been unstable long before the discovery or usefulness of petroleum was discovered, one can only conclude that God likes to see people kill each other. [[User:Stile4aly|Stile4aly]] 14:27, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

Why can't people, who happen to live in oil rich places, just get along?

Why would God want us to use a limited and polluting substance as fuel?

[[User:Middle Man|Middle Man]]

Maybe God's chosen people are the Arabs living in the oil rich places.[[User:Prof0705|Prof0705]] 22:14, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

Why did God create stars that we can only see and not reach? The authors question should be moved to Funny, maybe? on the debate forum.--[[User:Jpatt|jp]] 23:34, 5 May 2007 (EDT)

The middle east was not particularly unstable during its long years of Ottoman dominance, or even in the interwar period - it's current reputation as a problematic area postdates the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia in 1938. Texas and Alaska are obviously stable, and the North Sea area is not noted as a hotbed of agitation. [[User:MississippiMud|MisMud]] 23:49, 5 May 2007 (EDT)